Review of Related Literature I. Citrus fruits as conductors of electricity in an economical way Because of the rising cost of fuel which results in more expensive electricity costs, researchers have never stopped looking for an alternative method of producing electricity. The experiments performed by the early physicists have led to the emergence of the electrical equipment we use today. today. George Johnstone Stoney introduced the word "electron" in 1891, followed by Reginald Fessenden's invention of the "electrolight dector" or vacuum tube in 1901. In 1909 Roger Millikan, Nobel Prize winner, proved that Stoney's electrons did exist, and were related to atoms. Leading to the modern electronics of today, was the invention of the transistor by William Shockley, Jr., and John Barden, Jr., U.S. physicists of the 1950s. The evolution of computer, cell phones, iPods, and iPhones are all a result of the early physicists progressively experimenting. With our economy today, many people are using fuel. So as a way to save more people’s money, working on this alternative way of getting electricity in citric acid would be of a great idea. But on the contrary, fruits containing ascorbic acid in the production of electricity would not be feasible since the amount of electricity generated by each fruit or vegetable was so minimal. The huge amount of fruit or vegetables required to generate electricity for commercial purposes would not make sense economically. (https://thirdyearmodule.weebly https://thirdyearmodule.weebly.com/chemistry .com/chemistry.html .html)) II. How does the fruit battery works Batteries are comprised of two different metals suspended in an acidic solution. With the Fruit-Power Battery, the two metals are zinc and copper. The zinc is in the galvanization on the nails, and the pennies are actually copper plated zinc. The acid comes comes from the citric acid inside each lemon. The two metal components are electrodes, the parts of a battery where electrical current enters and leaves the battery. With a zinc and copper setup, the electron flow is out of the penny (copper) and into the nail (zinc) through the acidic juice inside the lemon. In the exchange of electrons between the zinc and the copper over the acid bridge, copper accepts two electrons from zinc which accounts for the current.
Once the Fruit-Power Battery is connected to the LED, you’ve completed a circuit. As the electrical current passes through the LED, it powers the LED and then passes back through all of the lemons before getting to the LED again. By the way, an LED is polar sensitive. That means an LED will glow only if the current is flowing through it in the right direction. If you hook up the LED and it doesn’t glow, switch the alligator clips attached to its legs. That should do it. III. Study Of Copper Applications And Effects Of Copper Oxidation In Microelectronic Package Low cost, high thermal and electric conductivity, easy fabricating and joining, and wide range of attainable mechanical properties have made copper as one of main materials for lead frames, interconnection wires, foils for flexible circuits, heat sinks, and traces in PWB in electronic packaging. However, unlike aluminum oxide, the copper oxide layer is not self-protect so the copper is readily oxidized. Copper oxidation is considered as a serious reliability problem in microelectronic package. It produces cracks at Cu-Al interface on the copper interconnection wire, causes delimitation between the copper lead frames die pad and molding compound, and induces poor adhesion between the copper lead frames and molding compound. IV. Copper Copper has a cubic crystal structure. It is the particular variation (face centered cubic) that gives it it's extreme ductility so that you can bend a wire into really sharp curves. Aluminum, silver, and gold among others have the same crystal structure. Bending a copper wire work hardens it which introduces defects known as dislocations into the structure. These defects interfere with further deformation and make the copper hard and strong so it is not easily repent. This is why copper is so good for bonsai - it bends easily the first time, but then holds its shape. Aluminum work hardens less than copper while gold barely work hardens at all.
