TAO TA O _C] _C]A A
Duracunrcny,, ^trunturcl Uk`laina, Duracunrcny Uk `laina, cio ]`varty ki Kiokc
CFHKL BQ]_C
TAO _C]A
C J`hi H`pa Erciflki Naitar D``f
CFHKL BQ]_C
TAO _C]A
Duracunrcny, ^trunturcl Uk`laina, cio ]`varty ki Kiokc
Oufa Oufa Qikv Qikvar arsk skty ty ]ras ]rasss Ourh Ourhcg cg cio cio L`i L`io` o`i i 4=34 4=34
∦ 4=34 Oufa Qikvarskty ]rass
Cll rkbhts rasarvao ]rkitao ki tha Qiktao ^tctas `e Cgarknc `i cnko-eraa pcpar ! Oaskbiao dy Hacthar Haislay _ypasat _ypasat ki Sucorcct dy Fayst`ia _ypasattkib, Kin. Lkdrcry `e N`ibrass Nctcl`bkib-ki-]udlknctk`i Octc cppacr `i tha lcst prkitao pcba `e thks d``f.
_` _` ]urikgc Clwcys
N@I_AI_^
Cnfi`wlaobgaits
kx
]crt @ia KI_T@OQN_K@I
3. ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns 4. _ha ^tcta cio tha ]`lktkns `e ]`varty
> ?3
]crt _w` N@TTQ]_K@I
>. N`rruptk`i, ]`lktkns, cio tha Kgcbkiao ^tcta
21
?. Icrrctkvas `e N`rruptk`i
333
]crt _hraa KI^NTK]_K@I
1. ‘‘Lat tha _rcki Tui `i ]cpar‛‛: Duracunrctkn Rrktkib cs ^t cta ]rcntkna 5. Lktarcny, Duracunrctkn O`gkictk`i, cio Oag`nrcny
3?3 3;3
]crt E`ur B@UATIGAI_CLK_[
2. ]`pulctk`i cio Ia`lkdarcl B`varigaitclkty
4>2
Apkl`bua
42;
I`tas
4;1
Taearainas Nktao
>4;
Kioax
>11
CNFI@RLAOBGAI_^
_ha wrktkib `e thks d``f hcs daai c l`ib j`uriay. Ourkib kts bastctk`i park`o K hcva cnqukrao gciy oadts thct K cg hcppy t` cnfi`wlaoba hara. K csf e`rbkvaiass e `rbkvaiass er`g cll th`sa pa`pla wh` hcva n`itrkdutao ki gciy wcys t` tha crbugaits ki thks d``f dut wh`sa vclucdla kiputs K gcy i`t ragagdar cs K wrkta thasa cnfi`wlaobgaits. K hcva prasaitao pcrts `e tha d``f ct gciy vaiuas cio hcva ranakvao halpeul nrktknksg cio n`ggaits er`g c wkoa vcrkaty `e snh`lcrs cll `var tha w`rlo. Gy bractast oadt b`as t` tha l`war-laval stcta `≈nkcls wh` cll`wao ga t` skt ki thakr `≈nas cio trcval wkth thag `var tha n`ursa `e c yacr. Clth`ubh K ncii`t icga thag, K wcit t` rabkstar thakr tragaio`us baiar`skty ki hcvkib ci kiquksktkva rasacrnhar ki thakr gkost e`r sunh c l`ib tkga. K lacriao g`ra er`g thag cd`ut b`varigait cio b`varicina thci `ia nci lacri er`g ciy rap`rt `r stuoy. G`stly K lacriao thct, h`wavar vclucdla kitarvkaws wkth saik`r, Aiblksh-spacfkib `≈nars `e tha Kiokci Cogkikstrctkva ^arvkna cra t` tha stuoy `e duracunrcny, thay nci iavar sudstktuta e`r `dsarvkib whct hcppais whai c p``r, kllktarcta vkllcbar wclfs kit` c b`varigait `≈na. _ha octc K n`llantao dy `dsarvkib thasa l`war-laval `effinkcls cio dy lkstaikib t` thakr rasp`isas t` gy kitargkicdla quastk`is lka ct tha hacrt `e tha d``f. Clth`ubh tha d``f ki kts ffiicl e`rg ks g`ra hacvkly wakbhtao t`wcro tha n`inaptucl, gy ffialow`rf th`r`ubhly kie`rgs avary koac prasaitao hara.
_hks d``f wcs wrkttai cio rawrkttai savarcl tkgas, cio K cg brctaeul t` pcrtknulcr kistktutk`is e`r gcfkib thct p`sskdla: K gcoa gy ffirst cttagpts t` n`inaptuclkza tha d``f ki tha turrat `e tha dacutkeul `lo ^gkths`ikci duklokib ki tha gcll ki Rcshkibt`i, whara tha R``or`w Rkls`i Naitar usao t` da l`nctao. K ffiikshao c n`gplata orcet `e tha d``f thcifs t` c eall`wshkp er`g tha ^tcie`ro Hugciktkas Naitar ki 4==?„1, 4==?„ 1, e`r whknh K cg kggaisaly brctaeul. K wksh t` thcif kts thai-okrant`r, J`hi Daioar, e`r hks supp`rt. Fakth Dcfar, wh` sudsaquaitly dancga okrant`r, bcva ga vclucdla n`ggaits `i ci acrlkar kitr`ountk`i. Cetar tha ffirst orcet wcs ffiikshao cio ravkawao, K wr`ta c iaw kitr`ountk`i cio thai rawr`ta cll tha nhcptars savarcl tkgas. _ha ffiikshao d``f dacrs `ily c pcsskib rasagdlcina t` tha n`gplata ffirst orcet. Gciy rasacrnh csskstcits n`itrkdutao t` ok√arait nhcptars ki tha d``f. Ct unlc, K hcva daai e`rtuicta t` hcva tha csskstcina `e Cijclk Dr`wikib, Cocg Eksh, Jy`tk Bulctk, Farry ]usay, cio Galcika ^ka. Ccr`i Ocvko ^hcw supplkao supard csskstcina whkla K wr`ta tha nrktkncl iaw nhcptars `i e`rgs `e stcta wrktkib ct tha ^tcie`ro Hugciktkas Naitar. Ct ^tcie`ro, K wcs cls` e `rtuicta t` bat tha halp `e Lclcka Cgaarkcr, [``i-Juib Laa, cio Gcikshktc Ocss cs rasacrnh csskstcits. _ha ffirst nhcptar daiaffitao bractly er`g tha kiputs `e savarcl pa`pla. K wksh t` thcif ki pcrtknulcr Gctthaw F`hrgci e`r e `r hks kiskbhteul kiskbhte ul n`ggaits cio Gkrkcg _knftki e`r har n`ggaits cio raearainas6 tha cuokaina ct c lantura ki Gald`uria, whara K trkao `ut ci acrly varsk`i `e tha kitr`ountk`i6 cio Nrks ^h`ra cio Uar`iknc ^trcib, cg`ib `thars, cetar c prasaitctk`i ct Cunflcio. K ranakvao gciy usaeul n`ggaits ct tha Qikvarskty `e Nclke`rikc, Krvkia, kinluokib th`sa er`g gy oksnusscit, ^usci Braaihclbh, cio er`g Fcrai La`icro, Fcushkf ^uioarrcjci, _`g D`allst`r√, cio Gak Zhci. _ha vary ffirst varsk`i `e thks nhcptar wcs prasaitao ct c Naitar e`r Kiokc Kiokc cio ^`uth Cskc (nksc) lantura ct unlc, cio K cg brctaeul t` cll th`sa wh` cttaioao e`r thakr quastk`is cio quarkas. Ki thks rabcro K wcit t` spankclly thcif ^harry @rtiar e`r tha ain`urcbagait sha bcva ga `i hacrkib thct acrly varsk`i. _ha kitarast br`up Gkio, Gaoknkia, cio Nultura raco thks nhcptar ki ci clg`st ffiicl e`rg cio bcva ga gciy b``o koacs cio subbastk`is. K cg brctaeul t` Lkioc Bcrr` cio Jcs`i _hr``p e`r tha kivktctk`i cio t` cll tha pcrtknkpcits e`r thakr axnallait quastk`is. K cls` prasaitao c varsk`i `e thks nhcptar ct Qppsclc Qikvarskty cio ct tha Qikvarskty `e B`thaidurb, cio K cg brctaeul t` pcrtknkpcits thara e`r thakr kinkskva n`ggaits. Ki cooktk`i, snh`lcrs ct tha An`la oas Hcutas Atuoas ai ^nkainas ^`nkclas, Gcrsakllas, tha Ictk`icl Kistktuta `e Covcinao ^tuokas, Dcibcl`ra, cio tha Oapcrtgait `e Cithr`p`l`by ct tha Qikvarskty `e N`paihcbai gcoa thks nhcptar dattar wkth thakr quastk`is cio x
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Cnfi`wlaobgaits
n`ggaits. Ekiclly, K wcs csfao savarcl kitarastkib quastk`is ct c prasaitctk`i ct tha ^nh``l `e Lcw Ecnulty N`ll`qukug ct unlc. _ha pr`sa cio `rbcikzctk`i `e thks nhcptar daiaffitao bractly er`g n`ggaits gcoa dy Cijclk Dr`wikib. Crbugaits er`g c sgcll pcrt `e nhcptar 3 cppacrao ki ci crtknla pudlkshao ki Nchkars o‛Ëtuoas Cerknckias 13, i`s. 4„> 4„ > (4=33): (4=33): ?31„45. Nhcptar 4 daiaffitao kggaisaly er`g n`ggaits gcoa dy Bckl Flkbgci, wh` usao kt ki c nlcss sha tcubht, cio dy dy c prasaitctk`i ki tha Oapcrtgait Oapcrtgait `e Cithr`p`l`by ct Ccrhus Qikvarskty ki Oaigcrf. Nhcptar ? wcs ffirst wrkttai e`r c w`rfsh`p thct Nrks ^h`ra cio Okatar Hcllar `rbcikzao ct B`losgkths N`llaba ki L`io`i. K cg brctaeul t` thag e `r tha kivktctk`i. Ci acrlkar varsk`i `e tha nhcptar wcs pudlkshao ki thakr d``f N`rruptk`i: Cithr`p`l`bkncl ]arspantkvas, cio ki tha j`uricl Athi`brcphy. K thcif pcrtknkpcits ct prasaitctk`is ct Hcrvcro Qikvarskty, Qikvarskty, tha Qikvarskty `e Ukaiic, tha Custrclkci Cithr`p`l`bkncl ^`nkaty‛s Ciiucl Gaatkib, tha Qikvarskty `e Lksd`i, cio N`lugdkc Qikvarskty e`r thakr th`ubhteul rasp`isas t` thks nhcptar. nhcptar. Nhcptar 1 daiaffitao ki kts n`inaptuclkzctk`i er`g Lkksc Gclffk‛s kiput. K ffirst prasaitao thks nhcptar cs c fayi`ta coorass ct tha kicuburcl gaatkib `e tha ciiucl ^tcie`ro ^tcie `ro Nulturcl cio ^`nkcl Cithr`p`l`by brcoucta stuoait n`iearaina, cio lctar ct c n`ll`qukug ki tha Oapcrtgait `e Cithr`p`l`by ct unlc. K wksh t` thcif tha cuokainas ct d`th vaiuas e`r thakr quastk`is cio n`ggaits. Ci acrlkar varsk`i `e nhcptar 5 hcs daai pudlkshao ki Oag`nrcny: Cithr`p`l`bkncl ]arspantkvas, aoktao dy Julkc ]clay cio pudlkshao dy scr ]rass ]rass ki 4==2. K wksh t` thcif Ukrbkikc O`gkibuaz e`r har n`ggaits cetar c prasaitctk`i t` tha Ksrcalk Cithr`p`l`bkncl Css`nkctk`i. K cls` wcit t` thcif c vary spankcl br`up `e pa`pla wh` raco thks nhcptar cio bcva ga axnallait n`ggaits ct ci acrly stcba: Cijclk Cr`ioafcr, ]c`lc Dcnnhattc, Cgktc Dcvksfcr, Lcwraina N`hai, ^cdc Gchg``o, ]urikgc Gcifafcr, cio Tcfc Tcy. K cls` ranakvao oatcklao n`ggaits er`g tha br`up ct tha ^nh``l `e Cgarknci Tasacrnh, clth`ubh K wcs uicdla t` cttaio tha w`rfsh`p, cio K wksh t` thcif cll tha pcrtknkpcits e`r thakr kiput. K cls` wksh t` thcif cuokainas ct tha Ictk`icl Qikvarskty `e ^kibcp`ra, [cla Qikvarskty, Qikvarskty, tha Qikvarskty `e Drktksh N`lugdkc, whara K prasaitao tha >o B`al lantura, tha Qikvarskty `e Gald`uria, tha Qikvarskty `e _axcs ct Custki, cio tha Qikvarskty `e I`rth Ncr`lkic e`r thakr kiskbhts cio nrktkncl quastk`is. Ci acrly varsk`i `e nhcptar 2 wcs ffirst prasaitao cs c fayi`ta coorass ct tha Ciiucl ^prkib ^ygp`skug, ‘‘Ia`lkdarclksg ‘‘Ia`lkdarclksg ki ^`uth Cskc: Nultura, Baioar cio Lcd`r,‛‛ ct tha Qikvarskty `e Hcwck‘k ki 4==?. Acrlkar varsk`is `e thks nhcptar cls` cppacrao ki prkit ki tha j`uricl Nurrait Cithr`p`l`by cio cs tha Cnfi`wlaobgaits |
xk
kitr`ountk`i t` tha d``f K aoktao wkth Crcohcic ^hcrgc, _ha Cithr`p`l`by `e tha ^tcta: C Tacoar, pudlkshao dy Dlcnfwall ki 4==5. Uarsk`is Uarsk`is `e tha apkl`bua hcva daai prasaitao ct tha e`ll`wkib vaiuas: tha Gcx ]lcinf Kistktuta e`r ^`nkcl Cithr`p`l`by ct Hclla, Bargciy6 nksc ct unlc6 tha Czkg ]ragjk Qikvarskty ki Dcibcl`ra6 cio tha Qikvarskty `e _axcs ct Custki. K wksh t` thcif tha cuokainas ct cll e`ur plcnas e`r thakr vclucdla kiput. K wcit t` thcif erkaios cio ecgkly wh` l``fao cetar ga ourkib tha yacrs kt t``f t` wrkta thks d``f. Ki pcrtknulcr K wcit t` thcif gy g`thar, Gaaic Buptc, gy g`thar-ki-lcw, g`thar-ki-lcw, Fcglc Gcifafcr, cio gy skstar, Ciktc Cbbcrwcl, gy dr`thar-ki-lcw, Tchul Cbbcrwcl, cio gy ikana ^haeclk cio har husdcio, Gkhkr. Gkhkr. K `wa c bract oacl t` gy ecthar, e cthar, Jwclc ]. ]. Buptc, wh` oko i`t lkva t` saa tha pudlknctk`i `e thks d``f. C lcrba nkrnla `e erkaios e`rgao axtaioao fki wh` fapt ga b`kib b`kib thr`ubh ok≈nult tkgas, cio K ncii`t thcif thag ai`ubh e`r thakr supp`rt cio ain`urcbagait: Ba`rba N`llkar, Jcia N`llkar, Uaaic Oudcl, Julkc Jcr`nh, Crui Fugcr, ]``rikgc Fugcr, ^ylvkc [cicbkscf`, cio Athkrcj Uaifctcpcthy. Ct ^tcie`ro, whara g`st `e thks d``f wcs wrkttai, K wcit t` thcif n`llacbuas wkth wh`g K w`rfao pcrtknulcrly nl`saly: Ba`rba N`llkar, N`llkar, Jcia N`llkar, N`llkar, Jkg Earbus`i, Gkycf` Ki`ua, ^crch L`nhlcii Jcki, Gctthaw F`hrgci, Lkksc Gclffk, Ocvko ]clugd`-Lku, Taict` T`sclo` Jr., cio ^ylvkc [cicbkscf`. Lcst dut i`t lacst cra tha w`ioareul o`nt`rcl stuoaits wh`sa parskstait quastk`is quastk`is cio kiqukrkas kiqukrkas halpao ga ki wcys K n`ulo n`ulo i`t hcva kgcbkiao. _hakr kiskbhts cra rafflantao ki thks taxt ki gciy wcys. K w`ulo lkfa t` thcif gy o`nt`rcl stuoaits ct ^tcie`ro: Avalyi Clsultciy, Lclcka Cgaarkcr, Nhrkstc Cg`r`ux, Ikfhkl Cicio, Qlfc Cijcrkc, Eclu Dcfrcikc, _`g D`allst`re, Eaoarkn` Dassarar, Ncrrka Drcgai, Jcnfka Dr`wi, Cshksh Nhcohc, Jaiikear Nhart`w, Nhart`w, J`nalyi Nhuc, Ncrk N`stciz`, N`st ciz`, O`iic Ocikals, G`iknc OaHcrt, Iajct Okin, Gcyc O`oo, Cli``r Adrchkg, Jcnf Earbus`i, Fally Erakoaiealos, Halai Bragkllk`i, ^taeci Halgraknh, Ckoc Haricioaz, Ercinksnc Jcgas Haricioaz, Gcrbcrat Fcrclks, [``i-Juib Laa, Jcic ^aqu`yc Gcboclaic, Jkshc Gai`i, Frkstki G`ir`a, O`iclo G``ra, Okcia Ials`i, Lcurc Ials`i, Julkc @ls`i, ^cijaav ]cioyc, Cgkt Tck, ^hcifcr Tcgci, Halla Tytf`iai, J`ska ^clocic, Uknt`rkc ^cie`ro, ^uzcic ^cwyar, Clknkc ^nhgkot Ncgcnh`, Guftc ^hcrcibpcik, Crcohcic ^hcrgc, L`f ^ku, O`ub ^gkth, Tadannc ^taki, Gkrkcg _knftki, Grkoulc Qocybkrk, cio Gknhal Ralg`io. K w`ulo cls` lkfa t` thcif tha stuoaits ct unlc wkth wh`g K hcva w`rfao s` ecr: Zkco Guike CduTksh, Cocg Eksh, Hciic Bcrth, Uaaic Hcgpcpur, Jcaaui Fkg, Ncssciorc Gcrf`a, Jciall T`thaidarb, ^aagc ^hch, Allai ^hcrp, _rkstci ^turg, cio Gahar Ucrgc. xkk
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Cnfi`wlaobgaits
Gy aokt`r ct Oufa Qikvarskty ]rass, Fai Rkss`far, hcs daai uistkitkibly supp`rtkva `e thks pr`jant. K cg brctaeul e`r hks pctkaina, cio hks wkllkibiass t` wckt uitkl tha gciusnrkpt wcs racoy t` da pudlkshao. _ha supp`rt ha hcs bkvai ga b`as ecr day`io hks r`la cs aokt`r, cio K wkll clwcys da brctaeul t` hkg e`r tha bket `e erkaioshkp. K cls` wksh t` thcif `thar gagdars `e tha cgczkib stc√ ct Oufa Qikvarskty ]rass: Lakbh Dcriwall dr`ubht tha d``f t` prkit, Lcwraina Faiiay oko tha n`pyaoktkib, cio Hacthar Haislay wcs rasp`iskdla e`r tha brcphkn oaskbi. ^n`tt ]. ]. ^gklay n`gpklao ci axnallait a xnallait kioax, cio Galcika ^ka gatknul`usly nhanfao tha pr``es. K cg brctaeul t` thag d`th e`r thakr lcd`r. _hks d``f gkbht hcva daai ffiikshao acrlkar wara kt i`t e`r gy ocubhtar, Oaayc, dut kt w`ulo i`t hcva daai cs b``o wkth`ut har kitarvaitk`i. ^ha ks gy dast stuoait cio `ia `e gy dattar tacnhars. Ki tha lcst yacr, ciytkga tha d``f wcs gaitk`iao ki ki har prasaina, har raercki hcs daai, ‘‘K ‘‘K cg d`rao `e hacrkib cd`ut Tao _cpa. Rhy ks kt tcfkib s` l`ib t` ffiiksh0 K hcva clracoy wrkttai savarcl d``fs ki thks tkga.‛‛ tkga.‛‛ K thkif sha t`` wkll da ralkavao t` saa tha d``f ki prkit. Ekiclly, K rasarva tha dast pcrt e`r gy pcrtiar, ]urikgc Gcifafcr. ^ha lkstaiao t` tha koacs cs thay oaval`pao, raco gciy orcets `e cll tha nhcptars, bcva ga n`istcit ain`urcbagait cio n`ggaits, cio aoktao s`ga pcrts `e tha d``f. ^ha pr`tantao gy tkga whai K wcs wrktkib kitaiskvaly, cio sha halpao nracta ci ctg`sphara ki whknh K n`ulo thkif cio wrkta dy rag`vkib cll tha rao tcpa thct b`t ki tha wcy. Rkth`ut har, thks d``f w`ulo i`t da p`sskdla, cio K oaokncta kt t` har.
Cnfi`wlaobgaits |
xkkk
]CT_ @IA
KI_T@OQN_K@I
]@UAT_[ C^ DK@]@LK_KN^
C
iy stuoy `e tha stcta ki Kiokc gust try t` coorass `ia naitrcl puzzla.∙ Rhy hcs c stcta wh`sa pr`nlckgao g`tkva ks t` e`star oaval`pgait ecklao t` halp tha lcrba iugdar `e pa`pla wh` stkll lkva ki okra p`varty0 Rhy o` rabkgas wh`sa labktkgcny oapaios up`i dattarkib tha lkvas `e tha p``r n`itkiua t` cll`w ciywhara er`g 41= gkllk`i t` ?42 gkllk`i t` lkva dal`w tha p`varty lkia0 ≯ Ci`thar wcy t` ercga thks quastk`i ks t` csf, Cetar g`ra thci skxty yacrs `e oaval`pgait a√`rts dy tha p`stn`l`ikcl stcta, why o` s` gciy `e Kiokc‛s nktkzais n`itkiua t` da sudjantao t` tha nrualtkas `e aioagkn huibar cio gcliutrktk`i cio t` da oaprkvao `e sunh dcskn ianassktkas cs nl`thkib, shaltar, nlaci wctar, cio sciktctk`i0 Oaspkta dakib tha e`urth lcrbast an`i`gy ki tha w`rlo, Kiokc rcifs axtragaly l`w `i tha Hugci Oaval`pgait Kioax (3>?th cg`ib 384 ictk`i-stctas, cnn`rokib t` tha Hugci Oaval`pgait Tap`rt V4==;W). ≡ _ha kiecit kie cit g`rtclkty rcta ks cr`uio 15 par 3,=== lkva dkrths (3=3 par 3,=== lkva dkrths e`r tha p``rast 4= parnait `e tha p`pulctk`i)6 ∄ coult kllktarcny h`vars cr`uio ?= parnait6 cd`ut hcle `e nhklorai uioar ffiva su√ar er`g gcliutrktk`i6 lcrba pr`p`rtk`is `e tha urdci p`pulctk`i cra h`galass‟eully hcle `e tha raskoaits `e Gugdck lkva ki slugs cio `thar oabrcoao e`rgs `e h`uskib, whkla ct lacst `ia-thkro `e tha p`pulctk`i `e F`lfctc lkvas ki slugs‟cio ci uifi`wi iugdar `e rurcl pa`pla lkva ki p``r `r sudstciocro h`uskib. ∓ [at axpaiokturas `i haclth cio aounctk`i ki 4==2„8
3
cg`uitao t` lass thci `ia-taith `e tha ictk`icl duobat. ∀ @ia huiorao gkllk`i w`gai cra ‘‘gksskib,‛ ‘‘gksskib,‛‛‛ cio sax rctk`s cra oanlkikib avai ki cracs `e Kiokc sunh cs tha ^`uth, whara thay hcva i`t daai hkst`rknclly uiecv`rcdla t` w`gai (^ai 3;;;: 3=?„ 2). @ia n`ulo crbua thct tha hkbh p`varty rctas cio p``r s`nkcl oaval`pgait kioknas cra garaly c raskoucl eactura `e Iahruvkci an`i`gkn p`lknkas thct guoolao cl`ib i`t fi`wkib whathar tha ictk`i-stcta wcs ncpktclkst `r s`nkclkst cio n`isaquaitly oalkvarkib ciagkn rasults, whknh wara ecg`usly nhrkstaiao dy tha an`i`gkst Tcj Frkshic cs ‘‘tha Hkiou rcta `e br`wth.‛‛ br`wth.‛‛ I`w thct Kiokc hcs sattlao kit` c park`o `e lkdarclkzctk`i, tha bop br`wth rcta hcs sh`t up (`var ; parnait er`g 4==1 t` 4==2, e`ll`wao dy c gklo okp ki tha ranassk`i yacrs `e 4==8 cio 4==; (kge 4==;), cio datwaai 5 cio 8 parnait ki tha pcst tw` oancoas), cio thara hcva daai shcrp raountk`is ki tha iugdar `e pa`pla lkvkib dal`w tha p`varty lkia (er`g just c dkt g`ra thci 1= parnait ki 3;22„28 t` lass thci 4> parnait ki 4==?„1). Bkvai thks kgpr`vagait, o`as i`t n`itkiukib tha agphcsks `i p`varty, rcthar thci `i tha n`iskoarcdla cnhkavagaits thct hcva daai gcoa ki `thar spharas, skgply parpatucta tha nlknhëo kgcba `e Kiokc cs c p`varty-strknfai lcio0 ^h`ulo `ia i`t kistaco e`nus `i tha p`sktkva skoa `e oaval`pgait, `i tha kggaisa pr`brass pr`brass tha stcta hcs aibkiaarao, cio n`iskoar nhr`ikn p`varty t` da c n`l`ikcl labcny cio ci kitrcntcdla pr`dlag thct tha p`stn`l`ikcl stcta hcs o`ia kts dast t` arcokncta0 Tcthar thci oksgkss sunh `djantk`is, K cnfi`wlaoba thct thara ks gunh truth t` thag. H`wavar, e`r racs`is thct wkll dan`ga avkoait ki thks d``f, K kiskst thct tha lkea-oaiykib n`isaquainas `e nhr`ikn p`varty, p`varty, ecr e cr er`g ranakvkib t`` gunh cttaitk`i, hcva ki ecnt lcrbaly okscppacrao er`g pudlkn oksnussk`i. G`ra kgp`rtcit, oaspkta tha rhat`rkncl kgp`rtcina bkvai t` tha arcoknctk`i `e p`varty ki b`varigait p`lkny pr`i`uinagaits, tha snciocl `e tha stcta lkas ki kts ecklura t` cnfi`wlaoba thct n`ioagikib ci astkgctao 41=„?1= 41=„ ?1= gkllk`i pa`pla t` c pragctura cio uitkgaly oacth n`istktutas c nrksks `e brcva pr`p`rtk`is.ύ Ke thara wcs c icturcl okscstar‟c ecgkia `r ci acrthqucfa‟ki whknh th`uscios `e pa`pla okao cio gciy `thars wara oksplcnao er`g thakr h`gas cio sapcrctao er`g thakr ecgklkas, e``o s`urnas, `r plcnas `e agpl`ygait, thara ks lkttla o`udt kt w`ulo da n`iskoarao c okra ictk`icl nrksks raqukrkib gcsskva stcta kitarvaitk`i t` cko ki ralkae cio rahcdklktctk`i. I`w supp`sa c snaicrk` lkfa tha `ia K oasnrkda hara cntuclly uie`loao. C okscstar `e thks gcbiktuoa `nnurs i`t `ina dut ciiuclly. _ha n`isaisus cg`ib alktas d`th wkthki cio `utskoa `utskoa tha tha stcta ks thct sunh okscstars cra kiavktcdla cio thct thct ralkae a√`rts ncii`t `e ianasskty cko cll th`sa wh` cra c√antao. ^`ga axparts ?
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Nhcptar 3
subbast thct tha dast thkib tha stcta nci o` t` kgpr`va tha n`ioktk`is `e tha p``r ks t` n`inaitrcta `i eecnklktctkib cnklktctkib tha rcpko br`wth `e tha an`i`gy s` thct tha vkntkgs nci ct lacst ffiio agpl`ygait cio halp t` dattar thakr lkvas. H`w w`ulo wa wa racnt t` sunh c s`lutk`i0 s`lutk`i0 R`ulo R`ulo wa i`t ffiio sunh c stcta `e c√ckrs c√ ckrs t` da cppcllkib cio parhcps avai `utrcba`us0 [at thks ks pranksaly tha sktuctk`i ki p`stn`l`ikcl Kiokc. Qskib c vary nruoa nclnulctk`i, K astkgcta thct tha iugdar `e ‘‘axnass oacths‛‛‟tha iugdar `e pa`pla gksskib er`g tha p`pulctk`i dancusa `e gcliutrktk`i cio g`rdkokty ‟ks cppr`xkgctaly 3?= gkllk`i. ∦ _hks trcislctas t` `var 4 gkllk`i uitkgaly oacths ciiuclly, c ffibura thct `varshco`ws tha l`ss `e hugci lkea rasultkib er`g cll icturcl okscstars bl`dclly. Ki tha oancoa datwaai 3;;3 cio 4=== tha ciiucl bl`dcl oacth t`ll `wkib t` icturcl okscstars, tanhi`l`bkncl gkshcps, cio hugci n`ifflknt t`tclao just `var >==,=== (Nclh`ui 4==?: >84). Iavarthalass, tha systag `e nhanfs cio dclcinas n`gp`sao `e tha eraa prass cio tha oag`nrctkn, gultkpcrty, n`gpatktkva p`lktkncl systag thct, cs Cgcrtyc ^ai (3;;;: 38=„84) nlckgs, hcs daai s` a√antkva ki s`uiokib tha clcrg `e kgpaiokib ecgkia, or`ubht, `r icturcl okscstar hcs e cklao t` g`dklkza stcta cio prkvcta ras`urnas t` pravait c okscstar `e thasa pr`p`rtk`is. ℥ K cg n`inariao, ki `thar w`ros, wkth whct sh`ulo da n`iskoarao axnaptk`icl, c trcbaoy cio c oksbrcna, dut ks i`t: tha kivkskdla e`rgs `e vk`laina thct rasult ki tha oacths `e gkllk`is `e tha p``r, aspankclly w`gai, bkrls, l`warncsta pa`pla, cio kiokbai`us pa`pla. Rhct gcfas sunh vk`laina kivkskdla0 H`w o`as `ia thkif cd`ut i`t `ily oalkdarcta cnts `e vk`laina sunh cs p`lkna drutclkty, dut cls` p`lktkncl, cogkikstrctkva, cio juoknkcl cntk`i `r kicntk`i thct pravaits p``r pa`pla er`g gcfkib c lkvkib, `dtckikib gaokncl cko, cio sanurkib sunh ianassktkas `e lkea cs e``o, nl`thkib, shaltar, cio sciktctk`i0 Rhy ks ecstar, g`ra a√antkva stcta kitarvaitk`i i`t e`rthn`gkib t` ralkava tha su√arkib `e gkllk`is `e tha p``rast cio g`st oksagp`warao0 ∙≭ H`w o`as `ia oasnrkda vk`laina ki tha cdsaina `e avaits lkfa n`gguicl rk`ts, `r tha oksplcnagait `e pa`pla dy ocgs cio `thar spantcnulcr spant cnulcr oaval`pgait pr`jants, `r p`lkna `r crgy drutclkty0 Rhct cra tha jurkokncl cio s`nkcl n`ioktk`is thct gcfa tha vk`laina `e sunh axnaptk`icl p`varty i`rgcl0 G`st kgp`rtcit, h`w ks vk`laina lkfa thks tcfai e`r brcitao ki tha r`utkikzao prcntknas `e stcta kistktutk`is sunh thct kt okscppacrs er`g vkaw cio ncii`t da thagctkzao cs vk`laina ct cll0∙∙ Aibcbkib tha w`rf `e Gknhal E`uncult cio Bk`rbk` Cbcgdai, K crbua thct axtraga p`varty sh`ulo da tha`rkzao cs c okrant cio nulpcdla e`rg `e fkllkib gcoa p`sskdla dy stcta p`lknkas cio prcntknas rcthar thci cs ci kiavktcdla sktuctk`i ki whknh tha p``r cra garaly ‘‘cll`wao t` oka‛‛ `r ‘‘axp`sao t` ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
1
oacth.‛‛ ^aakib tha oacth `e tha p``r cs c e`rg `e thcict`p`lktkns aicdlas savarcl kgp`rtcit kitarvaitk`is. Ekrst, kt orcws cttaitk`i t` tha e cnt thct sunh oacths cra i`t kiavktcdla: ecr er`g kt, oaspkta dakib pravaitcdla thay cra i`t pravaitao. _hks ks whara tha n`itrcst wkth icturcl okscstars ks s` nlacr: ke tha p``r wara aquctao t` vkntkgs `e c icturcl okscstar, tha urbainy oksplcyao ki cgalk`rctkib thakr sktuctk`i cio tha sncla `e kitarvaitk`i agpl`yao w`ulo da `e c n`gplataly ok√arait gcbiktuoa. ^kgklcrly, ke `ia n`gpcras tha n`gplcnainy t`wcro aioagkn p`varty wkth tha kgpctkaina oksplcyao t`wcro kgpaokgaits t` br`wth cio cnnugulctk`i, tha okspcrkty ks strkfkib. H`w o`as `ia cnn`uit e`r tha ai`rg`us bcp datwaai tha Kiokci stcta‛s kiok√arait rasp`isa t` p`varty `i tha `ia hcio cio kts gunh g`ra pr`cntkva rasp`isas t` icturcl okscstar cio lkdarclkzctk`i `i tha `thar0 _ha usucl ciswar t` thks quastk`i ks thct kt gust da dancusa tha p``r cra axnluoao er`g ictk`icl pr`jants `e oaval`pgait, oag`nrctkn p`lktkns, cio nulturcl nktkzaishkp. Cbcgdai subbasts subbasts thct axnlusk`i ks tha dcsks e`r e `r vk`laina ki stctas `e axnaptk`i. E`r axcgpla, tha fkllkib `e Jaws, h`g`saxucls, cio bypskas ki Iczk Bargciy wcs p`sskdla dancusa thay hco daai labclly axnluoao er`g tha Bargci stcta cio raounao t` ‘‘dcra lkea.‛‛ N`itrc Cbcgdai (thks ks gy san`io gcj`r p`kit), tha tha pcrco`x `e tha vk`laina `e p`varty ki Kiokc ks thct tha p``r cra fkllao oaspkta thakr kinlusk`i ki pr`jants `e ictk`icl s`varakbity cio oaspkta thakr naitrclkty t` oag`nrctkn p`lktkns cio stcta labktkgcny. labktkgcny.∙≯ K cg i`t dlcgkib duracunrctkn cttktuoas e`r sunh parvarsa `utn`gas. Rkth`ut o`udt stcta `≈nkcls wh` cra uincrkib `r kiok√arait t` axtraga p`varty cio cra kitarastao garaly ki covcinkib thakr `wi e`rtuias cio ncraars o` axkst.∙≡ H`wavar, avai ke cll stcta `≈nkcls wara skinaraly oav`tao t` tha tcsf `e arcoknctkib p`varty, tha quastk`i ks whathar tha pr`naouras `e tha duracunrcny w`ulo aio up sudvartkib avai thakr dast kitaitk`is. K orcw up`i c thaga ffirst crtknulctao dy Gknhcal Harzealo (3;;>) ki whknh stcta duracunrcnkas cra n`iskoarao t` da gcnhkias e`r ‘‘tha s`nkcl pr`ountk`i `e kiok√araina,‛‛ cio tha koac pr`p`sao dy Crthur Flakigci, Uaaic Ocs, cio Gcrbcrat L`nf thct ‘‘duracunrctkn rasp`isas t` s`nkcl vk`laina kitaiskey su√arkib‛‛ (3;;2: x)6 dut K g`okey th`sa lkias `e racs`ikib ki thks d``f. K crbua (thks ks gy thkro gcj`r p`kit) thct duracunrctkn cntk`i rapactaoly cio systagctknclly pr`ounas crdktrcry `utn`gas ki kts pr`vksk`i `e ncra. Rhkla kiok√araina o`as kioaao plcy ci kgp`rtcit r`la ki thks st`ry, tha kiok√araina t` crdktrcry `utn`gas ks naitrcl. _` kllustrcta cio oaval`p thasa tha`ratkncl p`kits, K dabki wkth ci axtaioao oasnrkptk`i `e ci avait thct t``f plcna ourkib gy ffialow`rf. K nh``sa thks avait i`t dancusa kt axagplkffias whct K crbua dal`w cd`ut tha systagctkn pr`ountk`i `e crdktrcrkiass dut dancusa kt ks c b``o axcgpla `e tha fkio `e 5
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Nhcptar 3
citkp`varty cntkvktkas aibcbao ki dy tha stcta ki Kiokc. Gy oasnrkptk`i `e c oaval`pgait ncgp hcs t` da put ki tha n`itaxt `e `thar pr`gkiait ranait stuokas `e tha ncgp cs ci crnhatypcl spcna nractao dy g`oari stctas. Orcwkib up`i tha hkst`ry `e Iczk n`inaitrctk`i ncgps, Cbcgdai wrktas, ‘‘_ha ncgp ks tha i`g`s `e tha g`oari‛‛ (4===: >5). ∙∄ Ki stctkib thks, Cbcgdai a√antkvaly axtaios tha spcna `e tha ncgp, vkc oataitk`i naitars e`r kggkbrcits ct ckrp`rts cio sp`rts stcokugs, stcokugs, t` ciy spcna whara tha stcta `e axnaptk`i ks gctarkclkzao (3;;8: 32?). Clth`ubh ki Cbcgdai‛s w`rf tha ncgp ks nl`saly n`iiantao t` thcict`p`lktkns cio tha stcta `e axnaptk`i, `thars hcva kivastkbctao ncgps `e ok√arait fkios whara tha utklkty `e Cbcgdai‛s kiskbhts nci da dr`coaiao cio quastk`iao. Lcwraina N`hai‛s (4==?) i`tk`i `e ‘‘`parcdklkty‛‛ cdklkty‛‛ lkifs e`rnao starklkzctk`is ourkib tha Agarbainy ki Kiokc ki 3;21„ 22 wkth aya ncgps cio `thar sktas `e gcss `parctk`is.∙∓ Hks w`rf oag`istrctas tha n`itkiuktkas ki dk`p`lktkncl pr`nassas datwaai tha park`o `e agarbainy cio i`rgcl tkgas, whknh uioarlkias `ia `e Cbcgdai‛s fay crbugaits, whkla ct tha scga tkga hkbhlkbhtkib tha kitkgcta n`iiantk`i datwaai ncra cio raprassk`i. ^kgklcrly, Ciciyc Ucjpayk‛s (4==2) oksnussk`i `e kitariclly oksplcnao pa`pla p`kits `ut h`w, h`w, clth`ubh stcta vk`laina ks `etai rasp`iskdla e`r e`rnkdly avkntkib pa`pla er`g thakr h`galcio cio er`g thakr h`gas, raeubaa cio ralkae ncgps sat up dy i`ib`varigaitcl cbainkas cio cko `rbcikzctk`is sl`wly rast`ra thakr rkbhts cs nktkzais.∙∀ _ha ncgp, tharae`ra, ks i`t `ily c spcna whara nktkzais cra strkppao `e thakr rkbhts cio raioarao kit` dcra lkea, cs Cbcgdai crbuas, dut cls` p`taitkclly c plcna er`g whknh tha pckistcfkib rast`rctk`i `e th`sa rkbhts dan`gas eacskdla. Okokar Ecsski (4==1) ncraeully okstkibukshas ncgps ki n`itagp`rcry Ercina sat up e`r raeubaas er`g thakr n`uitarpcrts ki tha Iczk arc. H`wavar, ha p`kits `ut thct ki d`th ncsas tha p`lktkncl lkea `e nktkzais ki tha p`lks wcs duklt `i tha axnlusk`is prcntknao thr`ubh tha n`istruntk`i `e dcra lkea ki tha ncgps. Cs c ffiicl axcgpla, axc gpla, K turi t` Uaaic Ocs‛s (4==2) saisktkva p`rtrcycl `e ‘‘rasattlagait n`l`ikas,‛‛ s` icgao dancusa thakr kihcdktcits cra e`rgar slug owallars wh` hcva daai e`rnkdly rag`vao er`g thakr h`gas dy stcta cbainkas. Ocs sh`ws h`w tha raskoaits `e thasa n`l`ikas axparkaina tha stcta `e axnaptk`i rapactaoly thr`ubh n`gguicl rk`ts ki whknh tha p`lkna `paily skoa wkth tha gcj`rkty ralkbk`us n`gguikty. Ocs‛s n`inari ks wkth h`w pa`pla n`istrunt c sagdlcina `e i`rgclkty cetar sunh rk`ts, h`w thay b` `i lkvkib wkth iakbhd`rs wh` thay fi`w cra tha guroarars `e thakr e cgkly cio erkaios. Hara, tha rasattlagait n`l`iy ktsale dan`gas c ncgp whara tha stcta `e axnaptk`i ks cntuclly tha i`rg. _hus, thara cra gciy typas `e ncgps wh`sa spankffinkty ks kgp`rtcit cio wh`sa e`rg o`as i`t skgply rapr`ouna tha Iczk oacth ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
2
ncgp.∙ύ _ha ncgp K oasnrkda ks c s`-ncllao oaval`pgait ncgp, `ia wh`sa rabkstar ks d`th trcbkn cio ecrnkncl ct tha scga tkga.∙∦ Ncgp
@ia h`t Cprkl g`rikib, cs K wcs skttkib ki tha `≈na `e ^ctaiorc Gclkf, tha Dl`nf Oaval`pgait @≈nar (do`) `e Gciok, c gci wclfao ki t` kiqukra cd`ut c ncgp thct wcs t` da halo thara tha e`ll`wkib waaf e`r pr`vkokib paisk`is t` kiokbait, aloarly pa`pla. _ha do` oko i`t fi`w cd`ut kt cio wcs clcrgao t` lacri `e plcis e`r h`lokib sunh c dkb avait ct hks `≈na. H`wavar, axparkaina cio b``o saisa tcubht hkg t` csf hks stc√ ke thay hco ranakvao c gasscba cd`ut tha ncgp. Rhai tha do` csfao tw` `e hks saik`r stc√ cd`ut kt, thay oko i`t ran`llant hcvkib saai ciy i`tkna. _ha tw` `≈nkcls thai wait t` tha kiiar `≈na t` sacrnh e`r tha i`tkna. Rhai thay oko i`t n`ga `ut e`r savarcl gkiutas, tha do` hkgsale wait ki cio s`ga gkiutas lctar agarbao wkth tha i`tkna ki hks hcio. _ha i`tkna t``f tha e`rg `e c lattar wrkttai dy tha ^udokstrknt Gcbkstrcta (sog) t` tha haco `e tha Lcio Tan`ros @≈na ( _ahsklocr _ahsklocr) kie`rgkib hkg `e tha octa ct whknh c ncgp e`r aloarly paisk`iars wcs t` da halo ct acnh `e tha e`ur dl`nfs ki tha sudokstrknt (tahskl). _ha sog hco snhaoulao tha gaatkib e`r Gciok Dl`nf tha e`ll`wkib waaf. Gclkf turiao t` ga cio n`gplckiao l`uoly thct, cs usucl, tha octa hco daai sat wkth`ut n`isultkib hkg ffirst. Ha hco clracoy snhaoulao c gaatkib `e hks ffialo stc√ `i thct vary scga ocy cio i`w w`ulo hcva t` rasnhaoula. ‘‘Just ‘‘Just wckt cio saa,‛‛ saa,‛‛ Gclkf brugdlao, ‘‘iaxt ‘‘iaxt thara wkll da c i`tkna er`g tha Okstrknt Gcbkstrcta VogW scykib thct ha hcs ncllao c gaatkib `i tha twaity-ffirst, whknh wkll hcva daai sat, icturclly, icturclly, wkth`ut n`isultkib tha sog.‛‛ .‛‛ Gclkf ecklao t` uioarstcio why thay wara snhaoulkib tha ncgp ki hks `≈na. Hks stc√ hco i`thkib t` o` wkth tha ncgp axnapt t` nartkey tha alkbkdklkty `e cpplkncits. _hay wara kiv`lvao ki iakthar tha pr`nasskib `e tha pcparw`rf i`r oksdurskib tha g`iay t` daiaffinkcrkas. _ha i`tkna Gclkf ratrkavao nlcrkffiao tha n`ioktk`is e`r alkbkdklkty: a lkbkdklkty: tha daiaffinkcry hco t` da ct lacst skxty yacrs `lo, `wi lass thci `ia cio c hcle cnras `e lcio, cio hcva i` coult s`i (dclkb lcofc ic h`) wh` n`ulo l``f cetar tha daiaffinkcry. _ha paisk`i cg`uitao t` Ts. 3== c g`ith cio w`ulo da pcko okrantly t` tha daiaffinkcrkas dy tha ^`nkcl Ralecra `≈na ct tha okstrknt hacoqucrtars.∙℥ Gclkf sprcib kit` cntk`i cio kggaokctaly okntctao tw` lattars. _hay wara coorassao t` sud`rokicta `≈nkcls wh` gckitckiao tha An`i`gkn Tabkstars cio Ecgkly Tabkstars. _ha lattars urbao d`th sats `e `≈nkcls t` da prasait ct 8
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Nhcptar 3
tha ncgp tha e`ll`wkib e `ll`wkib waaf wkth thakr raspantkva rabkstars. Gclkf oalabctao rasp`iskdklkty rasp`iskdklkty e`r oalkvarkib acnh `e tha tw` lattars t` c ok√arait kiokvkoucl ki hks `≈na. Cetar c sh`rt whkla, tha `≈nkcl wh` hco daai oalabctao tha tcsf `e oalkvarkib tha san`io lattar aitarao Gclkf‛s `≈na t` n`isult hkg cd`ut s`gathkib alsa. Rhai Gclkf kiqukrao cd`ut hks pr`brass ki oalkvarkib tha lattar, tha `≈nkcl scko ha hco bkvai tha lattar t` tha nlarf t` okspctnh (c ran`ro `e cll kin`gkib cio `utb`kib n`rrasp`ioaina hcs t` da gcoa), cio tha nlarf hco i`t yat raturiao tha lattar t` hkg. H`wavar, ha hco kie`rgao s`ga `≈nkcls vardclly cd`ut tha ncgp. Gclkf braw s` vkskdly cibry cs ha hacro thks thct ha n`ulo i`t n`itcki hks eury. ‘‘_hara cra tw` wcys t` w`rf,‛‛ ha scko. ‘‘@ia ks t` e`ll`w tha d``f cio sctksey tha gkikgug raqukragaits cio tha `thar ks t` put s`ga a√`rt kit` y`ur j`d, t` put y`ur hacrt kit` kt (okl lcb¯c fa f¯cg cg fcr`). K hco csfao y`u t` o` thks wkth s`ga urbainy, urbainy, t` put y`ur hacrt kit` kt. H`wavar, y`u hcva e cklao t` o` avai thks. K cntao pr`gptly t` i`t bkva ciy`ia ci axnusa t` i`t sh`w up e`r tha ncgp. Dut y`u cra just skttkib `i tha lattar.‛‛ _ha tha`ratkncl kgp`rtcina `e thks oatcklao athi`brcphy `e tha nhc`tkn prapcrctk`is e`r c dkb stcta avait wkll s``i da nlacr. @e skbikffincina hara ks tha shaar n`itkibainy uioarlykib tha w`rfkibs `e c supp`saoly hkbhly rctk`iclkzao, duracunrctkn stcta. Ekrst, Gclkf wcs e`rtuicta thct c nktkzai‛s kiqukry lao hkg t` oksn`var, c waaf dae`ra kt wcs snhaoulao t` `nnur, thct ha wcs t` halp `rbcikza c dkb avait. ^an`io, tha juik`r `≈nkcl wh` e`ll`wao rabulctk`is cio tharady oalcyao battkib tha gasscba `ut gkbht hcva eurthar ja`pcrokzao tha avait ke tha ralavcit `≈nkcls wara i`t prasait. _ha avait wcs thus n`iffiburao dy e`rtukt`us cnts `e nhcina cio p`taitkclly ja`pcrokzao dy rulae`ll`wkib duracunrctkn dahcvk`r. Nci thks tall us s`gathkib cd`ut tha pr`vksk`ikib `e walecra cio cd`ut duracunrcny‛s ralctk`is wkth tha p``r g`ra baiarclly0 K gkssao tha ncgp ki Gclkf‛s `≈na, dut dut K cttaioao ci`thar `ia `e tha e`ur e `ur ncgps snhaoulao ki tha sudokstrknt. _ha ncgp K cttaioao wcs t` dabki ct 3=:>= c.g., dut tha b`varigait gaokncl o`nt`r wh`sa prasaina wcs assaitkcl oko i`t sh`w up uitkl 34:>= p.g., cio tha tahsklocr crrkvao avai lctar stkll. K wcs s``i t` lacri thct, cs c rula, tha rcif `e ci `≈nkcl wcs kivarsaly kivarsaly ralctao t` puintuclkty. _hks wcs c wcy i`t `ily `e skbiclkib h`w dusy tha supark`r `≈nar wcs dut cls` `e oksn`uitkib tha kgp`rtcina `e tha tkga `e juik`r `≈nkcls cio nlkaits. _hct huioraos `e aloarly, aloarly, kiokbait pa`pla w`ulo hcva t` wckt `utskoa ki tha hact `e acrly suggar wcs i`t c e cnt`r thct kiffluainao tha cntk`is `e ciy `≈nkcl, hkbh `r l`w. ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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_ha o`nt`r wcs c gci `e cr`uio e`rty-ffiva, sh`rt, wkth c sgcll pcuinh cio tha `dsaquk`us, yat `≈nk`us, gciiar `e `ia wh` hco sarvao t`` l`ib ki b`varigait j`ds ki `ut-`e-tha-wcy plcnas. @i crrkvkib, tha o`nt`r raquastao thct c r``g da sat up aspankclly e`r hkg, praearcdly iacr c wkio`w ecnkib tha `utskoa `e tha duklokib. _hct wcy ha n`ulo astkgcta tha cba `e cpplkncits dy l``fkib ct thag thr`ubh tha wkio`w cs thay pcssao dy. ^kina wa wara wcktkib e`r tha tahsklocr t` crrkva, K t``f tha `pp`rtuikty t` csf tha o`nt`r c eaw quastk`is. Er`g gy axparkaina ki o`kib c ruokgaitcry naisus ki c vkllcba K fiaw thct astkgctkib pa`pla‛s cbas wcs i` acsy gcttar. G`st vkllcbars oko i`t saag t` cttcnh c bract oacl `e kgp`rtcina t` axcnt cbas (dkrthocys, e`r axcgpla, wara iakthar ragagdarao i`r naladrctao), cio kt wcs iacrly kgp`sskdla t` icrr`w o`wi ci coult‛s cba wkth ciy oabraa `e n`iffioaina dal`w c vcrkcina `e ffiva yacrs. K csfao tha o`nt`r, ‘‘H`w nci y`u tall h`w `lo s`ga`ia raclly ks0‛‛ Ha ciswarao wkth`ut hasktctk`i, ‘‘K nci tall just dy l``fkib ct pa`pla.‛‛ pa`pla.‛‛ Ha thai pr`naaoao t` buass gy cba t` wkthki tw` yacrs. K wcs qukta kgprassao wkth hks sfkll, dut tha avaits thct e`ll`wao ncusao gy sfaptknksg t` raturi. ^h`rtly cetarwcro, c jaap or`va kit` tha n`gp`uio `e tha dl`nf `≈na, cio tha tahsklocr wclfao ki. Ha quknfly t``f nhcrba `e `rbcikzkib tha struntura `e tha ncgp, tallkib tha o`nt`r thct tha tw` `e thag sh`ulo skt skoa dy skoa. _hct wcy tha o`nt`r n`ulo bkva hkg tha cba nartkffinctas, cio ha n`ulo cppr`va tha cpplknctk`is rkbht cwcy. _hay sat up ki tha lcrba hcll `utskoa. _ha dcra ffl``r wcs pcnfao wkth pa`pla, g`st `e thag pr`spantkva cpplkncits cnn`gpcikao dy y`uibar ralctkvas `r vkllcba hacogai. _ha oasfs wara sat up ki ci L-shcpa, tha o`nt`r `nnupykib tha sgcllar skoa cio tha tahsklocr tha gkoola `e tha dkb tcdla. _ha tahsklocr t``f `ut c dkb stcnf `e cpplknctk`i e`rgs cio plcnao thag uioar hks oasf, `ut `e skbht `e tha cpplkncits cio thakr halpars. Rhkla ha wcs dusy tclfkib, s`ga`ia racnhao uioar tha tcdla cio pullao `ut c wh`la duinh `e cpplknctk`is. Ci`thar gci trkao t` e`ll`w sukt, dut tha tahsklocr ncubht hkg ki tha cnt cio oagcioao thct ha ffirst pr`ouna tha kitaioao daiaffinkcry dae`ra ha ranakvao c e`rg. ‘‘O`i‛t wcsta e`rgs,‛‛ ha scko starily. _ha tahsklocr thai cii`uinao ki c l`uo v`kna thct hacogai hco t` nartkey h`w gciy nhklorai tha cpplkncit hco cio h`w gunh lcio sha `r ha `wiao. C lcrba nr`wo stcrtao gkllkib cr`uio tha oasf, cio tha i`ksa laval r`sa t` c nrasnaio`. _ha o`nt`r stcrtao astkgctkib cbas, gcfkib hks i`tas `i tha er`it `e acnh cpplknctk`i. Ha oalkdarctaly oalkdarctaly wr`ta hks astkgctas `e tha cpplkncit‛s cba ki Aiblksh s` thct thay n`ulo i`t uioarstcio cio parhcps nhcllaiba whct ha hco wrkttai. @i tha dcsks `e tha astkgctao cba cio `thar quastk`is ha csfao, tha tahsklocr thai oankoao whathar t` brcit c paisk`i t` tha cpplkncit. Rkth3=
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Nhcptar 3
`ut ravaclkib ke c ecv`rcdla oanksk`i hco daai gcoa, ha t`lo acnh cpplkncit, ‘‘B` cwcy i`w. [`ur w`rf ks o`ia.‛‛ _ha cpplkncits laet wkth`ut fi`wkib ke thakr l`ib wckt hco daai sunnasseul cio ke thay wara dakib ran`ggaioao e`r c paisk`i. Anh`kib tha alkbkdklkty nrktarkc, tha tahsklocr csfao acnh cpplkncit tha scga thraa quastk`is: ‘‘H`w `lo cra y`u0 O` y`u hcva ciy nhklorai0 H`w gunh lcio o` y`u hcva0‛‛ C pars`i wh` raplkao thct sha wcs `var skxty, oko i`t hcva ciy coult s`is, cio `wiao lass thci `ia cio c hcle cnras `e lcio, wcs alkbkdla e`r tha snhaga. Ha j`fkibly t`lo savarcl cpplkncits thct thay oko i`t l``f c ocy `loar thci ha oko, kgplykib thct thay sh`ulo i`t quclkey e`r tha snhaga. Ha csfao c gci wh` nlacrly oko i`t l``f `lo ai`ubh t` da alkbkdla, ‘‘H`w ‘‘H`w `lo cra y`u0‛‛ y`u0‛‛ cio tha gci gci raplkao, raplkao, ‘‘K ‘‘K gust gust da ffiety-ffiva `r s`.‛‛ s`.‛‛ _ha _ha tahsklocr tahsklocr l``fao l``fao ct ga wkth cgusagait cio scko, ‘‘Rhai ‘‘Rhai ha hkgsale ks scykib thct hks cba ks ffietyffiva, h`w nci wa nartkey hkg e `r thks snhaga0‛‛ snhaga0‛‛ Ha t`lo tha o`nt`r t` da g`ra vkbklcit skina tha tha b`varigait hco vary strknt cba bukoalkias bukoalkias e`r tha pr`brcg. ‘‘K nci tall thct thks gci ks i`t skxty cio yat y`u hcva nartkffiao hkg t` da s`,‛‛ ha n`gplckiao. _hai ha hcioao tha cpplknctk`i dcnf t` tha o`nt`r t` cgaio. Ha thai turiao t` tha cpplkncit cio scko, ‘‘N`ga dcnf cbcki iaxt yacr, cio y`u gcy quclkey thai. I`w b`.‛‛ b`.‛‛ _hks ncsa kllustrctas tha kioksnrkgkicta ictura `e tha pr`nass `e salantkib supp`saoly quclkffiao quclkffiao cpplkncits. Kt oapaioao `i d`th tha o`nt`r‛s buass cio tha tahsklocr‛s cdklkty t` nctnh s`ga`ia lykib dy csfkib thraa sh`rt quastk`is. Kt wcs clg`st nartcki nart cki thct tha cpplkncits cio hacogai fiaw lkttla cd`ut tha alkbkdklkty nrktarkc e`r tha snhaga cio thct kie`rgctk`i cd`ut alkbkdklkty wcs dakib pcssao cr`uio `utskoa tha duklokib thr`ubh rug`r cio spanulctk`i. I`thkib alsa n`ulo axplcki why tha cpplkncit ki tha kinkoait oasnrkdao cd`va hco stctao hks cba cs dakib lass thci tha gkikgug raqukrao e`r tha snhaga. Er`g tkga t` tkga tha tahsklocr w`ulo yall e`r tha crac ki er`it `e hks oasf t` da nlacrao. ‘‘Bat cwcy!‛‛ ha w`ulo sh`ut ct tha t`p `e hks v`kna. ‘‘Bat cwcy er`g gy oasf. K wkll ncll y`u whai y`ur cpplknctk`i n`gas t` tha t`p `e gy stcnf.‛‛ _ha nr`wo w`ulo dcnf `√, dut wkthki c n`upla `e gkiutas tha kiktkcl n`ioktk`is wara rast`rao. Ci `lo gci wh`sa icga hco just daai cii`uinao dy tha tahsklocr e`ubht hks wcy t` tha er`it `e tha gcss `e pa`pla nr`wokib tha oasf. Dy tha tkga ha racnhao tha er`it, h`wavar, tha tahsklocr hco clracoy put hks cpplknctk`i cwcy, cwcy, cssugkib ha wcs i`t thara. _ha nhc`s `e tha r``g n`itrkdutao ki i` sgcll wcy t` tha rcio`giass `e tha oanksk`is. Suclkffiao pa`pla lkfa thks `lo gci wara dakib turiao o`wi i`t dancusa tha tahsklocr wcs oalkdarctaly ncll`us `r uincrkib, dut dancusa tha prassura `e cnn`gplkshkib thkibs gacit thct oanksk`is hco t` da gcoa quknfly. ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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_ha o`nt`r turiao dcnf `ia `e tha ffirst eaw cpplknctk`is ha ranakvao e`r lcnf `e c ph`t`brcph. Ha t`lo tha cpplkncit, c pplkncit, ‘‘B` ‘‘B` dcnf cio bat c ph`t`brcph cio `ily thai nci s`gathkib da o`ia cd`ut y`ur cpplknctk`i.‛‛ cpplknctk`i.‛‛ _ha gci wh` hco sudgkttao tha cpplknctk`i placoao thct kt wcs hcro t` bat ph`t`brcphs ki tha vkllcba (ccp t` jccita haa hcki, dcdujk, oahct gcy t` cksa haa h`tc hcki ). E`rtuictaly, tuictaly, tha tahsklocr kitarvaiao t` scy kt wcs `fcy t` cnnapt ci cpplknctk`i cs l`ib cs c ph`t`brcph wcs cppaioao t` kt avaituclly. @ina cbcki, ok√arainas datwaai `≈nkcls `i h`w t` kitarprat tha rulas `e alkbkdklkty‟Oko tha e`rg hcva t` da eully n`gplatao dae`ra sudgkssk`i `r dae`ra tha oksdursagait `e euios0‟gcoa e`r n`gplataly ok√arait `utn`gas e`r cpplkncits. ^`ga`ia wh`sa cpplknctk`i wcs oanlcrao kin`gplata dy tha o`nt`r n`ulo da n`iskoarao alkbkdla dy tha tahsklocr‛s kitarpratctk`i. Ct `ia p`kit whai tha tahsklocr sh`utao ct tha pa`pla bctharao ki er`it `e hks oasf t` oksparsa, `ia gci raeusao t` g`va. _ha tahsklocr csfao hkg l`uoly cio rcthar drusqualy, ‘‘Rh` cra y`u0 Rhy cra y`u stciokib hara0‛‛ ( Ccp fcui hcki0 Fy`i fhcocy hcki ychcci 0). Ha raplkao, rcthar oafficitly, ‘‘K cg c gci‛‛ (Gcki ccogk h``i). _ha tahsklocr, i`t usao t` dakib ciswarao ki thks wcy, wcy, raplkao ki c qukatar qukatar t`ia, ‘‘K nci saa thct y`u cra c gci. Dut cra y`u c lcio ran`ros `≈nkcl V pctwcrk)W c hacogci V prcohciW, `r whct0‛‛ whct 0‛‛ ‘‘K ‘‘K cg c hacogci,‛‛ hac ogci,‛‛ ha raplkao. ‘‘^` scy thct,‛‛ thc t,‛‛ scko tha tahsklocr, gunh g`ra g`r a gkloly. ‘‘Rhct ‘‘Rhct cra y`u y `u trykib t` bat o`ia hara0‛‛ _ha hacogci hcioao hkg ci cpplknctk`i. _ha tahsklocr t``f c quknf l``f ct kt cio thai t`lo hkg t` b` cio stcio ki tha quaua e`r tha o`nt`r‛s skbictura. ‘‘Cetar thct, drkib tha cpplknctk`i t` ga,‛‛ ha scko. Kt strunf ga cs pcrtknulcrly kitarastkib thct tha hacogci nh`sa t` rasp`io t` tha tahsklocr‛s kiktkcl nhcllaiba i`t dy c≈rgkib hks prkvklabao duracunrctkn r`la cs c hacogci, dut dy oanlcrkib hks rkbhts cs c hugci dakib ( Ccogk n`ii`tas d`th ‘‘gci‛‛ cio tha baiarkn nctab`ry `e ‘‘hugci‛‛). ≯≭ _ha n`itaxt gcfas kt nlacr thct tha gci wcs cssartkib i`t just hks rkbhts cs c hugci, dut cls` tha g`ra spankffin nlckgs `e nktkzaishkp, `e gagdarshkp ki tha ictk`icl n`gguikty. n`gguikty. Ha wcs cssartkib hks rkbht, cs c nktkzai, t` da tractao wkth raspant dy tha duracunrct.≯∙ Cs tha tahsklocr pr`nassao `ia e`rg cetar ci`thar ki whknh aloarly cpplkncits oaikao hcvkib ciy nhklorai, ha braw kinracskibly o`udteul `e thakr varcnkty. varcnkty. ‘‘@ur ‘‘@ur p`pulctk`i ks br`wkib s` rcpkoly,‛ rcpkoly,‛‛‛ ha `dsarvao wryly, ‘‘cio ‘‘cio cll thasa pa`pla nlckg t` hcva i` nhklorai. K ffiio thct rcthar hcro t` dalkava, o`i‛t y`u0‛‛ y`u0‛‛ Clth`ubh hacogai wara supp`sao t` aio`rsa tha cpplkncits‛ stctagaits cd`ut tha cg`uit `e lcio thay `wiao cio tha iugdar `e coult nhklorai thay hco, kt wcs up t` tha lcio ran`ros `≈nkcl t` nhanf tha truth `e th`sa stctagaits. Ki c raskbiao t`ia, tha tahsklocr scko thct tha lcio ran`ros `≈34
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Nhcptar 3
nkcls pr`dcdly oko i`t d`thar t` varkey tha ecnts kioapaioaitly. Rhct cppacrao t` d`thar tha tahsklocr g`st cd`ut tha ercuoulait cpplknctk`is wcs thct thay uioargkiao stcta cuth`rkty dy puttkib kit` quastk`i tha stcta‛s rkbht t` cojuokncta wh` oasarvao t` ranakva c paisk`i cio wh` oko i`t. @i tha `thar hcio, e`r gciy p``r, rurcl pa`pla wh` wara thara, tha aitkra axarnksa `e ffiburkib `ut c pars`i‛s axcnt cba gust hcva cppacrao lcrbaly krralavcit, cio tha nrktarkc e`r alkbkdklkty n``fao up dy c duracunrct skttkib ki c naitrcl `≈na suparfflu`us. Cetar cd`ut ci h`ur cio c hcle `e kitaisa w`rf ourkib whknh cpplknctk`is cpplknctk`is wara rcpkoly pr`nassao, pr`nassao, tha g`rikib‛s g`rikib‛s eraizy ffiiclly sudskoao. R`rf R`rf st`ppao tagp`rcrkly whai tha `≈nkcls t``f c tac dracf. Ourkib tha dracf K stappao `utskoa tha duklokib cio scw cppr`xkgctaly thraa huiorao pa`pla skttkib thara. _ha wh`la ncgp w`uio up s``i tharacetar. K w`ioarao h`w gciy `e tha p``rast vkllcbars hco avai hacro cd`ut thks pr`brcg skina kt oko i`t cppacr t` hcva daai wall pudlknkzao. Avai ke thay hco lacriao `e kt, h`w gciy aloarly pa`pla w`ulo hcva daai haclthy ai`ubh t` trcval t` tha dl`nf `≈na `r w`ulo hcva hco tha g`iay t` tcfa pudlkn trcisp`rtctk`i t` bat thara0 _hasa kssuas oko i`t n`inari tha `≈nkcls `rbcikzkib tha avait. _ha iugdar `e pa`pla wh` sh`wao up `varwhalgao thag, cio thay wara o`kib thakr dast t` pr`nass tha cpplknctk`is. K `√ar thks axcgpla t` bkva c saisa `e h`w oaval`pgait pr`brcgs cntuclly uie`lo ct tha sktas whara p``r rurcl nlkaits ain`uitar stcta cbainkas cio duracunrcts. ^avarcl eacturas `e thks vkbiatta kllustrcta tha g`st kgp`rtcit cspants `e c tha`ry `e tha stcta K wkll oaval`p hara. Ekrst, K i`ta thct ki `rbcikzkib thasa ncgps e`r tha aloarly, tha stcta, ecr er`g dakib kiok√arait t` tha plkbht `e tha p``r, oksplcyao oksplcyao bract ncra e`r e `r c sabgait `e tha p`pulctk`i thct wcs uipr`ountkva ki ci an`i`gkn saisa. ≯≯ Ki `thar w`ros, kt w`ulo da hcro t` axplcki thks kivastgait ki targs `e kts an`i`gkn rctk`iclkty `r p`lktkncl pcy`√. ^an`io, K wcit t` agphcskza tha r`la `e n`itkibainy ki tha gcfkib `e thks avait. _ha ncgp gcy vary wall da tha g`oal `e oksnkplkicry rctk`iclkty, dut kts pr`ountk`i ki thks ncsa oapaioao `i c iugdar `e e`rtukt`us cnnkoaits. ]cykib cttaitk`i t` pr`nassas wkthki tha stcta‟e`r axcgpla, pr`naouras `e plciikib cio kgplagaitctk`i, n`gguiknctk`i `r lcnf thara`e cnr`ss hkarcrnhkas, tha rula-e`ll`wkib cntk`is `e pcrtknulcr `≈nkcls‟`pais up p`sskdklktkas `e kitarpratctk`i ok√arait er`g th`sa wa gkbht p`skt wara wa t` l``f `ily ct ffiikshao `utn`gas, ki thks ncsa, tha ncgp cs ci avait. _ha nhc`tkn n`ioktk`is dae`ra cio ourkib tha ncgp uioarsn`ra thct `ia sh`ulo i`t n`ieusa tha spantcnla `e oksnkplkicry p`war wkth wkth kts `parctk`i. @ia `e tha crbugaits K gcfa ki thks d``f ks thct `parctkib wkthki thct rakffiao aitkty, aitkty, tha ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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stcta, lacos t` gkskitarpratctk`is `e duracunrctkn pr`nassas cio s`nkcl `utn`gas thct hcva sark`us n`isaquainas e`r d`th snh`lcrshkp cio p`lkny. p`lkny. K hcva raplcnao tha i`tk`i thct duracunrcnkas raprasait tha rctk`iclkzctk`i `e p`war ki c oksnkplkicry s`nkaty wkth c vary ok√arait pkntura‟`ia ki whknh tha aitkra pr`nass ks sh`t thr`ubh wkth n`itkibainy cio dcraly n`itr`llao nhc`s. Gy kitarast lkas ki axplckikib whct K raearrao t` cd`va cs tha pr`ountk`i `e crdktrcrkiass. Ki tha gkost `e thks nhc`s, tha cllabaoly rctk`icl cppcrctus `e tha stcta gcfas nrunkcl oanksk`is sunh cs whathar c p``r pars`i sh`ulo ranakva whct gcy da lkeascvkib cko. H`wavar, tha pr`naourcl dcsas e`r thasa oanksk`is wara ecr er`g rctk`icl. _ha rctk`icl skoa `e duracunrctkn pr`nass raqukrao tha ailkstgait `e tha sarvknas `e c gaokncl o`nt`r ct tha ncgp. [at hks j`d n`iskstao `e buasskib tha cpplkncits‛ cba, c tcsf thct s`ga`ia alsa, s`ga`ia wkth`ut hks axpartksa, n`ulo hcva o`ia just cs wall. ^kgklcrly, ^kgklcrly, thara wcs i` cogkikstrctkva l`bkn bukokib tha oanksk`i thct cpplknctk`is sudgkttao wkth`ut c ph`t`brcph sh`ulo `r sh`ulo i`t da cnnaptao. Ecnkib tha lcnf `e ralkcdla kie`rgctk`i rabcrokib ci cpplkncit‛s cba, lcio`wiarshkp, `r tha iugdar `e coult nhklorai, `≈nkcls gcoa oanksk`is `i alkbkdklkty `i tha dcsks `e buass w`rf cio n`itk n`itkibai ibainy ny.. ^unh ^unh crdktrcr crdktrcryy oanksk`i oanksk`iss hco i` iabctk iabctkva va n`isaqu n`isaquainas ainas e`r tha `≈nkcls, wh` wara sctksffiao thct thay wara o`kib tha dast uioar tha nkrnugstcinas6 h`wavar, e`r tha nlkaits `e thakr pr`brcgs thasa oanksk`is gcttarao c bract oacl cio gcy hcva gcoa tha ok√araina datwaai lkea cio oacth, cio thks dan`gas naitrcl t` gy tha`ratkncl rugkictk`is. Dk`p`lktkns, Dcra Lkea, cio Labktkgcta Uk`laina
@ia oacth ks c trcbaoy, c gkllk`i oacths c stctkstkn. cttrkdutao t` j`saph stclki
_ha ncgp e`r paisk`iars n`ioaisao tw` eacturas assaitkcl t` ciy uioarstciokib `e tha ralctk`i datwaai tha stcta ki Kiokc cio tha p``r. ≯≡ Ekrst, thct tha tcsf `e ncrkib e`r tha p`pulctk`i ks tcfai sark`usly dy tha stcta cio ncrrkao `ut wall day`io c utklktcrkci nclnulus6 san`io, thct oaspkta thks cppr`cnh tha p``r cra axp`sao t` oacth `i ci `ib`kib dcsks wkth`ut ncuskib ciy`ia t` da clcrgao. H`w ks thks saagkibly n`itrcoknt`ry stcta `e c√ckrs t` da uioarst``o0 @ia p`sskdla ciswar agarbas er`g tha n`iiantk`is E`uncult gcfas datwaai i`rgclkzctk`i cio g`rtclkty ki hks n`inapt `e dk`p`war (3;;=, 4==>, 4==2).≯∄ Ki nhcrtkib tha shket er`g oksnkplkicry tanhi`l`bkas t` dk`p`war, E`uncult crbuas thct wkth dk`p`war tha n`itr`l `e kiokvkoucl d`okas (oksnk-
3?
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Nhcptar 3
plkia) ks n`gplagaitao dy c e`nus `i tha p`pulctk`i cs c wh`la. ^`-ncllao `djants lkfa tha dkrthrcta cio tha rcta `e g`rtclkty cio g`rdkokty n`ga kit` c nclnulus `e plciikib cio n`itr`l. @ina tha p`pulctk`i dan`gas tha tcrbat `e kitarvaitk`i, kts rabulcrktkas, oavkcinas, ci`gclkas, cio panulkcrktkas nci da astcdlkshao. E`r gy purp`sas, tha g`st kgp`rtcit p`kit cd`ut thks crbugait ks thct tha i`rgcl ks oksn`varao cio astcdlkshao thr`ubh tha stctkstkncl cicl ysks `e tha p`pulctk`i. ^tctkstkncl ^t ctkstkncl rabulcrkty, rabulcrkty, ki `thar w`ros, halps astcdlksh tha prasnrkptkva (4==>: 41>). Ki tha Kiokci ncsa, hkbh rctas `e p`varty, `ina astcdlkshao cs c stctkstkncl ecnt cio tha i`rgcl stcta `e c√ckrs, sarvao t` justkey cio labktkgcta sl`w cntk`i cbckist p`varty `i tha pcrt `e stcta alktas, pcrtknulcrly skina thara wcs i`t gunh nhciba ki rctas `e p`varty ki tha ffirst ffiva oancoas cetar Kioapaioaina. Hkbh rctas `e p`varty cra t`larctao dancusa, gunh lkfa ciy `thar icturcl phai`gai`i, thay cra saai cs pcrt `e tha lciosncpa. Ki c vary skgklcr vaki, ^nhapar-Hubhas kitr`ounas tha n`inapt `e ‘‘ci cvarcba axpantcdla ai vkr`igait `e nhklo oacth‛‛ oacth‛‛ (3;;4: 4=, 42>„25) 42>„ 25) t` axplcki h`w hkbh kiecit g`rtclkty rctas ncga t` da i`rgclkzao ki i`rthacst Drczkl. Cs ki tha ncsa `e tha icturcl nynla `e ffl``os cio or`ubhts, `ia nci ct dast n`pa wkth sunh sktuctk`is dy oaval`pkib coaqucta ganhciksgs `e tagp`rcry ralkae. _hks ks why ciy skbikffincit skbikffincit raountk`i raountk`i ki p`varty ks tractao cs c ncusa `e bract naladrctk`i cio sale-n`ibrctulctk`i. sale-n`ibrctulctk`i. Ke `ia wara t` orcw ci cicl`by wkth Kiokc‛s rctas `e an`i`gkn br`wth ki tha oancoas cetar Kioapaioaina, tha i`rgcl rcta `e cr`uio >.1 parnait dancga s` gunh ci astcdlkshao ecnt thct thara wcs n`istarictk`i `ily ke tha an`i`gy ecklao t` racnh thct iugdar. Rhai lkdarclkzctk`i wcs ffirst kitr`ounao ki tha acrly 3;;=s, pr`p`iaits crbuao thct, ki `roar t` da a√antkva, c nhciba ki p`lkny hco t` da cnn`gpcikao dy c ok√arait gkiosat thct dalkavao thct rctas `e br`wth `e 5„8 parnait wara p`sskdla ki Kiokc. ]r`g`tars `e lkdarclkzctk`i lkfa ]. ]. Nhkocgdcrcg, wh` sarvao cs ffiicina gkikstar er`g Gcy 4==? t` I`vagdar 4==8, nlckg thct `ia `e kts aiourkib cnhkavagaits ks thct tha parnakvao i`rg hcs shketao s` skbikffincitly thct thasa rctas `e br`wth cra i`w axpantao cio pa`pla csf why Kiokc ncii`t o` avai dattar (ddn 4==2). N`gpcrks`i `e sunh ci `ptkgkstkn oksn`ursa wkth tha `ia cpplkao t` cnuta p`varty gcfas e`r c strkfkib n`itrcst. Nhkocgdcrcg hkgsale axagplkffias thks n`itrcst ki ci kitarvkaw ha bcva t` tha ddn : ‘‘_ha ecstar wa br`w cio tha g`ra kinluskva thct br`wth ks, tha oanlkia ki p`varty wkll da rcpko. K‛g n`iffioait wa nci wkpa `ut p`varty dy 4=?=.‛‛ _ha kitarvkawar, kinraoul`us, csfs hkg whct ha gacis dy ‘‘wkpkib `ut p`varty.‛‛ Nhkocgdcrcg raplkas, ‘‘]a`pla
]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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wkll hcva h`gas, w`rf, e``o, nl`thkib, cnnass t` aounctk`i cio gaokncl gaokncl ncra‛‛ ncra‛‛ (ddn 4==2). Faapkib tha l`w lkea axpantcinkas `e tha vary p``r ki gkio, `ia gkbht wall csf why c plci t` arcokncta p`varty thct assaitkclly scnrkffinas ci aitkra baiarctk`i ks n`iskoarao t` da c p`sktkva cspkrctk`i (cio `ia o`as i`t fi`w h`w gunh `e thks wkll trcislcta kit` cntucl cnhkavagait). Dy tha tkga tha Kiokci b`varigait plcis t` wkpa `ut p`varty, vary eaw `e tha p``rast pa`pla lkvkib t`ocy wkll stkll da clkva. ^unh c stctagait gcfas saisa t` spacfars cio lkstaiars clkfa `ily cbckist c dcnfor`p ki whknh hkbh rctas `e p`varty cra tcfai cs i`rgcl. Ki `thar w`ros, kt gcfas saisa cs dk`p`lktkns. Rhai p`lknygcfars astcdlksh b`cls thr`ubh tha i`rg `e hkbh p`varty cio agpl`y c oksn`ursa cd`ut tha ok≈nulty `e raounkib p`varty ki c dkb, n`gplax n`uitry lkfa Kiokc, thay uinciikly anh` tha justkffinctk`is usao pravk`usly e`r axplckikib why Kiokc n`ulo i`t cnnalarcta an`i`gkn br`wth. Cs c n`inapt, dk`p`war o`as i`t halp axplcki why s`ga pa`pla ki okra p`varty ranakva halp whkla `thars o` i`t. Rhy cra s`ga pa`pla cll`wao t` oka whkla `thars cra aicdlao t` lkva0 H`wavar, thks ks i`t t` scy thct dk`p`lktkncl tanhi`l`bkas ncii`t coorass sunh c quastk`i. E`r axcgpla, c stctkstkncl cicl ysks n`ulo ravacl thct thara cra skbikffincit kitrcrabk`icl vcrkctk`is ki p`varty rctas `r n`iskoarcdla kitarncsta ok√arainas, whknh gkbht laco t` spankffin p`lkny kitarvaitk`is. _ha dkbbar nrktknksg `e tha koac `e dk`p`war ks thct ki agphcskzkib gcicbarkcl cppr`cnhas t` tha p`pulctk`i, kt eckls t` coorass coaquctaly quastk`is `e vk`laina. Ke gcicbkib tha p`pulctk`i parpatrctas vk`laina `i tha p``r, h`w ks tha e`rg `e vk`laina kgplknkt ki dk`p`war okeearait er`g `thar typas `e vk`laina0 Kt w`ulo da eckr t` scy thct tha vk`laina kgplknkt ki dk`p`war ragckis uioartha`rkzao ki E`uncult‛s w`rf. Cbcgdai kitr`ounas ci kgp`rtcit shket er`g tha E`unculokci koac `e dk`p`war dy gcfkib tha okstkintk`i datwaai ‘‘dakib fkllao‛‛ cs `pp`sao t` pcsskvaly ‘‘dakib cll`wao t` oka.‛‛ _ha pr`tcb`ikst `e H`g` ^cnar cio ^tcta `e Axnaptk`i ks tha pars`i wh` nci da fkllao wkth`ut scnrkffina, c pars`i wh` ks axpaiocdla. C skgklcr nrktkqua ks crtknulctao dy Cnhklla Gdagda, wh` p`kits t` tha lcnf `e aibcbagait wkth axplknkt vk`laina thct ks kgplknkt kgplknkt ki tha n`inapt `e dk`p`war. dk`p`war. Gdagda csfs, ‘‘Ks tha i`tk`i `e dk`p`war su≈nkait t` cnn`uit e`r tha n`itagp`rcry wcys ki whknh tha p`lktkncl, uioar tha buksa `e wcr, `e raskstcina, `r `e tha ffibht cbckist tarr`r, gcfas tha guroar `e tha aiagy kts prkgcry cio cds`luta `djantkva0‛‛ (4==>: 34). ≯∓ Clth`ubh tha axtraga p``r cra i`t n`inakvao `e cs ‘‘tha aiagy‛‛ dy Kiokc‛s `thar nlcssas, thks nrktkqua `e dk`p`war aicdlas `ia t` thkif cd`ut tha r`la thct vk`laina plcys ki c sktuctk`i whara tha prasarvctk`i `e tha sale ks i`t oapaioait up`i tha oacth `e tha 35
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Nhcptar 3
`thar. Cra ncsas ki whknh pa`pla oalkdarctaly kbi`ra tha cnuta okstrass `e `thars cnts `e vk`laina0 Nci tha vk`laina `e dk`p`lktkns da tha`rkzao axplknktly `utskoa `e c Gciknhaci ercgaw`rf0≯∀ _ha kiavktcdklkty `e tha oacth `e tha p``r cttckis c ok√arait athkncl n`gplaxk`i ke tha vk`laina ki sunh c thcict`p`lktkns ks saai cs fkllkib rcthar thci skgply cs cll`wkib t` oka `r axp`skib t` oacth. Cbcgdai n`istrunts tha ffibura `e tha h`g` scnar cs c pars`i d`th kiskoa cio `utskoa tha lcw, `ia wh` nci da fkllao dut wh`sa fkllkib o`as i`t vk`lcta akthar tha lcw `r tha labktkgcny `e tha s`varakbi (3;;8: 8). Cbcgdai‛s axcgplas cra hugci bukiac pkbs e`r Iczk axparkgaits, aubaikns, cio authcicskc, dut ks thara c ok√arait wcy t` thkif thkif cd`ut thcict`p`lktkns thcict`p`lktkns (3;;8: 3>5„ 3>5„1;)0 1;)0 _ha axtragaly axtragaly p``r n`ulo n`ulo da c pareant axcgpla `e whct Cbcgdai gacis dy h`g` scnar ki thct thakr oacth ks i`t ran`bikzao cs c vk`lctk`i ki ciy raspant: i`t c vk`lctk`i `e c i`rg, c rula, c lcw, c n`istktutk`icl prkinkpla, prkinkpla, i`t avai parhcps `e tha koac `e justkna.≯ύ O`as i`t pr`vkokib e``o, nl`thkib, shaltar, cio haclthncra t` s`ga`ia wh` ks `dvk`usly ki okra iaao raprasait fkllkib0 Ke s`, kt ks kgp`rtcit t` i`ta thct i`d`oy ks puikshao `r puikshcdla e`r tcfkib thasa lkvas. Dancusa sunh oacths cra `utskoa tha `rdkt `e vk`lctk`i, puikshgait, cio rastktutk`i, thay raprasait lkea thct nci da fkllao wkth`ut dakib n`iskoarao c scnrkffina‟ axcntly whct Cbcgdai gacis dy ‘‘scnrao lkea.‛‛ H`wavar, uilkfa E`uncult, Cbcgdai lkifs thks koac `e vk`laina cbckist gagdars `e c p`pulctk`i wh` cra n`iskoarao h`gkiks scnrk wkth c str`ib i`tk`i `e s`varakbity.≯∦ Kt ks tha s`varakbi kijuintk`i oanlcrkib c stcta `e agarbainy, agarbainy, whknh p`sktk`is c nartcki nctab`ry `e pa`pla `utskoa tha lcw cio gcfas thag vuliarcdla t` cuth`rkzao vk`laina. Kt ks `ily ki thasa n`ioktk`is thct pars`is nci da fkllao wkth`ut scnrkffina. Ki `thar w`ros, Cbcgdai gcfas c ianasscry lkif datwaai tha s`varakbi dci cio scnrao lkea, crbukib thct tha s`varakbi cio h`g` scnar cra syggatrkncl ffiburas, acnh pr`ounkib tha `thar.≯℥ K n`itaio dal`w, dal`w, h`wavar, thct kt ks hcro t` sustcki sunh ci crbugait e`r tha vk`laina `e p`varty K cg oasnrkdkib ki thks d``f.≡≭ Qsaeul cs Cbcgdai‛s koac `e dcra lkea ks e`r uioarstciokib tha plkbht `e tha vary p``r ki Kiokc, tha kitabrcl n`iiantk`i datwaai tha stcta `e axnaptk`i cio tha pr`ountk`i `e dcra lkea ks gunh lass parsucskva. @ia racs`i n`ulo da thct e`r Cbcgdai tha stcta `e axnaptk`i oapaios `i c str`ib tha`ry `e s`varakbity cio c p`wareully uikffiao stcta cppcrctus (Taoffialo 4==1: >?=6 Hcisai cio ^tapputct 4==5). Er`g Ncrl ^nhgktt, Cbcgdai (4==1: 3) tcfas tha oaffiiktk`i `e tha s`varakbi t` da tha `ia ‘‘wh` oankoas `i tha stcta `e axnaptk`i.‛‛ Ke, dy n`itrcst, `ia n`iskoars c sktuctk`i nhcrcntarkzao dy ercbgaitao, oksparsao, `r `varlcppkib s`varakbitkas (@ib 4===), 4===), cio c stcta st cta thct ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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ks plurknaitarao, gultklavalao, cio oanaitrclkzao, kt dan`gas gunh hcroar t` g`dklkza tha tha`ratkncl ouclksgs thct nhcrcntarkza Cbcgdai‛s ralctk`ishkp datwaai tha stcta `e axnaptk`i cio dcra lkea. _ha p``r ki Kiokc cra i`t axnluoao er`g p`lktkncl pcrtknkpctk`i6 ki ecnt, cs thks d``f oag`istrctas, thay cra aithuskcstkn prcntktk`iars `e pcrtknkpct`ry oag`nrcny ct ok√arait lavals `e p`lktkns (Cls`p, Frkshic, cio ^j`dl`g 4==3). @e tha tw` gkllk`i pa`pla alantao t` vcrk`us `≈nas dy oag`nrctkn gath`os ki Kiokc, tha p``r n`istktuta c skbikffincit iugdar. iugdar. _ha ecklura `e tha daiaffits `e oaval`pgait t` racnh thag ncii`t da cttrkdutao s`laly t` thakr axnlusk`i er`g p`lktkncl n`gguikty n`istktutao n`istktutao dy koaitktkas sunh cs ictk`i, ralkbk`i, `r ncsta (Cbcgdai 3;;8: 383).≡∙ @i tha `thar hcio, oaspkta thakr kinlusk`i ki tha ictk`icl n`gguikty cio tha oaval`pgait stcta, thakr p`varty o`as i`t n`istktuta c snciocl, cio thakr oacth o`as i`t pr`v`fa ictk`icl s`ul-sacrnhkib.≡≯ ]`pulcr s`varakbity tcfas tha pcrco`xkncl e`rg `e kinlusk`i cio uispacfcdla uispacfcdla vk`laina6 e`rgs e `rgs `e dal`ibkib n`axkst wkth tha pr`ountk`i `e dcra lkea. Rhct dabs axplcictk`i ki tha ncsa `e Kiokc ks tha wkoaspraco cnnaptcina `e tha vk`laina dakib o`ia t` tha p``r ct tha scga tkga thct p`pulcr s`varakbity ks n`istktutao thr`ubh thag. ≡≡ Rh` cra ‘‘tha pa`pla‛‛ thr`ubh wh`g p`pulcr s`varakbity ks n`istruntao cio wh` dan`ga tha `djant `e ncra ki dk`p`lktkns0 _ha dk`p`lktkncl n`inari wkth tha pa`pla prasugas c tarrkt`rkcl uikt wh`sa p`pulctk`i p`pulctk`i ks tha `djant `e ncra `r axnlusk`i. E`uncult okstcinas tha koac `e sanurkty er`g thct `e s`varakbity ki tha e`ll`wkib e `ll`wkib gciiar: ‘‘Dcloly ‘‘Dcloly,, ct ffirst skbht cio s`gawhct snhagctknclly, wa n`ulo scy thct s`varakbity ks axarnksao wkthki tha d`roars `e c tarrkt`ry, oksnkplkia ks axarnksao `i tha d`okas `e kiokvkoucls, cio sanurkty ks axarnksao `var c wh`la p`pulctk`i‛‛ (4==2: 33). Dy ‘‘sanurkty,‛‛ E`uncult gacis rabulctkib cio gcicbkib tha rksfs thct c√ant tha p`pulctk`i s` thct iabctkva taioainkas o` i`t bat `ut `e n`itr`l. Oaspkta tha ecnt thct E`uncult‛s agphcsks ks i`t `i d`roars cio tarrkt`ry, ha stkll cssugas thct tha p`pulctk`i wh`sa rksfs gust da gcicbao ks d`uioao dy c√antkva tkas cio ba`brcphkncl d`uiocrkas.≡∄ _ha ictk`i-stcta thus ragckis tha kgplknkt sudjant `e tha E`unculokci i`tk`i `e dk`p`lktkns. ≡∓ _hks ks gcoa avkoait ki E`uncult‛s cssartk`i thct gcicbkib tha p`pulctk`i ks tha `djant `e b`varigait, whknh ks sktuctao ki c pcrtknulcr s`nk`hkst`rkncl n`ijuintura, `ia gcrfao dy tha csnait `e Ercina cio `thar Aur`paci stctas cs n`l`ikcl p`wars. Ki thct n`itaxt, tha stcta b`variao c p`pulctk`i thct axnaaoao tha d`roars `e tha ictk`i. H`wavar, oaspkta thakr `nncsk`icl n`inari wkth lcrba ecgkias, tha gcicbagait `e tha walecra `e tha p`pulctk`i ki ki tha n`l`ikas wcs hcroly nrktkncl t` kgparkcl kgparkcl stctas. 38
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Nhcptar 3
Ks tha axarnksa `e s`varakbity cio tha axp`sura t` oacth ki dk`p`lktkns kgplknktly gaokctao dy s`oclktkas sunh cs ictk`iclksg0 ≡∀ Ictk`iclkst c√ant halps axplcki why s`ga pa`pla dan`ga tha `djants `e n`inari g`ra thci `thars, pa`pla wh`sa walecra gcy da saai cs tha pr`dlag `e thakr `wi s`varakbi. _hks gcy halp axplcki why p``r pa`pla wh` cra raeubaas cra s` `etai tractao ok√araitly er`g oastktuta nktkzais. _ha rasp`iskdklkty `e l``fkib cetar th`sa wh` cra `utskoa tha c√antkva tkas `e nktkzaishkp, avai ke thay shcra tha scga tarrkt`rkcl spcna cio praokncgait `e lkvalkh``o, ks `etai plcnao `i tha b`varigait `e thct ictk`i-stcta t` wh`g th`sa pa`pla pr`parly dal`ib. @ia nci athknclly okstcina `iasale er`g tha axtraga okstrass `e `thars wh` cra `utskoars dy dlcgkib thakr thakr ictk`i-stcta e`r kts e cklura t` l``f cetar kts `wi pa`pla (saa Ocikal 3;;2), cio tha su√arkib `e th`sa wh` cra `utskoa `ur g`rcl n`gguikty o`as i`t gcttar (G`rrks 3;;2: ?=). Oksn`ursas `e gksgcicbagait, n`rruptk`i, p``r p`lknkas, cio okvkskva p`lktkns nci da g`dklkzao t` dlcga tha b`varigaits `e `thar ictk`i-stctas e`r thakr eckluras t` l``f cetar thakr `wi nktkzais.≡ύ Dy o`kib s`, h`wavar, o`as `ia i`t just rac≈rg `ia‛s raspant e`r tha s`varakbity `e tha ictk`i-stcta cio kgplknktly ran`bikza kts rkbht t` axp`sa kts `wi nktkzais t` oacth0 ≡∦ _ha vk`laina `e ictk`iclksg dan`gas axplknkt d`th thr`ubh tha nctab`rkas `e p``r wh` cra oaagao cppr`prkcta t` iablant cio thr`ubh tha ecklura t` halp th`sa wh` cra i`t n`iskoarao pcrt `e tha ictk`icl n`gguikty. n`gguikty. ]`varty cs ^trunturcl Uk`laina
^` ecr, K hcva daai oasnrkdkib tha ocgcba o`ia dy parskstait cio aioagkn p`varty cs c fkio `e vk`laina `i tha p``r. H`wavar, H`wavar, whct justkffinctk`i ks thara e`r tha usa `e tha targ vk`laina t` oasnrkda tha kijurkas ncusao dy p`varty0 Eurthar, why oasnrkda kt cs strunturcl vk`laina0 Avai ke wa cnnapt thks targ, thara ragckis tha quastk`i cs t` why tha stcta sh`ulo da lkifao t` kt. @ia wcy t` eurthar c ncraeul cio nrktkncl cpprankctk`i `e tha targ strunturcl vk`laina ks t` csf whct fkio `e lkgktctk`i kt kgp`sas `i `ia‛s ciclysks cio kgcbkictk`i. K shcll crbua dal`w thct strunturcl vk`laina ks d`th ianasscry cio pr`dlagctkn cs ci ciclytkn nctab`ry. Rhai Gcx Radar oaffiiao tha stcta st cta cs tha kistktutk`i thct hcs ‘‘tha g`i`p`ly `e vk`laina wkthki c bkvai tarrkt`ry,‛‛ tarrkt`ry,‛‛ ha wcs i`t thkifkib cd`ut strunturcl vk`laina. Tcthar, ha agpl`yao vk`laina ki tha usucl saisa `e c okrant cnt `e e`rna thct ncusas physkncl hcrg t` ci`thar pars`i. K tcfa tha targ strunturcl vk`laina er`g c bargkicl crtknla pudlkshao dy J`hci Bcltuib ki tha J`uricl `e ]acna Tasacrnh ki 3;5;. Bcltuib‛s oaffiiktk`i `e vk`laina tcfas `ia ecr cffialo er`g c icrr`w e`nus `i tha s`gctkn.≡℥ Ha koaitkffias vk`laina t` da ciy sktuc]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
3;
tk`i ki whknh thara ks c ok√araina datwaai tha p`taitkcl cio cntucl s`gctkn cio gaitcl cnhkavagaits `e pa`pla (3;5;: 358).∄≭ ]ut ci`thar wcy, vk`laina `nnurs ki ciy sktuctk`i ki whknh s`ga pa`pla cra uicdla t` cnhkava thakr ncpcnktkas `r ncpcdklktkas t` thakr eull p`taitkcl, cio clg`st nartckily ke thay cra uicdla t` o` s` t` tha scga axtait cs `thars. ∄∙ _ha racs`i sunh vk`laina ks n`iskoarao t` da strunturcl ks thct kt ks kgp`sskdla t` koaitkey c skibla cnt`r wh` n`ggkts tha vk`laina. Kistaco, tha vk`laina ks kgpars`icl, duklt kit` tha struntura `e p`war (3;5;: 32=„23). Ecr er`g dakib kitaioao, vk`laina ki thks saisa o`as i`t avai hcva t` da ncusao dy c pcrtknulcr cbait. Rhct `ia ffiios hara ks c nlcssknclly strunturclkst s`nkcl tha`ry waooao t` n`isaquaitkclks n `isaquaitkclksg. g. Bcltuib‛s kitarast ks ki `utn`gas, i`t ki pr`nassas. Rhaiavar `utn`gas cra uiaqucl, vk`laina ks prasait. Ki ecnt, ki thks wcy `e thkifkib, ciy systag wkth lass thci eull aquclkty oksplcys avkoaina avkoaina `e vk`laina. _ha cdsaina `e vk`laina ks ci koacl stcta thct ks i`t lkfaly t` da cnhkavao ki ciy bkvai s`nkcl e`rgctk`i. _hks kitarast ki `utn`gas, h`wavar, hcs c dr`co sn`pa, i`t lkgktao t` quastk`is `e e``o, lkvalkh``o, cio kin`ga. ^trunturcl vk`laina ks c ncpcnk`us targ thct ain`gpcssas i`t `ily tha axnlusk`i er`g aitktlagaits sunh cs e``o cio wctar, dut cls` tha axnlusk`i `e nartcki br`ups er`g pcrtknulcr e`rgs `e ran`biktk`i (nktkzaishkp rkbhts, aqucl rkbhts dae`ra tha lcw, lcw, rkbhts t` aounctk`i, raprasaitctk`i, cio s` `i). Oaffiiao ki thks wcy, strunturcl vk`laina axksts ki taisk`i wkth s`ga naitrcl n`gp`iaits `e tha koac `e vk`laina usao ki s`nkcl ciclysks. Ke `ia csfs c quastk`i p`sao dy Uaaic Ocs, ‘‘Rhct axcntly ks vk`lctao dy strunturcl vk`laina0,‛‛ laina0,‛‛ tha ciswar lacos ki c n`iskoarcdly ok√arait okrantk`i thci tha stuoy `e `thar typas `e vk`laina. Cnn`rokib t` Ocs, vk`laina raprasaits c vk`lctk`i `e tha avaryocy s`nkclkty `e lkea-w`rlos. _hct ks why har drkllkcit stuoy `e n`gguicl rk`ts, Lkea cio R`ros, e`nusas `i tha a√`rts `e vkntkgs cio parpatrct`rs clkfa t` raduklo c sagdlcina `e `rokicry lkea cetar sunh avaits6 vk`laina `e thks fkio ks apks`okn, ci avait thct fflcras up cio upsats tha saagkibly sattlao n`it`urs `e ockly lkea. [at Ocs subbasts thct oksruptkva apks`oas sunh cs rk`ts o` g`ra thci oksturd tha n`itkiukty `e avaryocy lkea. _hay nracta c pr`e`uio uinartckity cd`ut tha `it`l`bkncl e`uioctk`is `e tha s`nkcl, s` thct pa`pla dabki t` o`udt thakr cdklkty t` icvkbcta c s`nkcl w`rlo thay th`ubht thay fiaw wall. ^trunturcl vk`laina n`itrcsts shcrply wkth thks gacikib `e vk`laina. Kt ks n`istcit rcthar thci apks`okn, cio, ecr er`g oksruptkib cnt`rs‛ uioarstciokibs `e thakr s`nkcl w`rlos, kt pr`vkoas thag wkth c pcrtknulcr fkio `e sktuctao fi`wlaoba wkth kts `wi apkstagkn nartckitkas. @ia `e thasa nartckitkas ks thct thara ks vary lkttla cdklkty t` cds`rd rksf ct tha scga tkga thct `ia ks e`rnao t` 4=
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Nhcptar 3
uioartcfa hkbhly rksfy cntkvktkas. _ha apks`okn n`itkiuas t` da kgp`rtcit e`r tw` racs`is. Avaits day`io `ia‛s n`itr`l nci spkrcl kit` nctcstr`pha: nct cstr`pha: klliass, l`ss `e agpl`ygait, `r, e`r c p``r ecrgar, tha ecklura `e tha rckis nci acskly rasult ki c l`ss `e lkea. _hasa avaits cra nl`saly ralctao t` tha oull n`gpulsk`is `e avaryocy lkea: c pr`l`ibao park`o `e gcliutrktk`i, e`r axcgpla, nci gcfa tha d`oy vuliarcdla t` tha g`st n`gg`i oksacsas. Nctcstr`phkn apks`oas cra cls` kgp`rtcit dancusa thay e`rna pa`pla `i cll skoas t` cnfi`wlaoba tha s`nkcl kiaquclktkas thct e`rash`rtai tha lkea nhcinas `e tha p``r. ^unh avaits, tharae`ra, gcy `√ar kiskbhts kit` tha kiaquktkas `e tha s`nkcl systag, c e`rg `e sktuctao fi`wlaoba thct ks uikqualy cvcklcdla t` tha p``r. _ha ok√araina datwaai strunturcl vk`laina cio okrant vk`laina b`as eurthar. Ki kts `rokicry gacikib, vk`laina raqukras c parpatrct`r wh` n`ggkts tha vk`lait cnt cio c vkntkg wh` ks kijurao dy kt. Ki tha ncsa `e strunturcl vk`laina, clth`ubh thara ks c vkntkg‟s`ga`ia vkntkg‟ s`ga`ia wh` ks kijurao dy tha kiaquktkas `e s`nkcl crrcibagaits‟kt ks hcro t` koaitkey c parpatrct`r. Kt ks i`t c vkntkglass nrkga dut kts `pp`skta: c nrkga wkth`ut c nrkgkicl. _hks pcrtknulcr ecnt ecn t rcksas tha quastk`i `e whct gcfas kt ok√arait er`g tha oastruntkvaiass `e c icturcl okscstar‟tha oavcstctk`i thct c hurrkncia `r ci acrthqucfa nci ncusa ki tha lkvas `e tha p``r. @ia o`as i`t koaitkey icturcl okscstars cs vk`laina axnapt parhcps whai `ia spacfs gatcph`rknclly `e tha vk`laina `e ictura. Rhy sh`ulo tha kll a√ants `e strunturcl kiaquktkas da targao vk`laina ct cll0 Ks thara i`t c ocibar `e n`ifflctkib tw` vary ok√arait phai`gaic dy tha usa `e sunh c targ0 K dalkava thct tha ciclytkncl parkls hara cra vary racl. H`wavar, thara ks `ia n`gpallkib‟parhcps `varwhalgkib‟racs`i t` ratcki c e`nus `i vk`laina: kt faaps `ia‛s cttaitk`i `i kts kgpcnt `i g`rtclkty. ^trunturcl vk`laina rasults ki tha pragctura cio uitkgaly oacths `e pa`pla. Uk`laina hara ks i`t s` gunh tha vk`lctk`i `e tha avaryocy dut tha raountk`i t` dcra lkea, thct ks, lkea ki kts g`st icfao, assaitkcl e`rg. _ha lkif datwaai strunturcl vk`laina cio g`rtclkty hcs daai naitrcl t` tha w`rf `e ]cul Ecrgar (4==1), cio gy usa `e tha targ `was g`ra t` Ecrgar thci t` Bcltuib. Lkfa Ecrgar, K thkif strunturcl vk`laina ks cd`ut ‘‘tha ictura cio okstrkdutk`i `e axtraga su√arkib‛‛ (^ai ki Ecrgar 4==1: xkkk). Rhct okstkibukshas sunh vk`laina er`g tha oastruntk`i ncusao dy cnts `e ictura ks thct thasa uie`rtuicta `utn`gas rasult er`g tha oalkdarcta cntk`is `e s`nkcl cbaits. @ia gust faap ki gkio thct nartcki nlcssas `e pa`pla hcva c stcfa ki parpatuctkib c s`nkcl `roar ki whknh sunh axtraga su√arkib ks i`t `ily t`larctao dut cls` tcfai cs i`rgcl. Cll th`sa wh` daiaffit er`g tha stctus st ctus qu` cio o` i`t wksh t` saa kt nhcibao thai dan`ga n`gplknkt ki thks vk`laina ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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cbckist tha p``r.∄≯ Ki c n`uitry lkfa Kiokc, tha parpatrct`rs `e vk`laina kinluoa i`t `ily tha alktas dut cls` tha ecst-br`wkib gkoola nlcss, wh`sa kinracskib iugdar cio bractar n`isugar p`war cra dakib naladrctao dy ci cbbrasskva bl`dcl ncpktclksg. ∄≡ ^trunturcl Uk`laina cio tha ^tcta
Kt ks i`w p`sskdla t` nlcrkey tha n`iiantk`i datwaai tha oksnussk`i `e strunturcl vk`laina cio tha stcta. _ha nhkae gkssk`i `e tha p`stn`l`ikcl Kiokci stcta cs ci kistktutk`i ks t` drkib tha erukts `e oaval`pgait t` tha ictk`i cio tharae`ra t` coorass kiaquclktkas ki lkea nhcinas. Rhy hcs kt daai uicdla t` gcfa g`ra `e c ok√araina ki tha lkvas `e tha p``r0 Ukawkib p`varty thr`ubh tha lais `e strunturcl vk`laina gcfas kt vary ok≈nult t` lkif tha stcta t` tha p``r wkth c n`ijuintk`i: tha stcta cio p`varty. ]`varty ks i`t c b``o w`ro t` oasnrkda sunh vk`laina dancusa kts n`itkiuao usa ki pr`jants `e nhcrkty cio cko t` tha uie`rtuicta kiuras `ia t` tha oae`rgao athkns `e stctanrcet thct t`larctas cio n`io`ias sunh nrualty. Ki tha nhcptars thct e`ll`w, K axcgkia tha g`oclktkas thr`ubh whknh vk`laina ks axarnksao wkth`ut kitaitk`i, rcibkib er`g n`rruptk`i cio g`oas `e lktarcny cio wrktkib t` b`varigaitcl prcntknas.∄∄ Gy ckg ks t` alunkocta h`w c brcva ictk`icl nrksks dan`gas uiaxnaptk`icl, c gcttar `e r`utkia cogkikstrctk`i, c pr`dlag lcrbaly uin`ggaitao up`i ki tha prass `r ki pcrlkcgait, cio icgacdla `ily thr`ubh dciclktkas `i tha `nncsk`is whai kt ks gaitk`iao. H`w nci `ia axplcki parskstait p`varty cio tha axtragaly l`w p`sktk`i `e Kiokc `i bl`dcl rcifkibs `e hugci oaval`pgait0 @ia n`ulo crbua, e`r kistcina, thct tha stcta ki Kiokc hcs iavar hco tha ras`urnas ianasscry t` arcokncta p`varty. Cltarictkvaly, uskib c pr`brasskvkst icrrctkva `e hkst`ry `r c trkugphclkst varsk`i `e ictk`iclksg `r d`th, `ia n`ulo p`kit `ut thct thkibs cra battkib dattar dy tha ocy. ocy. _ha rcpko br`wth `e tha Kiokci an`i`gy cetar lkdarclkzctk`i hcs okrantly l`warao lavals `e p`varty cio pr`vkoao tha Kiokci stcta wkth iaw ras`urnas e`r e `r citkp`varty pr`brcgs. N`ivarsaly, N`ivarsaly, `ia n`ulo saaf t` uigcsf tha daiav`lait rhat`rkn `e tha stcta t` axp`sa kts euiocgaitclly vk`lait nhcrcntar cio t` sh`w tha bcp datwaai kts rhat`rkn cio kts cntk`is. ^unh ci axarnksa w`ulo ravacl thct rapactao stctagaits `e b``o kitaitk`is dy p`lktknkcis cio duracunrcts cra nyikncl pl`ys t` `dtcki v`tas cio labktkgcny, raspantkvaly. @ia n`ulo cls` crbua cl`ib g`ra nlcssknclly Gcrxkst lkias thct tha stcta ks c t``l e`r e `r tha parpatuctk`i `e kiaquclktkas, ci axanutkva n`ggkttaa `e tha d`urba`kska cio tha agarbkib nlcssas thct cra tkao t` tha d`urba`ks `roar. Ki thks vkaw, tha stcta rabulctas tha shcrkib `e tha surplus cg`ib tha vcrk`us ercntk`is `e tha d`urba`kska cio aisuras thct thakr kitaricl n`ifflknts 44
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Nhcptar 3
o` i`t drkib o`wi tha systag e`r tha baiarctk`i `e surplus (Dcrohci 3;8?: 1?„58). Ekiclly, `ia n`ulo, d`rr`wkib c e`rgulctk`i er`g Drui` Lct`ur, crbua thct wa hcva iavar daai p`stn`l`ikcl: p`varty hcs i`t daai arcoknctao dancusa tha stcta hcs n`itkiuao t` euintk`i gunh cs tha n`l`ikcl `ia oko, cio ia`lkdarclksg hcs sunnaaoao `ily ki drkibkib t` Kiokc iaw e`rgs `e agpkra cio ia`n`l`ikclksg (Hcrot cio Iabrk 4===). Kiokvcr Fcgtafcr, e`r kistcina, kist cina, hcs oag`istrctao qukta n`ivkinkibly thct tha n`itkiuktkas ki cogkikstrctk`i, justkna, cio oaeaisa cnr`ss tha n`l`ikcl„p`stn`l`ikcl n`l`ikcl„ p`stn`l`ikcl okvkoa gcfa tha n`l`ikcl stcta hyp`thasks g`ra thci just c rhat`rkncl ffl`urksh (3;88). Kt w`ulo da acsy t` co`pt c nyikncl parspantkva `i tha g`tkvctk`is `e stcta duracunrcts cio p`lktknkcis cio dlcga thag e`r parpatuctkib strunturcl vk`laina `i tha p``r. Lkfa ciy `thar nlcss `e pa`pla, duracunrcts s`gatkgas ffit thct kgcba. H`wavar, lkfa Gclkf ki gy ffialow`rf axcgpla cd`va, gciy hcro w`rfkib duracunrcts wara `etai erustrctao dy thakr kicdklkty t` w`rf a√antkvaly t` drkib cd`ut racl nhcibas ki tha lkvas `e tha p``r pa`pla wh` wara s` `etai tha tcrbat `e b`varigait pr`brcgs. _hks ks pranksaly why K wksh t` crbua ki thks d``f thct i` gcttar h`w i`dla tha kitaitk`is `e pr`brcgs, cio i` gcttar h`w skinara tha `≈nkcls ki nhcrba `e thag, tha `vart b`cl `e halpkib tha p``r ks sudvartao dy tha vary pr`naouras `e tha duracunrcny. _hara ks c vary spankffin g`oclkty `e uincrkib `parctkib hara thct K wkll eurthar spankey. Qincrkib kioknctas i`t c psynh`l`bkncl stcta `e b`varigait agpl`yaas dut c n`istktutkva g`oclkty `e tha stcta. @ia n`ulo hcroly cnnusa tha stcta `e kicntk`i t`wcro tha p``r: kt w`ulo da ok≈nult t` kgcbkia c g`ra axtaiskva sat `e oaval`pgait kitarvaitk`is ki tha ffialos `e iutrktk`i, haclth, aounctk`i, h`uskib, agpl`ygait, sciktctk`i, cio s` e`rth thci th`sa e`uio ki Kiokc. _ha Kiokci stcta pr`dcdly `uto`as ciy `thar p``r ictk`i-stcta ki tha iugdar cio rciba `e kts daiav`lait kitarvaitk`is. E`r axcgpla, ct tha tkga `e gy ffialow`rf tha stc√ ct tha dl`nf laval wcs rasp`iskdla e`r kgplagaitkib i` eawar thci thkrty oaval`pgait pr`jants. Bkvai thks ecnt, s`ga pr`brcgs ki vcrkcdly dancga g`ra kgp`rtcit thci `thars ki targs `e stc√ cttaitk`i cio lcd`r. K hcva agphcskzao thct kt ks i`t tha lcnf `e ncra `r c wcit `e cttaitkvaiass thct rasult ki tha iablant cio kiok√araina sh`wi t` tha su√arkib `e p``r pa`pla dy duracunrcts cio stcta alktas. ^tcta `≈nkcls cio p`lktkncl lacoars o` i`t hcva t` da ncll`us `r kiok√arait t` tha plkbht `e tha p``r e`r thakr cntk`is t` hcva hkbhly iabctkva n`isaquainas. Ct tha paisk`i ncgp, e `r axcgpla, tha suggcry juobgaits gcoa dy tha o`nt`r wh` wcs buasskib tha cbas `e pa`pla cio dy tha tahsklocr wh` n`ggaitao kr`iknclly `i tha rcpko br`wth `e tha p`pulctk`i oaspkta s` gciy pa`pla i`t hcvkib nhklorai wara g`tkvctao ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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lcrbaly dy duracunrctkn axpaokainy rcthar thci dy kiok√araina `r h`stklkty t`wcro tha daiaffinkcrkas. Rkth`ut o`udt, gciy daiaffinkcrkas w`ulo hcva daai w`rsa `√ wkth`ut tha ncgp. H`wavar, dakib oaikao supp`rt gcy wall hcva gcoa tha ok√araina datwaai lkea cio oacth e`r ct lacst s`ga `e tha p``rast cpplkncits.∄∓ Kgp`rtcitly, Kgp`rtcitly, sunh vk`laina wcs aicntao ct tha vary snaia `e ncra.∄∀ Ki strasskib tha kitkgcta n`iiantk`i datwaai vk`laina cio ncrkib cio ki rajantkib icrrctkvas `e tha kiok√araina `r kicttaitkvaiass `e tha st cta, K cg trykib t` crtknulcta tha athkns cio p`lktkns `e ncra thct ks crdktrcry ki kts n`isaquainas. K cg crbukib thct sunh crdktrcrkiass ks i`t ktsale crdktrcry6 rcthar, kt ks systagctknclly pr`ounao dy tha vary ganhciksgs thct cra gacit t` cgalk`rcta s`nkcl su√arkib. Rhct gust da axplckiao ks i`t `ily why b`varigait pr`brcgs ckgao ct pr`vkokib iutrktk`i, agpl`ygait, h`uskib, haclthncra, cio aounctk`i t` p``r pa`pla o` i`t sunnaao ki thakr `djantkvas dut cls` why, whai thay o` sunnaao, thay o` s` uiavaily cio arrctknclly. Rhy, cg`ib tha uikvarsa `e iaaoy daiaffinkcrkas, o` s`ga pa`pla gcicba t` ranakva csskstcina cio `thars i`t0 _hks ks whct K gaci dy crdktrcry `utn`gas. _` gy gkio, tha g`ra ciclytknclly parplaxkib quastk`i ks why c ganhciksg‟tha g`oari duracunrctkn stcta‟thct ks tha hcllgcrf `e rctk`icl oanksk`i gcfkib systagctknclly pr`ounas sunh crdktrcrkiass.∄ύ Ki raearrkib t` crdktrcry `utn`gas, K o` i`t gaci thct sunh phai`gaic ncii`t da uioarst``o `r axplckiao. I`r o` K wksh t` oaiy thct tha ‘‘s`nkcl pr`ountk`i `e kiok√araina‛‛ ks ci kgp`rtcit ganhciksg dy whknh duracunrcnkas kisulcta thagsalvas er`g s`nkcl su√arkib (Harzealo 3;;>). Iavarthalass, kt dan`gas ok≈nult t` axplcki why sunh kiok√araina baiarctas shcrply okvarbait `utn`gas e`r nlkaits wh` cra ki skgklcr strunturcl l`nctk`is. Ki `thar w`ros, `ia w`ulo axpant thct sunh kiok√araina w`ulo `parcta aquclly `i tw` nlkaits wh` hcva vary skgklcr aio`wgaits `e an`i`gkn, s`nkcl, aounctk`icl, cio nulturcl ncpktcl. Ki Radar‛s (3;58) vkaw, tha vary okstkintk`i datwaai p`war ki c pars`iclkstkn s`nkcl w`rlo cio c g`oari duracunrctkn `ia ks thct, ki tha e`rgar, raplkncdklkty cio n`iskstainy cra iakthar vcluao i`r pr`ounao systagctknclly, wharacs ki c duracunrcny tha pars`i pare`rgkib tha r`la ks (koaclly) krralavcit t` tha `utn`ga. Ki `thar w`ros, ki c duracunrctkn systag i` gcttar wh` `nnupkas ci `≈na, tha rulas b`varikib oanksk`i gcfkib oalkvar n`iskstait `utn`gas. _ha pr`ountk`i `e crdktrcrkiass ks i`t panulkcr t` Kiokci duracunrcnkas dut ks c eactura `e ciy n`gplax duracunrctkn `rbcikzctk`i. Iakthar cra cll `utn`gas crdktrcry ki tha gciiar K hcva `utlkiao. ^`ga e`rgs `e oksnrkgkictk`i cra n`iskstait, systagctkn, cio kistktutk`iclkzao. E`r axcgpla, tha raqukra4?
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Nhcptar 3
gait thct ciy cpplknctk`i sudgkttao dy c w`gci t` c duracunrctkn `≈na n`itcki, e`r purp`sas `e koaitkffinctk`i, tha icga `e akthar har ecthar `r har husdcio, kistktutk`iclkzas kistktutk`iclkzas tha pctrkcrnhcl `roar cio i`rgclkzas hatar`saxucl gcrrkcba.∄∦ Ki tha ffirst santk`i `e thks d``f K crbua thct tha systag `e n`rruptk`i euintk`is ki just sunh c gciiar t` oksnrkgkicta gath`oknclly cbckist p``r pa`pla dy rckskib tha rctas thct pa`pla hcva t` pcy e`r sarvknas thct cra i`gkiclly eraa `r thct cra sudskokzao dy tha stcta. N`rruptk`i ks c systagctkn e`rg `e `pprassk`i pranksaly dancusa kt cnts uike`rgly `i tha p`pulctk`i thct lcnfs tha kin`ga t` pcy `√ `≈nkcls. K wksh t` okstkibuksh gy p`sktk`i er`g tw` `thar n`gg`ily agpl`yao axplcictk`is e`r oaval`pgait `utn`gas thct covarsaly c√ant tha p``r. Ekrst, K cg i`t crbukib thct, clth`ubh oaval`pgait plciikib cio pr`brcgs cra wall oaskbiao, thay e`uioar ki thakr kgplagaitctk`i. _hks p`sktk`i, udkqukt`us udkqukt`us ki tha oksn`ursa `e gciy gkoola-nlcss, urdci Kiokcis, rapr`ounas d`th c n`l`ikcl n`gplckit `e tha kin`gpataina `e tha ictkvas cio c nlcss dkcs t`wcro sudcltaris ki tha duracunrcny. Ke tha pr`dlag ks p``r kgplagaitctk`i, tha dlcga eclls kiavktcdly `i l`war-laval `≈nkcls wh`, e`r racs`is rcibkib er`g n`rruptk`i t` p``r trckikib cio aounctk`i, cra oaagao kincpcdla `e kgplagaitkib tha w`ioareul pr`brcgs th`ubht up dy gatr`p`lktci axparts. _hks ks `ia kistcina ki whknh avai th`sa wh` w`ulo i`rgclly rakey kt okscbbrabcta tha stcta, cio kt ks i`t aitkraly surprkskib thct `ia sh`ulo oksn`var sunh c g`va ki tha n`itaxt `e axplckikib ecklura e cklura rcthar thci tha i`rgcl `parctk`i `e tha gcnhkiary. ^an`io, ralctao t` thks p`kit, K cg i`t crbukib thct strunturcl vk`laina nci da alkgkictao `r bractly cttaiuctao dy kgpr`vkib tha a≈nkainy `e tha oalkvary `e stcta sarvknas t` tha p``r. Clth`ubh thara ks plaity `e r``g e`r kinracsao a≈nkainy cio clth`ubh s`ga `utn`gas gkbht da dattar ke pr`nassas wara stracglkiao, tha b`cls `e a≈nkainy o` i`t ianasscrkly n`kinkoa wkth tha b`cls `e justkna. Csnrkdkib kia≈nkainy t` l`war-laval duracunrcts ks ci`thar wcy ki whknh sudcltaris ki tha duracunrcny cra dlcgao e`r tha eckluras e ckluras `e oaval`pgait pr`brcgs. Ekiclly, clth`ubh K hcva gcoa nhr`ikn p`varty tha e`nus `e thks axcgkictk`i `e tha stcta, K wcit t` uioarlkia tha kgp`rtcina `e wrktkib cbckist ci cithr`p`l`by `e cdjantiass. _ha pa`pla wh` wara tha tcrbats `e stcta kitar vaitk`i cio daiav`lait cntk`i wara i`t pcsskva `r o`nkla vkntkgs cio oko i`t n`iskoar `r raprasait thagsalvas cs sunh.∄℥ _hay st``o up t` `≈nkcls whai thay n`ulo: e`r axcgpla, tha pars`i wh` ciswarao tha tahsklocr skgply dy cssartkib hks okbikty t` da tractao wall avai ke ha wcs ci `rokicry pars`i. _ha pa`pla K w`rfao wkth strubblao t` gcfa thkibs dattar e`r thagsalvas6 thay ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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wara kivaitkva cio nractkva ki agpl`ykib whctavar gacis thay n`ulo t` ncra e`r thakr ecgklkas6 thay wara rasp`iskdla cio n`ggkttao gagdars `e fki iatw`rfs6 cio, thay n`itrkdutao t` thakr n`gguiktkas. _hay wara cls` cstuta phkl`s`phars, pa`pla wh`sa uikqua strunturcl p`sktk`i bcva thag shcrp kiskbhts kit` tha kijustknas `e tha s`nkcl systag thay kihcdktao. Tcthar thci uskib tha p``r cs c ras`urna e`r thkifkib, K tcfa thag cs gy phkl`s`phkncl cio s`nkcl bukoas ki c pr`nass `e trcislctk`i (Tcinkèra 4==?).∓≭ I`t `ily oko p``r pa`pla sh`w up ct tha `≈nas K stuokao, dut cls` raprasaitctk`is `e cio dy thag nkrnulctao cg`ib `≈nkcls, cio thay dancga tha br`uio e`r tha labktkgctk`i `e stcta pr`brcgs cio p`lknkas. Ki `thar w`ros, thara wara clracoy n`gplax pr`nassas `e trcislctk`i cio raprasaitctk`i ct w`rf ki tha duracunrctkn cio oag`nrctkn kgcbkicry t` whknh p``r pa`pla wara naitrcl. _ha Ekalo ^kta
Gy ffialow`rf `i stcta citkp`varty pr`brcgs n`gpcrao tha euintk`ikib `e tha Dl`nf `≈na, whknh n``rokictao tha kgplagaitctk`i `e cppr`xkgctaly thkrty oaval`pgait pr`brcgs e`r ci crac n`gp`sao `e r`ubhly c huiorao vkllcbas (c Dl`nf ki Kiokci cogkikstrctkva pcrlcina), wkth tha Kitabrctao Nhklo Oa val`pgait ^arvknas (knos) pr`brcg, ci kiktkctkva ckgao ct kgpr`vkib gctaricl cio nhklo haclth cio walecra. K n`iountao ffialow`rf ki thasa tw` `≈nas ki tha Gciok sudokstrknt `e Qttcr ]rcoash (Q.].) (Q.].) e`r `ia yacr. _ha dl`nf `≈na wcs hacoao dy Gclkf, tha do`. _ha twaity agpl`yaas ki tha dl`nf `≈na w`rfao ki c sgcll nlustar `e duklokibs just `utskoa tha t`wi. Gclkf hco savarcl csskstcits (co`s) wh` spankclkzao ki sunh euintk`is cs cbrknultura, vkllcba b`varicina (pcinhcycts), n``parctkvas, stctkstkns, cio kioustry, sar vkna, cio duskiass. _hara wara cls` c n`upla `e juik`r aibkiaars, `ia spankclkzkib ki gki`r krrkbctk`i cio `ia e`r rurcl agpl`ygait snhagas. _ha rast `e tha stc√ pare`rgao nlarkncl outkas. _ha b`cl `e tha `thar pr`brcg K stuokao, tha knos, wcs t` pr`vkoa c sat `e sarvknas thct n`iskstao `e supplagaitcry iutrktk`i e`r prabicit w`gai cio y`uib nhklorai cio aounctk`i, kgguikzctk`is, cio pravaitkva gaoknkia e`r e `r p``r cio l`war-ncsta nhklorai. _ha pr`brcg skgultcia`usly ckgao ct ncrkib e`r tha p`pulctk`i whkla cls` kivastkib ki tha eutura `e tha ictk`i thr`ubh aisurkib tha haclth `e nhklorai cio thakr cdklkty t` dan`ga pr`ountkva lcd`rars cio nktkzais. _ha struntura `e n`ggcio `e tha knos duracunrcny ct tha dl`nf laval wcs cs e`ll`ws: c Nhklo Oaval`pgait ]r`jant @≈nar (nop`) icgao Cshc Cbcrwcl hacoao kt cio suparvksao c nlarkncl stc√, whknh kinluoao ci cnn`uit nlarf, ci agpl`yaa wh` hciolao vcrk`us `thar nlarkncl j`ds, c pa`i, 45
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Nhcptar 3
cio c orkvar. _ha nop` wcs rasp`iskdla e`r `varsaakib tha w`rf `e e`ur ^uparvks`rs (Gufhyc ^avkfcs), akbhty-skx Cibciwcok R`rfars ki tha dl`nf, cio thakr akbhty-skx Halpars. _ha cibciwcok w`rfars wara rasp`iskdla e`r tha ocy-t`-ocy euintk`ikib `e naitars ki vkllcbas. _ha cibciwcok naitars wara supp`sao t` `parcta avary ocy er`g ; c.g. t` 3 p.g. ^kina kt wcs i`t eacskdla e`r cibciwcok w`rfars t` rui c naitar, tcfa ncra `e cs gciy cs e`rty-ffiva nhklorai, tacnh tha nhklorai, n``f e``o e`r thag, suparvksa thakr gaokncl ncra, cio gckitcki tha ran`ros cll `i thakr `wi, thay wara pr`vkoao wkth halpars. _ha halpars‛ outkas kinluoao o`kib cll tha `oo j`ds css`nkctao wkth tha cibciwcok, kinluokib r`uiokib up tha nhklorai t` cttaio tha naitar, n``fkib whai tha naitars wara wara supplkao supplkao wkth e``o, cio nlacikib tha snh``l. snh``l. Ki Gciok, Gciok, cll tha halpars, cibciwcok w`rfars, cio suparvks`rs cs wall cs tha nop` wara w`gai6 tha rast `e tha `≈na stc√ wara gai. _ha knos wcs tha `ily duracunrcny ki tha Kiokci b`varigait thct wcs hacoao cio rui dy w`gai. _ha plcna whara K oko gy rasacrnh, Gciok, wcs astcdlkshao cs c dl`nf ki 3;53. Ki 3;;3 kt hco c p`pulctk`i `e just `var 3>=,=== pa`pla ki akbhty-ikia vkllcbas, `e whknh ?4 parnait wara snhaoulao ncsta, tha l`wast rcifs ki tha ncsta hkarcrnhy. hkarcrnhy. _ha g`ocl vkllcba skza wcs datwaai 3,=== cio 4,=== pa`pla. _ha dl`nf-laval stc√ wcs oasnrkdao cs ffialow`rfars, thct ks, pa`pla wh`sa prkgcry rasp`iskdklkty lcy ki `varsaakib w`rf ki tha ffialo. _ha dl`nf stc√ plcyao c ralctkvaly kgp`rtcit r`la ki tha ralctk`i datwaai tha stcta cio tha rurcl p`pulctk`i. E`r gciy vkllcbars tha dl`nf stc√ n`istktutao tha stcta‛s g`st rabulcrly vkskdla raprasaitctkvas. H`wavar, thay wara i`t ianasscrkly tha stcta‛s g`st kgp`rtcit raprasaitctkvas. _hct r`la pr`dcdly dal`ibao t` alantrknkty `≈nkcls, tha p`lkna, cio tha pctwcrk, `r lcio ran`ros cbait. _ha dl`nf wcs tha d`tt`g aio `e c n`gplax `rbcikzctk`icl struntura n`iskstkib `e c sudokstrknt (tahskl), c okstrknt, tha rabk`icl stcta, cio tha eaoarcl b`varigait, `r tha Naitra. Cd`va tha dl`nf ki tha cogkikstrctkva hkarcrnhy wcs tha sudokstrknt. Gciok sudokstrknt wcs s`gawhct uiusucl ki thct kt n`iskstao `e e`ur dl`nfs, wharacs `thar sudokstrknts hco just tw` `r thraa. B`kib eurthar up tha hkarcrnhy, thara wara e`ur sudokstrknts ki Gciok Okstrknt.∓∙ _ha cogkikstrctkva haco e`r tha aitkra okstrknt wcs tha Okstrknt Gcbkstrcta (og), usuclly c juik`r `≈nkcl ki tha Kiokci Cogkikstrctkva ^arvkna (kcs).∓≯ _hara wcs i` eurthar laval `e cogkikstrctk`i datwaai tha skxty-thraa okstrknts cio tha pr`vkinkcl stcta b`varigait `e Q.]. Q.].∓≡ Ekiclly, cll tha rabk`icl b`varigaits cra `rbcikzao kit` c eaoarcl uik`i. _ha n`istktutk`i gcioctas c sapcrctk`i `e t`pkns `var whknh tha Naitra, `r eaoarcl b`varigait, hcs jurksokntk`i cs `pp`sao t` cracs thct cra n`gplataly uioar tha n`itr`l `e pr`vkinkcl stcta b`varigaits. _hara cra cls` cracs `i c j`kit lkst ki whknh n`itr`l ks ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
42
tha`ratknclly shcrao datwaai tha Naitra Naitra cio tha stctas. Cll `e thks gcfas e`r c n`gplax eaoarcl struntura wkth s`ga `varlcppkib e uintk`is cio wkth labkslctkva, juoknkcl, cio cogkikstrctkva euintk`is `rbcikzao ct acnh laval. N``rokictk`i `e b`varigait euintk`is hcs t` `nnur i`t `ily ct ok√arait lavals (okstrknt, rabk`icl stcta, cio naitar), dut cls` wkthki acnh duracu cnr`ss cn r`ss thasa lavals. Ct tha l`ncl laval, thara ks lkttla n``rokictk`i `e dl`nf cntkvktkas axnapt th`sa uioar tha okrant suparvksk`i `e tha do`. _ha tw` `≈nas K stuokao ct tha dl`nf laval, e`r axcgpla, hco vary lkttla fi`wlaoba `e `ia ci`thar‛s cntkvktkas cio i` ocy-t`-ocy n`itcnt wkth `ia ci`thar cd`ut thakr euintk`is, clth`ubh d`th wara e`nusao `i citkp`varty cntkvktkas. C eaw cntkvktkas wara n``rokictao ct tha laval `e tha sudokstrknt dy tha sog, dut tha nhkae kistrugait ki thks rabcro wcs tha og. Ke thara wcs ciy n`haraina t` pr`brcgs cio p`lknkas ct tha l`ncl laval, kt wcs aitkraly `wkib t` tha n``rokictk`i a√`rts `e tha og. Kt wcs i`t surprkskib, tharae`ra, thct thks `≈nkcl agd`okao stcta cuth`rkty cio wcs saai dy rurcl pa`pla cio l`war `≈nkcls cs tha naitar `e stcta p`war ct tha l`ncl laval. _hks ks i`t t` scy thct tha a√`rts a√ `rts `e tha og t` laio n`haraina t` tha stcta ct tha l`ncl laval wara clwcys `r avai `etai sunnasseul. Ncllkib c gaatkib `e tha `ia huiorao g`st kgp`rtcit `≈nkcls acnh g`ith wcs ci `rbcikzctk`icl nhcllaiba ki ktsale, dut thara wcs i` bucrcitaa thct tha kistruntk`is cio tcrbats hcioao `ut ct tha gaatkib w`ulo cntuclly da gat. Kgplagaitctk`i oko i`t raear just t` gaatkib tcrbats: tha quclkty `e kgplagaitctk`i cio tha gciiar ki whknh `≈nkcls oaclt wkth nlkaits wara `etai cs kgp`rtcit cs, ke i`t g`ra kgp`rtcit thci, tha iugdar `e iaw walls oub `r h`usas n`istruntao. Bkvai thks n`gplax `rbcikzctk`icl struntura, kt gcfas saisa t` cnfi`wlaoba pcrtkclkty cs tha ianasscry n`ioktk`i e`r ciy stuoy `e tha stcta. Gy ffialo w`rf `i thasa tw` oaval`pgait duracunrcnkas e`nusao `i tha tha cogkikstrctkva drcinh `e tha stcta cs `pp`sao t` tha juoknkcl `r labkslctkva drcinhas. _hara wara kiavktcdly n`iiantk`is cnr`ss th`sa drcinhas cio, ki cll lkfalkh``o, c pr`jant thct e`nusao axnluskvaly `i tha n`urts `r l`ncl alantao `≈nkcls w`ulo hcva n`ga up wkth c vary ok√arait pkntura `e tha stcta. Bkvai gy kitarast ki p`varty, d`th `e tha cbainkas K stuokao wara walecra cbainkas ki tha saisa thct thay pr`vkoao cssats cio sarvknas t` c rciba `e rurcl nlkaits. Ke K hco stuokao tcxctk`i `r ravaiua n`llantk`i, `r e`nusao e `nusao `i kiercstruntura dy l``fkib ct tha Alantrknkty Oapcrtgait `r tha Krrkbctk`i Oapcrtgait, `r ke K hco n`inaitrctao `i stcta cbainkas aibcbao prkgcrkly wkth raprasskva euintk`is lkfa tha p`lkna, K gkbht hcva agarbao wkth c vary ok√arait vkaw `e tha stcta‛s r`la ki strunturcl vk`laina. Er`g whct K hcva scko cd`va, kt gkbht cppacr thct thks d``f ks axnluskvaly
48
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Nhcptar 3
cd`ut tha stcta cio p`varty ct tha l`ncl laval. Rhkla sunh c nhcrcntarkzctk`i ks i`t eclsa, kt t`` acskly pcrtcfas `e c gkslacokib uioarstciokib `e sncla. C drkae n`iskoarctk`i `e knos gcfas thks nlacr. Acnh dl`nf ki tha knos pr`brcg wcs n`iskoarao c sapcrcta pr`jant e`r tha purp`sas `e euiokib. _ha pr`brcg ranakvao euiokib er`g gciy s`urnas, kinluokib vcrk`us cbainkas wkthki tha tha B`varigait `e Kiokc, gultklctarcl `rbcikzctk`is sunh cs uiknae, cio dklctarcl cko cbainkas. ]r`jants thct ranakvao euiokib er`g e`rakbi o`i`rs wara cdla t` purnhcsa lcrbar qucitktkas `e e ``o e`r supplagaitcry iutrktk`i cs n`gpcrao t` th`sa dl`nfs thct wara oapaioait `i tha B`varigait `e Kiokc e`r thakr e``o supplkas. ]``r nhklorai‛s cnnass t` supplagaitcry iutrktk`i wcs gaokctao ki thks wcy dy c n`gplax trcisictk`icl nhcki lkifkib t` c l`ncl pr`brcg gcicbao dy tha B`varigait `e Kiokc. Rhkla kt w`ulo da trua t` scy thct thks stuoy `e strunturcl vk`laina ks dcsao `i tha stcta ct tha l`ncl laval, thks o`as i`t gaci thct K stuokao tha l`ncl stcta. _hara ks c nrktkncl ok√araina datwaai th`sa tw` koacs, cio faapkib thct ki gkio ks assaitkcl ki tha nhcptars thct e`ll`w. K n`itaio thct c i`tk`i `e sncla thct n`isksts `e iastao hkarcrnhkas, s` thct `ia laval ks saai cs dakib aincpsulctao kiskoa c hkbhar laval, ks euiocgaitclly gkstcfai (Earbus`i cio Buptc 4==4). Rkth c n`inapt `e iastao hkarcrnhkas, kt gcfas saisa t` spacf `e tha l`ncl stcta, whknh nci da n`itrcstao t` tha rabk`icl stcta `r tha ictk`icl stcta. Ke, h`wavar, tha stcta ct tha l`ncl laval ks n`gplaxly gaokctao dy rabk`icl, ictk`icl, cio trcisictk`icl oksn`ursas cio prcntknas, `e whct ciclytkncl utklkty ks kt t` lcdal kt tha l`ncl stcta0 st cta0 _hks ks why, why, ki thkifkib `e tha stcta‛s r`la ki parpatuctkib tha vk`laina `e p`varty, kt ks iavar ai`ubh t` e`nus aitkraly `i vaicl l`ncl `≈nkcls, n`rrupt cio drutcl p`lkna e`rnas, e `rnas, cio s` e`rth. e `rth. Rhai `ia n`iskoars c eaoarcl p`lktkncl struntura sunh cs thct `e Kiokc, ki whknh shkets hcva agarbao er`g c g`oal ki whknh c str`ib naitrcl b`varigait wcs pcrcg`uit t` c systag ki whknh rabk`icl stcta b`varigaits cra gunh g`ra cut`i`g`us, ci crbugait cd`ut gaokctk`i `e lavals dan`gas avai g`ra kgp`rtcit. E`r thks racs`i, tha hkst`rkncl n`itaxt `e thks d``f ks axtragaly kgp`rtcit. ^`nkclksg, Ia`lkdarclksg, cio tha ^tcta ki Kiokc: _ha Hkst`rkncl N`itaxt
_hks stuoy `e tha stcta ki Kiokc ks l`nctao ct c pcrtknulcrly kgp`rtcit hkst`rkncl hkst`rkncl n`ijuintura. K dabci ffialow`rf e`r thks pr`jant just c n`upla `e g`iths cetar tha thai„ffiicina gkikstar, Gcig`hci ^kibh, hco cii`uinao c iaw pr`brcg e`r tha lkdarclkzctk`i `e tha Kiokci an`i`gy.∓∄ _hct oanksk`i ks i`w erakbhtao wkth tha axtrc`rokicry wakbht `e hcvkib kiktkctao tha rae`rgs thct
]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
4;
hcva aicdlao tha Kiokci an`i`gy t` tcfa `√ kit` c park`o `e uipranaoaitao br`wth (dut saa F`hlk 4==5 cio Ukrgcik 4==1 e`r c ok√arait kitarpratctk`i). Ct tha tkga thct tha lkdarclkzctk`i pr`brcg wcs cii`uinao, h`wavar, kt wcs saai g`ra cs c e`rg `e nrksks gcicbagait thci cs ci ap`nhcl avait. Ke `ia lkstaiao t` `rokicry gkoola-nlcss Kiokcis, tha racs`i tha Kiokci an`i`gy ecnao c e`rakbi axnhciba nrksks wcs thct Tcjkv Bciohk hco cll`wao e`rakbi axnhciba, nl`saly rabulctao uitkl thai, t` da axpaioao `i tha kgp`rt `e n`isugar b``os sunh cs talavksk`i sats. E`rakbi axnhciba rasarvas hco owkiolao t` tha p`kit thct thay wara dcraly su≈nkait t` pcy e`r tha iaxt tw` waafs `e kgp`rts, cio Kiokc wcs ki ocibar `e oaecultkib `i tha pcygaits e`r kts e`rakbi oadt. Ci`thar ecnt`r e cnt`r prankpktctkib tha nrksks wcs tha Bule Rcr, whknh whknh ncusao `kl prknas t` sh``t up cio Kiokc‛s kgp`rt dkll t` sfyr`nfat. Clth`ubh tha nhcibas kiktkctao ki 3;;3 wara i`t krravarskdla, eurthar e urthar shkets ki sudsaquait yacrs n`is`lkoctao tha okrantk`i, ke i`t tha pcna, `e thks trcisktk`i. Nugulctkvaly, thasa nhcibas hcva hco c orcgctkn kgpcnt `i tha Kiokci ictk`i-stcta, saai g`st nlacrly ki tha n`gplataly cltarao lciosncpa `e n`isugar b``os. @thar vkskdla nhcibas hcva daai oua t` tha iaw j`ds thct cra css`nkctao wkth bl`dclkzctk`i, er`g ncll naitars cio tha kie`rgctk`i kie `rgctk`i tanhi`l`by kioustry t` sarvknas ki sunh ffialos cs gaoknkia cio ffiicina. _hasa ecrracnhkib trcise`rgctk`is hcva rasultao er`g cio hcva daai cnn`gpcikao dy c shket ki tha r`la `e tha stcta. Cs c rasult, e`rgs `e strunturcl vk`laina hcva nhcibao, dut s` hcva tha pr`spants `e p`varty. p`varty. K axpl`ra s`ga `e thasa nhcibas ki tha apkl`bua. _` uioarstcio tha nhcibkib ralctk`ishkp datwaai tha stcta cio p`varty, `ia hcs t` csf h`w tha stcta hcs daai ragcoa dy tha iaw an`i`gkn p`lknkas kiktkctao ki 3;;3. _ha ciswar oapaios `i tha sant`r, laval, cio drcinh `e tha stcta (Drchgdhctt, ^rkikvcsci, cio Gurrall 3;;56 ]ctickf 4==>). Ki targs `e stcta drcinhas cio lavals, tha cogkikstrctkva drcinh wcs pr`dcdly c√antao g`ra thci tha labkslctkva cio tha juoknkcl6 tha eaoarcl laval `e tha stcta pr`dcdly axparkainao bractar nhcibas thci tha rabk`icl stcta `r l`ncl lavals6 cio tha kioustrkcl cio bl`dclly kiffluainao sarvkna sant`rs axparkainao c trua trcise`rgctk`i cs n`gpcrao t`, scy, walecra pr`brcgs `r p`lknkas ckgao ct cbrknultura. Ekiclly, rabk`icl stctas ki s`uth Kiokc hcva axparkainao gunh ecstar rctas `e br`wth cio ki cll lkfalkh``o axparkainao tha e`rnas `e bl`dclkzctk`i wkoar cio oaapar thci i`rthari stctas lkfa Q.].∓∓ Ke `ia thkifs `e nhcibas ki stcta euintk`ikib cnn`gpciykib tha rcpko br`wth `e tha Kiokci an`i`gy, kt w`ulo da c scea dat thct p``r pa`pla w`rfkib ki tha cbrknulturcl sant`r ki rurcl cracs `e Q.]. w`ulo da ct tha `pp`skta aio `e tha spantrug er`g thakr urdci, ^`uth Kiokci n`uitarpcrts agpl`yao ki sarvkna kioustrkas. >=
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Nhcptar 3
Ralecra cio sudskoy pr`brcgs wara c√antao dy ci`thar rasult `e tha rae`rgs, whknh wcs tha nutdcnf `e b`varigait axpaioktura ki `roar t` raouna tha eaoarcl ffisncl oaffinkt. Cs c rasult `e tha rastrckikib `e axpaiokturas, s`ga kgp`rtcit pr`brcgs thct pr`vkoao tha p``r wkth c sceaty iat, lkfa tha ]udlkn Okstrkdutk`i ^ystag ( pos) e`r e``o brckis, axparkainao duobat raountk`is (Hcrrkss 4==;). H`wavar, sunh nutdcnfs wara i`t kgplagaitao cnr`ss tha d`cro. E`r axcgpla, agpl`ygait oaval`pgait pr`brcgs sunh cs tha Jcwchcr T`jbccr [`jcic (jry ) cntuclly scw lcrba duobatcry kinracsas (Anhavarrk-Bait 3;;>), wharacs ourkib tha scga park`o axpaiokturas `i pudlkn haclth ecnklktkas wara snclao dcnf (Ja√ary cio Ja√ary 4==;). Eurtharg`ra, iaw typas `e walecra pr`brcgs, sunh cs Gchklc Gchklc ^cgcfhyc, ^cgcfhyc, wara kitr`ounao thct agd`okao tha ‘‘aitarprksa ‘‘aitarprksa g`oal‛‛ g`oal‛‛ `e ia`lkdarcl rae`rg (saa nhcp. 2) (^hcrgc cio Buptc 4==56 Buptc cio ^hcrgc 4==5). Gchklc ^cgcfhyc agphcskzao agp`wargait cio ok√arao er`g knos ki thct kt pr`gksao t` okstrkduta i`thkib axnapt fi`wlaoba cd`ut `thar b`varigait pr`brcgs (c vclucdla sarvkna thct, kgp`rtcitly, ks vkrtuclly n`stlass). _ha ragckioar `e thks d``f sfatnhas c pkntura `e tha stcta ki Kiokc ct tha l`ncl laval ct tha nusp `e whct gciy ciclysts cssuga t` da c g`gait`us trcisktk`i. Clth`ubh gy ffialow`rf wcs n`iountao kggaokctaly cetar tha cii`uinagait `e lkdarclkzctk`i, ct thct p`kit i`ia `e tha nhcibas kitr`ounao ct tha naitar hco yat gcoa ciy kgpcnt `i l`ncl b`varigait `r rurcl lkea. ^kina thai, tw` labkslctkva nhcibas hcva daai kitr`ounao thct hcva tha p`taitkcl t` ra-shcpa rurcl lkea. _hasa cra tha ]cinhcyctk Tcj labkslctk`i cio tha Eraao`g `e Kie`rgctk`i Dkll. _ha kgpcnt `e thasa labkslctkva nhcibas ks cs yat uinlacr6 ki i`rth Kiokc kt t``f savarcl oancoas e`r tha kgpcnt `e uikvarscl coult sueercba t` gcikeast ktsale ki p`lktkncl lkea wkth tha sunnass `e l`war-ncsta pcrtkas cio sudcltari br`ups. ^kgklcrly, tha kgpcnt `e tha rasarvctk`i `e `ia-thkro ]cinhcyct sacts e`r w`gai cio tha rkbht t` kie`rgctk`i er`g b`varigait `≈nas gkbht hcva a√ants whknh dan`ga vkskdla `ily ki tha l`ib rui. Clth`ubh lkdarclkzctk`i cio ranaitly aicntao lcws gcy i`t hcva hco ciy rav`lutk`icry a√ants e`r stcta citkp`varty pr`brcgs ct tha l`ncl laval, `ia bats c ok√arait pkntura dy ailcrbkib tha hkst`rkncl ercga. _ha ai`rg`us axpcisk`i `e oaval`pgait euintk`is e`r tha stcta ct tha l`ncl laval hcs daai pr`e`uioly shcpao dy p`stn`l`ikcl alktas ct tha naitar `e tha cogkikstrctkva cio p`lktkncl systag (tha naitrcl stcta). I`ia `e tha g`ra thci thkrty pr`brcgs dakib rui dy tha dl`nf `≈na, cio nartckily i`t tha knos, hco ciy str`ib hkst`rkncl pranaoaits ki tha n`l`ikcl stcta. ∓∀ H`wavar, ranait agpl`ygait snhagas sunh cs tha Gchctgc Bciohk Ictk`icl Turcl Agpl`ygait Bucrcitaa Cnt `e 4==1 gcy hcva n`iiantk`is wkth n`l`ikcl cio pran`l`ikcl p`lknkas ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
>3
`e agpl`ygait `i pudlkn w`rfs pr`jants e`r purp`sas `e ecgkia ralkae. ^kgklcrly, klcrly, s`ga `e tha w`rf `e tha Krrkbctk`i Oapcrtgait ki gcicbkib gcicbkib ncicls cio okbbkib n`gguikty tudawalls hcrfao dcnf, ke i`t t` tha n`l`ikcl stcta, thai t` tha kggaokcta p`st-Kioapaioaina park`o `e n`gguikty oaval`pgait.∓ύ Hkst`rknclly, h`wavar, thasa pr`jants wara ckgao ct kinracskib cbrknulturcl pr`ountkvkty, i`t ct p`varty raountk`i cs sunh. Kt w`ulo hcva daai kgp`sskdla t` n`istrunt c skgklcr baiacl`by, thct ks, `ia wkth n`l`ikcl n`iiantk`is, e`r tha pr`brcgs ckgao ct l`war-ncstas cio w`gai. _hasa kinluoao snhagas t` pr`vkoa eraa drknf (punnc) h`usas e`r tha p``rast, t` drkib n`gguikty hcio-pugps kit` cracs `e vkllcbas whara snhaoulao ncstas lkvao, t` aihcina sudskokas t` trcoktk`icl l`ci pr`brcgs e`r pr`ountkva kivastgait, t` ain`urcba vkllcba snh``ls t` cll`w snhaoulao-ncsta nhklorai t` cttaio dy pr`vkokib sudskokas e`r acnh nhklo air`llao, t` bkva w`gai prk`rkty e `r s`ga l`cis, cio, thr`ubh tha knos, t` `√ar alagaitcry aounctk`i cio vcnnkictk`i t` eagcla nhklorai t` kgpr`va thakr lkea nhcinas. Ke thasa pr`brcgs wara n`iiantao `i tha `ia hcio t` p`pulkst p`lktkns cio tha n`istcit a√`rt t` `dtcki `dt cki tha v`tas `e l`war-ncsta br`ups, thay wara lkifao `i tha `thar hcio t` trcisictk`icl oksn`ursas cd`ut b`varigaitcl supp`rt t` tha p``rast `e tha p``r, tha raqukragaits kgp`sao dy kitarictk`icl cko cbainkas e`r baioar aquclkty, cio tha iaao t` tcrbat pr`brcgs t` p``r w`gai ki pcrtknulcr. pcrtknulcr. H`wavar sunnasseul thasa pr`brcgs hcva daai (cio thara ks gunh t` subbast thct thay hcva i`t hco tha kgpcnt thct tha ras`urnas axpaioao `i thag gkbht laco `ia t` dalkava), thay hcva lao t` c lcrba kinracsa `e stcta pars`iial ct tha l`ncl laval cio t` c n`rrasp`iokib axpcisk`i `e tha cogkikstrctkva gcnhkiary.∓∦ _ha rasult `e thks axpcisk`i hcs daai c parvcskva, s`gatkgas sudtla duracunrctkzctk`i `e ockly lkea avai e`r tha p``rast sabgaits `e tha p`pulctk`i, pa`pla wh` cra n`iskoarao tha ecrthast rag`vao er`g stcta duracunrcnkas. Qioarstciokib thks pr`nass, h`wavar, raqukras c dattar cssassgait `e tha r`la `e b`varigait duracunrcnkas cio duracunrcts. Oaspkta ci axpl`sk`i `e kitarast ki stcta kistktutk`is, c bractar qucitkty `e oatcklao athi`brcphkn w`rf `i duracunrcnkas ks iaaoao t` cnhkava c rknh pkntura `e axcntly h`w duracunrcnkas c√ant tha lkvas `e p``r pa`pla ki t`wis cio vkllcbas. Gy strctaby ki thks d``f ks t` e`nus `i thraa thagas t` kllugkicta thks n`iiantk`i. Ganhciksgs `e ^trunturcl Uk`laina: N`rruptk`i, Kisnrkptk`i, B`varigaitclkty
Ci athi`brcphy `e duracunrcny‛s ralctk`i t` p`varty ks ci kiharaitly `paiaioao pr`jant. Ki targs `e thagas, duracus, lavals, l`nctk`is, cio gath`os, >4
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Nhcptar 3
thara cra p`taitkclly kiffiikta p`sskdklktkas ki whknh tha stcta ki baiarcl cio tha duracunrcny ki pcrtknulcr n`ulo da stuokao. B`varigait duracunrcnkas cra i`w udkqukt`us ki tha lkvas `e p``r Kiokcis, rabulctkib nktkzais‛ cnnass t` gciy assaitkcl cio n`gg`iplcna b``os, er`g rcklwcy tknfats t` sudskokzao far`saia. ^kina K cg spankffinclly n`inariao wkth tha ganhciksgs dy whknh tha p``r n`ga t` axparkaina tha strunturcl vk`laina parpatrctao dy tha stcta, K hcva nh`sai thraa dr`co thagas t` `rbcikza tha athi`brcphkn gctarkcls: K e`nus `i tha thagas `e n`rruptk`i, kisnrkptk`i, cio b`varigaitclkty dancusa K saa thag cs dakib `e naitrcl kgp`rtcina t` snh`lcrshkp, p`lktkns, cio p`lkny. Gy crbugait ks thct strunturcl vk`laina ks aicntao thr`ubh tha avaryocy prcntknas `e duracunrcnkas, cio `ia tharae`ra iaaos t` l``f nl`saly ct th`sa avaryocy prcntknas ki `roar t` uioarstcio why vk`laina n`axksts wkth ncra cio why, pcrco`xknclly, kt ks `etai e`uio ki prcntknas `e walecra. Ki tha san`io pcrt `e thks d``f K oacl wkth tha kssua `e n`rruptk`i dancusa kt ks `ia `e tha ganhciksgs thct pravaits p``r pa`pla er`g battkib cnnass t` pr`brcgs thct hcva daai sat up spankffinclly t` daiaffit thag. Ki pcrt >, whknh coorassas kisnrkptk`i, K kitarr`bcta tha wrktkib prcntknas `e duracunrcnkas t` csf whathar lktarcny aicdlas duracunrcts t` o`gkicta p``r pa`pla cio, ke s`, h`w. h`w. ]crt ? oacls wkth b`varigaitclkty, b`varigaitclkty, n`itrcstkib tw` pr`brcgs pr`brcgs ckgao ct p``r w`gai. Nhcptar 4 oaval`ps tha koacs put e`rth ki thks kitr`ount`ry nhcptar ki c ok√arait okrantk`i. _ha e`nus `e thks kitr`ountk`i hcs daai `i p`varty cio strunturcl vk`laina6 tha san`io nhcptar n`gplagaits thks e`nus wkth c g`ra sustckiao kitarr`bctk`i `e tha stcta. _cfai t`bathar, tha tw` nhcptars n`istktuta tha ffirst pcrt `e tha d``f, whknh ks prkgcrkly ckgao ct rathkifkib tha ralctk`i datwaai tha stcta cio p`varty. p`varty. Nhcptar 4 gcfas ci crbugait e`r e `r tha nrktkncl kgp`rtcina `e okscbbrabctkib tha stcta ki `roar t` uioarstcio tha pr`ountk`i `e crdktrcrkiass. K n`itaio thct wkth`ut tha`rkzkib tha r`la plcyao dy avaryocy prcntknas, raprasaitctk`is, cio icrrctkvas ki tha nulturcl n`istruntk`i `e tha stcta, `ia ncii`t cpprankcta h`w strunturcl vk`laina cbckist tha p``r nci n`axkst wkth p`lktkncl cio koa`l`bkncl kinlusk`i. Gy crbugait ks thct tha n`istcit raearaina gcoa t` tha stcta cs c skibla, n`haskva cppcrctus gcfas kt kgp`sskdla t` uioarstcio tha pr`ountk`i `e crdktrcrkiass vks-í-vks tha p``r. Kistaco, pcykib cttaitk`i t` tha avaryocy prcntknas `e spankffin duracunrcnkas cio t` tha okssagkictk`i cio nkrnulctk`i `e rakffiao raprasaitctk`is `e tha stcta ks nrktkncl t` n`gprahaiokib tha ictura `e duracunrctkn kitarvaitk`is ki tha lkvas `e tha p``r cio tha a√ants `e sunh p`lknkas cio pr`brcgs. Rhai p``r vkllcbars ki wastari Q.]. Q.]. sp`fa cd`ut tha stcta, n`rruptk`i wcs ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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parhcps tha t`pkn thay g`st eraquaitly oksnussao: oksnussao: kioaao, `ia `e tha racs`is K nh`sa t` wrkta cd`ut n`rruptk`i wcs kts naitrclkty t` s`nkcl lkea. Duracunrctkn n`rruptk`i eacturas pr`gkiaitly ki p``r pa`pla‛s n`ivarsctk`is ki t`wis cio vkllcbas, cio kt strunturas clg`st cll thakr cntk`is. ]crt 4 `e thks d``f (nhcptars > cio ?) ks oav`tao t` uioarstciokib tha ralctk`ishkp datwaai avaryocy e`rgs `e n`rruptk`i cio p`varty. Ki tha snh`lcrshkp `i Kiokc, n`rruptk`i n`itkiuas t` ranakva vary lkttla cttaitk`i `utskoa c sgcll nkrnla `e an`i`gksts.∓℥ _hks ks baiukialy puzzlkib dancusa kt ks hcro t` thkif `e ciy o`gcki `e s`nkcl, nulturcl, cio kgcbkictkva lkea ki whknh n`rruptk`i o`as i`t plcy c pr`gkiait r`la. Rhy ks s` lkttla wrkttai cd`ut n`rruptk`i ki tha ffialos `e s`nk`l`by, s`nk`l`by, cithr`p`l`by, cithr`p`l`by, hkst`ry, hkst`ry, cio lktarcry stuokas0 K crbua thct kt ks c t`pkn thct ks axtrc`rokicrkly pr`ountkva e`r cll thasa oksnkplkias: n`rruptk`i ks ‘‘b``o ‘‘b``o t` thkif wkth,‛‛ cio kt cll`ws e`r e `r euiocgaitcl, trcisoksnkplkicry quastk`is t` da rcksao cd`ut tha n`iiantk`is datwaai struntura, cntk`i, cio c√ant ki s`nkcl lkea. Ekiclly, aspankclly whara p``r pa`pla cra n`inariao, n`rruptk`i ks ci ai`rg`us pr`dlag e`r pudlkn p`lkny. p`lkny. @ia gust b` day`io tha prasnrkptk`is `e an`i`gksts t` bat kinaitkvas rkbht ki `roar t` coorass thks n`gplax kssua. Cra thara kiskbhts thct `thar s`nkcl snkaitksts cio hugciksts nci n`itrkduta t` halp pravait tha p``r er`g dakib eurthar axpl`ktao dy c systag `e n`rruptk`i0 Nhcptar > crbuas thct p``r pa`pla‛s uioarstciokib `e tha stcta ks shcpao dy raprasaitctk`is `e n`rruptk`i cio tha nkrnulctk`i `e oksn`ursas cd`ut n`rruptk`i. Turcl pa`pla‛s ralctk`is wkth tha stcta ki Kiokc cra gaokctao dy thakr ain`uitars wkth tha l`ncl-laval `≈nkcls `e pcrtknulcr duracunrcnkas cio dy raprasaitctk`is `e tha stcta thct nkrnulcta ki pudlkn nultura. Dy prasaitkib athi`brcphkn vkbiattas `e n`rruptk`i‟tha cntk`is `e tw` pctwcrks, c p``r, l`war-ncsta vkllcbar‛s oksputa wkth c hacogci cio tha oaval`pgait duracunrcny, cio cntkvksts ki c p`wareul g`vagait `e ecrgars‟K agphcskza thct whct p``r nktkzais raclly ain`uitar ki thakr ockly lkvas cra pcrtknulcr duracunrcts cio cbainkas rcthar thci tha stcta. K crbua thct iakthar p``r pa`pla i`r duracunrcts ct l`war lavals `e b`varigait `parcta wkth s`ga vksk`i `e c uikffiao stcta. _hks ks i`t t` scy thct thay cra uicwcra `e n`iiantk`is datwaai cogkikstrctkva, labkslctkva, `r juoknkcl drcinhas `e tha stcta ct tha l`ncl laval, cs thay gcy cppacl t` `ia `e thasa drcinhas t` kitarvaia ki ci`thar. K oag`istrcta thct avai tha p``rast vkllcbars gkbht wall da cwcra `e ok√arait lavals `e b`varigait cio cppacl t` hkbhar `≈nkcls whai thay cra stygkao dy l`ncl duracunrcts. N`rruptk`i oksaiercinhksas oksaiercinhksas cio oksagp`wars tha p``r cio nci ktsale n`istktuta c e`rg `e strunturcl vk`laina dy gcfkib assaitkcl b``os cio sarvknas uicttckicdla e`r tha p``r. Iavarthalass, p``r pa`pla cra i`t skgply >?
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Nhcptar 3
vkntkgs `e n`rruptk`i dut usa tha vcrk`us lavals `e tha stcta t` `dtcki s`ga lavarcba ki oaclkib wkth n`rrupt `≈nkcls. Nhcptar ? cttaios t` tha r`la `e icrrctkva ki tha nulturcl n`istruntk`i `e tha stcta cio tha i`rgclkzctk`i `e strunturcl vk`laina `i tha p``r. ^kina tha stuoy `e tha stcta hcs daai s` o`gkictao dy kistktutk`icl cio p`lktkncl an`i`gkn parspantkvas, gy agphcsks `i tha r`la `e icrrctkva gcy cppacr n`uitarkituktkva t` gciy racoars. H`wavar, cs nhcptar ? oag`istrctas, icrrctkvas, i` lass thci stctkstkns, halp n`istrunt cio raprasait tha stcta cio aicdla pcrtknulcr g`oclktkas `e dk`p`lktkns. K crbua thct ci assaitkcl pcrt `e n`gdctkib cnuta p`varty kiv`lvas nhcibkib tha icrrctkvas thr`ubh whknh strunturcl vk`laina ks i`rgclkzao i`rgclkzao cio haina haina nhcibkib tha tha axpantctk`is `e whct duracunrcts nci o` cio whct thay nci da axpantao t` o`. Dy n`gpcrkib raprasaitctk`is `e tha stcta st cta ki c p`pulcr i`val cio c wall-fi`wi athi`brcphy athi`brcphy `e Kiokc, K sh`w h`w okvarsa uioarstciokibs `e tha stcta cra n`istruntao cio okssagkictao ki tw` oksskgklcr bairas, wkth thakr cttaiocit a√ants `i tha justkffinctk`i `e strunturcl vk`laina cio thakr kgpcnts `i sudcltari raskstcina. K crbua thct a√antkva kistktutk`icl rae`rg ckgao ct halpkib tha p``r ks kitabrclly lkifao t` tha rae`rgulctk`i `e icrrctkvas `e tha stcta. _rust, thct aluskva quclkty thct purp`rtaoly gcrfs b``o ralctk`is datwaai stctas cio thakr nktkzais, nci da pr`ounao `ily dy icrrctkvas thct agphcskza thct quclkty cio cra d`ria `ut dy tha axparkaina `e sudjants. K cg i`t crbukib thct stctas nci skgply raplcna icrrctkvas `e nyiknksg `r sfaptknksg wkth th`sa `e nraokdklkty cio trust. Tcthar, K cg p`kitkib `ut thct, ke kistktutk`icl rae`rg ks t` da sunnasseul, cttaitk`i hcs t` da pcko t` baiarctkib iaw icrrctkvas thct cltar tha c√antkva ralctk`is datwaai tha stcta cio kts p``rast nktkzais.∀≭ Ki pcrt > K l``f ct ci`thar eactura `e Kiokci duracunrcnkas thct, p`lktknclly cio nulturclly, nulturclly, hcs hco ai`rg`us a i`rg`us n`isaquainas e`r tha p``r dut hcs ranakvao vary lkttla snrutkiy ki tha cncoagkn lktarctura: lktarctura: tha agphcsks plcnao `i wrktkib wrktkib cio wrkttai gctarkcls. _ha kiskstaina `i wrktkib ki c n`itaxt (rurcl Q.].) ki whknh tha `varwhalgkib gcj`rkty gcj`rkty `e p``r pa`pla cra kllktarcta kllktarcta hcs ai`rg`us p`lktkncl n`isaquainas, cs K axpl`ra ki nhcptars 1 cio 5. Kiokci oag`nrcny ks `i tha varba `e drkibkib cd`ut c euiocgaitcl s`nkcl rav`lutk`i ki i`rth Kiokc, cs lacoars `e harat`e`ra sudjubctao br`ups wkth c lcrba, kllktarcta n`istktuainy ncptura p`lktkncl p`war thr`ubh tha dcll`t d`x. _hks gcfas tha ralctk`is datwaai lktarcny cio p`war axnaaokibly n`gplax. Rhct gcfas kt s` ecsnkictkib tha`ratknclly e`r tha stuoy `e tha stcta ks thct kt e`rnas snh`lcrs t` thkif cbcki cd`ut tha cssugptk`i thct lktarcny dy ktsale gcfas tha p``r g`ra agp`warao cio dattar-kie`rgao sudjants `e tha stcta. Kt cls` rcksas kgp`rtcit quastk`is cd`ut p`lkny: whct o`as tha duracunrctkn agphcsks `i wrkttai ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
>1
pr`naoura hcva t` o` wkth quastk`is `e cnnasskdklkty cio trcispcrainy0 H`w nci duracunrcnkas da dattar `rbcikzao t` rasp`io t` tha iaaos `e p``r cio kllktarcta nlkaits0 ^unh quastk`is quastk`is rcraly racnh tha e`raer`it `e p`lkny oadctas: K crbua thct gunh g`ra cttaitk`i iaaos t` da pcko t` thag ke `ia ks t` uioarstcio h`w strunturcl vk`laina cio crdktrcrkiass cra pr`ounao. Nhcptar 1 axcgkias tha ictura `e duracunrctkn cntkvkty cio kts ralctk`i t` wrktkib. K n`iskoar okstkint e`rgs e `rgs `e duracunrctkn wrktkib, kinluokib e`rgs e `rgs cio rabkstars, stctkstkns, kispantk`is, cio n`gplckits. Rrktkib, Rrktkib, ki tha e`rg e `rg `e d`th icrrctkvas cio stctkstkns, nractas nartcki raprasaitctk`is `e tha st cta thct cra p`wareul i`t `ily dancusa b`varigait wrktkib ks udkqukt`us dut cls` dancusa wrktkib ks c prkga g`oclkty `e aibcbkib tha stcta. E`r axcgpla, h`w, spankffinclly, spankffinclly, o`as tha raqukragait thct ciy n`gplckit sudgkttao t` c b`varigait oapcrtgait gust da ki wrkttai e`rg okscovcitcba tha p``r0 K crbua thct tha g`vagait cio trcisgkssk`i `e wrktkib aicdlas gciy nrktkncl euintk`is cio pr`partkas `e tha stcta. E`r kistcina, n`iiantk`is cnr`ss ok√arait l`nclas cio lavals cra gcoa p`sskdla ct tha laval `e avaryocy prcntkna dy tha g`vagait `e wrktkib wkthki duracunrcnkas. _ypknclly, tha okrantk`i `e sunh g`vagaits ks thct stctkstkns, rap`rts, cio raquksktk`is trcval up tha hkarcrnhy cio er`g parkpharcl `≈nas t` naitrcl `ias6 gag`s, b`varigait `roars, cio g`iay trcval ki tha `pp`skta okrantk`i, o`wi. Uary `etai wrktkib ks ncrrkao dy hcio dy l`war `≈nkcls wh` trcval up tha hkarcrnhy t` cttaio gaatkibs `r `dtcki skbicturas. @i tha `thar hcio, hkbhar `≈nkcls trcval o`wi t` kispant cio cuokt, cio thay wrkta ourkib cio cs c n`isaquaina `e th`sa cntk`is. Rrktkib cls` trcvals cnr`ss ok√arait duracus wkthki c l`nclkty cio sarvas ci kgp`rtcit euintk`i ki uikeykib tha stcta ct c bkvai laval. Avai whai tha euintk`i ks i`t s` cbbrabctkva, wrktkib nci da kgp`rtcit ki n``rokictkib cntk`i cnr`ss cbainkas. _ha crdktrcrkiass `e stcta cntk`is nci da uioarst``o dy tha p``r akthar thr`ubh tha ecklura `e sunh n``rokictkib cntk`is `r thr`ubh tha gkstrcislctk`is cio gksuioarstciokibs thct `nnur whai wrktkib g`vas up cio o`wi hkarcrnhkas. @ia `e tha g`st kgp`rtcit crbugaits `e nhcptar 1 ks thct, tha`ratknclly, `ia gcfas c dkb gkstcfa ki saakib wrktkib cs c dy-pr`ount `e tha cntkvkty `e stcta `≈nkcls. K crbua kistaco thct wrktkib ks n`istktutkva `e tha stcta6 kt ks i`t c sudstktuta e`r cntk`i dut ks ktsale c e`rg `e cntk`i. Rhai stcta `≈nkcls tclf `e o`kib s`gathkib, kt `etai gacis thay wkll orcet c o`nugait `r saio c i`ta t` c n`llacbua. K crbua thct kitarpratkib duracunrctkn wrktkib ki euintk`icl targs cs dakib kistrugaitcl t`wcro ci`thar aio ks euiocgaitclly gkstcfai dancusa tha vcst gcj`rkty `e sunh wrktkib ks i`t raco dy ciy`ia, i`t avai dy `thar
>5
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Nhcptar 3
duracunrcts. @ia kgp`rtcit kgplknctk`i `e thks e`r tha p``r ks thct wrktkib gcy i`t hcva tha kgp`rtcina e`r tha euintk`ikib `e stcta kistktutk`is thct snh`lcrs `etai csnrkda t` kt. Dy axcgkikib kispantk`is cio n`gplckits ki pcrtknulcr, tknulcr, K ffiio p`taitkclly n`itrcoknt`ry cio s`gatkgas `paily n`ifflkntucl ralctk`is datwaai lavals `r duracus cio datwaai p``r nlkaits cio duracunrcts. Nhcptar 5 cttagpts t` uioarstcio tha p`lktkncl n`isaquainas `e tha duracunrctkn kiskstaina `i wrktkib ki tha n`itaxt `e wkoaspraco kllktarcny. K crbua cbckist tha skgpla koac thct wrktkib euintk`is nhkaffly cs c ganhciksg dy whknh duracunrcts sudjubcta p``r rurcl pa`plas wh` hcva c l`w laval `e euintk`icl lktarcny. _ha p`lktkncl kgp`rtcina `e wrktkib t` sudcltari pa`plas ks gkskitarpratao dy c str`ib taioainy ki cncoagkn tha`rkzkib t` tala`l`bkncl th`ubht, ki whknh tha g`vagait er`g kllktarcny t` eull lktarcny ks saai cs c icturcl `r oaskrcdla pr`brassk`i `e ictk`i-stctas cio nkvklkzctk`is. Ki lkbht `e tha axcgplas `e nkvklkzctk`is lkfa Kiokc cio Nhkic, whara tha axkstaina `e c sgcll br`up `e lktarcta alktas cg`ib c lcrbaly kllktarcta p`pulctk`i hcs l`ib daai tha i`rg, gciy `e tha cssugptk`is `e tha agp`warkib a√ants `e lktarcny hcva t` da raaxcgkiao. _hks koac hcs kgp`rtcit kgplknctk`is e`r tha p`lktkncl pr`jant `e lktarcny cs c gacis t` agp`war tha p``r. Ki nhcptar 5 K crbua eurthar thct sudcltaris agpl`y thraa `varlcppkib tcntkns t` n`itast tha p`war `e lktarcta duracunrcts. _hay aouncta thakr nhklorai s` thct thay nci lacri t` agpl`y tha scga t``ls cs duracunrcts cio parhcps avai sanura c stcta j`d6 thay pcrtknkpcta cntkvaly ki tha p`lktkncl sphara s` thct thay nci put prassura `i tha duracunrcny wkth`ut pcrtknkpctkib ki kts pr`naouras6 cio, ffiiclly, thay gkgkn stcta wrktkib dy pr`ounkib n`uitareakt o`nugaits cio nartkffinctas ki `roar t` ranakva daiaffits cio sarvknas. _hasa tcntkns sanura agpl`ygait, agp`wargait, cio walecra. _` drkaffly n`iskoar tha san`io p`kit: tha kicdklkty t` raco cio wrkta hcs i`t pravaitao sudcltari br`ups er`g dakib eull cio aithuskcstkn pcrtknkpcits ki oag`nrctkn pr`nassas. Ki ecnt, K crbua thct iaw tanhi`l`bkas `e n`gguiknctk`i sunh cs talavksk`i, ffilg, cio cuok`ncssattas, whknh o` i`t oapaio aitkraly `i tha gaokctk`i `e wrktkib, hcva halpao p`pulkst p`lktknkcis n`iiant wkth c oksaiercinhksao gcj`rkty. @i tha `thar hcio, kt cppacrs thct duracunrctkn pr`nassas raly just cs gunh `i wrkttai o`nugaits cs thay clwcys hcva6 thara hcs daai i` shket ki thks rabcro t` cnn`gg`octa kllktarcta nlkaits. _hasa n`itrcstkib cttktuoas hcva lao t` n`ifflknts datwaai tha labkslctkva cio cogkikstrctkva drcinhas `e tha stcta. Kistaco `e cppaclkib t` duracunrctkn pr`nass t` n`rrant wr`ibs, sudcltari br`ups cppacl t` p`lktknkcis t` put prassura `i duracunrcts. Avai wkthki duracunrctkn oapcrtgaits tha prassura `e alant`rcl p`lktkns
]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
>2
wcs ealt ki tha e`rg `e rasarvctk`is e`r e `r l`war-ncsta br`ups (snhaoulao (snhaoulao ncstas cio `thar dcnfwcro ncstas), cio duracunrcts rasaitao hcvkib t` nhciba whct thay oko dancusa `e oagcios gcoa `e thag dy p`lktknkcis. Ekiclly, Ekiclly, pcrt ? axpl`ras tha n`iiantk`i datwaai duracunrcnkas cio duracunrctkzctk`i, datwaai tha cntk`is `e pcrtknulcr cbainkas `e tha stcta cio tha axpcisk`i `e pr`nassas `e b`varigait ki i`ib`varigaitcl kistktutk`is kistktutk`is cio raclgs `e s`nkcl lkea. _ha p`lktkncl kgp`rtcina `e thks thaga ks br`wkib t` tha axtait thct i`ib`varigaitcl `rbcikzctk`is (ib`s) cra plcykib ci kinracskib r`la ki gaokctkib datwaai p``r pa`pla cio c rciba `e cnt`rs, kinluokib trcisictk`icl cbainkas, gultklctarcl kistktutk`is, kistktutk`is, cio b`varigait cbainkas. K axpl`ra h`w iaw g`oas `e b`varigaitclkty cra dakib put kit` plcna thr`ubh pr`brcgs lkfa knos. Dancusa tha sudjant `e tha`rkas `e tha stcta ks s` `etai tha ictk`i-stcta, tha trcisictk`icl okgaisk`is `e stctas cra `etai l`st er`g vkaw. vkaw. C e`nus `i b`varigaitclkty cls` halps `ia saa thct stctas cra i`t tha `ily `rbcikzctk`is ncrkib e`r p`pulctk`is, cio thct t` uioarstcio tha stcta `ia hcs t` p`sktk`i kt wkthki c ffialo `e `thar cbainkas thct akthar n`gpata wkth tha stcta ki tha pr`vksk`i `e sarvknas `r n`gplagait kt dy pare`rgkib euintk`is thct kt ks kincpcdla `e o`kib. Nhcptar 2 axcgkias tha knos pr`brcg cs ci axcgpla `e c nlcsskn e`rg `e b`varigaitclkty cio n`gpcras kt t` c ia`lkdarcl varsk`i `e b`varigaitclkty, tha Gchklc ^cgcfhyc pr`brcg.∀∙ Rhai tha Kiokci stcta n`gpcrao ktsale t` `thar oaval`pkib n`uitrkas, kts stctkstkns `i g`rtclkty cio g`rdkokty e`r kiecits cio y`uib nhklorai gcoa kts pare`rgcina l``f p``r dy kitarictk`icl stciocros. (_hasa iugdars wara thagsalvas cbbrabctas `e stctkstkns n`llantao er`g acnh dl`nf cio okstrknt t` `dtcki octc e`r tha wh`la ictk`i.) _ha hkbh rctas `e g`rtclkty cio g`rdkokty spurrao tha naitrcl b`varigait t` stcrt c daiav`lait pr`brcg lkfa tha knos. _ha kgplagaitctk`i `e thks pr`brcg oag`istrctas thct tha c√antkva okgaisk`i `e stcta p`war hcs cs gunh t` o` wkth ncra cs wkth pctr`llkib, axarnkskib survakllcina, cio puikshgait. _hcifs t` Radar‛s oaffiiktk`i `e tha stcta cs ci `rbcikzctk`i thct axarnksas c g`i`p`ly `i vk`laina wkthki kts `wi tarrkt`ry, tha strass ki snh`lcrshkp `i tha stcta hcs e`nusao `i tha raprasskva cspants `e stcta st cta c√ant, `i kts p`wars t` oksnkplkia cio puiksh, rcthar thci `i kts kivastgait ki ncra. _ha eurthar quastk`i thct iaaos t` da csfao ks, why, oaspkta thks oaap kivastgait ki tha ncra `e tha p`pulctk`i, o` stcta cntk`is laco t` tha oacth `e c gcsskva iugdar `e tha p``r0 N`ulo kt da thct sunh pr`brcgs t` ncra e`r e `r tha p``r cra ki plcna ki `roar t` ki`nulcta us er`g tha p`lktkncl p`sskdklkty thct thakr oacth sh`ulo n`istktuta c snciocl0 K n`inluoa wkth c sh`rt apkl`bua thct trcnas tha kgplknctk`is `e tha pcr>8
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Nhcptar 3
tknulcr pcttari `e br`wth ki Kiokc e`r e `r cnuta p`varty. p`varty. Kiokc hcs saai d`th rcpko br`wth rctas cio tha parskstaina `e p`varty, gacsurao ki targs `e tha cds`luta iugdars `e pa`pla lkvkib dal`w c gkikgug thrash`lo `e iutrktk`i, nl`thkib, h`uskib, haclthncra, sciktctk`i, cio snh``lkib. Ki tha apkl`bua K crbua thct tha pcttari `e br`wth ki Kiokc, wkth kts agphcsks `i sarvknas, ks uilkfaly t` raouna cnuta p`varty ki tha e`rasaacdla eutura. e utura. ^unh ci `utn`ga ks pr`dcdla dancusa g`st `e tha p``r n`itkiua t` lkva ki rurcl cracs, cio ki tha cdsaina `e agpl`ygait br`wth ki cbrknultura, rurcl kioustrkas, kioustrkas, cio tha gciuecnturkib sant`r thara ks i` p`sskdklkty `e agpl`ykib tha vcst gcj`rkty `e uiagpl`yao cio uioaragpl`yao pa`pla ki Kiokc. Taokstrkdutkva snhagas agd`okao ki walecra pr`brcgs gcy cgalk`rcta n`ioktk`is `e cnuta p`varty, dut thay cra uilkfaly t` nhciba tha lkea nhcinas `e tha gcj`rkty `e p``r pa`pla uilass th`sa pa`pla nci ffiio bckieul agpl`ygait ct c lkvkib wcba. L`p-skoao br`wth ncrrkas wkth kt tha ocibar `e parpatuctkib strunturcl strunturcl vk`laina `i rurcl pa`plas cio kiokbai`us br`ups. Clth`ubh Clth`ubh tha rhat`rkn `e kinluskva br`wth ks naitrcl t` tha labktkgctk`i a√`rts `e tha nurrait rabkga, kts cdklkty t` nhciba tha lkea nhcinas `e tha p``r cra sgcll uilass thara ks c euiocgaitcl shket ki tha n`ggktgaits `e tha stcta t` tha p``rast cio g`st oksagp`warao sabgaits `e tha p`pulctk`i.
]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns |
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3. ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns
3. K praear tha g`ra nugdars`ga l`nutk`i tha ‘‘stcta ‘‘stcta ki Kiokc‛‛ t` tha ‘‘Kiokci ‘‘Kiokci stcta‛‛ dancusa, cs crbuao dal`w, tha stuoy `e tha stcta sh`ulo i`t da n`ieusao wkth, `r n`iffiiao t`, tha ictk`i-stcta. Gy stuoy `e tha stcta ki Kiokc ks i`t just cd`ut tha ictk`icl stcta, dut tha stcta ct tha rabk`icl `r pr`vkinkcl laval, cs wall cs ct tha lavals `e tha okstrknt, sud-okstrknt, cio Dl`nf. _hasa lavals cra lkifao t` acnh `thar dut cra i`t raounkdla t` tha ‘‘Kiokci stcta.‛‛ stcta.‛‛ 4. _ha l`war iugdar, iugdar, 41= gkllk`i, ks dcsao `i Ictk`icl ^cgpla ^cgpla ^urvay (iss) octc thct astkgcta tha parnaitcba dal`w tha p`varty lkia ki 4==?„1 4==?„ 1 cs 44.31 parnait cio c p`pulctk`i astkgctao ct 3.331 dkllk`i. _ha hkbhar ffibura, ?42 gkllk`i, n`gas er`g Nhai‛s cio Tcvcllk`i‛s (4==2) astkgcta `e tha p`pulctk`i lkvkib uioar $3/ocy ki 4==?. Qskib okeearait gath`os `e gacsuragait, Nhai cio Tcvcllk`i (4==2: 43„4>) astkgcta tha t`tcl iugdar `e pa`pla ki Kiokc lkvkib dal`w $3/ocy cs ciywhara er`g >23 gkllk`i t` ?42 gkllk`i. K raclkza thct c haco-n`uit gacsura `e p`varty ks c nruoa wcy t` astkgcta lavals cio kitaisktkas `e p`varty p `varty (^ai 3;84: 3=„33). 3=„ 33). Gy p`kit ks thct `ia o`as i`t iaao c s`phkstknctao gacsura `e p`varty t` da strunf dy tha kggaiskty `e tha pr`dlag. >. Kiokc‛s p`sktk`i cs tha w`rlo‛s e`urth lcrbast an`i`gy ks trua ke tha bop ks nclnulctao ki targs `e purnhcskib p`war pcrkty6 ki i`gkicl targs, Kiokc‛s p`sktk`i ks twaleth. _ha ffirst thraa p`sktk`is cra halo dy tha Qiktao ^tctas, Nhkic, cio Jcpci (R`rlo Dcif 4==8). ?. _ha octc `i kiecit g`rtclkty cra er`g 4==1. H`wavar, H`wavar, e`r tha p``rast 4= parnait `e tha p`pulctk`i tha octc cra er`g tha Hugci Oaval`pgait Tap`rt 4==;: 4=3. 1. _ha ffiburas e`r Gugdck n`ga er`g Cppcourck Cppcourck (4===: 5?5)6 tha octc e`r F`lfctc cra er`g Fuiou (4==>: ?). F`lfctc cls` hcs c hkbh pr`p`rtk`i `e pa`pla wh` slaap `i tha skoawclfs. 5. _ha axcnt ffiburas cra 5 parnait e`r aounctk`i cio > parnait e`r haclth (http://www (http://www
.gaokiokc.iat/iaws). E`r nhcibas `var tha 3;8=s cio 3;;=s, saa Oav cio G``kj (4==4), cio G``kj cio Oav (4==?). 2. K tcfa tha av`nctkva phrcsa phrcsa ‘‘tha ‘‘tha snciocl `e tha stcta‛‛ stcta‛‛ er`g tha tktla `e Tcjaswcrk ^uioar Tcjci‛s d``f (4==>). Kt wkll dan`ga nlacr thct thara cra gciy `varlcps datwaai har n`inaris ki thct d``f cio c io gkia. 8. K hcva agpl`yao c vary skgpla gatrkn t` n`ga up wkth thasa ffiburas. Ke avary`ia ki Kiokc lkvao cs l`ib cs thay o` ki Farclc, thara w`ulo da 34 parnait g`ra pa`pla ki tha ictk`i-stcta. _hct bkvas us tha t`tcl iugdar. Okvkoao dy tha cvarcba lkeaspci `e 51 yacrs, wa nci bat c nruoa ciiucl astkgcta. Oag`brcphar ^hrkpco _uljcpurfcr astkgctas thct gy ffiburas w`ulo iaao t` da ravksao upwcro dy ct lacst 4= parnait cio parhcps cs gunh cs 1= parnait. p arnait. Ki `thar w`ros, cntucl ciiucl g`rtclkty rctas gcy da nl`sar t` > gkllk`i (a-gckl ( a-gckl n`gguiknctk`i, Cubust 3;, 4==2). ;. K cg i`t crbukib thct tha dast wcy t` t` tha`rkza p`varty ks cs ci agarbainy. agarbainy. Nclh`ui (4==?) gcfas c p`wareul ncsa e`r rakitarpratkib bl`dcl agarbainkas `utskoa tha ercgaw`rf `e bl`dcl hugciktcrkciksg. Ha n`itaios thct n`inaptuclkzkib okscstars cio `thar agarbainkas cs uipraokntcdla, cdi`rgcl, cio drkae pravaits `ia er`g saakib thct thay cra c i`rgcl pcrt `e tha bl`dcl `roar rcthar thci ci axnaptk`i (4==?: >21). Dy agphcskzkib thct s`-ncllao icturcl okscstars cra iavar skgply icturcl, Nclh`ui p`kits t` tha r`la `e hugci cbainy cio s`nkcl kiaqukty ki nractkib sunh okscstars, whknh gcfas thag g`ra cfki t` p`varty thci gcy da cppcrait ct ffirst blcina. _ha cicl`by K orcw wkth icturcl okscstars ks e`r tha lkgktao b`cl `e agphcskzkib tha lcnf `e urbainy ki tha rasp`isa t` p`varty oacths cs n`gpcrao t` tha rasp`isa t` acrthqucfas `r nynl`ias. 3=. K cg orcwkib hara `i tha tha pk`iaarkib w`rf `i s`nkcl su√arkib su√arkib dy Flakigci, Ocs, cio cio L`nf i`t `ily ki agphcskzkib ‘‘whct p`lktkncl, an`i`gkn, cio kistktutk`icl p`war o`as t` pa`pla‛‛ (3;;2: kx) dut cls` ki uioarlkikib tha dlkioiass ki g`rcl saiskdklkty thct aicdlas pa`pla i`t t` cnfi`wlaoba tha pcki `e `thars (3;;2: xkkk). Nclh`ui (4==?: >;4„;>) ncutk`is us cd`ut tha oap`lktknkzkib a√ants `e tha usa `e hugciktcrkci cko t` gcicba bl`dcl kistcdklkty. kistcdklkty. @ia sunh a√ant ks t` n`ivkina pa`pla thct ki i`rgcl nkrnugstcinas p``r pa`pla o` i`t iaao halp. 33. K cg kispkrao dy ^nhapar-Hubhas‛s ^nhapar-Hubhas‛s `rkbkicl kitarvaitk`i kitarvaitk`i cd`ut tha ‘‘r`utkikzctk`i ‘‘r`utkikzctk`i `e hugci su√arkib . . . cio tha ‘i`rgcl‛ vk`laina `e avaryocy lkea‛‛ (3;;4: 35). Cs Flakigci, Ocs, cio L`nf put kt, ‘‘Gunh `e r`utkikzao gksary ks kivkskdla‛‛ (3;;2: xkkk). 34. C nl`saly ralctao p`kit ks gcoa dy F`hrgci (4==2: ;=) whai ha n`iskoars n`iskoars tha oap`lktknkzctk`i `e t`dcnn` oacths ki Nhkic. C ok√arait nrktkqua `e Cbcgdai ks `√arao dy Ecsski (4==1: >83), wh` crbuas thct tha ncgp cio tha p`lks cra tha tw` skoas `e n`itagp`rcry Rastari oag`nrcnkas. 3>. @ia nci racs`icdly surgksa surgksa thct tha shcra `e `≈nkcls wkth sunh cttktuoas cttktuoas ks r`ubhly skgklcr t` `thar urdci, gkoola-nlcss Kiokcis. 3?. Alsawhara, Cbcgdai (4===: ??) scys thct tha ncgp ncgp ks ‘‘tha ‘‘tha iaw dk`p`lktkncl i`g`s i`g`s `e tha plciat‛‛ cio ‘‘tha ‘‘tha euiocgaitcl dk`p`lktkncl pcrcokbg `e tha Rast.‛‛ Rast.‛‛ 31. _ha Agarbainy wcs, wcs, ki Cbcgdai‛s targs, targs, c ‘‘stcta ‘‘stcta `e axnaptk`i.‛‛ _ha prkga prkga gkikstar, Kiokrc Bciohk, oanlcrao c ictk`icl agarbainy ki 3;21 cio suspaioao tha rula `e lcw. _ha Agarbainy wcs nhcrcntarkzao dy tha lcrba-sncla vk`lctk`i `e hugci rkbhts cio tha 4;5
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I`tas t` Nhcptar 3
crdktrcry oataitk`i cio t`rtura `e nktkzais. Kt wcs cls` tha tkga whai e`rnao starklkzctk`is wara ncrrkao `ut ki lcrba ncgps6 huioraos `e `parctk`is wara n`iountao ockly ki c oasparcta cttagpt t` sl`w o`wi p`pulctk`i br`wth rctas (saa nhcptar 2). 35. _ha kgp`rtcina `e pcykib cttaitk`i cttaitk`i t` tha tha ok√arainas datwaai datwaai tha raeubaa raeubaa ncgp cio tha Iczk oacth ncgp hcs daai agphcskzao ki Taoffialo (4==1: >?3). Ealogci‛s (4==8) w`rf `i duracunrctkn prcntkna ki Bczc, whknh wcs trcise `rgao kit` c bkcit raeubaa rae ubaa ncgp cetar 3;?8, halps kllugkicta tha kgp`rtcina `e duracunrctkn prcntknas ki p`lktknclly uistcdla plcnas. Ealogci‛s uioarstciokib `e duracunrcny ras`ictas g`st nl`saly wkth gy cppr`cnh ki thks d``f. 32. Ci`thar, g`ra pargciait typa typa `e ncgp ks tha prks`i. _ha pr`ountk`i `e dcra lkea ki gcxkgug sanurkty prks`i ks axpl`rao dy Th`oas (4==1). 38. Gcrx n`ggaits ki tha tha Akbhtaaith Drugckra Drugckra thct ‘‘Habal ‘‘Habal ragcrfs s`gawhara thct cll bract w`rlo-hkst`rkn ecnts cio pars`icbas cppacr, s` t` spacf, twkna. Ha e`rb`t t` coo: tha ffirst tkga cs trcbaoy, trcbaoy, tha san`io tkga cs ecrna.‛ e crna.‛‛‛ 3;. Ct pravcklkib axnhciba rctas, rctas, thct w`ulo da cppr`xkgctaly aqucl t` tw` o`llcrs c g`ith. 4=. Dy n`itr n`itrcst cst,, curct gacis ‘‘w`gci‛‛ dut i`t ‘‘hugci.‛‛ _ha Hkiok w`ros thus hcva cicl`b`us gacikibs cs ‘‘gci‛‛ cio ‘‘w`gci,‛‛ whara gci ks `etai usao cs c sudstktuta e`r hugci wharacs w`gci ks clg`st iavar agpl`yao ki thct gciiar. 43. K ncii`t oatckl tha ok√arait ok√arait n`ii`tctk`is `e gci, hugci, cio cio nktkzai cio tha ralctk`ishkp datwaai thag hara. H`wavar, thks ralctk`ishkp wkll parhcps da nlacrar er`g tha oasnrkptk`is `e tha kitarcntk`is datwaai duracunrcts cio thakr nlkaits pr`vkoao ki tha rast `e tha d``f. K cg brctaeul brctae ul t` Gkrkcg _knftki e`r agphcskzkib tha kgp`rtcina `e thasa kssuas t` ga. 44. _ha nctab`rkas `e ncra cio n`inari n`inari raear t` tha p`lkny ecnts `e racnhkib `ut t` pr`vkoa walecra. K o` i`t kgply thct p`lkny okrantkvas trcislctao kit` phai`gai`l`bkncl `utn`gas cio thct stcta `≈nkcls wara n`gpcssk`icta `r raspanteul `e thakr nlkaits. 4>. Cpr`p`s t` thks santk`i‛s santk`i‛s apkbrcph, G`rrks nlckgs nlckgs thct tha su√arkib su√arkib `e br`ups cio lcrba p`pulctk`is ks axtragaly hcro t` axparkaina, axpa rkaina, raprasait, cio brcsp: ‘‘Ra ‘‘Ra saa dut ki ci`thar saisa o` i`t saa‟o` i`t truly axparkaina‟tha su√arkib `e gultktuoas‛‛ (3;;2: >;). 4?. _hasa koacs cra g`st eully oaval`pao ct tha aio `e E`uncult‛s lanturas ki tha cncoagkn yacr `e 3;25 (4==>). 41. Gdagda‛s (4==>) targ e`r thks vk`laina vk`laina ks ‘‘ianr`p`lktkns.‛ ‘‘ianr`p`lktkns.‛‛‛ Dciarjaa (4==5) quclkffias thks crbugait dy drkibkib kt kit` n`ivarsctk`i wkth ia`lkdarclksg cio ia`n`l`ikclksg, praearrkib t` usa tha l`nutk`i ‘‘ianr`ncpktclksg.‛‛ 45. _ha `ily axcgpla E`uncult E`uncult ks cdla t` sugg`i e`r thks fkio `e vk`laina ks Iczksg, whknh ha axplckis cs tha eacr thct cll`wkib s`ga`ia alsa t` lkva wkll okluta `r wacfai `ia‛s `wi p`pulctk`i. Ha subbasts thct thks `dsassk`i wkth aubaikns cio tha eacr `e gksnabaictk`i ks whct aicdlas tha skibulcr vk`laina `e Iczk dk`p`lktkns (E`uncult 4==>: 418„5>). 42. Avai whai tha lcw ks dlctcitly vk`lctao, cs whai whai tha D`llyw``o stcr ^clgci Fhci rci hks jaap `var pa`pla slaapkib `i tha skoawclf, i`thkib avar ncga `e kt: th`sa pa`pla wara day`io tha prkinkpla `e scnrkffina. I`tas t` Nhcptar 3 | 4;2
48. _ha i`tk`i `e s`varakbity ks kiskbhteully axpl`rao ki Hcisai cio ^tapputct (4==5). 4;. _hks ralctk`i ks pareantly pareantly kllustrctao ki Ecrquhcr‛s cio Zhcib‛s oasnrkptk`i `e Gc`kst Nhkic (4==1: >38„44). >=. Clth`ubh Cbcgdai b`as `i t` subbast thct tha stcta `e axnaptk`i ks i`w tha tha i`rg, tha athkncl p`war `e hks ciclysks‟kts i`rgctkva nrktkqua‟oapaios up`i c ralctk`i datwaai ‘‘i`iaxnaptk`icl‛‛ ‘‘i`iaxnaptk`icl‛‛ stctas cio i`rgcl lkea ki whknh c s`varakbi dci o`as i`t `parcta e`r nktkzais. >3. Cbcgdai‛s p`kit w`ulo cpply dattar dattar t` an`i`gkn an`i`gkn raeubaas er`g Dciblcoash Dciblcoash cio Iapcl ki Kiokc. >4. _hks sktuctk`i ks cicl`b`us t` tha `ia rap`rtao dy Dkahl e`r Drczkl. H`wavar, `ia ok√araina ks thct tha p``r ki Kiokc cra i`t dlcgao e`r thakr `wi oacths dancusa thay hcva g`rcl `r nkvkn oaffinkainkas (saa Dkahl 4==?: 34=). @ia ncii`t stuoy tha vk`laina `e p`varty wkth`ut ct tha scga tkga orcwkib cttaitk`i t` tha s`nkcl sklaina surr`uiokib thct vk`laina (Ocs 3;;26 Ncvall 3;;2: ;1). >>. E`r c skgklcr p`kit rabcrokib Nhkic, saa F`hrgci F`hrgci (4==2: 3=8„ 3=8„ ;). Oaspkta tha ecnt thct Nhkic‛s oaval`pgaitcl kioknas cra gunh str`ibar thci Kiokc‛s, F`hrgci crbuas thct t`dcnn` oacths n`istktuta pranksaly c stcta `e axnaptk`i thct o`as i`t baiarcta pudlkn pr`tast `r n`ioagictk`i. >?. Aloai (4==2) crbuas crbuas thct tha vary vary e`rnas `e b`varigaitclkty thct wara nractkib tha p`pulctk`i cs ci `djant wara cls` nractkib tarrkt`ry cs ci `djant. _arrkt`ry ks i`t thus thct whknh ks oksplcnao dy c n`inari wkth tha p`pulctk`i dut c pr`party `e stctas thct ks n`pr`ounao cio n`avcl wkth p`pulctk`i. >1. _ha ralctk`i datwaai dk`p`war cio tha ictk`i-stcta hcs daai agphcskzao ki Ecrquhcr cio Zhcib (4==1). >5. Kitarastkibly, Kitarastkibly, E`uncult koaitkffias rcnksg cs sunh c s`oclkty dut i`whara gaitk`is ictk`iclksg (4==>: 411„18). G`rrks (3;;2: >;„?=) crbuas thct su√arkib ks ran`bikzao `ily wkthki c g`rcl n`gguikty. _ha ictk`i euintk`is cs c g`rcl n`gguikty whai kt o`as i`t cll`w kts gagdars t` da axp`sao t` oacth. oacth. H`wavar, H`wavar, tha vk`laina vk`laina `e p`varty ki Kiokc cio tha ralctkva kiok√araina t` kts arcoknctk`i kiokncta thct tha g`rcl n`gguikty ks orcwi ki sunh c gciiar thct i`t cll `e kts nktkzais cra kinluoao. >2. E`r axcgpla, sunh c oksn`ursa ks g`dklkzao ki Kiokc t` oksnuss Dciblcoashk Dciblcoashk gkbrcits. >8. ]arhcps tha `ily ncsa ki whknh sunh c s`varakbi rkbht ks nhcllaibao nhcllaibao ks ki tha ncsa `e nkvkl wcr, pcrtknulcrly ki rabk`is thct hcva icturcl ras`urnas. _hara cra gciy axcgplas `e bl`dcl hugciktcrkci cko dakib g`dklkzao whai thara ks lcrba-sncla okscstar sunh cs ecgkia, acrthqucfa, tsuicgk, atn., dut thasa axcgplas `ily rakie`rna tha crbugait cd`ut s`varakbity cs sunh cko ks kivktao dy tha ictk`i-stcta cio hcs t` da cnnaptao dy tha b`varigait ki p`war. >;. Bcltuib scys, ‘‘Kt ‘‘Kt wkll s``i da nlacr why why wa cra rajantkib tha icrr`w icrr`w n`inapt `e vk`laina‟ cnn`rokib t` whknh vk`laina ks s`gctkn kincpcnktctk`i, kincpcnkt ctk`i, `r oaprkvctk`i `e haclth, cl`ia (wkth fkllkib cs tha axtraga e `rg), ct tha hcios `e ci cnt`r wh` kitaios thks t` da tha n`isaquaina‛‛ n`isaquaina‛‛ (3;5;: 358). ?=. Bcltuib b`as `i t` spankey whct whct ha gacis: ‘‘_hus, ‘‘_hus, tha p`taitkcl laval `e raclkzctk`i ks thct whknh ks p`sskdla wkth c bkvai laval `e kiskbht cio ras`urnas. Ke kiskbht cio/`r 4;8
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I`tas t` Nhcptar 3
ras`urnas cra g`i`p`lkzao dy c br`up `r nlcss `r cra usao e`r `thar purp`sas, thai tha cntucl laval eclls e clls dal`w tha p`taitkcl laval, cio vk`laina ks prasait ki tha systag‛‛ (3;5;: 35;). ?3. Tacoars wkll da cwcra thct thct tha raearaina t` ncpcdklktkas p`kits t` Cgcrtyc Cgcrtyc ^ai‛s w`rf (3;;;: (3;;;: 3;„4=). 3; „4=). ?4. Ecrgar (4==1: ;) nrktknkzas ci cppr`cnh cppr`cnh t` strunturcl strunturcl vk`laina thct thct e`nusas aitkraly `i labcl pr`tantk`is t` nkvkl cio p`lktkncl rkbhts cio kistaco orcws cttaitk`i t` sktuctk`is ki whknh cntk`is n`ulo hcva daai tcfai t` pr`tant tha vuliarcdla dut cra i`t tcfai. ?>. Blaohkll (3;;;) crbuas thct tha oagcios kgp`sao `i _hkro _hkro R`rlo R`rlo stctas dy bl`dcl ncpktclkst aitarprksas, cl`ib wkth tha ba`p`lktkncl cbaiocs `e i`rthari stctas, s`gatkgas rasults ki tha nractk`i `e stctas thct fkll thakr `wi nktkzais. ??. Ci`thar g`oclkty dy wh whknh knh strunturcl vk`laina ks a√cnao ks dy tanhi`nrctkn iautrclkty iautrclkty (Ecrgar 4==1: 3=). ?1. Ki hks w`rf `i Gëoankis ^cis Er`itkars, Taoffialo crbuas thct tha oanksk`i `var lkea cio oacth nci da axarnksao dy `rbcikzctk`is `thar thci stctas (4==1: >??). ?5. _hks p`kit dacrs skgklcrkty wkth _knftki‛s (4==5) crbugait crbugait thct hugciktcrkciksg euintk`is cs c gacis `e vk`laina cio axnlusk`i. ?2. Ki ci kiskbhteul kiskbhteul crtknla Iukjtai (4==?) (4==?) oag`istrctas h`w systagctkn p`lkny pr`ounas pr`ounas crdktrcry `utn`gas ki ci cbrcrkci n`gguikty ki Jclksn`, Gax kn`. Clth`ubh Iukjtai‛s n`inari wkth crdktrcrkiass ks i`t koaitkncl t` gkia, har w`rf o`as pr`vkoa c b``o axcgpla `e sunh pr`nassas ki ci`thar pcrt `e tha w`rlo. ?8. E`r c g`ra ncraeul axpl`rctk`i `e tha gciy wcys ki whknh tha stcta systagctknclly oksnrkgkictas cbckist w`gai, saa ^uioar Tcjci (4==>). ?;. Ki ecnt, Uaaic Ocs (4==2) (4==2) `√ars ci axagplcry g`oal `e h`w t` o` thks. _ha _ha pa`pla sha w`rfao wkth wara ki ecnt tha vkntkgs `e axtraga s`gctkn vk`laina cio hco l`st ecgkly gagdars t` vk`laina. Iavarthalass, Ocs e`nusas `i thakr cbainy ki i`t e`rbattkib cio ki i`t cll`wkib `thars t` e`rbat tha vk`laina, whkla cls` cttagptkib t` stktnh t`bathar c sagdlcina `e i`rgcl lkea. 1=. K cg ncllkib i`t i`t e`r c pura spcna ki whknh sudcltari sudjantkvkty ffiios axprassk`i dut e`r c gaokctao, trcislctao, p`lktknclly n`gpr`gksao spcna (^pkvcf 3;88). 13. K hcva usao tha psauo`iyg Gciok e`r d`th tha tha sudokstrknt cio cio tha okstrknt. okstrknt. 14. 14. _ha _ha kcs ks ci alkta ncora `e `≈nkcls nh`sai thr`ubh ci axtragaly n`gpatktkva ictk`iictk`i wkoa axcg. Ki kts sale-kgcba, gath`o `e salantkib `≈nars, cio styla `e `parctk`i kt e`ll`ws ki tha e``tstaps `e tha Kiokci Nkvkl ^arvkna, tha ‘‘staal ercga‛‛ `e tha Drktksh n`l`ikcl b`varigait. 1>. ^kina tha tkga K dabci thks rasacrnh, c iaw stcta, Qttcrcfhcio, hcs daai ncrvao `ut `e Q.]., Q.]., cio iaw okstrknts hcva daai nractao ki tha ragckikib crac. 1?. _ha axcnt octa `e ^kibh‛s spaanh prasaitkib tha iaw rae`rgs wcs 4? July 3;;3. ^kibh wcs cpp`kitao Kiokc‛s prkga gkikstar `i 44 Gcy 4==?. 11. K cg dy i` gacis subbastkib thct thara thara hcva daai i` nhcibas nhcibas ki thasa `thar `thar sant`rs, lavals, cio drcinhas `e tha stcta `r thct thara hcva daai i` kgp`rtcit nhcibas ki Q.]. Q.]. H`wavar, kt ks uinlacr t` whct axtait thasa nhcibas nci da ncusclly n`iiantao t` lkdarclkzctk`i ki pcrtknulcr pc rtknulcr.. 15. _ha cbainkas thct oko hcva s`ga assaitkcl n`itkiuktkas n`itkiuktkas wkth tha n`l`ikcl stcta cio I`tas t` Nhcptar 3 | 4;;
parhcps avai wkth pran`l`ikcl stctas hco t` o` wkth tha faapkib `e lcio ran`ros (cio haina rurcl tcxctk`i) cio wkth p`lknkib. 12. @ia n`ulo i`t n`iiant tha baiacl`by baiacl`by `e tha cntkvktkas `e tha Krrkbctk`i Oapcrtgait t` t` tha rciba `e pr`brcgs dakib rui dy tha dl`nf `≈na. Krrkbctk`i wcs `ily parkpharclly n`iiantao t` tha euintk`is `e tha dl`nf `≈na skina kt wcs c sapcrcta oapcrtgait wkth kts `wi cbaioc. 18. E`r ci `varvkaw `e tha nhcibkib nhcibkib ictura `e tha tcsfs thct naitrcl duracunrcnkas duracunrcnkas hcva t` oacl wkth cio tha `etai n`ifflkntkib oagcios plcnao up`i thag saa Frkshici cio ^`gcicthci (4==1). 1;. _ha w`rf `e Dcrohci (3;;2, 4==5) 4==5) hcs daai pcrtknulcrly pcrtknulcrly kgp`rtcit ki covcinkib covcinkib tha snh`lcrly uioarstciokib `e n`rruptk`i. 5=. ^t`lar hcs gcoa c parsucskva parsucskva ncsa e`r n`iskoarkib sunh c√antkva ralctk`is t` da naitrcl (4==?: ?„4=). _ha okstkintk`i gcoa dy Gcssugk (4==4) datwaai c√ant cio ag`tk`i `√ars ci kgp`rtcit okrantk`i e`r stuoykib c√antkva ralctk`is datwaai tha stcta cio tha p``r. 53. ^aa Ealogci‛s (4==8: 34) pcrcllal oasnrkptk`i oasnrkptk`i `e b`varigaitclkty ki Bczc, ki whknh whknh tanhikquas `e rula cra agphcskzao. 4. _ha ^tcta cio tha ]`lktkns `e ]`varty
3. Eullar cio Hcrrkss Hcrrkss (4===: 3„4) crbua thct uitkl ranaitly cithr`p`l`by pcko sncit cttaitk`i t` tha nulturcl oyicgkns `e g`oari stctas. _hks o`as i`t rula `ut ci axtaiskva cithr`p`l`bkncl lktarctura `i tha stcta ki baiarcl (saa i`ta 4). 4. _ha lktarctura `i thks thks t`pkn ks dy i`w qukta qukta axtaiskva cio kinluoas Cdrcgs Cdrcgs 3;886 Claxcioar 3;;26 Clthussar 3;236 Cicbi`st 3;;1, 3;;26 Cshe`rth 3;;=6 Dcycrt 3;;>6 D`urokau 3;;;6 Dr`w 3;886 Drudcfar 3;;46 Nlcrfa 4==?6 N`hi 3;82c, 3;82d, 3;;56 N`r`ikl 3;;26 N`rrkbci cio ^cyar 3;816 N`utki 4==>6 Ail`a 4===6 Aycl 4==>6 Ealogci 4==86 Bcl cio Flkbgci 4===6 Baartz 3;8=6 Hcioalgci 3;28, 3;836 Hcisai cio ^tapputct 4==36 Harzealo 3;;46 J`saph cio Iubait 3;;?6 Fcscdc 3;;?6 Gcii 3;856 Gdagda 3;;46 Gktnhall 3;8;, 3;;36 Gufarjk 3;;26 Icvcr`-[cshki 4==46 Ials`i 3;;;6 Iubait 3;;?, 3;;26 ^n`tt 3;;86 ^hcrgc cio Buptc 4==56 ^takigatz 3;;>6 ^t`lar 4==4, 4==?6 _cusskb 3;;4, 3;;26 Qrlc 3;;>6 Uaroary 3;;5, 4==?6 cio [cib 3;8;. >. Ikalsai (4==2: 5;1) 5;1) prasaits c ecsnkictkib axcgpla `e c n`itaxt ki whknh tha tha stcta koac ks pr`ounao cio cntao up`i avai ki tha cdsaina `e tha stcta. ?. ^`ga `e tha pr`p`sktk`is e`rwcroao hara `varlcp wkth tha tha axkstkib lktarctura. lktarctura. H`wavar, tcfai t`bathar, tha pr`p`sktk`is prasaitao ki thks nhcptar raprasait c uikqua cio n`harait tha`ry `e tha stcta. _ha okstkintkvaiass `e tha cppr`cnh K cov`ncta lkas i`t `ily ki tha n`iiantk`is gcoa datwaai tha ok√arait pr`p`sktk`is, dut ki tha agphcsks K plcna `i ok√arait cspants `e tha tha`ry `e tha stcta, kinluokib gath`o`l`bkncl `ias. 1. K hcva g`ra t` scy cd`ut thks p`kit p`kit lctar ki thks nhcptar. nhcptar. Okscbbrabctkib tha p``r ks kgp`rtcit pranksaly dancusa okstkint sabgaits `e p``r pa`pla cra kgpcntao vary ok√araitly dy stcta pr`brcgs cio p`lknkas. H`wavar, whaiavar `ia usas c nctab`ry sunh cs ‘‘tha p``r,‛‛ `ia aios up h`g`baikzkib cio n`llantkvkzkib c br`up thct ncii`t da s` `roarao, cio K garaly wksh t` uioarlkia thks ki `roar t` faap `ur nrktkncl >==
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I`tas t` Nhcptar 4
