Grammar section
covers all elements of Sanskrit grammar, so that we can start using Sanskrit in daily life as a spoken language. Grammar study has been divided into basic grammar andadvanced andadvanced grammar chapters. grammar chapters. These are further divided into different chapters for easy learning. Note: Currently only chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and part of chapter 6 are finished. Other chapters are being written and will be available soon. Basic Grammar
Chapter 1: Sanskrit Alphabets & Sentences Overview o o o o
Alphabets & Their Classification. Elements of sentences - Subject, Object and Verb. Words & Their Classification. Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Indeclinable, Adjective and Voices.
Chapter 2: Active Voice (त म म / / kartRRivaac kartRRivaachya) hya)
Chapter 3: Verb Forms (Tenses & Moods) - ततऩद / tiN^antapada ( रय / lakaara) o Present
o
ररय / / laTlakaara l aTlakaara Future -> र रय / / lRRiTlakaar l RRiTlakaara a रय Past -> ररय / / laN^lakaara Command -> मररय ररय / / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara Should/May -> धररय / vidhailiN^lakaara ररय /
o
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
o o o
->
Chapter 4: Noun Forms (Cases) - / suvantapada ( बत / / vibhakti) तऩद / तऩद
o
थभ / / prathamaa Accusative -> तम / / dvitiiyaa Instrumental -> त तम / / tRRitiiya तम Dative -> त थ / / chaturthii थ Ablative -> ऩभ / / panchamii Genitive -> ठ / / ShaShThii Locative -> तभ / / saptamii Vocative -> फधन / / sambodhana
o
Noun Forms - Practice Sentences 1
o o o o o o o
Nominative
->
Chapter 5: Indeclinable o o o
/ avyaya मम /
(avyaya) मम (avyaya) ऩ (upasarga) (upasarga) (nipaata) नऩत (nipaata)
Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) - दतऩद / kRRidantapada ( त मम / kRRit pryatya) o त भ न न मम (tumun (tumun pratyaya) भ o o o o o
o
नमय (aniiyar pratyaya) (aniiyar (tavyat pratyaya) तमत मम (tavyat (yat pratyaya) मत मम (yat त (shatRRi pratyaya) मम (shatRRi (shaanach pratyaya) न मम (shaanach तन मम (ktin (ktin pratyaya) (ghJNj pratyaya) मम (ghJNj (khal pratyaya) र मम (khal
o
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 2
o o o o o o o
(ktvaach pratyaya) मम (ktvaach (lyap pratyaya) मऩ मम (lyap म मम (lyuT (lyuT pratyaya) मम तत (ktavatu pratyaya) मम (ktavatu त मम त मम (kta (kta pratyaya)
Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes) o णत (Nijanta (Nijanta pratyaya)
o
(sannanta pratyaya) नत मम नत मम (sannanta मत मम मत मम (yaN^nta (yaN^nta pratyaya) (naamadhaatu pratyaya) नभधत मम (naamadhaatu
o
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 3
o o
Chapter 5: Indeclinable o o o
/ avyaya मम /
(avyaya) मम (avyaya) ऩ (upasarga) (upasarga) (nipaata) नऩत (nipaata)
Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) - दतऩद / kRRidantapada ( त मम / kRRit pryatya) o त भ न न मम (tumun (tumun pratyaya) भ o o o o o
o
नमय (aniiyar pratyaya) (aniiyar (tavyat pratyaya) तमत मम (tavyat (yat pratyaya) मत मम (yat त (shatRRi pratyaya) मम (shatRRi (shaanach pratyaya) न मम (shaanach तन मम (ktin (ktin pratyaya) (ghJNj pratyaya) मम (ghJNj (khal pratyaya) र मम (khal
o
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 2
o o o o o o o
(ktvaach pratyaya) मम (ktvaach (lyap pratyaya) मऩ मम (lyap म मम (lyuT (lyuT pratyaya) मम तत (ktavatu pratyaya) मम (ktavatu त मम त मम (kta (kta pratyaya)
Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes) o णत (Nijanta (Nijanta pratyaya)
o
(sannanta pratyaya) नत मम नत मम (sannanta मत मम मत मम (yaN^nta (yaN^nta pratyaya) (naamadhaatu pratyaya) नभधत मम (naamadhaatu
o
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 3
o o
Chapter 8: Noun Forms (Affixes) o o o o o o
ण मम (aN (aN pratyaya) (tval pratyaya) र मम (tval तर मम (tal (tal pratyaya) (mayaT pratyaya) भम मम भम मम (mayaT न मम (in (in pratyaya) (matup pratyaya) भत ऩ मम (matup ऩ
Chapter 9: Adjectives (ण / visheShaNa) ण /
म / Chapter 10: Passive Voice (भम / karmvaachya) Chapter 11: Impersonal Voice ( बम / / bhaavavaachya)
Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Topics o
न य (anusvaara) (anusvaara) Rules Or Using न य (anusvaara) (anusvaara) vs. भ (m) य य ण (Natva) (Natva) Rules Or Using ण (Na) (Na) vs. न (na) (na)
o
यण यण (strii (strii prakaraNa) - Gender Conversion Rules
o
(taddhitapada) ततऩद (taddhitapada)
Chapter 13: References o
Noun Forms ->
o
Verb Forms ->
दऩ / / sabdarupa धत ऩ / / dhaaturupa ऩ
Advanced Grammar
Chapter 14: Euphonic Combination -> o o o
यध / / svarasandhi / vyaJnjanasandhi मनध / ध ध / / visargasandhi
/ sandhi ध /
Chapter 15: Compound Words ( भ / samaasaH)
तऩ / tatpuruSha भधयम / karmadhaaraaya / vahubriihiH / dvandva / dvigu ममब / avyayiibhaava
o o o o o o
Chapter 16: Alankara (रय / alaN^kaara) Chapter 17: Chanda ( द / chhchandaH) Chapter 18: Anvaya Rachana (मयन / anvayarachanaa) << Prev - Index - Next >>
Introduction: Sanskrit
language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and grammatical rules for sentence formation, just like any other language (English for example). In this chapter we will get an overview of this. The details with their grammatical rules will be covered in subsequent chapters. In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the mostly used script for writing. Most of the Sanskrit literature are in this script. Following is the list of the alphabets in their correct order. Alphabets
&
Their
Classification:
ई
ऊ
ऋ
क
ए
ऐ ओ औ
k
kh
g
a
aa
i
ii
u
uu
RRi
RRI
e
ai
o
au
ञ
ट
ठ
ड
ढ
ण त थ
द
ध
gh
N^
ch
chh
j
jh
JN
T
Th
D
Dh
N
d
dh
न
ऩ
प
फ
ब भ
म
य
र
n
p
ph
b
bh
y
r
l
v
sh
ksh
dny
m
Sh
t s
All these alphabets are classified into two major groups i.e.,
th h
(a) till औ (au) are the vowels. These are further classified into (hrasva) and द (diirgha). The द (diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time) of Vowels or
(svaravarNa): Alphabets starting from
(hrasva).
ए ऐ
ओ औ
hrasva
a
aa
i
u
e
o
द
ई
ऊ
ऋ
क
diirgha
ii
uu
RRi
RRI
ai
au
Consonants or
(vyaJNjanavarNa):
Alphabets starting from
(k)
till
(dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further classified into different groups called (varga). Following table has this classification. Some of the gramatical rules for Euphonic Combination or ध (sandhi) and Compound Words or भ (samaasa) are based on these
(varga).
kavarga
k
kh
g
gh
N^
ञ
chaavarga
ch
chh
j
jh
JN
ट
ट
ठ
ड
ढ
ण
Taavarga
T
Th
D
Dh
N
त
त
थ
द
ध
न
tavarga
t
th
d
dh
n
ऩ
ऩ
प
फ
ब
भ
pavarga
p
ph
b
bh
m
We will refere these classifications, while covering the Euphonic Combination or ध (sandhi) and Compound Words or भ (samaasa).
Sentence Formation Overview: In
Sanskrit just like any other language (English for example) a sentence is made of different elements. The elements are "Subject", "Object", and "Verb". A sentence may or may not have an Object in it.
Lets study the following English sentence to understand these basic elements better. The boy is reading a book.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and the "book" is the "Object". The boy is --| Subject
reading ------| Verb
a book. ----| Object
If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is "the boy". So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called the "Noun".
The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy doing?" is "reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".
Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The "book" becomes the "Object".
Now study the following statement. The boy is laughing.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "laughing" is "Verb". But, there is no "Object" in this sentence. The boy is --| Subject
laughing. ------| Verb
If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes from this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".
However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives answer "book". In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive Verb".
Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will begin with more details of Sanskrit language.
In Sanskrit:
त / kartaa Object is called -> भ / karma Verb is called -> म / kriyaa / Transitive Verb is called -> भ / Intransitive Verb is called -> भ Subject is called ->
sakarmaka akarmaka
So, in the above statements: The boy is --| Subject |
त/kartaa The boy is --| Subject |
त/kartaa
reading ------| Verb |
म /kriyaa(भ /
a book. ----| Object | sakarmaka)
भ/karma
laughing. ------| Verb |
म /kriyaa (भ /
akarmaka)
In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple words composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible meaning to the sentence. These words can be categorised into three different types viz., Words & Their Classification:
Noun Verb Indeclinable
Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be part of following categories with minor derivations like addition of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion', 'ing' etc., as well as based on their usage and grammatical rules:
Pronoun Adjective Adverb
In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a representation of the important classifications. We can see the classification is almost same as any other language. Each classification has been described in the coming chapters.
|--------------- Noun Root (द / shabda) | | | | | -------------------------------| | | | | | | | | | | |
तऩद
ततऩद
suvantapada taddhitapada | | ----------------------------------------------| | | Masculine Feminine Neuter
ऩ र
र
नऩ र
puliN^ga
striiliN^ga
napuN^sakalinga Word (ऩद / pada) ----| | |--------------- Verb Root (धत / dhaatu) | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
ततऩद
दतऩद
|
tiN^atapada
|
|
|
|
णत
नत
मत
नभधत kRRidantapada
Nijanta
sannanta
yaN^nta
naamadhaatu | | |
| | -----------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
| |
ऩयभऩद
|
parasmaipadii
भनऩद
बमऩद aatmanepadii
ubhayapadii | | |--------------- Indeclinable (मम / avyaya) | | ---------------------------------------| | |
मम avyaya
ऩ upasarga
नऩत nipaata
Nouns ( / shabda): Noun
is the word that represents someone or something in a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a verb. Noun in Sanskrit is called
द (shabda) or noun-root . It is also called त ऩद
(kartRRipada). Noun can be classified into
तऩद (suvantapada) and ततऩद
(taddhitapada).
(suvantapada): This classification is based on the gender, number
and case of the noun. The noun-forms are used to express something or someone etc. तऩद or suvantapada meaning - words ending with suffix. In this classification: ऩ (sup) o
Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" ( र / liN^ga) viz., "masculine" (ऩ र / pu.nliN^ga), "feminine" (र
/
striiliN^ga)
and
"neuter"
(नऩ र
/
napu.nsakaliN^ga). o
Each noun also has three "numbers" ( न / vachana) and 7 "cases" (बत / vibhakti).
Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and "case". Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its different forms built into itself. The "noun base" is called द (shabda) and the
दऩ (shabdarupa). So, in the previous statement फर is the "base" (द / shabda) of noun "BOY" and फर is one of the derived noun forms (दऩ / shabdarupa). "derived noun forms" are called
(taddhitapada): In this classification special suffixes are added to the
noun to get noun forms used as - subject, adjectives, indeclinable etc.
तऩद (suvantapada) BOY (फर / baalaka) and GIRL (र / vaalaa) द / shabda. Once we know how to use noun forms ( दऩ / shabdarupa) in sentences, We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of
we will cover all the cases and their usage rules. Boy /
फर / baalaka (Masculine / ऩ र / pu.nliN^ga)
Case बत / vibhakti Nominative (Subject) थभ / prathamaa Accusative (Object) तम / dvitiiyaa
Girl /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dvivachana
bahuvachana
फर / baalakaH फर / baalakau फर / baalakaaH (the boy)
(two boys)
(to the boy)
(to two boys)
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dvivachana
bahuvachana
फर / baalaa
फर / baale
फर / baalaaH
(the girl)
(two girls)
(the girls)
फरभ / baalaam
फर / balae
फर / baalaaH
(to the girl)
(to two girls)
(to the girls)
Examples of noun form (दऩ / shabdarupa):
फर / baalakaH Many boys -> फर / baalakaaH To the boy -> फरभ / baalakam To the boys -> फरन / baalakaan The girl -> फर / baalaa Many girls -> फर / baalaaH To the girl -> फरभ / baalaam To the girls -> फर / baalaaH The boy
(to the boys)
फर / baalaa (Femenine / र / striiliN^ga)
Nominative (Subject) थभ / prathamaa
(the boys)
फरभ / baalakam फर / balakau फरन / baalakaan
Case बत / vibhakti
Accusative (Object) तम / dvitiiyaa
Singular एन /
->
The complete noun form ( दऩ / shabdarupa) for
फर द (baalaka
shabda) will have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms include "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/tothe boy", "from the boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy". Besides these 7 forms an additional vocative ("O! boy") case is also their. All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete
दऩ
(shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 13. Followings are few more nouns ( दऩ / shabdarupa). We will use these in sentences later in this chapter. School /
मरम / vidyaalaya (Masculine / ऩ र / pu.nliN^ga)
Case
बत /
Singular एन /
न /
Plural फ न /
vibhakti
ekavachana
dvivachana
bahuvachana
Nominative थभ /
मरम /
मरम /
मरम /
vidyaalayaH
vidyaalayau
vidyaalayaaH
मरमभ /
मरम /
मरमन /
vidyaalayam
vidyaalayau
vidyaalayaan
prathamaa Accusative तम / dvitiiyaa
Book /
ऩ त / pustaka (Nuter / नऩ र / napu.nsakaliN^ga)
Case बत / vibhakti Nominative थभ /
Dual
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dvivachana
bahuvachana
ऩ तभ / pustakam
ऩ त / pustake
ऩ तभ / pustakam
ऩ त / pustake
prathamaa Accusative तम / dvitiiyaa *** In
ऩ तन / pustakaani
ऩ तन / pustakaani
यत / akaaraanta nuter (नऩ र / napu.nsakaliN^ga), both
Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.
Me /
भ / asmad (All Genders / र / triliN^gaka)
Case
बत /
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
vibhakti
ekavachana
dvivachana
bahuvachana
Nominative थभ /
भ / aham
भ / aavaam
मभ / vayam
भभ / maam भ / maa
भ / aavaam न / nau
भन / asmaan न / naH
prathamaa Accusative तम / dvitiiyaa
You /
म भ / yusmad (All Genders / र / triliN^gaka)
Case
बत /
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
vibhakti
ekavachana
dvivachana
bahuvachana
Nominative थभ /
भ / tvam
म भ / yuvaam
म मभ / yuuyam
भ / tvaam / tvaa
म भ / yuvaam भ / vaam
म भन / yuShmaan / vaH
prathamaa Accusative तम / dvitiiyaa
Pronouns ( / sarvanaama pada): Words
like he, she, this, that, these etc., are
नभ ऩद (sarvanaama as the nouns ( द / shabda).
called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called pada). The rules for pronouns are exactly same Verb ( / dhaatu): Verb
normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence
etc. Verb in Sanskrit is called
धत (dhaatu)
or verb root . It is also known as
मऩद (kriyaapada). It can दतऩद (kRRidantapada).
be classified into
ततऩद (tiN^atapada)
and
(tiN^atapada): This classification is based on the tense and mood of
the verb. The verb-forms are used as normal verbs to express some action or state etc. ततऩद or tiN^atapada meaning - words ending with o
तऩ (tip) suffix. In this classification: Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses ( रय / lakaara). Howver only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life.
o
Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular ( एन / ekavachana), Dual (न / dviivachana) and Plural (फ न / bahuvachana).
o
Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third ( थभ / prathama), Second (भमभ / madhyama) and First (तभ / uttama).
o
Each verb can belong to categories
ऩयभऩद (parasmaipadii),
भनऩद (aatmanepadii) or बमऩद (ubhayapadii). Verbs of ऩयभऩद (parasmaipadii) category represent 'action whose result is for others'. भनऩद (aatmanepadii) represents 'action whose result is for self', and बमऩद (ubhayapadii) represents 'action whose result is both for others and self'. Just like noun ( द / shabda), each verb (धत / dhaatu) also has different derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person". This is called "verb form" ( धत ऩ / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ based on this category. The "root" of a verb is called
धत (dhaatu). धत
(dhaatu) does not have any "gender".
(kRRidantapada): In this classification special suffixes are added to
the verb to get verb-forms used as - subject, pronoun, adjectives, indeclinable etc.
Followings are the
ततऩद (tiN^atapada) verb-forms (धत ऩ / dhaatutupa) of
READ (ऩ / paTH)
धत (dhaatu) and GO ( भ / gam) धत (dhaatu) in present
tense (ररय / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in a sentence, we will cover all other different forms. Read / Person /
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama
ऩ / paTh
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
ऩठत / paThati
ऩठत / paThataH
(is reading)
(both are reading)
Second ऩठ / paThasi भमभ / madhyama (you are reading) First तभ / uttama
(i am reading)
ऩ /
Second भमभ / madhyama
(you two are reading)
(both of us reading)
ऩठत / paThanti (many are reading)
ऩठथ / paThatha (you all reading)
ऩठभ / paThaamaH (all of us reading)
भ / gam
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama
ऩठथ / paThathaH
ऩठभ / paThaami ऩठ / paThaavaH
Go / Person /
न / vachana
न / vachana
Singular एन /
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
त /
त /
त /
gachchhati (is going)
gachchhataH (both are going)
gachchhanti (many are going)
/ gachchhasi (you are going)
Dual
थ / gachchhathaH (you two are going)
थ / gachchhatha (you all are going)
First तभ / uttama
भ /
/
भ /
gachchhaami (i am going)
gachchhaavaH (both of us going)
gachchhaamaH (all of us going)
Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above. These will help in learning the sentence formation rules. the boy is reading
-
the boys are reading -
फर ऩठत / baalakaH paThati फर ऩठत / baalakaaH paThanti
-
the girl is reading
the girls are reading you are reading
-
you all are reading i am reading
-
we are reading -
फर ऩठत / baala paThati फर ऩठत / baalaaH paThanti
ऩठ / म म ऩठथ /
ऩठभ / म ऩठभ /
tvam
paThasi
yuyam paThata
aham paThaami vayam paThaamaH
All the sentences above have the "Subject" ( त / kartaa) and a "Verb" (म / kriyaa). In all the sentences, the number (न / vachana) and person (ऩ / puruSha) of the "Verb" (म / kriyaa) match number (न / vachana) and person (ऩ / puruSha) of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa). Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" (फर
ऩठत / baalakaH paThati), the "boy" (फर / baalakaH) is in third person singular (थऩऩ एन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" (म / kriyaa) is also in third person singular (थऩऩ एन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change. This can be seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" ( फर ऩठत / baalaa paThati). Rule 1: The verb ( धत / dhaatu) always follows number ( न / vachana) and person ( ऩ / puruSha) of the noun ( द / shabda). Rule 2: The verb ( धत / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the gender ( र / liN^ga) of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa). Rule 3: The verb form ( धत ऩ / dhaaturupa) is always in second
person ( भमभऩ / madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is
भ द
(asmad shabda). The verb form ( धत ऩ / dhaaturupa) is always in first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is
द (yusmad shabda). All other nouns person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha). Indeclinable
( /
avyayapada):
म भ
will always be in third
Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called
(avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa
ममऩद /
ममऩद
avyayapada do
not change in its form. It remains same irrespective of gender, number, person and tense. Followings are few examples: atra / tatra / त api / ऩ kutra /
- where - here - there - too
Few sample statements using indeclinable (ममऩद / avyayapada): where is the boy going - फर त / baalakaH kutra gachchhati the boy is going there - फर त त / baalakaH tatra gachchhati where are the boys going the boys are going there -
फर त / फर त त /
baalakaaH kutra gachchhanti baalakaaH tatra gachchhanti
ममऩद (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the number, and person of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa). Note that the
Rule 4: Indeclinables ( ममऩद / avyayapada) never change in form and remain same irrespective of the person and number of the "Subject" ( त /kartaa). Adjective ( / visheShaNa): Adjective
is the word that expresses an attribute or property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In Sanskrit it is called ण (visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the gender (र / liN^ga) and number (न / vachana) of the subject or the word for which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples: नर / nilaH aakaashaH white cloud - त भ / svetaH meghaH In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky and cloud. So, these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively. blue sky
-
Voice ( / vaachya): In
Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three voices. 'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages like English. त म (kartRRI vaachya). Passive voice or भम (karma vaachya). Impersonal voice or बम (bhava vaachya).
1. Active voice or 2. 3.
Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation, their different elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study the rules in detail in subsequent chapters. << Prev - Index - Next >>
/ kartRRIvaachya): We Active Voice (
will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8. Study the following statements. Subject
रब /
त /
English 1. The going
boy
is
3. The reading
The
boy
भ
aha.n gachchhami is
4. I am reading
5. The boy is going to school
baalaH
/
baalaH pathati
ऩठभ
boy
baalaH
aha.n pathaami
/
फर त
The
मरमभ
baalaH vidyaalayam
gachchhami
ऩठत
/ -
reading
aha.n
baalaH
/ -
pathati am
फर
भ reading
/
I
/ -
going
aha.n
ऩठत फर
त gachchhati
am
The
फर
(भ / karma)
going /
I
Object
(म / kriyaa)
boy
त फर
baalaH gachchhati
2. I am going
(त / kartaa)
Sanskrit
फर
Verb
boy
ऩठभ
/ -
pathaami going
/
त gachchhati
to /
school
मरमभ vidyaalayam
/
gachchhati
मरभ भ I am 6. I am going to aha.n vidyaalayam / aha.n school gachchhami फर ऩ तभ ऩठत
7. The boy is reading the book baalakaH paThati
pustakam
boy
फर
/
baalakaH
ऩ तभ ऩठभ
8. I am reading aha.n the book paThaami
The
pustakam
I
/
These are all examples of Active Voice or
am aha.n
Rule 5: In a
to
भ
/
school
मरमभ
/
gachchhami
vidyaalayam
reading
the
ऩठत
/
ऩ तभ
pathati
pustakam
reading
the
ऩठभ
/
pathaami
book / book
ऩ तभ
/
pustakam
त म (kartRRivaachya).
Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or are intransitive or
going
भ (karma) in them. So these
भ त म (akarmaka kartRRivachya).
त म (kartRRivaachya)
त थभ बत
the "Subject" or
(kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or (prathamaa vibhakti).
भ (karma) like मरमभ (vidyaalayam), म these are transitive or भ त
Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or
ऩ तभ (pustakam) in them. So, (sakarmaka kartRRivachya). Rule 6: In a
त म (kartRRivaachya)
is always in the "accusative case" or vibhakti).
the "Object" or
भ (karma)
तम बत (dvitiiyaa << Prev - Index - Next >>
Verb Forms ( / tiN^antapada):
In chapter 1 we were introduced with verb ( म
धत (dhaatu) is the base or root of all verbs. Each verb is a derivative or धत ऩ (dhaaturupa) of it's root. We also learnt that in a sentence the verb ( धत / dhaatu) always follows the person (ऩ / puruSha) and number ( न / vachana) in which the Subject or त (kartaa) is. Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence
/ kriyaa) and its use. We learnt that in Sanskrit
etc.
In this chapter we will study the 5 mostly used verb-forms or
रय (lakaara)
out of 10 verb-forms that a verb can have. The 5 verb-forms covered are enough for day-to-day use of Sanskrit. Verb or as
धत (dhaatu)
has 10 different
ततऩद (tiN^antapada)
forms known
रय (lakaara) and they are listed below.
ररय / laTlakaara र रय / lRRiTlakaara ररय / laN^lakaara मररय / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara धररय / vidhailiN^lakaara
ररय / liTlakaara र रय / lRRiTlakaara ररय / aashiiliN^lakaara र रय / luN^lakaara र रय / lRRiN^lakaara
We will study the first 5 verb-forms in detail, in coming chapters. Followings are some common features of different रय (lakaara) in Sanskrit.
रय (lakaara) has verb-forms for three persons (ऩ / puruSha) and three numbers (न / vachana). So, in total each रय (lakaara) has 9 different verb-forms or धत ऩ (dhaaturupa) in it. Each
The persons are third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha), second person (भमभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person (तभऩ /
धत ऩ (dhaaturupa) in first person (तभऩ / uttamapuruSha) are always used with भ (asmad) द i.e., 'Me' as the Subject in the sentence. धत ऩ (dhaaturupa) in second person (भमभऩ / uttamapuruSha).
म भ (yusmad) द i.e., 'You' as Subject in the sentence. The third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha) is madhyamapuruSha) is always used with used in all other cases. Similarly each person (ऩ / puruSha) has three numbers ( न / vachana), which are singlar (एन / ekavachana), dual (न / dviivachana) and plural (फ न / bahuvachana). The number (न / vachana) of the
धत ऩ (dhaaturupa) always follows the number (न / vachana) of the Subject or दऩ (shabdarupa) in the sentence. The gender ( र / liN^ga) of the Subject does not affect the धत ऩ (dhaaturupa). In coming chapters we will study the different verb-forms (धत ऩ / dhaaturupa) in detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the different verb-forms we have used ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go)
धत /
dhaatu for sentence formation.
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
<< Prev - Index - Next >>
/
laTlakaara (Present Tense):
ररय (laTlakaara)
represents verb-forms in
present tense (तभनर / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence which is in present tense, the verb ( म / kriaa) has to be in
ररय
(laTlakaara). The complete
ररय / laTlakaara of ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go) धत
/ dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in तभनर (vartamaanakaala) or present tense.
रब / English
त /
Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Third Person Singular
तभनर थभऩ एन /
vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
ekavachana 1. The boy is reading.
फर ऩठत
2. The girl is reading.
फर ऩठत
3. Rama is reading.
यभ ऩठत
4. Sita is reading.
त ऩठत
5. The boy is going. 6. The girl is going.
baalakaH paThati baalikaa paThati raamaH paThati siitaa paThati
फर त baalakaH gachchhati
फर त baalikaa gachchhati
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
यभ
ऩ
raama
paTh
त
ऩ
siitaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
-
-
-
Present Tense - Third Person Plural
तभनर थभऩ फ न /
vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana 7. The boys are reading. 8. The girls are reading. 9. Students are reading. 10. Clearks are reading. 11. The boys are going.
फर ऩठत baalakaaH paThanti
फर ऩठत baalikaaH paThati
ऩठत chchhaatraaH paThati
रऩय ऩठत lipikaaraaH paThanti
फर त baalakaaH
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
-
-
-
-
-
gachchhanti 12. The girls are going.
फर त baalikaaH gachchhanti
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (थभऩ
एन
/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( ऩठत / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
(थभऩ
एन
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (थभऩ फ न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठत / paThanti) is also in verb
थभऩ फ न / ऩ
prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of (paTh).
One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verbform in use. Only the number and person are followed by verb. In case sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are in musculine ( ऩ र / puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are in feminine (र / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends upon
the
gender.
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भमभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha).
रब / English
Subject
त /
Sanskrit
Verb
द /
धत /
shabda
dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Second Person Singular
तभनर भमभऩ / एन /
vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana 13. You are going.
म भ
भ
tva.n gachchhasi
yusmad
gam
-
14. You are reading.
ऩठ
म भ
ऩ
tva.n paThasi
yusmad
paTh
-
Present Tense - First Person Singular
तभनर तभऩ एन /
vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
भ 15. I am going.
भ
भ
asmad
gam
ऩठभ
भ
ऩ
aha.n paThaami
asmad
paTh
aha.n gachchhaami
16. I am reading.
-
-
Present Tense - Second Person Plural
तभनर भमभऩ फ न /
vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana
म म थ
17. You all are going. 18. You all are reading.
yua.n gachchhatha
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
म म ऩठथ
म भ
ऩ
yua.n paThatha
yusmad
paTh
-
-
Present Tense - First Person Plural
तभनर तभऩ फ न /
vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana
म भ
19. We all are going.
भ
भ
asmad
gam
म ऩठभ
भ
ऩ
vaya.n paThaamaH
asmad
paTh
vaya.n gachchhaamaH
20. We all are reading.
-
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भमभऩ एन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( भमभऩ
फ न
/
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
always
म भ
(yusmad)
द
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( तभऩ
एन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( तभऩ फ न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is भ (asmad) द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always भ (asmad) द (shabda). As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has three different numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the dual number form of above sentences. Subject
रब /
English
त /
Sanskrit
Verb
द /
धत /
shabda
dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Dual तभनर न / vartamaanakaala dvivachana 21. Two boys are reading. 22. Two girls are reading. 23. Two boys are going. 24. Two girls are going. 25. Two students are reading. 26. Two clearks are reading. 27. Both of you are going.
फर ऩठत baalakau paThataH
फर ऩठत baalike paThataH
फर त baalakau gachchhataH
फर त baalike gachchhataH
ऩठत chchhatrau paThataH
रऩय ऩठत lipikaarau paThataH
म थ yuvaa.n gachchhathaH
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28. Both of you are reading. 29. Both of us are going. 30. Both of us are reading.
म ऩठथ yuvaa.n paThathaH
aavaa.n gachchhaavaH
ऩठ aavaa.n paThaavaH
म भ
ऩ
yusmad
paTh
भ
भ
asmad
gam
भ
ऩ
asmad
paTh
-
-
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using ररय / laTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns ( द / shabda) and verbs ( धत / dhaatu) in those. In the next chapter we will study
Read /
/ paTh : / laTlakaara
(Present tense / Person /
र रय (lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.
तभनर / vartamaanakaala)
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
न / vachana
Singular एन /
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
Third थभ / prathama
ऩठत / paThati
ऩठत / paThataH
ऩठत / paThanti
Second भमभ / madhyama
ऩठ / paThasi
ऩठथ / paThathaH
ऩठथ / paThatha
First तभ / uttama
ऩठभ / paThaami
ऩठ /
ऩठभ /
paThaavaH
paThaamaH
Go /
Dual
/ gam : / laTlakaara
(Present tense /
तभनर / vartamaanakaala)
Person /
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama Second भमभ / madhyama First तभ / uttama
न / vachana
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
त /
त /
त /
gachchhati
gachchhataH
gachchhanti
/
थ /
थ /
gachchhasi
gachchhathaH
gachchhatha
भ /
/
भ /
gachchhaami
gachchhaavaH
gachchhaamaH
<< Prev - Index - Next >>
/
tense.
lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense):
In
this
chapter
In previous chapter we studied about present
we
will
study
about
future
र रय
tense.
(lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent the future tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in future tense we need to use verbd-forms from (lRRiTlakaara). र रय The complete
धत /
र रय /
lRRiTlakaara of
ऩ /
paTh (read) and
भ /
gam (go)
dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the
following sentences. These are in
बमतर (bhaviShyatakaala)
or future
tense.
रब / English
त /
Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Third Person Singular
तभनर थभऩ एन /
vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
ekavachana 1. The boy will फर ऩठमत read. vaalakaH
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
-
paThiShyati
फर ऩठमत baalikaa paThiShyati
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
3. Rama will read.
यभ ऩठमत
यभ
ऩ
raama
paTh
4. Sita will read.
त ऩठमत
त
ऩ
siitaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
2. The girl will read.
raamaH paThiShyati siitaa paThiShyati
फर भमत
5. The boy will baalakaH go. gamiShyati 6. The girl will go.
फर भमत baalikaa gamiShyati
-
-
-
-
Future Tense - Third Person Plural बमतर थभऩ फ न / bhaviShyatakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana 7. The boys will read. 8. The girls will read. 9. Students will read. 10. Clearks will read. 11. The boys will go. 12. The girls will go.
फर ऩठमत baalakaaH paThiShyanti
फर ऩठमत baalikaaH paThiShyanti
ऩठमत chchhaatraaH paThiShyanti
रऩय ऩठमत lipikaaraaH paThiShyanti
फर भमत baalakaaH gamiShyanti
फर भमत baalikaaH gamiShyanti
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
-
-
-
-
-
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (थभऩ
एन
/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( ऩठत / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
(थभऩ
एन
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (थभऩ फ न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठत / paThanti) is also in verb
थभऩ फ न / ऩ
prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of (paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भमभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha).
रब / English
त /
Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Second Person Singular
बमतर भमभऩ एन /
bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana 13. You will go. 14. You will read.
भम
म भ
भ
tva.n gamiShyasi
yusmad
gam
ऩठम
म भ
ऩ
tva.n paThiShyasi
yusmad
paTh
-
Future Tense - First Person Singular
बमतर तभऩ एन /
bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha
ekavachana 15. I will go.
भमभ
भ
भ
aha.n gamiShyaami
asmad
gam
भ
ऩ
asmad
paTh
ऩठमभ 16. I will read. aha.n paThiShyaami Future Tense - Second Person Plural
-
-
बमतर भमभऩ फ न /
bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana 17. You all will म म भमथ go. yua.n gamiShyatha
म म ऩठमथ
18. You all will yua.n read. paThiShyatha
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
म भ
ऩ
yusmad
paTh
-
-
Future Tense - First Person Plural
बमतर तभऩ फ न /
bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana
म भमभ
19. We all will go.
vaya.n gamiShyaamaH
म ऩठमभ
20. We all will read.
vaya.n paThiShyaamaH
भ
भ
asmad
gam
भ
ऩ
asmad
paTh
-
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भमभऩ एन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( भमभऩ
फ न
/
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
always
म भ
द
(yusmad)
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( तभऩ
एन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( तभऩ फ न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is भ (asmad) द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always भ (asmad) द (shabda). You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense ( र रय / lRRiTlakaara) are similar to present tense ( ररय / laTlakaara) with a minor deviation. In case of a derived from the end.
For
ऩ धत (paTh
ररय form most
dhaatu), the
by inserting verb
र रय form
म (iShya)
forms
before the
this
is
can be
तऩ (tip) true.
Rule: For most verbs, the
म
inserting
र रय form
(iShya)
ररय form
can be derived from the
before
the
तऩ
(tip)
by
end.
However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation. In case of भ धत (gam dhaatu) instead of तत / gachchhiShyati the correct form is kept
भमत /
in
gamiShyati and so on. This deviations should be
mind
for
such
specific
verbs.
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
रब / English
त /
Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Dual बमतर न / bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana 21. Two boys will read. 22. Two girls will read. 23. Two boys will go. 24. Two girls will go.
फर ऩठमत
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
म भमथ
म भ
भ
yuvaa.n
yusmad
gam
baalakau paThiShyataH
फर ऩठमत baalike paThiShyataH
फर भमत baalakau gamiShyataH
फर भमत baalike gamiShyataH
ऩठमत
25. Two students chchhatrau will read. paThiShyataH 26. Two clearks will read. 27. Both of you will go.
रऩय ऩठमत lipikaarau paThiShyataH
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
gamiShyathaH 28. Both of you will read. 29. Both of us will go. 30. Both of us will read.
म ऩठमथ yuvaa.n paThiShyathaH
भम aavaa.n gamiShyaavaH
ऩठम aavaa.n paThiShyaavaH
म भ
ऩ
yusmad
paTh
भ
भ
asmad
gam
भ
ऩ
asmad
paTh
-
-
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using र रय / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (द / shabda) and verbs (धत / dhaatu) in those. In the next chapter we will study
Read /
/ paTh : / lRRiTlakaara
(Future tense / Person /
बमतर / bhaviShyatakaala)
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama Second भमभ / madhyama First तभ / uttama
ररय (laN^lakaara) or past tense.
न / vachana
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
ऩठमत /
ऩठमत /
ऩठमत /
paThiShyati
paThiShyataH
paThiShyanti
ऩठम /
ऩठमथ /
ऩठमथ /
paThiShyasi
paThiShyathaH
paThiShyatha
ऩठमभ /
ऩठम /
ऩठमभ /
paThiShyaami
paThiShyaabaH
paThiShyaamaH
Go /
/ gam : /
(Future tense / Person /
बमतर / bhaviShyatakaala)
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama Second भमभ / madhyama First तभ / uttama
lRRiTlakaara
न / vachana
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
भमत /
भमत /
भमत /
gamiShyati
gamiShyataH
gamiShyanti
भम /
भमथ /
भमथ /
gamiShyasi
gamiShyathaH
gamiShyatha
भमभ /
भम /
भमभ /
gamiShyaami
gamiShyaavaH
gamiShyaamaH
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/ laN^lakaara (Past Tense):
In previous chapter we studied about future
tense. In this chapter we will study about past tense.
ररय (laN^lakaara)
verb-forms represent the past tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from ररय (laN^lakaara). The complete
धत /
ररय /
laN^lakaara of
ऩ /
paTh (read) and
भ /
gam (go)
dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the
following sentences. These are in
रब / English
ब तर (bhutakaala) or past tense. Subject
त /
Sanskrit
Verb
द /
धत /
shabda
dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Third Person Singular
ब तर थभऩ एन /
bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy was reading.
फर ऩठत
2. The girl was reading.
फर ऩठत
3. Rama was reading.
यभ ऩठत
4. Sita was reading.
त ऩठत
5. The boy was going. 6. The girl was going.
baalakaH apaThat baalikaa apaThat raamaH apaThat siitaa apaThat
फर त baalakaH agachchhat
फर त baalikaa agachchhat
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
यभ
ऩ
raama
paTh
त
ऩ
siitaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
-
-
-
Past Tense - Third Person Plural
ब तर थभऩ फ न / 7. The boys were reading.
bhutakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)
फर ऩठन baalakaaH apaThan
फर ऩठन
8. The girls were baalikaaH reading. apaThan 9. Students were reading. 10. Clearks were reading.
ऩठन chchhaatraaH apaThan
रऩय ऩठन lipikaaraaH apaThan
फर न
11. The boys were baalakaaH going. agachchhan 12. The girls were going.
फर न baalikaaH agachchhan
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
-
-
-
-
-
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (थभऩ
एन
/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( ऩठत / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
(थभऩ
एन
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (थभऩ फ न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठत / paThanti) is also in verb
थभऩ फ न / ऩ
prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of (paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भमभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha).
रब / English
त /
Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Second Person Singular
ब तर भमभऩ एन /
bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You were going.
म भ
भ
tva.n agachchhaH
yusmad
gam
14. You were reading.
ऩठ
म भ
ऩ
tva.n apaThaH
yusmad
paTh
-
Past Tense - First Person Singular
ब तर तभऩ एन / 15. I was going. 16. I was reading.
bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
भ
भ
भ
aha.n agachchham
asmad
gam
ऩठभ
भ
ऩ
aha.n apaTham
asmad
paTh
-
Past Tense - Second Person Plural
ब तर भमभऩ फ न / 17. You all were going.
bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)
म म त
म भ
भ
-
18. You all were reading.
yua.n agachchhata
yusmad
gam
म म ऩठत
म भ
ऩ
yua.n apaThata
yusmad
paTh
-
Past Tense - First Person Plural ब तर तभऩ फ न / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)
म भ
19. We all were going.
भ
भ
asmad
gam
म ऩठभ
भ
ऩ
vaya.n apaThaama
asmad
paTh
vaya.n agachchhaama
20. We all were reading.
-
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भमभऩ एन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( भमभऩ
फ न
/
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
म भ
always
(yusmad)
द
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( तभऩ
एन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( तभऩ फ न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is भ (asmad) द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always भ (asmad) द (shabda). The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
रब / English
Subject
त /
Sanskrit
Verb
द /
धत /
shabda
dhaatu
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
Comments
Past Tense - Dual ब तर न / bhutakaala dvivachana) 21. Two boys were reading.
फर ऩठतभ baalakau apaThataam
-
22. Two girls were reading. 23. Two boys were going. 24. Two girls were going. 25. Two students were reading. 26. Two clearks were reading. 27. Both of you were going. 28. Both of you were reading. 29. Both of us were going. 30. Both of us were reading.
फर ऩठतभ baalike apaThataam
फर ऩठतभ baalakau apaThataam
फर तभ baalike agachchhataam
ऩठतभ chchhatrau apaThataam
रऩय ऩठतभ lipikaarau apaThataam
म तभ yuvaa.n agachchhatam
म ऩठतभ yuvaa.n apaThatam
aavaa.n agachchhaava
ऩठ aavaa.n apaThaava
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
म भ
ऩ
yusmad
paTh
भ
भ
asmad
gam
भ
ऩ
asmad
paTh
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using ररय / laN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (द / shabda) and verbs (धत / dhaatu) in those. In the next chapter we will study
मररय (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara)
verb-forms representing commands and requests.
or
Read /
/ paTh : / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / Person /
ऩ /
ब तर / bhutakaala) Number /
puruSha Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
Third थभ / prathama
ऩठत / apaThat
Second भमभ / madhyama
ऩठ / apaThaH
First तभ / uttama
ऩठभ / apaTham
Go /
ऩ / Singular एन / ekavachana
Second भमभ / madhyama First तभ / uttama
apaThataam
ऩठतभ / apaThatam
ऩठन / apaThan ऩठत / apaThata
ऩठ /
ऩठभ /
apaThaava
apaThaama
laN^lakaara
ब तर / bhutakaala) Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama
ऩठतभ /
/ gam : /
(Past tense / Person /
न / vachana
न / vachana
Dual न / dviivachana
Plural फ न / bahuvachana
त /
तभ /
न /
agachchhat
agachchhataam
agachchhan
/
तभ /
त /
agachchhaH
agachchhatam
agachchhata
भ /
/
भ /
agachchham
agachchhaava
agachchhaama
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In previous three chapters we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will study about verb-forms used in imerative mood. These verb-forms are used while giving commands or requests. मररय (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests):
represent
these.
मररय / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of ऩ / paTh (read) and (go) धत / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for
The complete
भ /
gam
reference. Study the following sentences. These are in imperative mood.
रब / English
त /
Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular
मररय थभऩ एन /
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
prathamapuruSha ekavachana 1. Let the boy read.
फर ऩठत
2. Let the girl read.
फर ऩठत
3. Let Rama read.
यभ ऩठत
4. Let Sita read.
त ऩठत
5. Let the boy go. 6. Let the girl go.
baalakaH paThatu baalikaa paThatu raamaH paThatu siitaa paThatu
फर त baalakaH gachchhatu
फर त baalikaa gachchhatu
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
यभ
ऩ
raama
paTh
त
ऩ
siitaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
-
-
-
Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural मररय थभऩ फ न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha bahuvachana) 7. Let the boys read.
फर ऩठत baalakaaH
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
-
paThantu 8. Let the girls read.
baalikaaH paThantu
ऩठत
9. Let the students read.
chchhaatraaH paThantu
रऩय ऩठत
10. Let the clearks read.
lipikaaraaH paThantu
11. Let the boys go. 12. Let the girls go.
फर ऩठत
फर त baalakaaH gachchhantu
फर त baalikaaH gachchhantu
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
-
-
-
-
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (थभऩ
एन
/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( ऩठत / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
(थभऩ
एन
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (थभऩ फ न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठत / paThanti) is also in verb
थभऩ फ न / ऩ
prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of (paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भमभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha).
रब / English
Subject
त /
Sanskrit
Verb
द /
धत /
shabda
dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular
मररय भमभऩ एन /
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
madhyamapuruSha ekavachana 13. You go.
म भ
भ
tva.n gachchha
yusmad
gam
14. You read.
ऩठ
म भ
ऩ
tva.n paTha
yusmad
paTh
-
Imperative Mood - First Person Singular
मररय तभऩ एन /
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
न 15. Let me go.
16. Let me read.
भ
भ
asmad
gam
ऩठन
भ
ऩ
aha.n paThaani
asmad
paTh
aha.n gachchhaani
-
-
Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural
मररय भमभऩ फ न /
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana) 17. You all go. 18. You all read.
म म त
म भ
भ
yua.n gachchhata
yusmad
gam
म म ऩठत
म भ
ऩ
yua.n paThata
yusmad
paTh
-
Imperative Mood - First Person Plural
मररय तभऩ फ न /
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana) 19. Let us all go. 20. Let us all read.
म भ
भ
भ
asmad
gam
म ऩठभ
भ
ऩ
vaya.n paThaama
asmad
paTh
vaya.n gachchhaama
-
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भमभऩ एन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( भमभऩ
फ न
/
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
म भ
always
(yusmad)
द
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( तभऩ
एन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( तभऩ फ न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is भ (asmad) द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always भ (asmad) द (shabda). The followings are the dual number form of above sentences. Subject
रब /
English
त /
Imperative Mood Dual ( dvivachana) 21. Let the two boys read. 22. Let the two girls read. 23. Let the two boys go. 24. Let the two girls go.
25. Let the two students read. 26. Let the two clearks read.
Sanskrit
द /
धत /
shabda
dhaatu
मररय न /
फर ऩठतभ baalakau paThataam
फर ऩठतभ baalike paThataam
फर तभ baalakau gachchhataam
फर तभ baalike gachchhataam
ऩठतभ chchhatrau paThataam
रऩय ऩठतभ lipikaarau paThataam
Verb Comments
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
-
-
-
-
-
-
म तभ
27. Both of you go. 28. Both of you read.
yuvaa.n gachchhatam
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
म ऩठतभ
म भ
ऩ
yuvaa.n paThatam
yusmad
paTh
भ
भ
asmad
gam
ऩठ
भ
ऩ
aavaa.n paThaava
asmad
paTh
29. Let both of us go.
aavaa.n gachchhaava
30. Let both of us read.
-
-
-
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using र रय / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (द / shabda) and verbs (धत / dhaatu) in those. In the next chapter we will study
धररय (vidhailiN^lakaara)
or optative
mood.
Read /
/ paTh : /
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests) Person /
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
न / vachana
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
ऩठतभ /
Third थभ / prathama
ऩठत / paThatu
Second भमभ / madhyama
ऩठ / paTha
ऩठतभ / paThatam
ऩठत / paThata
First तभ / uttama
ऩठन / paThaani
ऩठ / paThaava
ऩठभ / paThaama
paThataam
ऩठत / paThantu
Go /
/ gam : /
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests) Person /
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
न / vachana
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
Third थभ / prathama
त /
तभ /
त /
gachchhatu
gachchhataam
gachchhantu
Second भमभ /
/ gachchha
तभ /
त /
gachchhatam
gachchhata
न /
/
भ /
gachchhaani
gachchhaava
gachchhaama
madhyama First तभ / uttama
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In previous chapter we studied about imperative mood. In this chapter we will study about optative mood. धररय (vidhailiN^lakaara) verb-forms represent sentences in /
vidhailiN^lakaara (Optative Mood - Should or May):
optative mood. So, any sentence indicating possibility of something verbforms of should be used. धररय (vidhailiN^lakaara) The complete gam (go)
धररय /
धत /
vidhailiN^lakaara of
ऩ /
paTh (read) and
भ /
dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference.
Study the following sentences. These are in
धररय (vidhailiN^lakaara)
or optative mood.
रब / English
त /
Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Optative Mood - Third Person Singular धररय थभऩ एन / vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha
ekavachana 1. The boy should read.
फर ऩठत
2. The girl should read.
फर ऩठत
3. Rama should read.
यभ ऩठत
4. Sita should read.
त ऩठत
5. The boy should go. 6. The girl should go.
baalakaH paThet baalikaa paThet raamaH paThet siitaa paThet
फर त baalakaH gachchhet
फर त baalikaa gachchhet
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
यभ
ऩ
raama
paTh
त
ऩ
siitaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
-
-
-
Optative Mood - Third Person Plural
धररय थभऩ फ न /
vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana) 7. The boys should read. 8. The girls should read. 9. Students should read. 10. Clearks should read. 11. The boys should go. 12. The girls
फर ऩठम baalakaaH paTheyaH
फर ऩठम baalikaaH paTheyaH
ऩठम chchhaatraaH paTheyaH
रऩय ऩठम lipikaaraaH paTheyaH
फर म
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
baalakaaH gachchheyuH
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर म
फर
भ
-
-
-
-
-
should go.
baalikaaH gachchheyuH
baalikaa
gam
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (थभऩ
एन
/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( ऩठत / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
(थभऩ
एन
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (थभऩ फ न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठत / paThanti) is also in verb
थभऩ फ न / ऩ
prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of (paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भमभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha).
रब /
English
त /
Subject
Sanskrit
Verb
द /
धत /
shabda
dhaatu
Comments
Optative Mood - Second Person Singular
धररय भमभऩ एन /
vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
ऩठ
म भ
ऩ
tva.n paTheH
yusmad
paTh
13. You should go. tva.n gachchheH 14. You should read.
-
-
Optative Mood - First Person Singular
धररय तभऩ एन /
vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
मभ 15. I should go.
aha.n gachchheyam
भ
भ
asmad
gam
-
16. I should read.
ऩठमभ
भ
ऩ
aha.n paTheyam
asmad
paTh
-
Optative Mood - Second Person Plural
धररय भमभऩ फ न /
vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
म त 17. You all should म go. yua.n ऩठमभ 18. You all should म म ऩठत read. yua.n paTheta
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
म भ
ऩ
yusmad
paTh
-
-
Optative Mood - First Person Plural
धररय तभऩ फ न /
vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana) 19. We all should go. 20. We all should read.
म भ
भ
भ
asmad
gam
म ऩठभ
भ
ऩ
vaya.n paThema
asmad
paTh
vaya.n gachchhema
-
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भमभऩ एन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( भमभऩ
फ न
/
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
always
म भ
(yusmad)
द
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( तभऩ
एन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( तभऩ फ न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is भ (asmad) द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always भ (asmad) फ द (shabda). The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
रब /
त /
Sanskrit
Subject
Verb
Comments
English
Optative Mood Dual ( dvivachana) 21. Two boys should read. 22. Two girls should read. 23. Two boys should go. 24. Two girls should go. 25. Two students should read. 26. Two clearks should read. 27. Both of you should go. 28. Both of you should read. 29. Both of us should go. 30. Both of us should read.
द /
धत /
shabda
dhaatu
धररय न /
फर ऩठतभ baalakau paThetaam
फर ऩठतभ baalike paThetaam
फर तभ baalakau gachchhetaam
फर तभ baalike gachchhetaam
ऩठतभ chchhatrau paThetaam
रऩय ऩठतभ lipikaarau paThetaam
म तभ
vidhailiN^lakaara
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
ऩ
baalikaa
paTh
फर
भ
baalaka
gam
फर
भ
baalikaa
gam
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
रऩय
ऩ
lipikaara
paTh
yuvaa.n gachchhatam
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
म ऩठतभ
म भ
ऩ
yuvaa.n paThetam
yusmad
paTh
भ
भ
asmad
gam
ऩठ
भ
ऩ
aavaa.n paTheva
asmad
paTh
aavaa.n gachchheva
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using धररय / vidhailiN^lakaara are given.
You will know about many more nouns ( द / shabda) and verbs ( धत / dhaatu) in those.
Read /
/ paTh : /
vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May) Person /
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
न / vachana
Singular एन /
Dual
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
ऩठतभ /
Third थभ / prathama
ऩठत / paThet
Second भमभ / madhyama
ऩठ / paTheH
ऩठतभ / paThetam
ऩठत / paTheta
ऩठमभ /
ऩठ / paTheva
ऩठभ / paThema
First तभ / uttama
paTheyam
Go /
paThetaam
/ gam : /
ऩठम / paTheyaH
vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May) Person /
ऩ /
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama Second भमभ /
Singular एन /
न /
Plural फ न /
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
तभ /
म /
gachchhetaam
gachchheyuH
त / gachchhet / gachchheH
madhyama First तभ / uttama
न / vachana
मभ / gachchheyam
Dual
तभ / gachchhatam
/ gachchheva
त / gachchhet भ / gachchhema
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Verb Forms - Practice Sentences:
In the last five chapters we covered five different verb-forms, using ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go) धत / dhaatu. For better vocabulary the following is a list of different sentences using many more verbs and nouns for your reference. The sentences cover all the five verb-forms we have covered so far.
Present Tense -
/ laTlakaara
रब /
त /
द
धत
English
Sanskrit
Noun
Verb
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
म
नभ
shiShya
nam
The boy reads/is reading.
फर ऩठत
The pupil is saluting.
म नभत
The elder brother speaks.
दत
The father looks.
The son is going to school.
The horse runs. The tree bears fruit.
baalakaH paThati
shiShyaH namati
agrajaH vadati
न ऩमत janakaH pashyati
ऩ मरम त putraH vidyaalaya.n gachchhati
धत ashvaH dhaavati
परत vRRikshaH phalati
The servant तठत is sevakaH standing. tiShThati
agraja
vad
न
janaka
dRRish
ऩ
भ
putra
gam
ध
ashva
dhaav
पर
vRRiksha
phal
थ
sevaka
sthaa
Notes
ररय or
laTlakaara is the
only verb-form to represent present tense. Unlike English where simple present (verb + s, verb + es) and present-continous (verb + ing) forms are possible, in Sanskrit laTlakaara represents both. So, "the boy reads" and "the boy is reading" will have sameverb-forms.
The beggar wanders.
ब टत bhikshukaH aTati
He is laughing.
त
The mother cooks. The son is laughing.
The girl writes poems.
She is drinking milk.
saH hasati
ब
bhikshuka
aT
त (ऩ )
tad (pu.n)
has
फ ऩत
फ
ऩ
ambaa pachati
ambaa
pach
त त
त
sutaH hasati
suta
has
फर ऩमन रत
फर
र
baalaa
likh
baalaa padyaani likhati
द ध ऩत saa dugdha.n pivati
म बत
त ( )
ऩ
tad (strii)
paa
sandhyaa bhavati
म
ब
sandhyaa
bhuu
The goat grazes.
यत
य
ajaH charati
aja
char
She is leading.
नमत
It is evening.
The flower blooms. The fruit falls. Friend is giving.
Artists are sketching.
saa nayati
ऩ ऩ त
त ( )
न
tad (strii)
nii
ऩ ऩ
+
puShpa.n vikasati
puShpa
परभ ऩतत
पर
ऩत
phala
pat
भ
म
mitra
yachchh
य
र
phalam patati
भ मत mitra.n yachchhati
य रत
chitrakaaraaH chitrakaara likhanti
बय त
Porters are बय bhaaravaahaaH carrying. bhaaravaaha vahanti
vi + kas
likh
vah
य धत
Theives are choraaH running. dhaavanti Washermen are washing.
य रमत
Carpenters do carpentry.
त तत
rajakaaH kshaalayanti
takshakaaH takshanti
म मत
Singers are gaayakaaH singing. gaayanti
नट न मत
Dancers are naaTaaH dancing. nRRityanti Cooks are cooking.
ऩ ऩत paachakaaH pachanti
Devotees बत मत are bhaktaaH meditating. dhyaanti
They smell flowers.
They remember.
Barbers shave.
Weavers weave.
Goats graze.
Fruits shake. You are
त ऩ ऩण त te puShpaaNi jighranti
त भयत te smaranti
नऩत भ डमत naapitaaH muNDayanti
तत म मत tantuvaayaaH vayanti
यत ajaaH charanti
परन प यत
य
ध
chora
dhaav
य
र
rajaka
kshaal
त
त
takshaka
taksh
म
gaayaka
gai
नट
न त
naTa
nRRit
ऩ
ऩ
paachaka
pach
बत bhakta
त (ऩ ) tad (pu.n)
त (ऩ )
म dhyai
ghraa
भ
tad (pu.n)
smRRi
नऩत
भ
naapita
muND
तत म
-
tantuvaaya
य
aja
char
पर
-
phaalaani sphuranti
phala
ऩ त ऩठ
म भ
ऩ
reading the tva.n book. pustaka.n paThasi
yusmad
paTh
You are saluting.
नभ
म भ
नभ
tva.n namasi
yusmad
nam
You are speaking.
द
म भ
tva.n vadasi
yusmad
vad
म भ
yusmad
dRRish
म भ
ऩत
yusmad
pat
म भ
न
yusmad
nii
म भ
न
yusmad
nind
भ
asmad
iSh
भ
न त
asmad
nRRit
ऩम You see.
All of you fall. All of you are leading. All of you rebuke.
tva.n pashyasi
म म ऩतथ yuuya.n patatha
म म नमथ yuuya.n nayatha
म म नदथ yuuya.n nindatha
भ भ I wish.
I am dancing.
aham ichchhaami
भ न मभ aham nRRityaami
I remember.
भ भयभ
भ
भ
aham smaraami
asmad
smRRi
I reside.
भ भ
भ
aham vasaami
asmad
vas
भ न ऩ भ
भ
asmad
prachchh
भ
asmad
krriD
भ
र
asmad
likh
I am asking a question. aham prashna.n pRRichchhaami
म डभ We play.
We are writing.
vaya.n kriiDaamaH
म रभ vaya.n likhaamaH
We are drinking.
म ऩफभ vaya.n pibaamaH
भ
ऩ
asmad
paa
Future Tense -
रब /
English
The boy will read.
त /
/
lRRiTlakaara
Sanskrit
फर ऩठमत baalakaH paThiShyati
मरम भमत
The student will go to chchhaatraH vidyaalaya.n school. gamiShyati They will speak.
त दमत te vadiShyanti
य रमत
Artist will sketch the chitrakaaraH chitra.n picture. likhiShyati
द
धत
Noun
Verb
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
भ
chchhaatra
gam
त (ऩ )
tad (pu.n)
vad
य
र
chitrakaara
likh
म
ब
sandhyaa
bhuu
It will be evening.
म बमत
Teacher will teach.
ऩठममत
ऩ /
guruH paaThayiShyati
guru
paaTh
ऩ ऩण मत
ऩ ऩ
+
puShpaaNi vikasiShyanti
puShpa
vi + kas
Barber will shave.
नऩत भ डममत
नऩत
भ
naapita
muND
You will read.
ऩठम
म भ
ऩ
tva.n paThiShyasi
yusmad
paTh
You all will play.
म म डमथ
म भ
vaya.n kriiDiShyatha
yusmad
kriiD
I will go.
भमभ
भ
भ
aha.n gamiShyaami
asmad
gam
I will write letter.
ऩभ रमभ
भ
र
aha.n patram likhiShyaami
asmad
likh
We will play.
म डमभ
भ
vaya.n kriiDiShyaamaH
asmad
kriiD
The flowers will bloom.
sandhyaa bhaviShyati
naapitaH muNDayiShyati
Notes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Past Tense -
/ laN^lakaara
रब /
त /
द
धत
English
Sanskrit
Noun
Verb
baalakaH apaThat
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
He played.
डत
त (ऩ )
She stood.
तठत
The boy read/was reading.
Cobbler gave the sandal.
फर ऩठत
saH akriiDat
भय ऩदयभ मत
म भभ दत
The tiger ate flesh. vyaaghraH maa.nsam akhaadat
भय भ भ ऩमत maarjaaram muuShakam apashyat
म ऩभ रत
The friend wrote a vayasaH letter. patram alikhat
They laughed.
भय
charmakaarah charmakaara paadarakshaam ayachchhat
The lion killed the si.nhaH deer. mRRigam amaarayat
One went to village.
त ( )
saa atiShThat tad (strii)
भ भ भयमत
The cat saw the rat.
tad (pu.n)
ए भभ त ekaH graamam agachchhat
त न te ahasan
kriiD
थ sthaa
म
laN^lakaara is the
only verb-form to represent past tense. Unlike English where simple past and past-continous (verb + ing) forms are possible, in Sanskrit laN^lakaara represents both. So, "the boy went" and "the boy was going" will have same verbforms. Past tense can also be
भ
si.nha
mRRi
म
vyaaghra
khaad
भय
maarjaara
dRrish
म
र
vayasa
likh
ए
भ
eka
gam
tad (pu.n)
ररय or
yachchh
त (ऩ )
Notes
has
represented using तत (tavat) prefix with the verbs. This has been covered in a different chapter.
Students played.
Thieves stole the box.
Students asked question.
Bisons grazed grass.
Women sang.
Snakes swallowed frogs.
Porters bore the burden.
Fishermen took away the fish.
You ran.
You danced.
You read.
डन chchhaatraaH akriiDan
य ऩटभ यन choraaH peTikaam aharan
नभ ऩ न chchhaatraaH prashnam apRRichchhan
भ त णन यन mahiShaaH tRiNaani acharan
भर मन mahilaaH agaayan
ऩ भड न रन sarpaaH maNDuukaan agilan
chchhaatra
kriiD
य
य
chora
har
chchhaatra
prachchh
भ
य
mahiSha
char
भर
mahilaa
gai
ऩ
र
sarpa
gil
बय
bharavaaha
vah
धय
न
dhivara
nii
भ ध
म भ
ध
tvam adhaavaH
yusmad
dhaav
बय बयभ न bhaaravaahaaH bhaaram avahan
धय भनभ नमन dhivaraaH miinam anayan
भ न म tvam anRRityaH
म भ
न त
yusmad
nRRit
भ ऩठ
म भ
ऩ
tvam apaThaH
yusmad
paTh
म म ऩ तभ ऩमत
All of you saw the yuuya.n book. pustakam apashyat
म म दत
All of you yuuya.n ate. akhaadataH I saluted the teacher.
भ नभभ aha.n guruum anamam
म भ
yusmad
dRRish
म भ
yusmad
khaad
भ
नभ
asmad
nam
भ
भ
asmad
smRRi
भ
asmad
ghraa
भ
asmad
dRRish
भ
र
asmad
likh
भ
asmad
vad
भ
asmad
khaad
भ
asmad
kriiD
मभ
I remembered भयभ aha.n the viShayam matter. asmaram I smelt the flower.
I saw the picture.
I wrote a letter.
ऩ ऩभ भ aha.n puShpam ajighram
भ ऩमभ aha.n chitram apashyam
ऩभ रभ aha.n patram alikham
मभ दभ We spoke.
vayam avadaama
मभ दभ We ate.
vayam akhaadaama
मभ डभ We played. vayam akriiDaama
Imperative Mood - / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
रब /
English
त /
Sanskrit
द
धत
Noun
Verb
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
फर
र likh
Let the boy read.
फर ऩठत
Let the boy write.
फर रत baalakaH likhatu
baalaka
Let him carry.
त
त (ऩ )
saH vahatu
tad (pu.n)
Let the singer sing.
म मत
म
Let her run.
धत
baalakaH paThatu
gaayakaH gaayatu
gaayaka
त ( )
vah
gai
ध
saa dhaavatu
tad (strii)
dhaav
Let the servant wash.
रमत
+ र
sevaka
prakshaal
Let the girl read.
फर ऩठत
फर
ऩ
baalaa paThatu
baalaa
paTh
न ऩ त
chchhaatra
prachchh
Let the student ask question.
sevakaH prakshaalayatu
chchhaatra prashna.n pRRichchhatu
Let the dancers dance.
नट न मत
नट
न त
naTaaH nRRityantu
naTa
nRRit
Let them reside.
त त
Let the beggars wander.
te vasantu
ब टत bhikshukaaH aTantu
त (ऩ )
tad (pu.n)
vas
ब
bhikshuka
aT
Let the women see.
भर ऩमत
You go.
म भ
भ
tva.n gachchha
yusmad
gam
You stand up.
तठ
म भ
थ
tva.n uttiShTha
yusmad
sthaa
You drink.
ऩफ
म भ
ऩ
tva.n piba
yusmad
paa
All of you speak.
म म दत
म भ
yuuya.n vadata
yusmad
vad
All of you go.
म म त
म भ
भ
mahilaaH pashyantu
भर
dRRish
Notes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
yuuya.n gachchhata
yusmad
gam
All of you see.
म म ऩमत
म भ
yuuya.n pashyata
yusmad
dRRish
Let me go.
न
भ
भ
aha.n gachchhaani
asmad
gam
Let me write.
रन
भ
र
aha.n likhaani
asmad
likh
Let me read.
ऩठन
भ
ऩ
aha.n paThaani
asmad
paTh
Let us drink.
म ऩभ
भ
ऩ
vaya.n pivaama
asmad
paa
Let us ask.
म ऩ भ
भ
vaya.n pRRichchhaama
asmad
prachchh
Let us sing.
म मभ
भ
vaya.n gaayaama
asmad
gai
Optative Mood -
/
त /
द
धत
English
Sanskrit
Noun
Verb
फर
ऩ
baalaka
paTh
-
ब
It may rain today.
फर ऩठत baalakaH paThet
म ट बत adya vRRiShTi.n bhavet
ऩठत
Students should study. chchhaatraaH paThet Dancers may dance. Mother may cook.
नट न मम
bhuu
ऩ
chchhaatra
paTh
naTaaH nRRityeyuH
नट
न त
naTa
nRRit
फ ऩत
फ
ऩ
ambaa pachet
ambaa
pach
र
sevaka
kshaal
ण
Servant रमत should wash the cloathes. sevakaH vaastraaNi
-
-
-
-
-
-
vidhailiN^lakaara
रब / The boy should/may read.
-
Notes
धररय or vidhailiN^lakaararepresents both should (should + verb)and may (may + verb) in the sentence. So, "the boy should go" and "the boy may go" will have the same verb-forms.
kshaalayet They may stay.
त तठमभ te tiShTheyam
मरम त
She may go to saa school. vidyaalaya.n gachchhet
Boys may eat the fruits.
Women may sing.
फर परन दम baalaaH phalaani khaadeyuH
भर मम mahilaaH gaayeyuH
त (ऩ ) tad (pu.n)
त ( ) tad (strii)
थ sthaa
भ gam
फर
baala
khaad
भर
mahilaa
gai
You should salute the teacher.
भ नभ tvam gurum name
म भ
नभ
yusmad
nam
You should read.
भ ऩठ
म भ
ऩ
tvam paThe
yusmad
paTh
भ दरम
म भ
भ
yusmad
gam
म भ
भ
yusmad
smRRi
म भ
yusmad
dRRish
भ
ऩ
asmad
paTh-
भ
asmad
kriiD
भ
र
You should go tvam to temple. devaalaya.n gachchhe All of you should remember the matter. All of you should see the picture.
म म म भयत yuya.n viShya.n smareta
म म ऩमत yuya.n chitra.n pashyeta
ऩ त ऩठमभ
I should read aha.n the book. pustaka.n paTheyam
डमभ I may play.
aha.n kriiDeyam
I should
ऩ रमभ
write the letter.
aha.n patra.n likheyam
म द ध ऩभ
We should drink milk.
vaya.n digdha.n pivema
म भ भ We may go to village.
vaya.n graama.n gachchhema
asmad
likh
भ
ऩ
asmad
paa
भ
भ
asmad
gam
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Noun
Forms
Or
Cases
( /
shabdarupa):
In chapter 1 we were introduced
with noun (द / shabda), noun-form (दऩ / shabdarupa), verb (म / kriyaa)
and
their
use.
To summarise - noun or shabda (द ) is the word that represents someone or something in a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a verb. In Sanskrit shabda (द ) is the base or root of all noun-forms (दऩ ). Each noun-form is a derivative or shabdarupa (दऩ ) of it's root. For example "boy" as a root can have different singular forms representing "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/to the boy", "from the boy", "of the boy" and "in the boy". We will study noun-forms in detail. Followings are few features of nounforms.
In a sentence the verb always follows the number and case of the subject (त / kartaa). The subject's gender has no effect on the verb-form.
Each noun can have 3 numbers (न / vachana) and 7 cases (बत / vibhakti).
So,
a noun can
have
21
different
forms
(दऩ /
shabdarupa) each associating a specific meaning to thenoun. Besides the cases a vocative case is also added to the 7 different cases. This makes a noun to have 24 different forms.
The
a noun are singular (एन
3 numbers in
ekavachana), dual (न
/
dvivachana),
and plural (फ न
/ /
bahuvachana). The dual form is specific to Sanskrit language and is not seen in any other language.
The followings are the 7 different cases of a noun.
थभ / prathamaa Case 2 - Accusative -> तम / dvitiiyaa Case 3 - Instrumental -> त तम / tRRitiiya Case 4 - Dative -> त थ / chaturthii Case 5 - Ablative -> ऩञभ / paJNamii Case 6 - Genitive -> ठ / ShaShThii Case 7 - Locative -> तभ / saptamii Vocative -> फधन / sambodhana Case 1 - Nominative ->
In coming chapters we will learn the noun cases or
बत (vibhakti) in
detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the different nounforms we have used commonly used nouns for sentence composition. The complete noun-forms of these nouns are listed at the end of each chapter for easy reference. At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
<< Prev - Index - Next >> Nominative Case /
(prathamaa
vibhakti):
Nominative Case or
थभ बत
(prathamaa vibhakti) represents the noun-form to represent the "who" or "what" on the verb in the sentence. In other words nominative case represents the subject or or त (kartaa) of the sentence. Study the following sentences. These are in nominative case. case. In the previous chapters we have already come across these sentence formations. These are mentioned again for completness.
रब / /
English
/ त /
1. The boy is going.
फर त
2. Poet is writing.
रत
3. Teachers are speaking. 4. Girl is reading. 5. River is flowing.
baalaH gachchhati kaviH likhati
य दत य guravaH vadanti
फर ऩठत baalaa paThati
नद त nadii vahati
6. I am asking.
ऩ भ भ
7. Sita is singing.
त मत
8. Fruit is falling. 9. Vehicle is moving. 10. The book is there. 11. There is no water.
Notes
Sanskrit
aha.n pRRichchhaami siitaa gaayati
पर ऩतत phala.n patati
मन रत
Words like fruit ( पर / / phala), vehicle
yaana.n chalati
(मन / / yaana),
ऩ तभ त तभ
त / book (ऩ / त pustaka), water
pustakam asti
र नत jala.n naasti
(र / / jala) and
ऩ / flower ( ऩ / ऩ
12. Flower is blooming.
ऩ ऩ त ऩ puShpa.n vikasati
puShpa) etc., are of neuter gender. They have the same noun-form or shabdarupa as boy (फर / / baala) except the nominative and accusative cases which have slightly different forms. Refer पर (phala) shabda below for thenominative case forms of these.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "who is going?", the answer that comes is "boy". So, boy is the subject in in the sentence and the noun-form is in nominative case or case or prathamaa prathamaa vibhakti . Similarly in sentence 8, if we ask the question "what is falling?", the answer that comes is "fruit". In this fruit is the subject . So, answer to the question "who" or "what" is the subject of the sentence and is always in nominative case. case. The verb form follows the number or or न (vachana) of the noun. The followings are few rules where the nominative case must be used as the noun-form. Grammatical Rule: In active voice statements the subject in the sentence is always in nominative case. Grammatical nominative
Rule: case.
In passive voice statements the object follows the The subject follows the instrumental case.
Nominative Case ( थभ Word
Gender
बत / /
Singular
prathamaa vibhakti)
Dual
Plural
Similar Words
द
र
Boy
फर / /
Creeper
रत / /
lataa
River
नद / /
nadii
Fruit
परभ /
ऩ
M -
baala
phalam
एन
F -
F -
N -
नऩ
न
फ न न
फर
फर
फर
baalah
baalau
baalaaH
रत
रत
-
रत
-
lataa
late
lataaH
नद
नम
नम
nadii
nadau
nadyaH
परभ
पर
परन
phalam
phale
phalaani
-
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Accusative Case /
(dvitiiyaa
vibhakti): Accusative
Case or
तम बत
(dvitiiyaa vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to what" or "to whom" of the sentence. In other wordsaccusative words accusative case represents the object or or भ (karmaa)
in
the
sentence.
Study the following sentences. These are in accusative case. case.
रब / /
English
1. The painter is painting a portrait. 2. The carpenter is chopping wood. 3. Poets are writing songs. 4. Enemies are attacking the city. 5. Studetns are singing the stanzas.
/ त /
Sanskrit
य रत chitrakaaraH chitra.n likhati
त ठ तत takshakaH kaaShTha.n takshati
म ऩमन रत kavayaH padyaani likhanti
नयभ भत shatravaH nagariim aakraamanti
रन मत chchhaatraaH shlokaan
Notes In these sentences portrait ( / / chitra), wood (ठ / / kaaShTha), songs ( ऩम / / padya), city (नय / / nagarii), stanza ( र / / shloka), permission
भत / (न / भत anumati),
gaayanti 6. Commette gave the permission. 7. Boy is going to school. 8. Girl is reading the book.
भत न भतभ मत samiti anumatim ayachchhat
फर मरभ त
school ( मरम / vidyaalaya) and book ( ऩ त / pustaka) are objects.
baalaH vidyaalayam gachchhati
फर ऩ तभ ऩठत baalaa pustakam paThati
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the painter painting?", the answer that comes is "the portrait". So, "portrait" is the object in the sentence and the noun-form is in accusative case or dvitiiyaa vibhakti . Similarly in sentence 6, if we ask the question "what did the commette gave?", the answer that comes is "permission". In case of sentence 7, if we ask the question "where is the boy going to?", the answer that comes is "school". So, answer to the question "to what", "to whom" or "to where" etc., is the object in the sentence and is always in accusative case. The verb form is न (vachana) of the object . independent of the number or Grammatical Rule: In active voice sentences the object always inaccusative case.
Besides the above rule there are few special rules where accusative case is used. Followings are examples of these.
रब /
English
9. Tigress lives in the forest.
10. Parvati lives in the Himalays.
त /
Sanskrit
म नभ धतठत / धत vyaaghrii vanam adhitiShThati / adhivasati
ऩत रयभ
Notes Verbs तठत (tiShThati) and त (vasati) prefixed with prepositions ( ऩ / upasarga)
ध
धत
(adhi) or
ऩ (upa).
paarvatii kailaasagiriim adhivasati
11. Rama lives in village.
12. Around the Himalayas there are forests.
13. Inside the pond there is a temple. 14. Around the house there is a wall.
15. Near the school there is a garden.
16. Both side of river there are hills.
17. Inside the pond there are blue lotuses.
18. Near the school there are shops.
19. Solders went on
यभ भ ऩत /धत raamaH graama.n upavasati / adhivasati
भरमभ बत यमन त himaalayam abhitaH araNyaani santi
यय तय भदय त sarovara.n antaraa mandira.n asti
ऩयत य त gRRiha.n paritaH praachiira.n asti
Use of indeclinable
बत (abhitaH), बमत (ubhayataH), vidyaalaya.n nikaShaa भम (samayaa), udyaana.n asti न (nikaShaa), नद बमत ऩनन त तय (antaraa) and nadii.n ubhayataH ऩयत (paritaH) to sopaanaani santi मरम न मन त
यय तय नरऩरन त sarovara.n antaraa niilotpalaani santi
मरम भम ऩण त vidyaalaya.n samayaa aapaNaaH santi
न भभ बमत
represent location.
both sides of the road.
20. Behind father son is going.
21. There are many fruits above (on top of) the tree.
22. The girl is singing beautifully. 23. The boy is looking with surprise. 24. It is raining everywhere in the country.
25. Madhu read grammar for a month.
26. The mountain spreads two yojanas. 27. Without teacher there is no knowledge.
28. Go upto home. 29. Tiger is running
त sainikaaH maargam ubhayataH agachchhat
ऩतय न ऩ त pitara.n anu putraH gachchhati
ऩय ऩम न परन त vRRiksha.n upayupari vahuni phalaani santi
Use of indeclinable
न (anu), ऩम ऩय (upayupari), मध (adhyaaghi), धध (adhodhaH) representing before, after, above, towards top location.
फर भध य मत baalikaa madhura.n gaayati
फर मभ ऩमत baalaH saashcharyam pashyati
Use of verbal adjective or
मण (kriyaavisheShaNa).
द त बत desha.n sarvataH varShaa bhavanti
भध भ मयण ऩठतन madhuH maasa.n vyaakaraNa.n paThitavaan
Expressing spread of time or space.
य मन तत giriH dviyojana.n varttate
न म नत
Use of indeclinable
guru.n vinaa vidyaa naasti
(RRite) etc.
मत gRRiha.n yaavat gachchha
म त धत
न (vinaa), ऋत त मत
Use of words
(prati), (yaavat) etc.
towards the goat.
vyaagraH chhaaga.n prati dhaavati
भ ध
30. Fie on fool.
Use of word dhik.
murkha.n dhik
ध
तठत (tiShThati) and त (vasati) meaning the preposition ( ऩ / upasarga) ध (adhi)
Grammatical Rule: If the verbs lives or stays are prefixed with
or ऩ (upa), then the word expressing the location will follow accusative case instade of locative case.
In sentence 9 above the answer to question "where does tigress live?" should be "in the forest". The noun-form should be in locative case i.e., न (adhi) the accusative
त (vasati) is prefixed with preposition ध case नभ (vanam) is used instade of locative case.
Sentence
and
(vane). However since the verb
Grammatical
10
Rule:
If
the
11
use
then
the
word
the
same
rule.
बत (abhitaH), बमत (ubhayataH), तय (antaraa) and ऩयत (paritaH) etc., are
indeclinables
भम (samayaa), न (nikaShaa), in
follow
expressing
location
will
be
in
accusative
case.
In sentence 12 above the answer to question "where are the forests?" should be "around Himalayas". Similarly in sentence 13 if we ask the question "where is the temple?", the answer will be "inside the pond". However in these case indeclinables बत (abhitaH) and ऩयत (paritaH) are used to express the location. Hence the words expressing the location (Himalayas and pond) are inaccusative case. Sentences 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18 and 19 follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When indeclinables न (anu), ऩम ऩय (upayupari), मध (adhyaadhi) etc., are used, words governed by these will be in accusative case.
Sentences
20
and
21
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: Verbal Adjective ( मण / kriyaavisheShaNa) expressing
the characteristic accusative
or
attribute
of
the
verb
in
the
sentence
will
be in case.
In sentence 22 above if the question is asked "how is the girl singing?" the answer that comes is "beautifully". Here beautifully is an attribute or verbal adjective for the verb "singing". Since the word beautifully is a verbal adjective or मण (kriyaavisheShaNa) it is in accusative case. Sentence 23
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When a word represents a spread of time or space then it takes the accusative form.
In sentence 24 above the word "everywhere" expresses a spread of space. So, the word country has taken the accusative case द (desha.n) instead
द (deshe). Similarly in sentence 25 "for a month" expresses time. So, the word month has taken the accusative case भ
of locative case a span of
(maasa.n). Sentence 26 follow this rule as it expresses a span of space.
Grammatical Rule: When words न (vinaa) or used, words governed by it will
In sentence 27 the word
न
(guru)
ऋत (RRite) be
in
meaning "without" is accusative case.
is in accusative case as the indeclinable
(vinaa)
is
in
use.
Grammatical Rule: If the words त (prati) and मत (yaavat) are in use then the words governed by these will be in accusative case. Sentences
28
and
Grammatical Rule: When word in In sentence 30 the word (dhik)
29
follow
this
rule.
ध (dhik)
is used, words governed by it will be accusative case.
भ (murkha) is
is in accusative case as the word ध in use.
Accusative Case ( तम
बत /
dvitiiyaa vibhakti)
Word
Gender
Singular
द
र
एन
न
फ न
फरभ
फर
फरन
baalam
baalau
baalaan
रतभ
रत
Boy फर / baala
M -
Creeper रत / lataa River
नद /
nadii
Fruit
परभ /
phalam
ऩ
F -
F -
N -
नऩ
Dual
Plural
Similar Words -
रत
-
lataam
late
lataaH
नदभ
नम
नद
nadiim
nadau
nadiiH
परभ
पर
परन
phalam
phale
phalaani
-
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Instrumental Case /
(tRRitiiya
vibhakti): Instrumental
Case or
त तम बत
(tRRitiiya vibhakti) of noun-form represents the instrumental form in a sentence. The answer that comes from the question "by what" or "with what" is the instrument in the sentense. The instrument is with what the subject or त (kartaa) is doing something. The instrument is independent
of
thenumber and
gender
of
the subject or object .
Study the following sentences. These are in instrumental case.
रब /
English
1. Farmer is ploughing with plough.
2. I am cutting with axe.
3. Teacher wrote using pen. 4. You are touching with
त /
Sanskrit
र रन त
Notes
य रम रन
Here plough ( र / hala), axe (ऩय / parashu), pen (रन / lekhanii), hand (य / kara),
guravaH lekhanyaa alikhan
teeth ( दत / danta) and food
यण ऩ
(बन /
kRRiShivalaH halena karShati
ऩय न डमभ aha.n parashunaa khaNDayaami
hand.
tva.n kareNa spRRishasi
bhojana), flower ( ऩ ऩ / puShpa),
ऩ दत दत
5. Snakes bites with teeth.
knowledge ( म / vidyaa),
sarpaH dantaiH dashati
garland ( भर / maalaa) are the instruments for the respective verbs and are in instrumental case.
तथम बनन भदत
6. Guest is happy with food.
atithayaH bhojanena modanti
7. Garland is made using flower.
भर ऩ ऩ बत maalaa puShpaiH bhavati
मम
8. You live with knowledge.
tva.n vidyayaa jivasi
9. (I) will decorate God with garland.
भरब दभ रयभ maalaabhiH devam alaN^karomi
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the farmer is ploughing with?", the answer that comes is "with the plough". So, "plough" is the instrument in the sentence and the noun-form is in instrumentsl case or tRRitiiya vibhakti . Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question "what are you touching with?", the answer that comes is "with hand". In case of sentence 6, if we ask the question "what is the guest happy with?", the answer that comes is "with food". So, hand and food are in instrunmental case. Grammatical Rule: The word expressing "by what" or "with what" pertaining to the verb will be in instrumental case.
Sentences
1
and
9
also
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are some special rules where insrtumental case is used. Followings are the examples of these.
रब / English 10. Women
त /
Sanskrit
म ब डन
Notes Use of words
played with the children.
striyaH shishubhiH saha akriDan
11. Teacher went with the students.
भ त
12. Sita roams with Rama.
त यभण ध यत
13. Krishna came with me.
guruH chchhaatraiH saakam agachchhat
भ (saakam), (saha),
(saarddha.n) and भ (sama.n)
siitaa raameNa saardha.n viharati
ण भम भ तन kRRiShNaH mayaa saakam aagatavaan
14. Gopal went with him.
तन ऩर त
15. Friendship with evil not worth.
द न भ न तम न
tena saaka.n gopaalaH gataH
durjanena sa maitrii na karttavyaa
भम / // भम 16. You will go with me. 17. Without effort knowledge is not achievable.
tva.n mayaa saha/saaka.n/samsa.n/saardsha.n gamiShyasi
भण न म न रमत shrameNa vinaa vidyaa na labhyate
18. Without water life is impossible.
रन तयण नभ बभ
19. What is life without knowledge.
म न नन भ
20. He is blind with eyes.
ण ण
21. What shall mirror do to one
यमत रनम नम दऩण
jalena antareNa jiivanam asambhavam
Use of words तयण (antareNa) and
न (vinaa).
vidyaa.n vinaa jiivanam kim
saH akshNaa kaaNaH
lochanabhyaa vihinasya darpaNaH
The words - eyes (रन / lochana), ears (ण / karNa) and foot (ऩद / paada) are
without eyes. ki.n kariShyati
expressing lameness of organ or body part.
22. He is deaf with ears.
णम धय
23. He is lame with foot.
ऩदन
24. Rama is naughty by nature.
यभ म / बन ऩर
25. He is running speedily.
न धत
The words -
saH vegena dhaavati
26. Rama is living happily.
यभ तठत न
nature ( त / prakRRiti),
27. Named Rama
नन यभ
28. The girl is beautiful by face.
फर म
29. Simple by nature.
बन यर
30. Haunters are normally poor.
य मण दय
31. Let the boy go quickly.
फर ररम / न / यम त
32. They came in one queue.
ए न भण त
33. I am kshatriya (warrior) by caste. 34. Boys are roaming by their wish.
saH karNaabhyaa.n vadhiraH
saH paadena khaJNjaH
raamaH prakRRityaa / svaabhavena chapalaH
raamaH sukhena tiShThati
naamnaa raamaH
baalikaa akRRityaa chaaruH
svaabhaavena saralaH
shavaraaH praayeNa daridraaH
baalaH liilayaa / vegena / tvarayaa gachchhatu ekena krameNa aagachchhata
म म aha.n jaatyaa kshatriya
फर म भत baalakaaH svechchhayaa bhramanti
nature ( ब / svaabhava), speedily ( / vega), happily ( / sukha), face ( त / aakRRiti), normally ( म / praaya), quickly (ररम / liilayaa), quickly ( यम / tvarayaa), queue (भ / krama), caste ( त / jaati) and wish ( / svechchhaa) are expressing nature or characteristics.
35. Rama is younger to you by one year. 36. Gopala is younger to Shyama by a month.
यभ त ण फय raamaH tvat varSheNa abaraH
ऩर मभत भन ऩय gopaalaH shyaamaat maasena paraH
37. He is elder to me by a month.
भत भन ऩ
38. Sage by matted lock.
टब तऩ
39. Brahmin by sacredthread?
ऩतन भण
40. Body shivers due to cold.
तन ययभ ऩत
41. He is heart broken due to sadness.
Use of words elder ( ऩ / puurvaH), younger (य / avaraH) and younger ( ऩय / paraH) to compare age.
saH mat maasena puurvaH
jaTaabhiH taapasaH
upavitena vraahmaNa.n
shiitena shariiram kampate
Use of words matted-lock ( ट / jaTaa), sacredthread ( ऩत / upavita) as mark of identification.
The words - cold (त / shiita),
द न बनदम duHkhena saH bhagnahRRidiyaH
42. Hari is seen through merit.
ऩ मन ट य
43. He is suffering due to fever.
यण ऩडत
44. He is crying due to hunger.
धम दत
45. I have need of study.
भभ ऩठन मनभ
46. What is the need of quarreling?
रन भ ?
puNyena dRRiShTaH hariH
saH jvareNa piiDitaH
sadness ( द / duHkha), merit (ऩ म / puNya), fever ( य / jvara) and hunger (ध / kshudhaa) are expressing the cause or reason of something.
saH kshudhayaa krandati
mama paaThena prayojanam
kalahena kim?
Use of words
मनभ (prayojanam),
भ (kim) and रभ (alam) to
47. Quarrelling is waste.
दन रभ
48. Do not have need in wealth?
धनन मन नत ?
49. Less by knowledge.
नन न
50. Less by wealth.
धनन म
51. He is less by wealth.
धनन ऊन/ म/न
52. The temple was built in a year.
भदय ण नभत बत
53. Rama read Sanskrit in a month.
यभ भन तभ ऩठत raamaH maasena sa.nskRRitam apaThat
month ( भ / maasa) represent the time taken to achieve some result.
54. I bought the book with five coins.
ऩभ ब ऩ तभ तन
The words - five
55. He bought the toy with ten coins.
दभ ब डन तन
56. The lustful person is giving money to the maid.
57. Rama is going on a
vivaadena alam
express the need or necessity of something.
dhanena prayojana.n naasti?
dnyaanena hiinaH dhanena shuunyaH saH dhanena uunaH / shuunyaH / hiinaH
mandira.n varSheNa nirmita.n abhavat
aha.n paJNchamudraabhiH pustakam kriitavaan
saH dashamudraabhiH kriiDanaka.n kriitavaan
भ दम मत kaamukaH daasyaa sa.nyachchhate
यभ नन भ ण त raamaH anenna maargeNa
Use of words न (hiinaH),
म (shuunyaH) and ऊन (uunaH) to express lack of something. The words - year ( / varSha) and
coins ( ऩभ / paJNchamudraa)and ten coins ( दभ / dashamudraa) are representing the value or cost of something. Giving something to perform some imoral or indecent act. In this caseinstrumental case will be used and not dative case. The word - path (भ / maarga) is
different rout. Grammatical
gachchhati
Rule:
If
the
representing the path followed. indeclinables
(saha),
भ
(saakam),
(saarddha.n), भ (sama.n) etc., meaning with or along with, are used then the words governed by these will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 7 - the word
(saha)
is used to express that the women
played with the children. So, the word "children" is in instrumental case. Sentences 10 and 16 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the words तयण (antareNa) or न (vinaa) meaning without are used the words governed by it will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 17 - the word "effort" or the word
तयण (antareNa)
भ (shrama)
is in instrumental case as
is used to express that without effort knowledge
can not be achieved. Sentences 18 and 19 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If any word expressing lameness in any organ or body part is used then the word representing the organ or body part will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 20 - the word "eyes" or
ण (akshNaa)
is in instrumental
case as this is the organ that has the lameness. Sentences 21, 22 and 23 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word someone or something
expressing the will be
nature in
or characteristics of instrumental case.
In sentence 24 the word "nature" represents a characteristics of Rama. So, the word "nature" or ब (svaabhava) is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 25 the word "speedily" is an attribute or characteristics of him running. Hence the word speedily or (vega) is in instrumental case. In sentence 33 also the word caste or
त (jaati) represents an attribute about
me. So this word is in instrumental case. Sentences 24 to 34 follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like ऩ (puurvaH), ऩय (paraH), य (avaraH) etc., are used to express a comparision in time then the word expressing the sense of time will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 35 the word "younger" or age, and "year" or
ऩय (paraH) is used to compare time or
(varsHa) is the word expressing the sense of time. So,
the word "year" is in instrumental case. Sentences 36 and 37 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing any mark of identification of a person will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 38 - sage is identified by "matted lock" or
ट (jaTaa).
In other
words "matted lock" is the identification symbol to identify a sage. So, the word "matted lock" is in instrumental case. Sentences 39 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: instrumental
The
word
expressing
the
cause
of
something
will
be in case.
In sentence 40 "cold" is the reason for which body shivers. So, the word "cold" or त (shiita) is in instrumental case. Similarly, in sentence 41 "sadness" is the reason for his broken heart. Hence the word
द (duHkha)
is in instrumental case. Sentences 42, 43 and 44 also follow this rule.
(ki.n), मनभ Grammatical Rule: If words like रभ (alam), (prayojanam) etc., are used to express a "sense of need or necessity" then the word representing the thing which is needed will be in instrumental case. In sentence 45 "study is what I have need for". So, the word study or
ऩठ
(paaTha) is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 47 - "quarrelling is waste" also means there is no need or necessity of quarrelling. Hence the word quarrelling or द (vivaada) is in instrumental case. Sentences 46 and 48
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like न (hiina), म (shuunya), ऊन etc., are used to mean lack of something of something, then the words governed by these will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 49 - there is a lack of "knowledge" or in sentence 50 there is a lack of "wealth" or in instrumental
case.
Sentence
51
न (dnyaana).
धन (dhana). also
Similarly
So, thes words are
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the sentencec means achievement of some result after some time then the word expressing the time will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 52 the temple was built in a year. In other words the result was achieved in a year. The word "year" is expressing the time after which the result was achieved. So, the word "year" or (varSha) is in instrumental case.
Sentence
53
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the value or cost of something will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 54 "five coins" express the cost or value of the book. So, it is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 55 "ten coins" is the cost of the toy. So, "ten coins" is in instrumental case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental case and not in dative case.
In sentence 56 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an immoral. So, the word "maid" is in instrumental case instead of dative case.
Grammatical Rule: instrumental
Word
expressing
In sentence 57 the word "rout" or
the
path
that
भ (maarga)
is
followed
will
be in case.
is in instrumental case as it
represents
the
path
that
is
Instrumental Case ( त तम
being
बत /
followed
Gender
Singular
द
र
एन
न
फरन
फरमभ
फर
baalena
baalaabhyaam
baalaiH
रतम
रतमभ
रतब
फर /
baala
Creeper
M -
ऩ
F -
River नद / nadii
F -
Fruit परभ / phalam
N -
नऩ
रत /
lataa
Dual
latayaa
Plural
फ न
lataabhyaam lataabhiH
नम
नदमभ
nadyaa
taken.
tRRitiiyaa vibhakti)
Word Boy
or
नदब
nadiibhyaam nadiibhiH
परन
परमभ
पर
phalena
phalaabhyaam
phalaiH
Similar Words -
-
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Dative Case /
(chaturthii
vibhakti):
Dative Case or
त थ बत (chaturthii
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to whom" or "for whom" of the sentence. In other words dative caserepresents the dative in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in dative case.
रब /
English
1. Give rice to the beggar. 2. I am giving prize to him. 3. Doctor is giving medicine to the
त /
Sanskrit
बम तड र द bhikshukaayaH taNDuula.n dehi
तभ ऩ यय ददभ aha.n tasmai puraskaara.n dadaami
म णम औध मत vaidyaH rugNaaya
Notes The words ब (bhikshuka),
म भ (yusmad), ण (rugNa) and नधन (nirdhana) represent the person to whom something is
patient.
auShadha.n yachchhati
4. Let the rich give money to poor.
5. The lustful person is giving money to the maid.
given.
धन नधनम धन मत dhanikaH nirdhanaaya dhana.n yachhatu Giving something to perform some imoral or indecent act. In this caseinstrumental case will be used and notdative case.
भ दम मत kaamukaH daasyaa sa.nyachchhate
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "give rice to whom?", the answer that comes is "the beggar". So, "beggar" is the dative in the sentence and the noun-form is in dative case orchaturthii vibhakti . Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question "doctor gave medicine to whom?", the answer that comes is "patient". So, answers to the question "to whom" or "for whom" etc., is the dative in the sentence and is always in dative case. The verb form is independent of न the number or (vachana) of thesubject or object . Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given will be in dative case.
Sentence
1,
2,
3
and
4
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental case and not in dative case.
In sentence 5 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an immoral. So, the word "maid" is in instrumental case instead of dative case.
Besides the above rules there are few special rules where dative case is used. Followings are examples of these.
रब /
English
6. Let the author write for the paper. 7. Gold is for necklace. 8. Wife should be accepted for merit/dharma. 9. Wealth becomes egoism. 10. Power is to torment others. 11. Let power be for others' good. 12. Lakshmi hates the knowledgable. 13. He hates the clever. 14. King is angry on the enemies. 15. Gopala is angry on Rama. 16. Do you like sweets?
त /
Notes
Sanskrit
र ऩम र रत lekhakaH patrikaayai lekha.n likhatu
णयम टभ suvarNahaaraaya haaTakam
धभम ऩन णम dharmaaya patnii grahaNiiyaa
ऐमभ यम बत eishcharyam ahaN^kaaraaya bhavati
त ऩयऩडनम बत shaktiH parapiDanaaya bhavati
त ऩयऩयम बत shaktiH paropakaaraaya bhavatu
The words ऩ (patrikaa),
णय (suvarNahaara) and धभ (dharma) represent the things for which something is needed. The words य (ahaN^kaara),
ऩयऩडन (parapiDana) and
ऩयऩय (paropakaara) represent the thing into which something else transforms.
रभ ऩडतम मत lakshmiiH paNDitaaya asuuyati
त यम मत saH chaturaaya asuuyati
य मत raajaa shatruve kRRidhayati
ऩर यभम मत
Use of words मत (kRRidhyati), मत (dRRihyati),
ईमत (iirShyati), मत (asuuyati) etc., expressing hate or dislike.
gopaalaH raamaaya dRRihyati
भद त म यत ? modaka.n tubhya.n rochate vaa?
Use of words like यत (rochate) etc., expressing
17. Girls like flowers. 18. Let everyone like knowledge. 19. Ladies like flowers.
20. I like milk.
21. Child likes to play. 22. Who does not like sweets. 23. Salute to teacher. 24. Salute to Narayana.
फर ऩ ऩम ऩ मत baalikaaH puShpebhyaH spRRihayanti
नम ऩ मत sarve dnyaaya spRRihayantu
ऩ ऩण तणम यत puShpaaNi taruNibhyaH rochante
भम द ध यत mahyaa.n dugdha.n rochate
ड यत shishave kriDaa rochate
भ भद न दत? kasmai modaka.n na svadate?
य नभ gurave namaH
नयमणम नभ naaraayaNaaya namaH
25. Offered to Indra.
म
26. Offered to fire.
नम फ
27. Let good happen to all.
28. Let the guest come home.
fondness or liking for something.
indraaya svaaha agneya baShaT
म त sarvebhyaH svasti
तथम म / भ त atithayaH gRRihaaya/gRRiham aagachchhantu
Use of words like
नभ (namaH), त (svasti), (svaaha), र (ala.n), फ (baShaT) etc. Word Meanings: namaH - salute, svaaha - offered, baShaT - offered, svasti - let good happen. Word expressing the target destination for actions like going or coming can be
29. I will go to village. 30. Shyama is borrowing one hundred from Rama.
31. I do not owe anything to anyone.
32. (Lord Vishnu) Hari owes liberation to worshippers. 33. Mother is showing moon to son. 34. Tell Gangadatta about me.
भम / भभ भ aga.n graamaaya / graamam gachhaami
in accusative case or dative case.
मभ यभम त धयमत shyaamaH raamaaya shata.n dhaarayati
भ त न धयमभ aha.n kasmai kiJNchit na dhaarayaami
Word expressing the person from whom something is borrowed.
य बतम भ धयमत hariH bhaktaaya moksha.n dhaarayati
भत ऩ म दमत maataa puutraaya chandra.n darshayati
दतम भत द थम gaN^gadattaaya mat sandesha.n kathaya
The person with whom the subjectrelates something through his/her action.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressiong the purpose for which certain action is taken or something is needed will be in dative case.
Sentence 6 above means the author should write for the paper. In other words the writing action is for the "paper". So, paper takes the dative case. Similarly in sentence 7 gold is needed for neckless. So, neckless is in the dative case. Sentence 8 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the object into which another object transforms will be in dative case.
In sentence 9 above - wealth turns or transforms into egoism. So, "egoism" is in dative case the object into which wealth transforms. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person (or thing) against whom (or which) anger or hatered is shown will be in dative case.
In sentence 12 above - Laxmi shows hatered towards the "knowledgable". So, the word knowledgable is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 14 the King shows anger towards enemies. So, the word enemy is in dative case. Sentence 13 and 15 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning "liking" are used, the word expressing the person to whom it is a matter of liking will be in dative case.
In sentence 17 above - girls like flowers metter of liking to the girls. So, "girl" is in 21 play is a matter of liking to "child". Sentence 16, 18, 19, 20, and 22
Grammatical Rule: When the words
र (ala.n)
and
reference
फ (baShaT) will
or in other words flowers are a dative case. Similarly in sentence So, the child is in dative case. also follow the same rule.
नभ (namaH), त (svasti), (svaahaa),
are used the words expressing the object of their be in dative case.
In sentence 23 above "teacher" is the object of reference of the word (namaH) or salute. So, the word teacher or Sentence
24,
25,
26
and
27
also
(guru) follow
नभ
is in dative case.
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning going or coming are used the words expressing the destination will be either in accusative case or dative case.
In sentence 28 above "home" is in dative case (or accusative case) as home is the destination. Sentence 29 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When something is borrowed from others the person from whom the thing is borrowed will be in dative case.
In sentence 30 above Shyam has borrowed money from Rama. So, "Rama" is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 32 Hari (Lord Vishnu) borrows liberation or भ (moksha) from the worshipper. So, the word बत (bhakta) or worshipper is in dative case. Sentence 31 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: The person with whom the subject relates something through his or her action will be in dative case.
In sentence 33 above mother is showing the moon to son. In other words mother the subject in in the sentence with her action of showing is relating son with the moon. So, the word son or ऩ case. (putra) is in dative case.
थ Dative Case ( त थ
बत / /
chaturthii vibhakti)
Word
Gender
Singular
द
र
एन
न
फरम
फरमभ
Boy
फर / /
M -
baala
ऩ
Creeper F रत / / lataa
River नद / / nadii
F -
N -
नऩ
phalam
Plural
फ न न फरम
baalaaya baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
रतम
रतमभ
lataayai
नम
रतम
lataabhyaam lataabhyaH
नदमभ
nadyai
Fruit
परभ /
Dual
नदम
nadiibhyaam nadiibhyaH
परम
परमभ
परम म
phalaaya phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
Similar Words -
-
<< Prev - Index - Next >> Ablative
Case
/
(paJNchamii
vibhakti):
Ablative Case or
ऩभ बत
(paJNchamii vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "from whom/what" of the sentence. In other words ablative case represents the ablative in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in ablative case. case.
रब / /
English
1. Leaf fell from the tree.
/ त /
Sanskrit
त ऩण/ऩ ऩतत त vRRikshaat parNa.n / patra.m apatat
Notes The words tree
/ / ( vRRiksha), tree
2. Fruits are falling from the trees.
परन तम ऩतत
(त / / taru) and
phalaani tarubhyaH patanti
horse ( / / ashva) represent the source of separation.
धत त ऩतत
3. He fall from the running horse.
saH dhaavataH ashvaat patitaH
मरमत भ
4. I am coming from the aha.n vidyaalayaat school. aagachchhaami
दत त त त
5. Gods come from heaven.
devataaH svargaat aagachchhanti
The words school ( मरम / vidyaalaya) and heaven ( / svarga) represent the source of coming or going.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "leaf fell from what?", the answer that comes is "the tree". So, "tree" is the ablative ablative in the sentence and the noun-form is in ablative case or case or paJNchamii paJNchamii vibhakti . Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question "where am I coming from?", the answer that comes is "school". So, answer to the question "from whom/what/where" is the ablative in ablative in the sentence and is always in ablative case. case. The verb-form verb-form is independent of the number or or न (vachana) of the subject or or object . Followings are the rules
where ablative
case is
used.
Grammatical Rule: When an object is separated from another the word expressing the object from which the separation happened will be in ablative case.
Sentence
1,
2
and
3
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When someone or something is coming from a place the word expressing the source will be in ablative case.
Sentence
4
and
5
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where ablative case is case is used. Followings are the examples of these.
रब / /
English
/ त /
Sanskrit
6. Waterfall is flowing from the mountain.
नय य य त
7. (River) Ganges flows from Himalayas.
भत बत
8. Animal fears tiger.
nirjharaH gireH sravati
himavataH gaN^gaat prabhahati
भ मत बत त mRRigaH byaaghraat vibheti
Notes The words mountain ( य / / giri) and Himalayas (भत / / himavata) represent the origin or source. The words tiger
(म / यण मत मत byaaghraat), 9. Deer fears tiger. hariNaH vyaaghraat trasyati lion ( / si.nha) and 10. Elephants fear त त मत lion. police ( य / / gajaaH si.nhaat trasyanti aarakshaka) are य यत बत त the sources of 11. Thief fears chauraH aarakshakaat fear. police. vibheti 12. Police protects from thief. 13. Good work protects from fear of hell.
य यत मत / / यत aarakshakaH chauraat traayate / rakshate
धत त म मत नयबमत धभम saadhita.n tu dharmakaarya.n traayate narakabhayaat.
14. Solders protect citizens from enemies.
न न म नयन यत म
15. He accepts defeat from study.
ममनत ऩयमत
16. Good people accept defeat from sin.
धभ ऩऩत ऩयमत dhaarmikaH paapaat paraajayate
17. He is baring the
धनम म यमत
sainikaaH shatrubhyaH naagarikaan rakshante saH adhyanaaat paraajayate.
The words thief (य / / chaura), hell (नयबम / / narakabhaya) and enemy ( / / shatruu) represent things from which protected.
Use of word
ऩय
+ मत (paraa (paraa + jayate) to express defeat. The words paddy
cows from paddy.
saH dhaanebhyaH gaa.n vaarayati
18. Bars from sin and employs in merit.
ऩऩनयमत ममत तम
19. Krishna is hiding from mother.
नरमत ण भत
paapannivaarayaati
kRRiShNaH maatuH niliiyate
(धन / dhaana) and sin ( ऩऩ / paapa) are things from which restrained. The words mother ( भत / maatRRi) and
teacher ( / 20. Student is नरमत guru) represent hiding from teacher. chchhaatraH guruH niliiyate someone from whom hiding.
21. Gauri does not read due to lazyness.
The word lazyness or य रमत रम (aalasya) न ऩठत gaurii aalasyaat n apaThati represents the cause of something.
The words 22. Fruit is created ऩ ऩत पर मत from flower. ऩ / pueHpaat phalam parajaayate flower ( ऩ pueHpa) and lotus ( ऩ / 23. Honey is created ऩत भध मत padma) are from lotus. padmaat madhu prajaayate sources of creation. Use of verbs 24. Good people hate धभ ऩऩत त like hate sin. dhaarmikaH papaat jugupsate ( त / jugupsate), 25. He escapes from reading.
26. Mango is better than Guava.
ऩठनत यभत saH paThanaat viramati.
पर दडभत ठभ aamraphala.n daaNDimaat shreShTham
escapes ( यभत / viramati) etc., expressing hate or dislike. Use of superlative or comparative
adjectives like
रद बब त ठ
27. Kalidasa is better than Bhabhuti. 28. Lakshamana is elder to Satrughna.
kaalidaasaH bhavabhuuteH shreShThaH
better ( ठ / shreShTha)
रभण नत ऩ
earlier ( ऩ / purvaH), later
lakshamaNaH shatrughnaat puurvaH
(ऩय / paraH) etc., to compare.
बभ म धठयत ऩय
29. Bhima is younger bhiimaH yudhiShThiiraat to Yudhisthira. paraH
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the origin or source of something will be in ablative case.
In Sentence 6 - the waterfall flows from the mountain. In other words the mountain is the source of the waterfall. So, the word "mountain" is in ablative case. Sentence 7 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of fear will be in ablative case.
In sentence 9 - deer fears the tiger. In other words tiger is the source of fear. So, the word "tiger" is in ablative case. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word something or someone is
expressing protected
something or someone from which will be in ablative case.
In sentence 12 - police protects from thief. That means thief is the thing from which the police protects. So, the word "thief" is in ablative case. Sentence 13 and 14 also follow this rule.
Grammatical
Rule:
The
word
expressing
the
thing
from
which
defeat
accepted, unable to tolerate or face it, with the use of preposition or
is
ऩ
(upasarga) ऩय before the verb मत (paraajayate) will be in ablative case. Note: If defeat is accepted after facing it bravely, then the word will
be
in
In sentence 15 - word
accusative
ऩयमत (paraajayate)
case.
is used to express "his defeat
from study". In other words it also means - "he is not able to study" or "he is afraid of studies". So, the word "study" is in ablative case. Sentence 16 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word something is opposed or
expressing something from restrained will be in
which someone or ablative case.
In sentence 17 - the cows are being restrained from paddy. So, the word "paddy" is in ablative case. Sentence 18 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing someone or something from which one is hiding from will be in ablative case.
In sentence 19 - Krishna is hiding from mother. So, the word "mother" is in ablative case. Sentence 20 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in ablative case. Note: If the subject is in feminine gender, then it can also be in instrumental case.
In sentence 21 - lazyness or
रम (aalasya)
is the reason of Gauri not
reading. In other words lazyness is the reason of "not reading". So, it is in ablative case.
Grammatical ablative
Rule:
The
word
expressing
the
source
of
creation
will
be in case.
In sentence 22 - fruit is created from flower or in other words "flower is the source of creation" of fruit. So, the word "flower" is in ablative case. Sentence 23 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something to which hate or dislike is expressed will be in ablative case.
Sentence
24
and
25
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When superlative or comparative adjectives such like
ठ
(shreShThaH), ऩ (purvaH), ऩय (paraH) etc., are used the word expressing the thing to which the comparision is being made will be in ablative case.
In sentence 26 - mango is better than guava. So, guava is the thing from which mango is better. Hence the word "guava" is in ablative case. Similarly in sentence 28 - word "earlier" or ऩ (purvaH) is used to mean that Lakshamana is earlier to Satrughna. So, the word "Satrughna" is in ablative case. Sentence 27 and 29 also follow this rule.
Ablative Case ( ऩभ
बत /
paJNchamii vibhakti)
Word
Gender
Singular
द
र
एन
न
फरत
फरमभ
Boy
फर /
baala
Creeper
रत /
lataa
River
नद /
nadii
M -
ऩ
F -
F -
N -
नऩ
Fruit
परभ / phalam
baalaat
रतम
Dual
Plural
फ न फरम
baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
रतमभ
रतम
lataayaaH lataabhyaam lataabhyaH
नम
नदमभ
नदम
nadyaaH
nadiinaam
nadiibhyaH
परत
परमभ
परम
phalaat
phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
Similar Words -
-
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Genitive Case /
(ShaShThii vibhakti): Genitive Case or
ठ बत (ShaShThii
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "whose" of the sentence. In other words genitive case represents thegenitive in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in genitive case.
रब /
English
त /
1. Son of Dasaratha.
दयथम ऩ
2. Krishna's friend.
णम
3. Rise of sun.
म म दम
4. Water of river.
नम रभ
Sanskrit
Notes
dasharathasya putraH kRRiShNasya sakhaa suuryasya udayaH nadyaaH jalam
म धरत 5. Whiteness of moon.
6. Heat of fire. 7. Vrihaspati is the teacher of Gods. 8. Demons are the desciples of Sukracharya.
chandrikaayaa dhavalataa
न र agneH jvaalaa
दन फ ऩत devaanaa.n guruH bRRihaspatiH
मम म य shukraachaaryasya shiShyaaH asuraaH
9. Women's jewellary.
नयणभ बयणभ
10. This is my opinion.
एतत भभ भतभ
11. Ganapati has four hands.
Peron or thing whose relationship with another is being expressed.
naariiNaam aabharaNam etat mama matam
णऩत य त gaNapateH chatvaaraH hastaaH
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "whose son?", the answer that comes is "Dasaratha". So, "Dasaratha" is the genitive in the sentence and the noun-form is in genitive case orShaShThi vibhakti . Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question "whose water?", the answer that comes is "river". So, answer that comes from the question "whose" is the genitive in the sentense and is always in genitive case.Followings are the rules
where genitive
case is
used.
Grammatical Rule: The word denoting a peron or thing whose relationship with another is being expressed will be in genitive case.
In sentence 1 to 11 the words expressing relationship to someone or something are in genitive case.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where genitive case is used. Followings are the examples of these.
रब /
English
12. Among Pandavas Dharmaraja (Yudhisthira) is best. 13. Among trees coconut is the best. 14. There is no comparision of Arjuna. 15. Beauty of Rama.
16. To the south of the school huge banayan tree is there.
17. In front of the teacher students are standing. 18. Child is playing behind mother. 19. Water flows below ground.
त /
Sanskrit
Notes
ऩडन धभय मठ paaNDavaanaa.n dharmaraajaH jyeShThaH
ण नर य ठ
Comparision in group.
vRRikshaaNaa.n naarikeraH shreShThaH
नम त र नत arjunasya tulaa naasti
यभम ऩभ raamasya upamaa
मरमम दणत ए भन ट vidyaalayasya dakshiNaat ekaH mahaan vaTavRRikshaH
म ऩ य तठत shikshakasya puraH chchhaatraaH tiShThanti
भत ऩ यतत डत maatuH purastaat shishuH kriiiDati
Use of words त र (tulaa),
ऩभ (upamaa) etc., for comparision. Expressins direction or location in relation to another using words ऩ य (puraH), ऩ यतत (purastaat), ऩ यत (purataH),
त (agrataH), ऩ ठत (pRRiShThataH),
ब भ धतत /ध र फतत ध (adhaH), bhuumeH adhastaat/adhaH
20.To the north of the village hospital is there.
jala.n barttate
धतत
भम तयत रम त
(adhastaat) etc.
graamasya uttaraat chikitsaalayaH asti
Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word expressing the group will be in genitive case (or alternatively in locative case).
In sentence 13 above the sentence means - coconut tree is best "among the trees". So, the word trees is in genetive case (or alternatively locative case) as it represents the group in which coconut tree is best. Similarly in sentence 12 the word "pandavas" is in genetive case.
Grammatical Rule: If words त र (tulaa), ऩभ (upamaa) etc., expressing comparision are used then word expressing the person or thing being compared will be in genitive case.
In sentence 14 the word "Arjuna" is in genitive case as this is being compared with the use of word त र or tulaa. Sentence 15 also follows the same
rule.
ऩ (purastaat), ऩ य (puraH), ऩ यतत यत (purataH), ऩ (adhastaat) etc., ठत (pRRiShThataH), ध (adhaH), धतत
Grammatical Rule: If the words
त (agrataH),
are used to express direction another, the word expressing
or location the object
In sentence 16 the word south or
of an object in relation to will be in genitive case.
दणत (dakshiNaat)
is used to express
location of the banayan tree in relation to the school. So, the word school is in genitive case. Similarly in sentence 18 the word behind or ऩ यतत (purastaat) expresses the location of the child in relation to mother. So, the word mother is in genitive case. Sentences 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 follow this rule.
Genitive Case ( ठ
बत /
ShaShThii vibhakti)
Word
Gender
Singular
द
र
एन
न
फरम
फरम
फरनभ
baalasya
baalayoH
baalaanaam
रतम
रतम
रतनभ
lataayaaH
latayoH
lataanaam
नम
नदमभ
नदनभ
Boy फर / baala Creeper रत / lataa River
नद /
nadii
M -
ऩ
F -
F -
N -
नऩ
nadyaaH
Fruit
परभ / phalam
Dual
Plural
फ न
nadiibhyaam nadiinaam
परम
परम
परनभ
phalasya
phalayoH
phalaanaam
Similar Words -
-
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Locative Case /
(saptamii vibhakti): Locative Case or
तभ बत (saptamii
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "where" of the sentence. In other words locative case represents the locative in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in locative case.
रब /
English
1. Lotuses are in the lake. 2. Flowers bloom in the creeper. 3. Elephants roam in the forest. 4. Offices are in the city.
त /
Sanskrit
भरन य त kamalaani kaasare santi
ऩ ऩण रतम त puShpaaNi lataayaa.n vikasanti
यम यत gajaaH araNye saJNcharanti
मरम नय बत kaaryaalayaaH nagariishu bhavanti
Notes The words lake (य / kaasara), creeper ( रत / lataa), forest (यम / araNya), city (नय / nagarii), bed (म / shajyaa), land (ब भ / bhuumi),
5. Child is sleeping on the bed.
मम त shishuH shajyaayaa.n shete
ऩणन ब म ऩतत
6. Leaves fall on the ground.
parNaani bhuumyaa.n patanti
7. There are many stories in Mahabharata.
भबयत नथ मत mahaabhaarate anekakathaaH vidyante
Mahabharata (भबयत / mahaabhaarata) and all ( / sarva) are expressing location of something or someone.
भन भ मत 8. Atma is in everybody.
sarvasmin aatmaa vidyate
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "where are the lotuses?", the answer that comes is "lake". So, "lake" is the locative in the sentence and the noun-form is in locative case or saptamii vibhakti . Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question "elephants roam where?", the answer that comes is "forest". So, answer that comes from the question "where" is the locative in the sentense and is always in locative case. Followings are the rules where locative case is used. Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the location of something or someone will be in locative case.
Sentence
1
to
8
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where loctive case is used. Followings are the examples of these.
रब /
English
9. He is sitting on the seat. 10. Students are running on the road.
त /
Sanskrit
Notes
द ऩत saH aasande upavishati
भ धत chchhaatraaH maargeshu dhaavanti
Expressing the thing on which one sits or stands etc.
11. Peackoks are dancing on the mountain.
भम य य न मत mayuuraaH girishu nRRityanti
12. Young boys are तण नम तयत swiming in the river. taruNaaH nadyaa.n taranti
फर डण डत
13. Girls are playing baalikaaH kriiDaaN^gaNe in the play ground. kriDanti 14. I will go in the evening. 15. Holiday is on Sunday. 16. When sun rises, lotus blooms. 17. When moon rises, lillies bloom.
मर भ aha.n saaya.nkaale gachchhaami
यभ बन य बत
Expressing the time of action.
viraamaH bhaanuvaasare bhavati
म दत ऩ त suurye udite padma.n vikasati
दत दन त भ chandre udite kumudaani vikasanti
18. Among animals human beings are the best.
णन / ण नय ठ
19. Do good as if death is holding by hair.
न धभभयत म त ए भ
20. Friend made me sit by holding my hands.
भ य ध ऩमत
praaNinaa.n / praaNiShu naraaH shreShThaaH gRRihita eva kesheShu mRRityunaa dharmamaacharet
Expressing the action of one resulting in the action of another.
Comparision in group.
Expressing part of body held separately.
sakhaa maa.n kare dhRRitvaa upaveshayat
21. Father loves son.
ऩत ऩ नमत
22. You trust me.
भम
23. Respect father.
ऩतय बत
pitaa putre snihyati tva.n mayi vishvasihi
Expressing trust, fondness, love, anger, worship etc., in someone.
pitari bhakti.n kuru Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something on which someone or something sits or stands will be in locative case.
In sentence 9 if we ask the question "where is he seating?" or "on what is he seating?", the answer that comes is on the seat. So, the word "seat" or द (aasand) is in locative case as it is expressing the thing on which someone
is
seating.
Sentence
10
to
13
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the time of action in response to the question on verb as "when" will be in locative case.
In sentence 14 answer to the question "when shall I go?" is "in the evening" or "evening". So, the word "evening" or मर (saaya.nkaala) is in locative case.
Sentence
15
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When the action of one results in action of another, the thing whose action occurs first will be in locative case.
In sentence 16 - lotus blooms when sun rises. In other words the action of sun's rising results in the action of the lotus blooming. So, the word "sun" or म (suurya) is in locative case. Sentence 17 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word expressing the group will be in locative case or in genitive case.
In sentence 18 the word "animal" or
ण (praaNi)
is in locative case (or
alternatively genitive case), as it represents the group in which human beings are the best.
Grammatical expressing
Rule: If the
a part part
of body will
is held separately then be in locative
the word case.
In sentence 20 - my friend is holding my hand (separately) to make me seat. So, the word "hand" or य (kara) is in locative case as this is the part
of body which is being held separately. Sentence 19 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If verbs meaning trust, fondness, love, anger, worship etc., are used, the person in whom such trust or fondness is shown will be in locative case.
नमत (snihyati) is used to express father's love in his son. So, the word "son" or ऩ (putra) is in locative case. Sentence 22 and In sentence 21 the verb 23
also
follow
Locative Case ( तभ Word
Gender
Singular
द
र
एन
Boy
फर /
M -
baala
Creeper
ऩ
River नद / nadii
F -
Fruit परभ / phalam
N -
नऩ
lataa
rule.
saptamii vibhakti)
Dual
baale
रतमभ
रत /
बत /
फर
F -
this
Plural
न
फ न
फरम
फर
baalayoH
baaleShu
रतम
रत
lataayaam
latayoH
lataasu
नमभ
नम
नद
nadyaam
nadyoH
nadiiShu
पर
परम
पर
phale
phalayoH
phaleShu
Similar Words -
-
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Vocative Case /
(sambodhana
vibhakti):
Vocative Case or
फधन बत
(sambodhana vibhakti) of noun-form represents the word used to address or call someone or something. Study the following sentences. These are in vocative case.
O! Boy
फर
Here boy ( फर / baala),
he baala
creeper ( रत / lataa) and
O! Creeper
रत
/ deva) are in God (द
he late
vocative case or
द
बत (sambodhana
he deva
vibhakti)
O! God
फधन
All the above sentences address or call someone. So, the person or thing being addressed is in vocative case. Note: I (भ / asmad) and You ( म भ / yusmad) words do not have any vocative case.
Vocative Case ( फधन
बत /
sambodhana vibhakti)
Word
Gender
Singular
द
र
एन
न
फर
फर
फर
baala
baalau
baalaaH
रत
रत
late
late
lataaH
नद
नम
नम
nadii
nadyau
nadyaH
परभ
पर
परन
phalam
phale
phalaani
Boy
फर /
baala
Creeper
रत /
lataa
River
नद /
nadii
Fruit परभ / phalam
ऩ
M F -
F -
N -
नऩ
Dual
Plural
फ न
रत
Similar Words -
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We learnt that by adding
ततऩद (tiN^atapada). the verb root we get धत ऩ
(dhaaturupa) known as
The verb forms representing
Verb Forms ( / kRRidantapada):
In chapter 3 we studied
तऩ (tip) suffix to ततऩद or tiN^atapada.
the tenses and moods of verbs are we will study
दतऩद
ततऩद or
tiN^atapada. In this chapter
(kRRidantapada) meaning words ending with
(kRRit)
त
suffix.
In the following chapters we will study the following verb forms or forms or
धत ऩ ऩ
(dhaaturupa).
(tumun pratyaya) त भ न न मम (tumun भ मम (ktvaach (ktvaach pratyaya) (lyap pratyaya) मऩ मम (lyap (lyuT pratyaya) म मम (lyuT मम तत (ktavatu pratyaya) मम (ktavatu (kta pratyaya) त मम त मम (kta नमय (aniiyar pratyaya) मम (aniiyar (tavyat pratyaya) तमत मम (tavyat मत मम (yat (yat pratyaya) (shatRRi pratyaya) त मम (shatRRi (shaanach pratyaya) न मम (shaanach तन मम (ktin (ktin pratyaya) (ghJNj pratyaya) मम (ghJNj र मम (khal (khal pratyaya)
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
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/ / tumun pratyaya (Sense Of Wish): In this chapter we will study the
त भ न न मम भ
(tumun pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express - the sense of wish or the intention to do something . In this the verb root gets gets (tumun) suffix. त भ न न भ Study the following sentences. These are using
त भ न न मम (tumun (tumun pratyaya). pratyaya). भ
Verb
रब
त
English
Sanskrit
1. The boy goes to school to read.
2. Father wants to go to village. 3. The girl went to school to study.
4. Mother wants to cook. 5. He goes to city to work.
फर ऩठत भ मरम भ त baalakaH paThitum vidyaalaya.n gachchhati
ऩत भ त भ त भ pitaa graama.n gantum ichchhati
फर ऩठत मरमभ त baalaa paThitu.n vidyaalam agachchhat
Comments
+ tumun
धत भ न न + त + भ dhaatu + tumun -
ऩ + भ न न + त भ paTh + tumun
भ + त भ न न भ gam + tumun
ऩ + भ न न + त भ paTh + tumun
भत त भ त भ
ऩ + त भ न न भ
maataa paktum ichchhati
pach + tumun
म त नय त
भ न न भ + त
saH kaarya.n kartu.n nagara.n gachchhati
kRRi + tumun
ऩ = = ऩ + + ण (paaTh (paaTh
= paTh + Nij). It means "to make others 6. The teacher wants to teach.
ऩठमत भ त भ shikshakaH paaThayitum ichchhati
ऩ + भ न न + त भ paaTh + tumun
read".
ण
मम (Nij (Nij pratyaya) will be covered in later chapters. It expresses the action being
initiated by someone. 7. I went to hotel to drink milk.
8. You go to market to buy the book.
9. Both the boys want to play. 10. Both the girls want to dance. 11. Both of us went to school to ask questions. 12. Both of you want to go to school. 13. The girls want to sing. 14. Farmers went to plaugh.
15. Worshippers will come to pray tomorrow. 16. Workers will
द ध ऩत ध ऩयभदयभ त aha.n dugdha.n paatu.n upaahaaramandiram agachchhata
ऩ तभ भ ऩण त तभ भ tva.n pustaka.n kretum vipaNi.n gachchha
फर डत भ त भ baalakau kriiDitum ichchhataH
फर नतत त भ भ त baalike nartum ichchhataH
-
ऩ + भ न न + त भ paa tumun
+ भ न न + त भ krii + tumun
+ भ न न + त भ kriiD + tumun
न त + त भ न न भ त nRRit + tumun
न ट भ मरमभ
ऩ + + त भ न न भ
aavaa.n prashna.n praShTum agachchhaava
pRRichchh + tumun
म मरम त भ थ भ
भ + त भ न न भ
yuvaa.n vidyaalaya.n gantum ichchhathaH
फर त भ त भ baalaaH gaatum ichchhanti
भ भ फर ट kRRiShibalaaH karShTum agachchham
बत ऩ मत मत भमत bhaktaaH puujayitu.n shvaH aagamiShyanti
भय य म त भ भ
gam + tumun
+ भ न न + त भ gaay + tumun
भ न न भ + त kraSh tumun
ऩ + त भ न न भ puuj + tumun
भ न न भ + त
come to work tomorrow.
kRRi + tumun
भमत karmakaaraaH kaarya.n kartum shvaH aagamiShyanti
17. It is time to read.
18. It is time to eat.
म ऩठत भम ।
ऩ + त भ न
aya.n paThitu.n samayaH
puuj + tumun
ब + त भ न
म बत र ।
kRRi + tumun
iya.n bhoktu.n velaa
Use of words
भम (samayaH) and र (velaa) to express the time when the actions "read" and "eat" are due to take place.
In setences 1 to 16, the verbs "read", "go", "study", "cook", "teach", "work", "drink", "buy", "play", "dance", "ask", "sing", "plaugh" and "pray" are suffixed with (tumun pratyaya). त मम भ न The setences have multiple verbs besides the
त भ न suffixed
ones. These
verbs "went", "go", "want" and "come" are in their respective tenses त मम and not in (tumun pratyaya). भ न Grammatical Rule: The verb expressing the wish or intention to do something will
be
suffixed
with
त भ न
मम
(tumun
pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb with त भ न (tumun) suffix is independent of number and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the
त भ न (tumun)
suffixed verbs are independent of
the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects. Grammatical Rule: If words expressing the time when certain action is due, are used in the sentence, then the verb representing such action will have
त भ न
मम
(tumun
In the sentences 17 and 18 the words
pratyaya)
भम (samayaH)
and
suffix.
र (velaa)
are
used to express the due time of reading and eating. So, the verbs "read" and "eat" are using त भ न मम (tumun pratyaya).
Followings are the
त भ न मम (tumun
pratyaya) form of few commonly used
verbs. Commonly Used
Verb
tumun
dhaatu
speak
थ
Verb
(tumun pratyaya) Forms
dhaatu
bow
थमत kathayitu.n
kath
नभ
Verb
give
त
द
gaatu.n
gai
abandon
नत
म
nantu.n
accept
त
न han cry
krand know
hantu.n
दत
grah measure
kranditu.n
भ
त
maa worship
dnyaatu.n
dnyaa
ऩ
नत
न
netu.n
nii
travel
भ
tyaktu.n
listen
दत
daatu.n
त shrotu.n
shru sleep
त
मत भ
grahiitu.n
shayitum
भत
shii go
त
maatu.n
भ
gantu.n
ऩ मत
gam wear
त भ
puujayitu.n
puuj
take
मत
tyaj
daa
kill
tumun
dhaatu
nam
sing
tumun
ktvaach
dhaatu stay
भत
थ
bhramitu.n
bhram
थत भ sthaatum
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/
ktvaach pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
मम (ktvaach
In this chapter we will study the
pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to
express - an action which preceeds another action. In this the verb root gets the (ktvaach) suffix. Study the following sentences. These are using pratyaya).
मम
(ktvaach
रब
त
English
Sanskrit
Verb + ktvaach Suffix
Comments
धत + (dhaatu + ktvaach)
1. The boy wants to read after playing.
फर ड ऩठत भ त । baalaH kriiDitvaa paThitum ichchhati
ऩत द मरमभ त ।
2. Father went to office after pitaa eating. khaaditvaa kaaryaalayam agachchhat 3. The worker sleeps after working.
भय म त । karmakaaraH kaarya.n kRRitvaa shete
भत न ऩत भ त ।
4. Mother wants to cook after maataa snaatvaa taking bath. paktum ichchhati
ऩठम न ऩ न ।
5. The teacher asked question shikahskaH after teaching. paaThayitvaa prashna.n apRRichchhan
-
ड = + kriiDitvaa = kriiD + ktvaach
द = + khaaditvaa = khaad + ktvaach
= + kRRitvaa = kRRi ktvaach
न = न + snaatvaa = snaa + ktvaach
ऩ = ऩ + ण (paaTh ऩठम = ऩ + paaThayitvaa = paaTh + ktvaachn
= paTh + Nij). It means "to make others read".
ण
मम (Nij pratyaya) will be covered in
later chapters. It expresses the action being initiated by someone.
मतत = + त (shaayitavati = shi + kta).
त (kta) 6. The girl slept after reading.
7. I drink water after eating.
8. You give answer after reading the book.
फर ऩठ मतत । baalaa paThitvaa shaayitavati
द ऩभ । aha.n khaaditvaa pivaami
ऩ त ऩठ तय द ।
an alternative ऩठ = ऩ + of past tense (ररय / paThitvaa = paTh + laN^lakaara), using which ktvaach past tense can be expressed easily. This will be covered in later chapters.
द = + khaaditvaa = khaad + ktvaach
ऩठ = ऩ +
tva.n pustaka.n paThitvaa uttara.n dehi
paThitvaa = paTh + ktvaach
9. Both the girls dance after singing.
फर न मत ।
= +
10. Both the boys play after
फर डत = भ +
baale giitvaa nRRityataH
is
giitvaa = gai + ktvaach
-
going home.
। baalau gRRiha.n gatvaa kriiDataH
भ ऩ र ऩठत ।
11. Both of us read the letter aavaam patra.n after writing. likhitvaa apaThat
म भ ऩ त यन रतभ ।
12. Both of you write the essay yuvaam after referring pustaka.n dRRiShTvaa the book. rachanaa.n likhatam 13. Farmers water the land after plaughing.
14. The girls want to sing after worshiping.
भ ब र त । kRRiShakaaH bhuumi.n kRRiShTvaa siJNcjanti
फर ऩ म त भ त । baalikaaH puujayitvaa gaatum ichchhanti
भय म तन नमत ।
15. Workers karmakaaraaH will take wages kaarya.n after working. kRRitvaa vetana.n neShyanti 16. Worshippers come to pray after taking
बत न ऩ मत भ त
gatvaa = gam + ktvaach
र = र + likhitvaa = likh + ktvaach
= + dRRiShTvaa = dRRish + ktvaach
= + kRRiShTvaa = kRRiSh + ktvaach
ऩ म = ऩ + puujayitvaa = puuj + ktvaach
= + kRRitvaa = kRRi + ktvaach
न = न +
bath.
। bhaktaaH snaatvaa puujayitum aagachchhanti
17. The boy went to school without reading.
फर ऩठ मरमभ त । baalakaH apaThitvaa vidyaalayam agachchhat
भय म भ त ।
18. The worker karmakaaraH went without kaarya.n doing the work. akRRitvaa gRRiham agachchhat
19. The jackal fall in the water tank after entering the washerman's house.
20. You give the book after bringing from home.
र यम म रबड ऩतत । shRRigaalaH rajakasya gRRihe pravishya jalabhaaNDe apatat
त त ऩ नम द । tva.n gRRihaat pustaka.n aaniiya dehi
snaatvaa = snaa + ktvaach
Use of न express ऩठ = न + ऩ + to negative of an action. apaThitvaa = na + The न (na) paTh + ktvaach is replaced with (a).
= न + + akRRitvaa = na + kRRi + ktvaach
म = + + मऩ
Verbs prefixed with preposition (ऩ / upasarga).
pravishya = pra + vish + lyap
नम = + न + मऩ aaniiya = aa + nii + lyap
In setences 1 to 16 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "play", "eat", "teach", "read", "work", "bath", "sing", "go", "write", "refer", "plaugh" and "worship" represent the action preceeding another action. So, मम (ktvaach these are suffixed with pratyaya).
In setences 3 and 14 the verbs "read", "sing" express the intent to do something. So, these are in त (tumun) form. In all other setences the भ न verb representing the proceeding action are in their respective tenses or moods. Grammatical Rule: If a setence has two verbs then the verb expressing the earlier
action
will
be
Grammatical Rule: The number and gender
suffixed
verb with (ktvaach) of the subject and is
In the above sentences the of the subjects. the subjects.
They
(ktvaach)
are not following
Grammatical Rule: If the verb with with
न (naJnj)
replaced
मम
with
(ktvaach
suffix is used as
(a)
the
number
मम (ktvaach
and
independent of indeclinable.
suffixed verbs are independent and
is
prefixed
gender
न (naJnj) to
can be
the
verb.
In the sentences 17 and 18 the verbs "read" and "do" are used with the (न / naJNj) to express the action not being done. So, prefixed
to
the
the
(tvaach)
form
of
pratyaya) is preceeded
to express negative of an action then the
with
pratyaya).
(a)
of
these
न
has been verbs.
Grammatical Rule: If the verb is preixed with preposition ( ऩ / upasarga) then the verb (ktvaach).
will
follow
मऩ मम (lyap
pratyaya)
instead
of
the
In the sentences 19 and 20 the verbs "bring" and "enter" have the prepositions (ऩ / upasarga) (aa) and (pra) prefixed. So, instead of
(ktvaach) the मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya) has been used. Followings are the
मम (tvaach
pratyaya) form of few commonly used
verbs. Commonly Used
Verb
dhaatu
ktvaach
(ktvaach pratyaya) Forms Verb
dhaatu
ktvaach
Verb
dhaatu
ktvaach
laugh
hasitvaa
has
sevitvaa
nam free
भ
natvaa
ब
भ
bhaksh fall
muktvaa
much remember
ऩत
smRRitvaa
भ
यम
ksham go
smRRi steal
chaurayitvaa
chur
ब
pat forgive
भ
protect
य
य
rakshitvaa
raksh
eat
न
नभ
य
sev
salute
भ
serve
worship
ऩ म
bhakshitvaa
ऩ
puujayitvaa
ऩत
puuj beg
म
pativtaa
म
yaachitvaa
भ
yaach compose
यम
kshamitvaa
य
rachayitvaa
rach
भ
gatvaa
gam << Prev - Index - Next >>
/
lyap pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya). This verb मम (ktvaach pratyaya). In
In this chapter we will study the
form is used for the same purpose as other words this represents the verb
form to express - an action which preceeds another action. However, it is used only if the verb is prefixed with any preposition or ऩ (upasarga) like
(pra), (aa), ऩ (upa), ऩय (paraa), भ (sam), न (ni), ब (abhi), न (niH), (vi), ध (adhi), नय (nir), त (ut), ऩय (pari), न (anu) etc. In this the verb root gets the (lyap) suffix. मऩ Study the following sentences. These are using
रब
त
English
Sanskrit
मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya).
Verb + lyap Suffix
Comments
धत + मऩ (dhaatu + lyap)
1. The boy slept after coming from
फर मरमत
म = + भ
-
school.
म त । baalakaH vidyaalayaat aagamya shete
ऩ तभ धम ऩठमत ।
2. The teacher taught after shikshakaH reading the book. pustakam adhiya apaaThayat
+ मऩ aagamya = aa + gam + lyap
धम = ध + + मऩ adhitya = adhi + i + lyap
फर ऩ म डत भ ऩ म = भ + ऩ म त । + मऩ baalaa
3. The girl wants to play after sa.npuujaya worshiping. kriiDitum ichchhati
ऩ तभ धम न ऩ ट ।
4. I asked the aha.n pustakam question after reading the book. adhitya prashna.n apRRiShTaH
रनभ नम ऩ र ।
5. You write the letter after tva.n likhaniim bringing the pen. aaniiya patra.n likha
फर भ म डत ।
6. Both the boys play after coming baalau gRRiham home. aagamya kriiDataH
फर ऩ तभ न मत । म
7. Both the girls sing referring baalike pustakam the book. anukRRitya gaayataH
sa.npuujya = sam + puuj + lyap
धम = ध + + मऩ adhitya = adhi + i + lyap
नम = + न + मऩ aaniiya = aa + nii + lyap
म = + भ + मऩ aagamya = aa + gam + lyap
न = न + म + मऩ anukRRitya = anu + kRRI + lyap
दरम म ऩ तन ।
8. Both of us worshipped after entering the temple.
aavaa.n devaalaya.n pravishya puujitavaan
म ऩ तभ धम ध रतभ ।
9. Both of you write the essay yuvaa.n pustakam after reading the adhiya book. pravandha.n likhatam
फर ऩ ऩण म भरभ तन ।
10. The girls stitched the garland after collecting flowers.
baalaa puShpaaNi.n sa.ngRRihya maalaam sitavaan
भ ऩम द ।
11. Students spoak after going chchhaatraaH near the teacher. durum upagamya avadaH
म = + + मऩ pravishya = pra + vish + lyap
धम = ध + + मऩ adhitya = adhi + i + lyap
म = भ + + मऩ sa.ngRRihya = sam + grah + lyap
ऩम = ऩ + भ + मऩ upagamya = upa + gam + lyap
In setences 1 to 11 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "come", "read", "refer", "enter", "collect", and "go near" are suffixed with मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya), as these represent the action preceeding the other action, and are prefixed with prepositions ( ऩ / upasarga). Grammatical
Rule:
If
the
verb
expressing
the
action
preceeding
another
ऩ (upasarga) like (pra), (aa), ऩ (upa), ऩय (paraa), भ (sam), न (ni), ब (abhi), न (niH), (vi), ध (adhi), नय (nir), त (ut), ऩय (pari), न (anu) etc., will be suffixed with (lyap pratyaya). मऩ मम action, is prefixed with preposition or
Grammatical Rule: The verb prefixed with preposition ( ऩ / upasarga) can have a different meaning, than the original verb.
In the sentences 1, 5, 7 and 11 the prefixed verbs have a different meaning
than
the
original
verbs.
Grammatical Rule: The verb with मऩ (lyap) suffix is independent of number and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the
मऩ (lyap)
suffixed verbs are independent of
the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects. Followings are the
मऩ मम (lyap
pratyaya) form of few commonly used
verbs. Commonly Used
Verb
get
go
ऩ aap save
थ
म
sthaa read
saJNchitya
नम
i collect, accept
chi bring
न nii go
भ
defeat
ऩयम
prasthaaya
paraajitya
धम
ji enter
म
adhitya
aaniiya
lyap
dhaatu
थम
praapya
lyap
dhaatu
म
Verb
lyap
dhaatu
Verb
(lyap pratyaya) Forms
म sa.ngRRihya
grah
pravishya
vish salute
णम
नभ
praNamya
nam
ऩम upagamya
gam << Prev - Index - Next >>
/
lyuT pratyaya (Verb As Object):
In this chapter we will study the
(lyuT pratyaya). Using this
मम (pratyaya)
an object (भ /
in
karma)
the
म मम
the verb can be expressed as
sentence.
This
helps
substituting
complex verb forms with simpler alternatives. The verb "do" ( / kRRi) is used
to
express
the
action
in
the
sentence.
In other words - the subject , object and verb of a sentence undergoes the following transformation, when म (lyuT) is applied to the verb. Form With
म (lyuT)
Sentence Elements
Normal Form
Subject
Nominative Case
Nominative Case
त
थभत
थभत
kartaa
prathamaavibhakti
prathamaavibhakti
Object
Accusative Case
Genitive Case
भ
तमबत
ठबत
karma
dvitiiyaavibhakti
ShaShThiivibhakti
तऩतऩद
म मम
tipN^tapada
lyuT pratya
Verb
म kriyaa
Study the following sentences. These are using
रब
त
English
Sanskrit
1. The boy will go.
2. She will sleep.
फर भनभ यमत । baalakaH gamanam kariShyati
Verb + lyuT Suffix धत + म (dhaatu + lyuT)
भनभ = भ + म gamanam = gam + lyuT
मनभ यमत ।
मनभ = + म
saa shayanam kariShyati
shayanam = shii + lyuT
त धनभ यमत धनभ = ध + म
3. Both । of them will run. tau dhaavanam kariShyataH 4. They
त तड रम दनभ
dhaavanam = dhaav + lyuT
Applied
म मम (lyuT pratyaya). Comments
If the sentences were not in म मम (lyuT pratyaya) form the verb forms would
भमत (gamiShyati), मत (shayaate) धमत (dhaaviShyataH), दमत (daasyanti), ऩठमभ (paThiShyaami), भयमभ (smatiShyaamaH), भम (gamiShyasi), ऩठमथ (paThiShyathaH) and थ have been -
दनभ = द + म (drakshatha).
will donate rice.
यमत । te taNDulasya daanam kariShyanti
ऩ तम ऩठनभ यमभ ।
5. I will aha.n read the pustakasya book. paThanam kariShyaami 6. Both of us will listen.
7. We will remember the subject.
8. You will go to office.
9. Both of you will read. 10. All of you will see the temple.
णभ यम । aavaa.n shravaNam kariShyaavaH
म मम भयणभ यमभ । vaya.n viShayasya smaraNam kariShyaamaH
मरमम भनभ यम । tva.n kaaryaalayasya gamanam kariShyasi
म ऩठनभ यमथ । yuvaa.n paThanam kariShyathaH
म म दरमम दनभ यमथ । yuya.n devaalayasya
daanam = daa + lyuT
ऩठनभ = ऩ + म paThanam = paTh + lyuT
णभ = + म shravaNam = shru + lyuT
भयणभ = भ + म smaraNaani = smRRi + lyuT
भनभ = + भ + म gamanam = gam + lyuT
ऩठनभ = ऩ + म paThanam = paTh + lyuT
दनभ = + म darshanam = dRRish + lyuT
darshanam kariShyatha 11. You त थन न should । not speak तभ tava kathana.n like na uchitam this. 12. Roaming in the evening is good.
म भण तयभ । saaya.n bhramaNa.n hitakaram
-
थन = थ + म kathana.n = kath + lyuT
भण = भ + म bhramaNa.n = bhram + lyuT
In setences 1 to 12 the verbs "go", "sleep", "run", "donate", "read", "listen", "remember", "see", "speak" and "roam" have been substituted with their म (lyuT) form, converting them into object or represent the action or
धत
म (kriyaa)
(kRRi
भ (karma)
of the setence. To
the appropriate verb form of "do" or
dhaatu)
has
been
used.
Grammatical Rule: The verb form is used as the object or भ (karma) in the setence, and has the same form as the accusative case singular of word "fruit" (परद ekavachana).
तमबत
एन
Grammatical Rule: If the sentence has case is replaced with the genitive case.
/
a
phalashabda
भ
(object)
dvitiiyaavibhakti
then
the accusative
In setences 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 the words "rice", "book", "subject", "office" and "temple" are the objects. Since, the म (lyuT) form of the verbs are used in the setences, the objects are in genitive case form instade of accusative case form. Grammatical Rule: The
म मम (lyuT
In setences 11 and 12 the
pratyaya) can also be used as subject.
म (lyuT)
form of the words "speak" and "roam"
are used as subjects. Followings are the verbs.
म मम (lyuT
pratyaya) form of few commonly used
Commonly Used Verb
dhaatu
read
ऩ paTh sleep
Verb
lyuT
dhaatu
do
ऩठनभ paThanam
मनभ
kRRi roam
भ
shayanam
shii run
ध dhaav take
न nii go
भ gam remember
भ
(lyuT pratyaya) Forms
यणभ
listen
dhaavanam
नमनभ
shru give
nayanam
द
भनभ
daa speak
gamanam
भयणभ
vach be
ब
smaraNam
smRRi
lyuT
lyuT
dhaatu
drink
ऩनभ
karaNam
ऩ
paanam
भणभ
paa speak
बणभ
ब
bhramaNam
bhram
धनभ
Verb
bhaaShaNam
bhaaSh see
णभ
दनभ
shravaNam
darshanam
दनभ
dRRish accept
णभ
daanam
grahaNam
नभ
grah serve
नभ
vachanam
बनभ bhavanam
bhuu
sev come + भ aa + gam
sevanam
भनभ aagamanam
<< Prev - Index - Next >>
/ ktavatu pratyaya (Past Tense): In this chapter we will study the
तत मम
(ktavatu pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in active म / kartRRivaachya) sentences to express past tense. This is a voice (त simpler
alternative
to
ररय
(laTlakaara)
Study the following sentences. These are using
verb-form.
तत मम
(ktavatu
pratyaya).
रब
त
English
Sanskrit
Verb + ktavatu Suffix (gender, number)
Comments
धत + तत (र , न ) dhaatu + ktavatu (liN^ga, vachana)
दरम तन । तन = भ + तत aha.n (ऩ , ए )
1. I went to temple. devaalaya.n gatavaan
2. You went to school.
3. He went to office.
4. The boy went home.
5. Both of us went.
6. Both of you went.
7. Both of them went.
gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
मरम तन तन = भ + तत । (ऩ , ए ) tva.n vidyaalaya.n gatavaan
मरम तन । saH kaaryaalaya.n gatavaan
फर तन ।
gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
तन = भ + तत (ऩ , ए ) gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
तन = भ + तत (ऩ , ए )
baalakaH gRRiha.n gatavaan
gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
तत ।
तत = भ + तत (ऩ , )
aavaa.n gatavantau
म तत । yuvaa.n gatavantau
त तत । tau gatavantau
gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
तत = भ + तत (ऩ , ) gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
तत = भ + तत (ऩ , ) gatavantau = gam +
The sentences are in active voice with
तत (ktavatu) suffixed words expressing past tense. The verb-forms are same irrespective of the person (ऩ / puruSha).
ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
म तत ।
8. All of us vaya.n went. gatavantaH
9. All of you went.
10. All of them went.
म म तत । yuuya.n gatavantaH
त तत ।
तत = भ + तत (ऩ , फ ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu)
तत = भ + तत (ऩ , फ ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahu)
फर दरम तत ।
तत = भ + तत ( , ए )
फर मरम तम ।
12. Both the girls went baalike to school. vidyaalaya.n gatavatyau
14. The boy went to market.
gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu)
te gatavantaH
11. The girl went to baalikaa temple. devaalaya.n gatavatii
13. All the girls went home.
तत = भ + तत (ऩ , फ )
gatavatii = gam + ktavatu (strii, eka)
तम = भ + तत ( , ) gatavatyau = gam + ktavatu (strii, dvii)
The subject in each sentence is in feminine gender (र / striiliN^ga). The verb-form has taken the form of the word "river" (नद / nadii).
फर तम तम = भ + तत । ( , फ ) baalikaaH gRRiha.n gatavatyaH
gatavatyaH = gam + ktavatu (strii, bahu)
फर ऩण तन ।
तन = भ + तत (ऩ , ए )
baalakaH vipaNi.n
The subject in each sentence is in masculine
gatavaan = gam + gender (ऩ र / ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
gatavaan
फर मरम तत ।
15. Both the boys went to baalakau school. vidyaalaya.n gatavantau 16. All the boys went home.
17. The vehicle went.
gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
फर तत ।
तत = भ + तत (ऩ , फ )
baalakaaH gRRiha.n gatavantaH
gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu)
मनभ तत । yaanam gatavat
18. Both the मन तत । vehicles yaane gatavatii went.
19. All the vehicles went.
तत = भ + तत (ऩ , )
मनन तत । yaanaani gatavanti
तत = भ + तत (न , ए ) gatavat = gam + ktavatu (na, eka)
तत = भ + तत (न , ) gatavatii = gam + ktavatu (na, dvii)
puliN^ga). The verb-form has taken the form of the word "you" ( बत / bhavat).
The subject in each sentence is in neuter gender (नऩ र / napu.nliN^ga). The verb-form has taken the form of the word "sir"
तत = भ + तत (भत / shriimat). (न , फ ) gatavanti = gam + ktavatu (na, bahu)
म / kartRRivaachya) Grammatical Rule: In active voice (त sentences the verb with
तत (ktavatu)
suffix is used to express
action in past tense; and it follows the number (न / vachana) and gender (र / liN^ga) of the subject (त / kartaa).
तत (ktavatu) suffixed word does not follow the person (ऩ / puruSha) of the subject, and has the same verb-form for first person (तभऩ / uttamapuruSha), second person (भमभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and third person (थभऩ / Grammatical Rule: The
prathamapuruSha).
The sentences 1, 2, 3 and 4 have "I" ( भ / asmad), "you" (म भ /
yuShmad), "he" (त / tad) and "boy" ( फर / baala) as subjects in singular (एन / ekavachana) form. The verb-form used for
तन (gatavaan). Similarly, sentences 5 to 7 subjects (त / kartaa) are in dual (न / dviivachana) form with तम (gatavantyau) as the तत (ktavatu) verb-form. The sentences 8 to 10 subjects (त / kartaa) are in plural (फ न / bahuvachana) form with तत (gatavantaH) as the तत (ktavatu) verb-form. In all the sentences the तत (ktavatu) verb-form is not affected by the persons or ऩ (puruSha) of the subject (त / kartaa). This makes तत (ktavatu) suffix a simpler alternative to ररय (laTlakaara) where each person or ऩ (puruSha) follows a different verball is
form.
तत (ktavatu) suffixed word follows the noun-form of "you" ( बत / bhavat), "river" ( नद / nadii) and "sir" ( भत / shriimat) words to express masculine (ऩ र / puliN^ga), feminine (र / striiliN^ga) and neuter (नऩ र / Grammatical Rule: The
napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
The sentences 1 to 19 are expressing action in past tense. In sentences 1 to 10 and 14 to 16 the subjects are in masculine gender (ऩ र / puliN^ga) and the corresponding
तत (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form
of word "you" ( बत / bhavat). The subjects in sentences 11 to 13 are in feminine gender (र / striiliN^ga), and the respective
तत (ktavatu)
suffixed words are following the form of word "river" ( नद / nadii). Similarly, in the sentences 17 to 19 the subjects are in neuter gender (नऩ र / napu.nliN^ga), and the
तत (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form
of word "sir" ( भत / shriimat).
Followings are the used verbs.
Only
तत मम (ktavatu the nominative
pratyaya) form of few commonly
case singular (थभबत
एन
/
prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun-form of "you" (बत / bhavat), "river" ( नद / nadii) and "sir" ( भत / shriimat) words, for each gender . Commonly Used Verb
dhaatu
eat
khaad
ktavatu
दतन , दतत , दतत
Verb
dhaatu
go
भ gam
khaaditavaan, khaaditavatii , khaaditavat take
न nii
नतन , नतत , नतत niitavaan, niitavatii, niitavat
see
टन , टत , द तत
dRRis dRRiShTavaan, h dRRiShTavatii , dRRiShTavat know
dnyaa
fear
ब bhii
तन , तत , तत dnyaatavaan, dnyaatavatii, dnyaatavat
बतन , बतत , बतत bhiitavaan,
fall
ऩत pat
accep t
grah
do
kRRi
-
(ktavatu pratyaya) Forms ktavatu
तन , तत , तत gatavaan, gatavatii, gatavat
ऩततन , ऩततत , ऩततत patitavaan, patitavatii, patitavat
तन , तत , तत gRRihiitavaan, gRRihiitavatii , gRRihiitavat
तन , तत , तत kRRitavaan, kRRitavatii, kRRitavat -
Verb
dhaatu
sing
gai
worship
ऩ puuj
ktavatu
तन , तत , तत giitavaan, giitavatii, giitavat
ऩ तन , ऩ तत , ऩ तत puujitavaan, puujitavatii, puujitavat
tell
थ kath
थतन , थतत , थतत kathitavaan, kathitavatii, kathitavat
ask
ऩ , ऩ टन टत , ऩ टत
prachch pRRiShTavaan, h pRRiShTavatii , pRRiShTavat -
bhiitavatii, bhiitavat << Prev - Index - Next >>
/
kta pratyaya (Past Tense):
In this chapter we will study the
त मम (kta
pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in passive voice and impersonal voice sentences to express past tense. This is a simpler ररय alternative to (laTlakaara) verb-form. Study the following sentences. These are using
रब
त
English
Sanskrit
त मम (kta pratyaya).
Verb + kta Suffix (gender, number)
धत + त (र , न )
Comments
dhaatu + kta (liN^ga, vachana) 1. The school was gone by Rama 2. The answers were written by the students.
यभण मरम त । raameNa vidyaalayaH gataH
तयण रतन । chchhaatraiH uttaraaNi likhitaani
त = भ + त (ऩ , ए )
gataH = gam + / karmavaachya). The त kta (pu.n, suffixed words are eka) following the number रतन = र (न / vachana) and gender ( र / liN^ga) + त (न , फ ) likhitaani = of the objects ( भ / karma). likh + kta (na, bahu)
ऩ ट = ऩ + न फर ऩ ट त ( , ए ) ।
3. The girl was asked shikshakena by the baalaa teacher. pRRiShTaa
Sentences are in passive voice(भम
pRRiShTaa = pRRichchh + kta (strii, eka)
4. The fruit was eaten by him.
5. The two books were read by you.
= + तन परभ दतभ दतभ त (न , ए ) । tena phalam khaaditam
म ऩ त ऩठत । tvayaa pustake paThite
म ऩ मभ मभ
6. The book । was read by ऩठतभ yuvaabhyaam both of pustakam you. paThitam
म भब परन
7. The fruits were दतन । yusmaabhiH eaten by all of you. phalaani khaaditaani
8. The भम भ त । village was mayaa graamaH gone by me. gataH
मभ ड
9. The game was played डत । by both of aavaabhyaam kriiDaa us. kriDitaa
khaaditam = khaad + kta (na, eka)
ऩठत = ऩ + त (न , ) paThite = paTh + kta (na, dvii)
ऩठतभ = ऩ + त (न , ए ) paThitam = paTh + kta (na, eka)
दतन = + त (न , फ ) khaaditaani = khaad + kta (na, bahu)
त = भ + त (ऩ , ए ) gataH = gam + kta (pu.n, eka)
डत = + त ( , ए ) kriDitaa = kriD + kta (strii, eka)
भब ऩ तन ऩठतन = ऩ + ऩठतन । त (न , फ )
10. The books were asmaabhiH read by us. pustakaani paThitaani
paThitaani = paTh + kta (na, bahu)
यभण तभ ।
तभ = भ +
11. Gone by
Sentences are
Rama.
raameNa gatam
फरब तभ ।
12. Laughed baalaabhiH by girls. hasitam
म रतभ ।
13. Written tvayaa by you. likhitam
14. Done by भम तभ । me. mayaa kRRitam
15. Played by us.
16. I took money.
भब डतभ । asmaabhiH kriiDitam
धन नत । aha.n dhana.n niitaH
17. Both of तभ दत । us gave aavaa.n tasmai him. dattau
18. We read the book.
त (न , ए )
in impersonal voice or
gatam = gam + (बम / kta (na, eka) bhaavavaachya). The त तभ = + (kta) suffixed words are innominative त (न , ए ) case singular (थभबत hasitam = has एन / + kta (na, prathamaavibhakti eka) ekavachana) of the रतभ = र neuter word "fruit" पर + त (न , ए ) (phala). likhitam = likh + kta (na, eka)
तभ = + त (न , ए ) kRRitam = kRRi + kta (na, eka)
डतभ = + त (न , ए ) kriiDitam = kriiD + kta (na, eka)
नत = न + त (ऩ , ए )
Senences are in active म / voice(त
niitaH = nii + kta (pu.n, eka)
kartRRivaachya). The (kta) suffixed words are following
दत = द + त (ऩ , ) dattau = daa + kta (pu.n, dvii)
म ऩ त ऩठत ।
ऩठत = ऩ + त (ऩ , फ )
vaya.n
paThitaaH =
त
the gender (र / liN^ga), number (न / vachana) and case (बत / vibhakti) of the subject (त / kartaa).
19. You took the book.
pustakam paThitaaH
paTh + kta (pu.n, bahu)
ऩ त नत ।
नत = न + त (ऩ , ए )
tva.n pustaka.n niitaH
म ट ।
20. Both of you saw the yuvaa.n chandra.n moon. dRRiShTau
21. All of you drank water.
म म र ऩत ।
त ।
त मरम त ।
23. Both of them went tau to school. vidyaalaya.n gatau
25. Rama stayed in forest.
ट = + त (ऩ , ) dRRiShTau = dRRish + kta (pu.n, dvii)
ऩत = ऩ + त (ऩ , फ )
yuuya.n jala.n niitaaH = pii piitaaH + kta (pu.n, bahu)
22. He went saH gRRIha.n home. gataH
24. They ate rice.
niitaH = nii + kta (pu.n, eka)
त = न + त (ऩ , ए ) gataH = gam + kta (pu.n, eka)
त = भ + त (ऩ , ) gatau = gam + kta (pu.n, dvii)
दत = + त न दत । त (ऩ , फ ) te anna.n khaaditaaH
यभ न थत । raamaH vane sthitaH
khaaditaaH = khaad + kta (pu.n, bahu)
थत = थ + त (ऩ , फ ) sthitaH = sthaa + kta
(pu.n, bahu) 26. The girl laughed loudly.
27. Both the girls sat on the seat.
28. The girls were watching movie.
29. The vehicle went.
फर त ।
त = + त ( , ए )
baalikaa uchchaiH hasitaa
hasitaa = has + kta (strii, eka)
त = + त ( , )
फर न त । baalike aasane aaste
म र ट ।
ट = + त ( , फ )
kannyaaH chalachitra.n dRRiShTaaH
dRRiShTaaH = dRRish + kta (strii, bahu)
तभ = भ + त (न , ए )
मन तभ । yaana.n gatam
30. Two पर त ऩतत fruits fall phale from the vRRikshaat tree. patite
aaste = aas + kta (strii, dvii)
gatam = gam + kta (na, eka)
।
ऩतत = ऩत + त (न , ) patitam = patite + kta (na, dvii)
ऩ तन थतन = थ + ऩटमभ थतन त (न , फ ) । sthitaani =
31. The books were in the box. pustakaani peTikaayaam sthitaani
दत ऩ तभ ।
32. The given book. datta.n pustakam
sthaa + kta (na, bahu)
दत = द + त (न , ए )
The त (kta) suffixed words have been used datta.n = daa as adjective(ण / + kta (na, visheShaNa) while eka) expressing sense
33. The written poem.
34. The bought books.
35. The fallen leaves.
रत तभ । likhita.n giitam
रत = र + त (न , ए )
of past tense.
likhita.n = likh + kta (na, eka)
तन = + तन ऩ तन । त (न , फ ) kriitaani pustaka
ऩततन ऩण । patitaani patraani
kriitaani = krii + kta (na, bahu)
ऩततन = ऩत + त (न , फ ) pat = itrans_verb + kta (na, bahu)
दतभ = + दतभ मभ । त (न , ए )
36. The eaten food. khaaditam khaadyam
khaaditam = khaad + kta (na, eka)
Grammatical Rule: The verb with
त (kta)
suffix follows the
noun-form of "boy" ( फर / baala), "creeper" ( रत /lataa) and "fruit" ( पर / phala) words to express masculine (ऩ र / puliN^ga), feminine (र / striiliN^ga) and neuter (नऩ र / napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
In the sentences above all the verbs with
त (kta) suffix are following the
noun-form of these words to express different genders.
Grammatical Rule: In passive voice (भम / karmavaachya), the subject (त / kartaa) will be in instrumental case (त तमबत / tRRitiiyaavibhakti), the object(भ / karma)
will be in nominal case (थभबत / prathamaavibhakti) and
the verb with vachana) and
त (kta) suffix will follow the number (न / gender (र / liN^ga) of the object (भ / karma).
The sentences 1 to 10 are in passive voice, and are following this rule.
Grammatical Rule: In impersonal voice or
बम (bhaavavaachya),
त (kta) suffix follows the nominative singular (थभबत एन / prathamaavibhakti ekavachana)
the verb with case
of the neuter form.
The sentences 11 to 15 are in impersonal voice, and are following this rule.
म / kartRRivaachya) Grammatical Rule: In active voice (त sentence the verb with
त (kta)
suffix expressing past
tense (ररय / laN^lakaara), follows the gender (र /
liN^ga), number (न / vachana) and case (बत / vibhakti) of the subject (त / kartaa).
The sentences 16 to 31 are in active voice, and the verb form in each follows the noun form of the subject (त / kartaa).
Grammatical Rule: The
त (kta)
suffixed word expressing past
tense can be used as adjective (ण / visheShaNa).
The sentences 32 to 36 express sense of past tense using
त (kta) suffix,
and these words are used as adjective (ण / visheShaNa).
Followings are the verbs.
Only
त मम (kta
pratyaya) form of few commonly used case singular (थभबत
the nominative
एन
/
prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun form of boy (फर / baala), creeper ( रत /lataa) and fruit (पर / phala) words, for each gender. Commonly Used
Verb
dhaatu
do
kRRI
write
र likh
kta
त, त , तभ kRRitaH, kRRitaa, kRRitam
रत, रत , रतभ
Verb
dhaatu
go
भ gam
speak
vad
likhitaH, likhitaa, likhitam take
न nii
see
dRRish
play
kriiD
नत, नत , नतभ niitaH, niitaa, niitam
ट, द ट , द टभ dRRiShTaH, dRRIShTaa, dRRiShTam
डत, डत , डतभ kriiDitaH,
drink
ऩ paa
ask
prachchh
stay
थ sthaa
(kta pratyaya) Forms kta
त, त , तभ gataH, gataa, gatam
त, त , तभ ukta, uktaa, uktam
ऩत, ऩत , ऩतभ piitaH, piitaa, piitam
ऩ ट, ऩ ट , ऩ टभ pRRiShTaH, pRRiShTaa, pRRiShTam
थत, थत , थतभ sthitaH,
Verb
dhaatu
read
ऩ
kta
ऩठत, ऩठत , ऩठतभ
paTh
paThitaH, paThitaa, paThitam
tell
थत, थत , थतभ
थ kath
accept
kathitaH,kathitaa, kathitam
त , तभ त,
grah
gRRIhiitaH, gRRIhiitaa, gRRIhiitam
be, happen
ब त, ब त , ब तभ
ब
bhuutaH, bhuutaa, bhuutam
bhuu give
द daa
दत, दत , दतभ dattaH, dattaa, dattam
