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SISTEM REM
1. URAIAN Suatu sistem rem berperan penting dalam mengurangi kecepatan, menghentikan dan memarkirkan kendaraan. Tidak berfungsi rem dapat menimbulkan bahaya, dan ini penting sekali dalam pekerjaan membongkar, memeriksa, menyetel, dan memperbaiki serta merakitnya secara secermat mungkin.
2. FUNGSI
Mengurangi kecepatan dan menghentikan kendaraan.
Memungkinkan parkir ditempat yang menurun
Sebagai alat pengaman dan menjamin pengendaraan yang aman
3. PRINSIP DASAR SISTIM REM Merubah energi gerak menjadi energi panas. Umumnya rem bekerja disebabkan oleh adanya sistim gabungan penekanan melawan sistim gerak putar. Efek pengereman diperoleh dari adanya gesekan yang ditimbulkan antara dua benda
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4. KOMPONEN – KOMPONEN SISTEM REM
5. TIPE – TIPE REM Rem yang digunakan pada kendaraan bermotor dapat digolongkan menjadi beberapa tipe tergantung pada penggunaannya.
Rem kaki ( Foot brake ), dioperasikannya menggunakan kaki untuk mengontrol kecepatan dan menghentikan kendaraan.
Rem Parkir (Parking brake ) untuk menahan kendaraan supaya tidak mudah bergerak pada saat parkir .
Rem tambahan ( auxiliary brake ) untuk membantu rem kaki, umumnya digunakan pada kendaraan besar dan berat .
A. PRINSIP DASAR KERJA REM
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3 Tekanan dibangkitkan oleh master silinder dan diteruskan ke pipa – pipa saluran dan ke silinder roda
B. CARA KERJA PEDAL REM Didasarkan pada prinsip tuas yang merubah gaya pedal yang kecil menjadi besar
A – Jarak pedal ke fulcrum B – Jarak pushrod ke fulcrum F1 – Gaya penekanan pedal F2 – Gaya pushrod
C. TIPE DAN KONSTRUKSI MASTER SILINDER Ada dua tipe master silinder
Tunggal
Ganda ( tandem )
D. CARA KERJA
penekanan
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Saat pedal rem diinjak Piston bergerak ke kanan dan piston cup menutup compensating port, Sehingga menyebabkan tekanan hydrolis didalam silinder bertambah dan tekanan ini diteruskan ke wheel silinder
E. WHEEL CYLINDER Ada 2 macam wheel cylinder
Dengan satu piston untuk mendorong brake shoe
Dengan dua piston untuk mendorong brake shoe
F. SEPATU REM DAN KANVAS REM
Brake shoe Bahan plat baja
Kanvas Rem Bahan, Campuran fiber metalic, brass, lead, Plastik , dll Cara pemasangan pada sepatu rem dengan cara di keling atau di lem
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1. REM TROMOL (DRUM BRAKE)
Komponen rem tromol :
Backing plate
Wheel cylinder
Brake shoe & linning
Brake drum
Catatan o
Ketika brake linning bergesekan dengan brake drum, panas yang ditimbulkan dapat mencapai 200 ~ 300 C
1.1.
TIPE – TIPE REM TROMOL a. LEADING AND TRAILING Satu wheel cylinder dengan dua piston yang mendorong brake shoe bagian atas untuk menekan tromol
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b. TWO LEADING Tipe ini mempunyai dua wheel cylinder yang masing – masing memiliki satu piston
Keuntungan : Pada saat kendaraan bergerak maju kedua sepatu rem, menjadi leading sehingga rem menjadi lebih pakem
c. TIPE DUAL TWO LEADING Tipe ini mempunyai dua wheel cylinder yang masing – masing memiliki dua piston. Efek pengereman yang terjadi sangat baik pada saat kendaraan maju maupun mundur.
d. TIPE UNI - SERVO Tipe ini mempunyai satu wheel cylinder dengan satu piston dan pada Adjusting silinder dapat bergerak bebas.
Keuntungan :
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e. TIPE DUO - SERVO Tipe ini merupakan penyempurnaan dari tipe Uni servo Jadi rem jenis ini menggunakan satu wheel cylinder dengan dua piston dan adjusting cylinder yang dapat bergerak bebas. Sehingga pada saat kendaraan bergerak maju atau mundur kedua sepatu rem berfungsi sebagai leading shoe.
f. TIPE ANCHOR PIN Tipe ini mempunyai satu wheel cylinder dengan dua piston Brake shoe bagian bawah diikat menggunakan pin. Jika dilakukan pengereman dalam kondisi seperi gambar ( arah panah ), maka primary shoe akan bekerja sebagai leading shoe dan secondary shoe akan bekerja sebagai trailing
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PENYETEL CELAH SEPATU REM OTOMATIS CARA KERJA Saat rem parkir bekerja, maka tuas tertarik ke kiri. Pada saat yang bersamaan, tuas penyetel akan berputar searah jarum jam mengelilingi pin tempat sepatu rem terpasang, memutarkan adjusting screw.
Pada saat celah mencapai harga standar ( celah sepatu rem dengan tromol +/- 0,5 mm, maka adjusting lever hanya gerberak sedikit ( tidak dapat mengait gigi adjusting screw ). Sehingga celah sepatu rem tetap.
2. REM CAKRAM ( DISC BRAKE ) Rem cakram ( disc brake ) terdiri dari : 1. Cakram ( rotor disc ) 2. Disck Pad 3. Caliper
Daya
pengereman
dihasilkan
karena
gesekan antara disc pad dan disc rotor
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2.1
TIPE – TIPE REM CAKRAM ( DISC BRAKE )
a. TIPE FIXED TYPE / DOUBLE PISTON
Pada tipe ini daya pengereman didapat bila pad ditekan piston secara hidraulis dari kedua sisi disc.
b. TIPE FLOATING CALIPER TYPE
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Celah terlalu besar : Jika pad kita sudah aus, bila rem dioperasikan maka gerakan piston akan lebih jauh, tetapi besarnya deformasi seal tetap. Jika pedal dilepaskan, maka piston akan kembali dengan jarak yang sama besar dengan deformasi seal dan celah celah c elah rem telah disetel.
DISC BRAKE PAD Bahan, campuran metalic fiber dan serbuk besi, yang disebut semi metalic disc pad. Celah pada disc brake, dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan batas ketebalan pad kit yang diijinkan Anti squel shim berfungsi untuk mencegah bunyi menderit pada saat pengereman
ROTOR DISC
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2. Ventilated disc type
3. Solid disc type with drum
PARKING BRAKE ( REM PARKIR ) Terbagi menjadi 2 tipe : ~ Tipe roda belakang belakang ~ Tipe center ( pada output transmisi transmisi )
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TIPE – TIPE TUAS REM PARKIR
1. Lever type Biasanya digunakan pada kendaraan penumpang dan kendaraan commercial
2. Stick type Biasanya digunakan pada kendaraan commercial
3. Pedal type Biasanya digunakan pada kendaraan penumpang dan kendaraan mewah Cara membebaskannya menggunakan pedal
TIPE – TIPE REM PARKIR 1. SHARING
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2. DEVOTED Rem parkir tipe devoted, digunakan pada mobil yang menggunakan rem belakang model cakram Pada tipe ini cara kerjanya sama dengan tipe rem parkir tromol.
3. CENTER BRAKE Tipe
ini
banyak
digunakan
pada
kendaraan
komesial ( niaga ) Tipe ini adalah salah satu tipe rem parkir tipe tromol yang dipasangkan diantara transmisi dan propeller shaft.
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PRINSIP KERJA BOOSTER REM Bila vacuum bekerja pada kedua sisi piston, maka piston akan terdorong ke kanan oleh pegas. Bila tekanan atmosfir masuk ke ruang A, maka piston bergerak ke kiri menekan pegas karena adanya perbedaan tekanan, menyebabkan batang piston menekan piston master silinder .
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15 Vacuum valve terbuka menyebabkan terjadinya kevacuuman pada constant dan variable pressure chamber. Piston terdorong ke kanan oleh pegas diapragma
b. CARA KERJA KETIKA PEDAL DITEKAN Valve operating rod mendorong air valve control valve, menyebabkan vacuum valve tertutup dan air valve terbuka hal ini menyebabkan udara luar masuk ke variable pressure chamber. Perbedaan tekanan antara variable dan constant pressure chamber menyebabkan piston bergerak ke kiri
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ANTI LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM Sistem rem anti terkunci atau anti-lock braking sistem (ABS) merupakan sistem pengereman pada mobil agar tidak terjadi penguncian roda ketika terjadi pengereman mendadak/keras.
Sistem ini bekerja apabila pada mobil terjadi pengereman keras sehingga salah sebagian atau semua roda berhenti sementara mobil masih melaju, membuat kendaraan tidak terkendali sama sekali. Ketika sensornya mendeteksi ada roda mengunci, ia akan memerintahkan piston rem untuk mengendurkan tekanan, lalu mengeraskannya kembali begitu roda berputar. Proses itu berlangsung sangat cepat, bisa mencapai 15 kali/detik. Efeknya adalah mobil tetap dapat dikendalikan dan jar ak pengereman makin efektif.
Keunggulan ABS
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17 Akan tetapi, apabila permukaan jalannyha licin, besar gaya pengereman antara roda kanan dan kiri akan tidak sama sehingga akan menimbulkan gerakan yawing pada kendaraan sehinnga menimbulkan ketidak stabilan. Maka dari itu, kebanyakan mobil yang dilengkapi dengan 4 channel ABS memasukan pilihan low
logic pada roda
belakang untuk menjaga kestabilan dalam berbagai kondisi jalan.
2) Tipe 4-Sensor 3-Channel type (Front wheels: independent control, Rear wheels: Select low control ) Pada kendaraan FF(Front engine Front driving), rata rata berat kendaraan terpusat pada poda depan dan titik berat kendaraan saat direm juga akan bergerak kedepan hamper 70 % , gaya pengereman ini dikontrol oleh roda depan. Ini berarti kebanyakan tenaga pengereman dihasilkan oleh roda depan dan untuk mendapatkan efisiensi pengereman saat menggunakan ABS secara maksimum maka diperlukan pengaturan tersendiri pada roda depan. Namun, roda belakang yang gaya pengeremannya lebih sedikit, juga merupakan hal yang tidak kalah pentingnya untuk mendapatkan keamanan dalam pengereman. Karena itulah disaat ABS bejerja pada roda belakang dengan
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Daftar Pustaka
www.google.com
New Step 1 Toyota
New Step 2 Toyota