INDICE
INTRODUCCION……………………………………………………………………2 OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………… 3 RELACION: AGUA - SUELO - PLANTA……………………………………….....4 PLANTA……………………………………….....4 I. IMPORTANCIA......................................................................................4 II. EL AGUA DE RIEGO.............................................................................4
PROBLEMAS ASOCIADOS ASOCIADO S A LA CALIDAD DEL AGUA DE RIEGO ……5
CALIDAD AGUA PARA RIEGO E IMPORTANCIA DE SU ESTUDIO……5
III. RELACION AGUA – SUELO……………………………………………….6 IV. IV. RELACION SUELO – AGUA………………………………………………7
PLANTA……………………………………………8 V. RELACION SUELO – PLANTA……………………………………………8 CLASIICACION DE LOS SUELOS AGRICOLAS………………………………! AGRICOLAS………………………………!
LA AGRICULTURA: LOS SUELOS DEL PERU…………………………. PERU…………………………..."2 .."2
NECESIDAD DE AGUA DE CULTIVO…………………………………………..."4 CULTIVO…………………………………………..."4
CANTIDAD DE AGUA RE#UERIDA POR LOS CULTIVOS……………..."6
BIBLIOGRAIA $ %EBGRAIA………………………………………………….."8
INTRODUCCION L&' R()&*+,(' A/&-S/(),-P)&0& 1(+'0( /& 1& +,10&*+& ( 1+(, 1(&( +1,),9& ,01&' *+(*+&' 1()&*+,&&' *, ),' 1(*/1',' 91+*,' () &;+(0( ( () */&) &1& ('0& (<,'+*+= &;)&1(,' () 0(& >/( (' ( 1& &*0/&)+& ( () P(1?. E) 0(& +1& ( 0,1, & )& &*0+0/ ( )& +(+(19& () +(+(1, &*+& () &/& '/ &1,(*&+(0, & &10+1 () *,*(0, >/( '( *,'+(1& @/&(0&) ( >/( () &/& (' / 1(*/1', +1('*++;)( ( +'/'0+0/+;)( &1& )& +& >/( ,' (10((*( & 0,,'. P&1(*(19& +(*('&1+, 0((1 >/( @/&(0&1 )& +,10&*+& () &/& ( /('01&' +&' (1, & 0&0&' *,'&' &1&+)),'&' >/( 0((,' /0, & ,',01,' */& (<+'0(*+& ,' &1(*( 0& &0/1&) >/( ,' ,)+&,' ( '/ &),1 ( '/ '++@+*&,. S+ &/& ( )& *&0+& &(*/&& *, )& *&)+& (;+& +',+;)( ( () ,(0, ,,10/, ( () )/&1 1(*+', , '(19& ,'+;)( *,*(;+1 +/& @,1& ( ('&11,)), (0(+, '0( *,, )& ,;0(*+= ( /& (,1 *&)+& ( +& &1& )&' ((1&*+,(' 1('(0(' @/0/1&'. &*(1 >/( ('0, '(& ,'+;)( (' 0&1(& ( )& +(+(19& ( ),' R(*/1',' +1/)+*,'. E) *,,*++(0, () &/& +'0, ('( )& (1'(*0+& () ('&11,)), &*+,&) 1('/)0& '(1 @/&(0&) &1& *,1((1 )& +('& 0&1(& >/( () +(+(1, 0+(( &0( '9 ( )& ;?'>/(& ( (,1(' *,+*+,(' ( +& &1& )& ,;)&*+= ( /('01, &9'. P&1& &1(*+&1 (,1 )& +,10&*+& () &/& ( /('01&' +&' (;(,' ('0&1 )(&(0( *,'*+(0(' ( '/ '++@+*&,. P(1, &(' (;(,' 0((1 & /('01, &)*&*( / *,/0, ( &0,' & ),' >/( ))&&,' I@,1&*+= >/( *,'0+0/( () /0, ( &10+& () >/(&*(1 () +(+(1,. E) &/& '( (*/(01& 1('(0( ( 0,&' )&' &+@('0&*+,(' ( /('01& +&. L& +(+(19& ('( '/' &);,1(' & (*, ,'+;)( )& /0+)+&*+= () &/& , '=), &1& ;(;(1 '+, &1& &1,' ;+(('0&1 /(' 0,&' )&' &*0++&(' /&&' ('0 +*/)&&' &) /', () &/& 0&) *,, ), ,(,' &1(*+&1 ( ),' &'(*0,' ,'0+*,' &19*,)&' (*/&1+,' +/'01+&)(' 1(*1(&0+,'. E) &/& , '=), (' ++'('&;)( &1& )& +& () &/& (' )& +& +'&. D( &* >/( () 0(& ',;1( )& 1()&*+= &/& '/(), )&0& '( 0,& *,, /0, 1+*+&) () &/& () */&) (' *1/*+&) &1& /('01& (<+'0(*+& *,'0+0/& () (( ( ('0& (<,'+*+=.
OBJETIVOS
E) ,;(0+, ( ('0( 01&;&, ( +('0+&*+= (' (01(&1 /& +'+= ((1&) () *,,10&+(0, () &/& () '/(), )& )&0& )& @,1& *=, '( 1()&*+,& ('0,' 01(' @&*0,1('. E'0& +@,1&*+= (' ;'+*& &1& &*(1 / ;/( /', () &/& *, */&)>/+(1 '+'0(& , 0,, ( 1+(, >/( '( /0+)+*( & '(& ( )&' 1(&' ,( )& ('*&'( (' (1&(0( , ( &>/())&' ,( (' ((0/&) &, >/( ( 0,,' ,,' )& +',+;+)+& ( @/(0(' ( &/& /)*( (' *&& ( (,1 )& (&& *&& ( &,1. E) &/(0, ( )& ,;)&*+= () ('&11,)), (*,=+*, ',*+&) & & ))(&, & &)/&' &*+,(' & /& @/(10( *,(0(*+& ,1 ('0( 1(*/1', &0/1&) )& &1+*/)0/1& (;( 1+&)+&1 *, ,01&' &*0++&(' 0&)(' *,, )& +(1& )& +/'01+&.
O01, ( ),' ,;(0+,' (' *,,*(1 )& +@,1&*+= >/( 1,,1*+,& )& *)&'+@+*&*+= ( 0+(11&' &0&' F'/(),' &19*,)&' & @+ ( >/( *, )& '(/1+& () *&', '( /(& ,'0(1+,1(0( +'(H&1 /& &1+*/)0/1& ( 1+(, (1&(0( @&*0+;)(.
C,1((1 0,,' &>/()),' @&*0,1(' >/( +*+( ( () ,++(0, 1(0(*+= () &/& ( () '/(),.
C,1((1 )& +,10&*+& >/( () '/(), 0+(( *,, (+, &1,+&, &1& () *1(*++(0, ('&11,)), () */)0+, '/ (*('+& ( &/& () +', F&/& ( */)0+,.
RELACION AGUA-SUELO-PLANTA I. IMPORTANCIA L& +,10&*+& () 0(& /(( (@,*&1'( ('( &1+,' /0,' ( +'0& ((+(, ( / +0(1' &10+*/)&1 ( )& @+&)+& >/( '( (1'+/(. L& ((0&*+= *,'0+0/( () 1+*+&) @&*0,1 ( +& ( )& 0+(11& /(' (' () &,1 01&'@,1&,1 ( '/'0&*+&' >/( (<+'0( (' () 1+*+&) ()((0, ( )& *&(& &)+(0&1+& () )&(0&. S( ('0&;)(*( )& +,10&*+& >/( &1& )& 1*0+*& () 1+(, 1(1('(0& () *,,*++(0, ( )& 1()&*+= &/& -'/(),-)&0& *,'+(1&, 0,,' ),' @(=(,' >/( ,*/11( */&, '( 1,/*( () ,++(0, 1(0(*+= () &/& ( () '/(),. S( &),1& )& +@)/(*+& >/( )&' *&1&*0(19'0+*&' () '/(), ((1*( ',;1( () *1(*++(0, ('&11,)), () '+'0(& 1&+*&) () */)0+, &'9 *,, ',;1( )& *&&*+& ( 1(0(*+= ( /(&. II. EL AGUA DE RIEGO P/(( '(1 (@++, *,, )& &)+*&*+= &10+@+*+&) () &/& &1& &1(&1 &) '/(), )& /(& 1(>/(1+& ,1 )&' )&0&' ( */)0+,. E) ('&11,)), ;&, *+(10&' *,+*+,(' ( /& &1+*/)0/1& ;&, 1+(, )& (*('+& ( &/(0&1 *,'0&0((0( )& 1,/**+= )& *&& ( (,1 +',+;+)+& ( &/& &1& 0&)(' @+(' &*( (*('&1+, '/'0+0/+1 ,1 0,&' &>/())&' 1&*0+*&' >/( *,/*( & / /', 1&*+,&) &(*/&, () &/& '+)((0( & ,,. E 0,&' )&' 1(+,(' () /, ,( () 1+(, (' /& 1&*0+*& ,;)+&& '( 1(&)+& +(0(' ('@/(1,' *, () 1,='+0, ( ('0&;)(*(1 0*+*&' &**(',1+,' 0,,' >/( (1+0& (*,,+&1 &) <+, () &/&. Importancia
L& +,10&*+& () 1+(, ('0& *,+*+,&& & )& (&& (*('+&(' () +', ( @/*+= & )&' )++0&*+,(' ( )& ,& '(1 (0(1+&0( ( 0,& &>/())& 1(+= ,( () &/& &,10&& ,1 )&' ))/+&' , '(& *&& ( 1('0+0/+1 )& *,'/+& ,1 () */)0+,. D( 0,, ), ++*&, '( (/*( >/( () 1+*+&) ,;(0+, () 1+(, (': 1,,1*+,&1 &) */)0+, )& /(& (*('&1+& &1& '/ ('&11,)), 1,/**+=.
Calidad del agua para riego e importa!ia de "u e"tudio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
Pro#lema" a"o!iado" a la !alidad del agua de riego$ Factores ecológicos
C,,'+*+= >/9+*& () &/& F*&)+& L& *&)+& ( ),' *,'0+0/(0(' () &/& ( 1+(, ('0 1()&*+,&& &) &)+'+' &0+*+, ( */&01, 1,;)(&': '&)++& (1(&;+)+& 0,<+*+& 1,;)(&' +'*()(,'.
S&)++& L& 1(/**+= () *1(*++(0, ( ),' */)0+,' ,1 )& '&)++& (' *&/'&& ,1 () ,0(*+&) ,'=0+*, FPO & >/( 1(/*( )& *&&*+& ( )&' 1&9*(' ( )&' )&0&' & (<01&(1 &/& () '/(),. C,,(0(' ',)/;)(' () &/& ( 1+(,. C,'0+0/(0(' M&,1(': & A/& ( L)/+& FG&'(' +'/()0,' N2 A1 O2 CO2 ; A/& S/(1@+*+&) * A/&' S/;0(11(&' A/& ( M&1
P(1(&;+)+& L,' 1,;)(&' ( (1(&;+)+& /(( ('0&1 1()&*+,&,' & ,' @&*0,1(' ( () &)+'+' () &/& ( 1+(,: - B&& '&)++&: A/&' /1&' , /(( ((01&1 ( () '/(), *,, )&' &/&' >/( *,0+(( '&)('. - A)0, ',+,: A/&' *, &)0, ',+, /'&&' ,1 () 1+(, /*&' (*(' 1('/)0& ( 1,;)(&' ( (1(&;+)+& ( () '/(), (;+, & ),' &)0,' +()(' ( N&.
T,<+*+& L,' 1,;)(&' ( 0,<+*+& ('0 1(@(1+,' & ),' *,'0+0/(0(' F+,(' ( () '/(), , &/& >/( /(( '(1 0,&,' &*//)&,' ,1 )&' )&0&' &'0& *,*(01&*+,(' &)0&' *&/'&, &H, & ),' */)0+,' , ;&& ( '/ 1(++(0,. E) 1&, () &H, ((( ( )& &'++)&*+= )& '('+;+)+& () */)0+,. P,1 ((), 1;,)(' @1/0&)(' / ,1&(0&)(' )(H,',' ((1&)(0( ', ' '('+0+,' () *),1, FC). ',+, FN& B,1, FB.
M+'*()(,' O01,' 1,;)(&' '((1,' 1()&*+,&,' & )& *&)+& () &/& ( 1+(, ,*/11( *, @1(*/(*+& *,, /& '+0/&*+= ('(*+&). E'0, +*)/( &)0& *,*(01&*+= ( +01&0,' FN-NO3 &,+, FN-N4K >/( /(( *&/'&1 1,;)(&' ( / (<*('+, ('&11,)), ((0&0+, (0(++(0, 1(01&, ( )& &/1(.
III. RELACION AGUA – PLANTA
E' *,(+(0( (*+,&1 )& 1()&*+= (1+&& &) *,'+(1&1 () &/& )& )&0& @/*+= (1&(0( @+'+,)=+*& (1, ( 1& '++@+*&*+= &1& 0,, &>/()), >/( 0+(( >/( (1 *, )& &)+*&*+= () &/& ( 1+(,. E) &/& 1,*((0( ( )& ))/+& (' +*,1,1&& &) '/(), ( /& @,1& ' , (,' 1+& ((+(, @/&(0&)(0( ( )&' *&1&*0(19'0+*&' () '/(),. D() &/& 1(*++0&& &10( '( +(1( ,1 ('*/11++(0, '/(1@+*+&) &10( (' 1(0(+& ( () '/(), & +','+*+= ( )& )&0& &1& '/ &;',1*+= &10( '( +(1( ,1 (1*,)&*+= (&,1&*+= &)/& ,01& &'&1& & @,1&1 &10( () +() @1(0+*,. D( ), >/( )& )&0& &;',1;( / ,1*(0&( *,'+(1&;)( '( +(1( ,1 (&,01&'+1&*+,. D( &*/(1, *, ), &0(1+,1 '( /(( (<)+*&1 ), >/( '( *,'+(1& *,, () *+*), () &/&.
C,, /(( ,;'(1&1'( '( (<(1+(0& +@(1(0(' *&;+,' , 1,*(',' *,, ,1 ((),: &;',1*+= 01&',10( 01&'+1&*+= (&,1&*+= (1*,)&*+= (0*. E )& )&0& (*,01&,' ,' *)&'(' ( &/&:
Agua de !o"titu!i% >/( (' )& >/( &19& *, () 0+, ( */)0+, *, )& ,*& ( *1(*++(0, ('( () 6 ( 1;,)(' @1/0&)(' &'0& () ! ( ,10&)+&' (*,01,'( ( &,1 *&0+& ( )& (0&& ( @),1&*+=.
Agua de &egeta!i%' (' )& (*&1&& ( 01&',10&1 )&' &0(1+&' /01+0+&' >/( )/(, '( (&,1&.
IV. RELACION SUELO –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
E () '/(), '( /(( 1('(0&1 )&' '+/+(0(' *)&'(' ( &/&:
Agua li#re' gra&ita!ioal' (' &>/())& >/( '( ,+)+& ( () '/(), ;&, (@(*0,' ( )& 1&(&.
Agua !apilar' (' )& >/( '( ,+)+& /0+)+&, )& 1( ( ,1,' (>/(H,' '/ ,++(0, (' () 1('/)0&, ( )& @/(1& *&+)&1 ,1 ), >/( (' /*, &' )(0, >/( () () &/& 1&+0&*+,&).
Agua (igro"!opi!a' (' */&, '( (*/(01& 1(0(+& @/(10((0( ',;1( )&' &109*/)&' () '/(), '( ,+)+& ( &,1 &10( *,, &,1 ( &/&.
V. RELACION SUELO – PLANTA C,1((1 ('0& 1()&*+= (' ;'+*, ( )& 1*0+*& () 1+(, & >/( 1,,1*+,& )& ,,10/+& ( &&)+&1 )&' *&1&*0(19'0+*&' ( *1(*++(0, ( )&' 1&9*(' ( &*/(1, *, )&' *,+*+,(' ( '/(),. E) *,,*++(0, ( )&' *&1&*0(19'0+*&' () '/(), ( 1()&*+= *, () 1+(, (' ( 1& /0+)+& ( ('0& ,,10/+& ,1 )& +@)/(*+& >/( ((1*( ( )& @,1& 1&+( *, >/( )&' 1&9*(' ( )& )&0& 0,& )& /(& () '/(),. E 01+,' ((1&)(' '( /(( (*+1 >/( () '+'0(& 1&+*&) '(H&)& )& 1,@/+& ( +'(H, *, ()), )& *&0+& ( &/& &1,(*&;)( &1& *&& */)0+,. Obtención de agua por las plantas
D( &*/(1, & ), +('0+&, (<+'0( )& ,'+;+)+& ( >/( )& )&0& /(( ,;0((1 )& /(& (*('&1+& &1& '/ ('&11,)), 1,/**+= '(& ,1>/( () &/& ,1 )& &**+= ( )& @/(1&' *&+)&1(' '( ,+)+& &*+& )&' 1&9*(' F,&' ( &,1 0('+= , ;+( ,1>/( )& 1&9 *1(*( ( ;/'*& ( ,&' &' ?(&' F( (,1 0('+= 1(*/1('( >/( () &/& '( ,+)+& ( )/&1(' ( (,1 0('+= & ),' ( &,1 0('+= F&' '(*,'. A) +'+/+1'( )& /(& *(1*& ( )& 1&9 ,1 (@(*0, ( )& &;',1*+= () &/& '( ,+)+& &*+& ),' '+0+,' ( &,1 0('+= &'9 '( ,( &) &)*&*( ( /*, ( )& (),*+& ( &;',1*+= ( )& )&0&.
CLASI)ICACION DE LOS SUELOS AGRICOLAS
P&1& *)&'+@+*&1 ),' '/(),' '(? '/ /0+)+& ( )& 0+(11& , *&&*+& ( /', *,'+'0( ( +0(11(0&1 () (+, @9'+*, &0/1&) >/( (' () '/(), &1& &1/&1 ,1*+,(' ( 0(11(,' ( ;&'( & '/ *&&*+& &1& 1,/*+1 )&0&' F*/)0+,' &'0,' ;,'>/(' ,1 )&1,' (1+,,' ( 0+(, '+ (0(1+,1, () '/(),. L& *)&'+@+*&*+= &1,)=+*& ( ),' '/(),' 0+(( *,, ,;(0+,' 1+*+&)(' ('0/+&1 &1/&1 ,1 )&' +@(1(0(' /+&(' ( '/(),' ( *)&'(' &19*,)&' 0(+(, *,, ;&'( @/&(0&) )&' *&1&*0(19'0+*&' ,1@,)=+*&' @+'+*,>/9+*&' 0,,1@+*&' >/( *,0+(( &'9 *,, ()++0,),' ',;1( / )&, ( *)&'+@+*&*+=.
A)+*&, )& @=1/)& ++*&& 1,*((,' & *,'+(1&1 *&& /, ( ),' &'(*0,' ++*&,' *,,: 1,@/+& (@(*0+& (1(&;+)+& (+(0( 1&, ( (1,'+= 0(<0/1&. L&' 0*+*&' ( *)&'+@+*&*+= *,'+'0( ( (0(1+&1 /& '(1+( ( &),1(' ( *&& /, ( ),' &1(01,' &0(' '(H&)&,'. A'9 0((,' &1& () &1(01, (+(0(: Para la Erosión:
Profundidad Efectiva:
Textura:
Permeabilidad:
Valores numéricos potenciales para determinar la capacidad de uso de los suelos
# UTILIZACI!
Punta"es
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Variac. Puntos
CLA'E'
V
12
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/oderada
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A)+*&,' )& @=1/)& &) ,;0((1 ),' 1('/)0&,' *,@,1( & ),' &),1(' ( *&& &1(01, 1(+'&,' )& 0&;)& 1(@(1(0( & ),' &),1(' /1+*,' ,0(*+&)(' &1& (0(1+&1 )& *&&*+& ( /', ( ),' '/(),'.
E*emplo$ P(+(0( E1,'+= P1,@&+& (@(*0+& T(<0/1& P(1(&;+)+&
24." F3 L&+&1 '/1*,' F,(1&& F2 .34 '/(1@+*+&) F5 1&*, &1*+)),',' )+,', F('&, F2 ".8 *.,1& F,(1&&(0( )(0& F3
D(0(1+&1 )& *)&'( &1,)=+*& '(? '/ *&&*+& ( /',. P&1& (0(1+&1 )& *)&'( &1,)=+*& ( '/(), '( /)0+)+*& () @&*0,1 /1+*, *,11(',+(0( & )& *,)/& ,1+,0&) ,1 () @&*0,1 /1+*, (10+*&) '( '/& )/(, ),' /0&(' ,;0(+,' &1& '/ (0(1+&*+=. +&)(0( '( &(& () 1(& ('0/+&& (+&0( () /', ( )& '+/+(0( @=1/)&. CU P1,@/+& (@(*0+& K (1(&;+)+& K (+(0( K (1,'+= K 0(<0/1&. CU 3<6 K 2<6 K "<2 K "<5 K "<5 CU "8 K"2 K 2 K 5 K 5 CU 6
A)+*&,' )& @=1/)& &) ,;0((1 ),' 1('/)0&,' *,@,1( & ),' &),1(' ( *&& &1(01, 1(+'&,' )& 0&;)& 1(@(1(0( & ),' &),1(' /1+*,' ,0(*+&)(' &1& (0(1+&1 )& *&&*+& ( /', ( ),' '/(),'.
E*emplo$ P(+(0( E1,'+= P1,@&+& (@(*0+& T(<0/1& P(1(&;+)+&
24." F3 L&+&1 '/1*,' F,(1&& F2 .34 '/(1@+*+&) F5 1&*, &1*+)),',' )+,', F('&, F2 ".8 *.,1& F,(1&&(0( )(0& F3
D(0(1+&1 )& *)&'( &1,)=+*& '(? '/ *&&*+& ( /',. P&1& (0(1+&1 )& *)&'( &1,)=+*& ( '/(), '( /)0+)+*& () @&*0,1 /1+*, *,11(',+(0( & )& *,)/& ,1+,0&) ,1 () @&*0,1 /1+*, (10+*&) '( '/& )/(, ),' /0&(' ,;0(+,' &1& '/ (0(1+&*+=. +&)(0( '( &(& () 1(& ('0/+&& (+&0( () /', ( )& '+/+(0( @=1/)&. CU P1,@/+& (@(*0+& K (1(&;+)+& K (+(0( K (1,'+= K 0(<0/1&. CU 3<6 K 2<6 K "<2 K "<5 K "<5 CU "8 K"2 K 2 K 5 K 5 CU 6 RESULTADO - CLASE IV. – S( 1(@+(1( & / '/(), &(*/&, &1& */)0+, (1, *, )++0&*+,(' ( */)0+,' ,*&'+,&)(' ,01,' /','.
La agri!ultura$ lo" "uelo" del Per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
,rea a!tualmete #a*o !ulti&o
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
Demada" de lo" re!ur"o" agua "uelo e el pa." L&' (&&' ( ),' 1(*/1',' &/& '/(), ('0 &&' ,1 )& *&0+& ( ,;)&*+= '/' (*('+&(' ( &)+(0&*+= ('&11,)),. D() +', ,, '/ 1,(**+= ('0& 1()&*+,&& & )&' 0&'&' ( *1(*++(0, (,1@+*, &) +() ( &)+(0&*+= &*0/&) ( )& ,;)&*+= )&' ,;1&' ( 1+(, )&+@+*&&' ( / (0(1+&, ,1+,0( ( 0+(,.
L& (((*+& &)+(0&19& () &9' /(( '(1 (+& & 01&' ( )& *,&1&*+= () ,1*(0&( ( )&' +,10&*+,(' ',;1( )& +',+;+)+& 0,0&) ( &)+(0,'. E'0( ,1*(0&( & (+, *1(*+(, ( 2 ( "!73 & 2! ( "!8 35 ( "!83 3 ( "!87. E'0& (,)/*+= ,' & /& +(& () ,)/( ( &)+(0,' >/( (;(,' 1,/*+1 ( )&' 1(&' ( */)0+, &+*+,&)(' (*('&1+&'.
NECESIDAD DE AGUA DE CULTIVO L& (0(1+&*+= ( )&' (*('+&(' ( &/& ( ),' */)0+,' (' () &', 1(+, &1& ('0&;)(*(1 ),' ,)?((' ( &/& >/( '(1 (*('&1+, &,10&1 *, () 1+(,. L& *&0+& ( &/& >/( )&' )&0&' 01&'+1& (' /*, &,1 >/( )& 1(0+(( F)& >/( /'& &1& *1(*++(0, @,0,'90('+'. L& 01&'+1&*+= /(( *,'+(1&1'( ,1 0&0, *,, () *,'/, ( &/& ( )& )&0&. A(' (;(,' ( *,'+(1&1 >/( & 1+&' ( &/& ,1 (&,1&*+= () &/& ('( )& '/(1@+*+( () '/(),.
L& *&0+& ( &/& >/( '/,( &;,' 1,*(',' 01&'+1&*+= (&,1&*+= '/()( *,'+(1&1'( ( @,1& *,/0& '+)((0( ,1>/( (' / +@9*+) *&)*/)&1)& ,1 '(&1&,. P,1 ), 0&0, '( *,'+(1& >/( )&' (*('+&(' ( &/& ( ),' */)0+,' ('0 1(1('(0&&' ,1 )& '/& ( )& (&,1&*+= +1(*0& ('( () '/(), ' )& 01&'+1&*+= ( )&' )&0&' >/( (' ), >/( *,?(0( '( *,,*( *,, (&,01&'+1&*+= FETP. L& (&,01&'+1&*+= '/()( (<1('&1'( ( ( &)0/1& ( &/& (&,01&'+1&& ( *&& 9& F9& (' /& *&0+& >/( &1+&1 '(? () *)+& () */)0+,. A/>/( ( 1(&)+& (<+'0( /& +0(1&**+= (01( &;,'
/(( &+0+1'( )& '+)+@+*&*+= ( *,'+(1&1),' ,1 '(&1&, ,1 ), 0&0, )& (&,01&'+1&*+= '( *&)*/)& *,,:
Evapotranspiración de referencia
C,'+'0( ( (+1 () *,'/, ( &/& ( /& &1*()& ( /&' (+&' *,*1(0&' '(;1&& ( +(1;& *, /& &)0/1& ( /,' "-"5 * '+ @&)0& ( &/& ( )(, *1(*++(0, ,( '( & *,),*&, / +'01/(0, ( (+&. A) &0, ,;0(+, '( )( ))&& (&,01&'+1&*+= ( 1(@(1(*+& FETP1. Coeficiente de cultivo.
E) *,(@+*+(0( ( */)0+, FQ* ('*1+;( )&' &1+&*+,(' ( )& *&0+& ( &/& >/( )&' )&0&' (<01&( () '/(), & (+& >/( '( & ('&11,))&, ('( )& '+(;1& &'0& )& 1(*,)(**+=. E ),' */)0+,' &/&)(' ,1&)(0( '( +@(1(*+& 4 (0&&' , @&'(' ( */)0+,:
INICIAL: D('( )& '+(;1& &'0& / " ( )& *,;(10/1& () '/(), &1,<+&&(0(.
DESARROLLO: D('( () " ( *,;(10/1& /1&0( () *1(*++(0, &*0+, ( )& )&0&.
MEDIA: E01( @),1&*+= @1/*0+@+*&*+= *,11(',+(0( ( )& &,19& ( ),' *&',' &) 7-8 ( *,;(10/1& <+& ( *&& */)0+,.
MADURACIN: D('( &/1( &'0& 1(*,)(**+=.
C,, '( ,;'(1& ( )& @+/1& '/(1+,1 Q* *,+(& '+(, (>/(H, &/(0& & (+& >/( )& )&0& */;1( ' () '/(),. L,' &),1(' <+,' ( Q* '( &)*&& ( )& @),1&*+= '( &0+(( /1&0( )& @&'( (+& @+&)(0( (*1(*( /1&0( )& @&'( ( &/1&*+=.
L, (,1 (' +',(1 ( &),1(' ( Q* &1& *&& */)0+, ,;0(+,' ( )& ,& &1& +'0+0&' @(*&' ( '+(;1&' (1, ( &/'(*+& ( ('0& +@,1&*+= '( /(( /'&1 &),1(' ,1+(0&,' ( Q* &1& &1+,' */)0+,' (1;*(,' ,109*,)& *,, ),' '+/+(0(' ( ),' >/( '( ,;'(1& >/( &/ '+(, +@(1(0(' &1& *&& */)0+, 1('(0& &),1(' ;&'0&0( 1=<+,' & ()),'.
Catidad de agua re/uerida por lo" !ulti&o" D((( ( )&' N(*('+&(' ;'+*&': " C/)0+, FU', *,'/0+, ( )& )&0& 2 C)+& FL)/+& /(& *&),1 (0*. 3 S/(), FC&1&*0(19'0+*&' @9'+*&' >/9+*&' E'0,' &'(*0,' 1(1('(0& )&' (*('+&(' ;'+*&' ,1>/( ('0&;)(*( (01( '9 )&' 1()&*+,(' @/&(0&)(' ( ), >/( 1('(*0& &) /', 1,+&(0( +*, () &/& ,1 )&' )&0&'.
C&& */)0+, 0+(( '/' *&1&*0(19'0+*&' &10+*/)&1('. L& (&& ( &/& (' &1+&;)( *, () */)0+, *, () *+*), ((0&0+, ( )& )&0& () 0+(, () ('&*+, , *,;(10/1& >/( &*( &1(&)(0( )& )&0&. E) *)+& @+& )& (&& 01&',10&0+& ( &/& &(& )& (*('+& ( &/& ( )&' )&0&' ,1 (+, ( )& ))/+& )& /(& () *&),1.
E) '/(), ( &*/(1, & '/' *&1&*0(19'0+*&' @9'+*&' >/9+*&' 1(0(1 () &/& *, &,1 , (,1 *&0+& 1&+(. E 9&' (0,',' )& )&0& '( '+(0( (<++& & 01&'+1&1 ' ( *,'(*/(*+& '( & () &1*+0&+(0, 01&'+0,1+, (19,, ( () */) )& )&0& , *1(*(. A (*(' '( 1,0(( () +(0, & ),' */)0+,' *, *,10+&' ( 1;,)('. A )&' (*('+&(' ;'+*&' '( )( &1(& )&' 1+&' >/( '++@+*& ))(&1 () &/& &1& 1+(, ( )&' )&0&' ('0&' 1+&' ('0 &',*+&&' &: 4 E) '+'0(& , 0,, ( 1+(, 5 L& *,(0(*+& () 1(&0( 6 E) '+'0(& = 0,, ( *,/**+= = +'01+;/*+=. E'0,' ?)0+,' ', *,*(0,' >/( +*1((0& )&' (*('+&(' ;'+*&'. S, ()((0,' >/( &*( (1(1 &/& ,1 (@+*+(*+& ( () /',. P,1 ((), () 0,, ( 1+(, ,1 &'(1'+= 0+(( /& (@+*+(*+& () 75 . E) 0,, ( 1+(, ,1 +/&*+= ,1 '/1*,' , ()&': 45 - 5 F= (,'. E) &/& (' () ()((0, ('(*+&) >/( ,;+(1& ),' 1,*(',' ;+,)=+*,' ',;1( )& 0+(11&. S/ +',+;+)+& ( *&0+& +'01+;/*+= ( () 0+(,. E )& &*0/&)+& '( & ,/)&1+&, ),' 0(&' ( +&*0,' &;+(0&)(' ('&11,)), ','0(+;)( ), */&) +)+*& >/( ( )& )&+@+*&*+= () ('&11,)), ( ),' 1(*/1',' &0/1&)(' ( ('(*+&) ( )& 1,/**+= ((0&) (' (*('&1+, 0,&1 / ( */(0& () 0(& ( */('0+= &1& , 1((0+1 (11,1(' () &'&,. P,1 ,01& &10( )& 1& +(1'+& ( 0,,' ( 1+(, )& (*('+& ( '(1 ' (@+*+(0( ( () /', () &/& & +*1((0&, () +0(1' ,1 () *,,*++(0, ',;1( 0(&' 1()&*+,&,' *, )& *&&*+& ( 1(0(*+= ( /(& ( ),' '/(),' )& +@+)01&*+= /', () &/& ,1 )&' )&0&'.
BIBLIOGRAIA
RELACI0N$ AGUA-SUELO-PLANTA' 1(>/(1++(0,' ( &/& ( )&' )&0&' ( 1()&*+= *, () *)+& () '/(), &1& /& 1,/**+= =0+& – INSTITUTO INTERAMERICANO E COO!ERACION !ARA "A A#RICU"TURA
RIEGO 1 DRENAJE – JUAN SANTIAGO LEITON SOUBANNIER – C,'0& R+*& "!83.
2ANEJO DE AGUA 1 PRODUCCION AGRICOLA – AGUSTIN A. MILLAR INSTITUTO ITERAMERIACNO E COO!ERACION !ARA "A A#RICU"TURA.
)ERTIRRIGACION 3 Culti&o" 4ort.!ola"' )rutale" Orametale" - CARLOS CADAIA LOPE – 3(1& (+*+= &)+&&.
%EBGRAIA
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