SISTEMA DE FRENOS ABS Camacho Jonnathan 1
ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITECNICA DE CHIMBORAZO jonnathancamaco jonnathancamaco_138! _138!hotma"#$%& hotma"#$%& 1
Resumen '
%n %&t% a(t)c*#o %+,#"ca(%mo& &o-(% #o (%.% (%.%(% (%nt nt%% a# &"&t &"&t%m %maa /% .(%n .(%no& o& ABS com como &* .*nc"onam"%nto0 .*nc"onam"%nto0 #a& %ntaja& 2*% no& ,*%/%n -("n/a(0 #o& t",o& 2*% ,*%/%n %+"&t"( &*& com,on%nt%&$
Índice de Términos ' '
ant"-#o2*%o0 ant"-#o2*%o0 %&ta-"#"/a/0 %&ta-"#"/a/0
Ventajas del sistema ABS •
Estabilidad en la conducción: %& "m,o(tant%
•
mant%n%( #a %&ta-"#"/a/ /%# %h)c*#o /*(ant% #a .(%na/a %n c*a#2*"%( &"t*ac"7n$ 5"n%m%can"ca6 Control de la conducción: &% /%-% mant%n%( %#
•
cont cont(o (o## /"(% /"(%cc cc"o "ona na## /%# /%# %h) %h)c* c*#o #o %n to/o to/o mom%nto mom%nto00 "nc#*&o "nc#*&o %n &"t*ac"o &"t*ac"on%& n%& %+t(%ma& %+t(%ma& /% .(%na/a %n c*(a0 a*n2*% &% ,"%(/a a/h%(%nc"a %n a#*na& (*%/a&$ 5"n%m%can"ca6 Distancia de frenado: con %# *&o /%# ABS #a&
%#%ct(o4#*#a&$
INTRODUCCIÓN E# &"&t%ma .(%no& ant"-#o2*%o 5ABS6 %"ta 2*% #a& (*%/a& &% -#o2*%%n ,at"n%n a# .(%na(0 con #o 2*% %# %h)c*#o no &o#am%nt% /%c%#%(a /% man%(a 7,t"ma0 &"no 2*% ,%(man%c% %&ta-#% /"(%cc"ona-#% /*(ant% #a .(%n .(%na/ a/aa 5,o/ 5,o/%m %mo& o& "(a "(a(( m"%n m"%nt( t(a& a& .(%n .(%nam amo& o&6$ 6$ 5T%cno#o"a6
SISTEMA DE FRENOS ABS. Con %# o-j%t"o /% hac%( #a .(%na/a m4& %."c"%nt% &%*(a &% "/%7 &% ha "/o ,%(.%cc"onan/o %# ##ama/o &"&t%ma /% .(%na/o ant"-#o2*%o ant"-#o2*%o 5Ant"#oc9 B(ac9"n S&t%m0 o ABS6$ 5"n%m%can"ca6 B4&"cam%nt% B4&"cam%nt% con&"&t% *n &"&t%ma 2*% %"ta %# -#o2*%o /% #a& (*%/a& a# .(%na(0 ,o( tanto %"ta 2*% &% ,"%(/a %# cont(o# /"(%cc"ona# /%# %h)c*#o$ E&to %& a&) ,o(2*% &7#o &7#o *na *na (*%/a (*%/a 2*% 2*% "(a0 "(a0 &"n -#o2* -#o2*%a( %a(&% &%00 ,*%/ ,*%/%% %n%(a( %n%(a( *na& .*%(:a& #at%(a#% #at%(a#%&& 2*% ,*%/%n ,*%/%n c*m,#"( c*m,#"( con #a& .*nc"on%& .*nc"on%& /% /"(%cc"7n cont(o# /%# %h)c*#o$ %h)c*#o$ 5"n%m%can"ca6 E&t% &"&t%ma /% (%*#ac"7n /% #a .(%na/a com"%n:a con con *no& *no& &%n& &%n&o( o(%& %& *-"c *-"ca/ a/o& o& %n #a& #a& (*%/ (*%/a& a& 2*% 2*% cont(o#an ,%(man%nt%m%nt% #a %#oc"/a/ /% "(o /% #a& #a& m"&m m"&ma& a&00 ,o( ,o( %&o %&o 2*% 2*% tamtam-"; ";n n &% #%& #%& ##am ##amaa ca,ta/o(%& RPM /% (*%/a&$ A ,a(t"( /% #o& /ato& 2*% &*m"n"&t &*m"n"&t(a (a ca/a *no /% #o& &%n&o(%& &%n&o(%&00 #a *n"/a/ *n"/a/ /% cont(o# cont(o# %#%ct(7n"ca %#%ct(7n"ca 5#a ECU6 %& ca,a: ca,a: /% ca#c*#a ca#c*#a( ( m%/"ant m%/"ant%% *n a#o("tm a#o("tmo o mat%m4t mat%m4t"co "co *na %#oc"/a %#oc"/a/ / m%/"a0 2*% &% toma 2*% co((%&,on/% a,(o+ a,(o+"ma "ma/am /am%nt %nt%% a #a %#oc %#oc"/a "/a/ / /%# /%# %h)c %h)c*#o *#o$$ Com, Com,a( a(an an/o /o #a& #a& /"&t /"&t"n "nta ta&& %#o %#oc" c"/a /a/% /%&& 2*% 2*% a a/2*"("%n/o *na (*%/a con #a m%/"a #o-a# &% ,*%/% &a-%( &a-%( &" %&ta (*%/a am%na:a am%na:a o no con -#o2*%a -#o2*%a(&%$ (&%$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
/"&tanc"a& /% .(%na/o %n con/"c"on%& #)m"t%& &% (%/*c%n con&"/%(a-#%m%nt%0 con&"/%(a-#%m%nt%0 mant%n";n/o&% mant%n";n/o&% %# cont(o# /%# %h)c*#o$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
Funcionamiento del ABS E# &"&t%m &"&t%maa ABS ABS %& *n &"&t%m &"&t%maa %#%c %#%ct(7 t(7n"c n"co o 2*% com,(*% com,(*%-a -a cont(o#a cont(o#a #a %#oc"/a %#oc"/a/ / /% #a& (*%/a& /*(ant% %# .(%na/o$ E# &"&t%ma o,%(a com,#%tam%nt% "nt% "nt%(a/ (a/o o con %# &"&t%m &"&t%maa /% .(%no .(%no&& n%*m4 n%*m4t"c t"co& o& %&t4n/a( /%# cam"7n o h"/(4*#"co& %n #o& %h)c*#o& #"%(o&$ #"%(o&$ M%/"ant M%/"ant%% *no& &%n&o(%& &%n&o(%& *-"ca/o& *-"ca/o& %n ca/a ca/a (*%/a ,%(m"t% cont(o#a( #a %#oc"/a/ /% #a& m"&ma& &% cont(o cont(o#a #a %# .(%na .(%na/o /o /*(an /*(ant% t% #a& &"t*a &"t*ac"o c"on% n%&& /% -#o2*%o /% #a& m"&ma&$ E# &"&t%ma m%jo(a #a %&ta-"#"/ %&ta-"#"/a/ a/ %# cont(o# cont(o# /%# %h)c*# %h)c*#o o a# (%/*c"( (%/*c"( %# -#o2*%o /% #a& (*%/a& /*(ant% %# .(%na/o$ 5"n%m%can"ca6 E# S"&t%ma S"&t%ma /% Ant"a#%& (%c"-"/a& ,o( #o& &%n&o(%& /% %#oc"/a/ /% #a& (*%/a&$ La ECU0 2*% %&t4 con&t"t*"/o ,o( m"c(o,(oc%&a/o(%& m"c(o,(oc%&a/o(%&00 ca#c*#a *na %#oc"/a/ %#oc"/a/ /% (%.%(%nc"a o m%/"a /% %nt(% to/a& #a& (%c"-"/a&0 2*% &% con&" con&"/% /%(a (a 2*% 2*% co((%& co((%&,o ,on/ n/%% con #a %#oc %#oc"/a "/a/ / /%# /%# %h)c*# %h)c*#o$ o$ E&t% /ato a a a*/a( a*/a( a /%t%cta( /%t%cta( &" *na (*%/a am%na:a con -#o2*%a(&%0 /a/o 2*% %# &"&t%ma a a "( com,a(an/o &*c%&"am%nt% %&ta m%/"a #o-a#
o /% (%.%(%nc"a con #a& %#oc"/a/%& %&,%c)."ca& 2*% a (%c"-"%n/o /% ca/a (*%/a0 ,o( #o 2*% &% ,*%/% "nt*"( &" a#*na /% #a& (*%/a&0 ,o( #a t%n/%nc"a 2*% ##%a %n &* %#oc"/a/0 %& ,(o,%n&a a -#o2*%a(&% o no0 act*a( %n con&%c*%nc"a$ 5"n%m%can"ca6 S" %.%ct"am%nt%0 *na /% #a& (*%/a& am%na:a con -#o2*%a(&%0 #a ECU act=a /% "nm%/"ato (%/*c"%n/o #a ,(%&"7n /% .(%na/o /% %&a (*%/a ha&ta a#can:a( *n a#o( ."ja/o ,o( /%-ajo /%# #)m"t% /% -#o2*%o0 ,a(a 2*% c*an/o #a (*%/a *%#a a "(a( #"-(%m%nt% &% *%#a a*m%nta( #a ,(%&"7n /% .(%na/o ,a(a 2*% cont"n=% %# ,(oc%&o /% ,a(a/a$ E&t% ,(oc%&o &% (%,"t% ha&ta 2*% %# con/*cto( /%ja /% acc"ona( %# ,%/a# /% .(%no0 o /"&m"n*% #a ,(%&"7n /% act"ac"7n /%# m"&mo$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
ca/a (*%/a a &* %: /"&,on% /% *n &%n&o( ,a(a ca/a (*%/a$ 5m%an%-o0 @16 T(%& cana#%& c*at(o &%n&o(%& %&t% &"&t%ma
c*%nta con *na o a("a& %#%ct(o4#*#a& ,a(a #a& (*%/a& /%#ant%(a&0 ,%(o %n #a& (*%/a& /%# %j% t(a&%(o &% c*%nta con *na o a("a& %#%ct(o4#*#a& 2*% cont(o#an #a& /o& (*%/a& /%# m"&mo %j% 5t(a&%(o6$ D"&,on% /% *n &%n&o( ,a(a ca/a (*%/a$ 5m%an%-o0 @16 T(%& cana#%& t(%& &%n&o(%& "*a# /"&,o&"c"7n 2*% %# ant%("o( &"&t%ma0 ,%(o &% /".%(%nc"a %n %# %j% t(a&%(o /on/% &o#o ha *n &%n&o( &"t*a/o %n (*,o c7n"co no %n #a& (*%/a&$ 5m%an%-o0 @16
Comonentes del sistema
Tios de sistemas ABS
Sensores de rueda
S% ,*%/%n %ncont(a( /".%(%nt%& &"&t%ma& ABS0 c#a&"."can/o #o& ,("nc",a#m%nt% ,o( %# n=m%(o /% ?cana#%&? /% ?&%n&o(%&? 2*% cont(o#an #o& .(%no& /% ca/a *na /% #a& (*%/a& /%# %h)c*#o$ 5m%an%-o0 @16
Lo& &"&t%ma& /% &%n&o(%& ABS0 tam-";n ##ama/o& ca,ta/o(%& /% (*%/a0 m"/%n #a %#oc"/a/ "n&tant4n%a %n ca/a (*%/a0 %n"an/o con&tant%m%nt% %&ta "n.o(mac"7n a #a ECU$ E# conj*nto %&t4 com,*%&to ,o( %# ca,ta/o( o &%n&o( *n %n%(a/o( /% "m,*#&o& o (*%/a .7n"ca 5/%nta/a6 2*% "(a con #a (*%/a$ E# &%n&o( /% (*%/a &% "n&ta#a %n %# -*j% /% #a (*%/a0 /on/% 2*%/a ,o&"c"ona/o .(%nt% a #a co(ona /%nta/a 2*% .o(ma ,a(t% /%# ,(o,"o %j% /% t(an&m"&"7n0 /%jan/o *n %nt(%h"%((o /% *n m"#)m%t(o %nt(% am-o&$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
E# n=m%(o /% cana#%& "%n% /%t%(m"na/o ,o( %# n=m%(o /% %#%ct(o4#*#a& 2*% (%*#an #a ,(%&"7n /% .(%na/o /% #a& (*%/a& ,*/"%n/o (%*#a(#a& "n/%,%n/"%nt%m%nt% *na ,o( *na o -"%n #a& /o& /%# m"&mo %j% a #a %:$ E+"&t%n t(%& t",o& -4&"co& /% (%*#ac"7n /% #a& (*%/a& 5m%an%-o0 @16
Unidad de Control Electrónico (ECU)
R%*#ac"7n "n/""/*a# %n #a 2*% ca/a (*%/a &%
cont(o#a /% .o(ma "n/%,%n/"%nt% ,o( *na o a("a& %#%ct(o4#*#a&$ 5m%an%-o0 @16 R%*#ac"7n ?S%#%ct<#o? #a& /o& (*%/a& /% *n
m"&mo %j% &% cont(o#an con #o& a#o(%& o-t%n"/o& ,o( %# ca,ta/o( /% #a (*%/a 2*% t"%n% "n/"c"o& /% -#o2*%a( %n ,("m%( #*a($ Una o a("a& %#%ct(o4#*#a& com*n%& a #a& /o& (*%/a& (%*#an #a m"&ma ,(%&"7n h"/(4*#"ca ,a(a am-a&$ 5m%an%-o0 @16 R%*#ac"7n ?S%#%ct
Lo& &%n&o(%& &% co#ocan no(ma#m%nt% j*nto a #a& (*%/a& &"(%n ,a(a /%t%cta( #a %#oc"/a/0 ac%#%(ac"7n /%c%#%(ac"7n /% ;&ta&$ En .*nc"7n /%# t",o /% c"(c*"to /% .(%no&0 n=m%(o /% cana#%& n=m%(o /% &%n&o(%&0 &% ,*%/%n c#a&"."ca( #o& &"&t%ma& ABS 5m%an%-o0 @16
C*at(o cana#%& c*at(o &%n&o(%& %&t% &"&t%ma c*%nta con *na o a("a& %#%ct(o4#*#a& ,a(a
La ECU &% %nca(a /%# t(atam"%nto /% #a& &%>a#%& %n"a/a& ,o( #o& ca,ta/o(%& o &%n&o(%& /% ca/a (*%/a$ E& %# c%(%-(o /%# &"&t%ma ABS$ R%c"-% "n.o(mac"7n /% #o& &%n&o(%& %n)a &%>a#%& a #a& 4#*#a& ABS a #a *n"/a/ h"/(4*#"ca ,a(a %# ca&o /% &"&t%ma& h"/(4*#"co /% .(%no&$ Ha ECU& ,a(a a,#"cac"on%& /% montaj% %n #a ca-"na o -"%n %n %# -a&t"/o($ 5"n%m%can"ca6 E# &"&t%ma /% .*nc"onam"%nto /% #a ECU &% "n"c"a con #a& "n.o(mac"on%& (%c"-"/a& ,o( ca/a &%n&o(0 2*% &on t(ata/a& %n ,a(a#%#o m%/"ant% *no& m"c(ocom,*ta/o(%&$ En ca&o /% /%&"*a#/a/ /% #a& "n.o(mac"on%& (%c"-"/a& %nt(% #o& &%n&o(%&0 #a ECU &*,on% 2*% ha ,%#"(o /% -#o2*%o %n a#*na (*%/a % "n"c"a %# ,(oc%&o /% (%*#ac"7n /% #a .(%na/a0 %& /%c"(0 act"a %# ABS$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
Hidrogrupo E# h"/(o(*,o o *n"/a/ h"/(4*#"ca %& *n conj*nto .o(ma/o ,o( moto(<-om-a0 ocho %#%ct(o4#*#a&0 c*at(o /% a/m"&"7n c*at(o /% %&ca,%0 *n ac*m*#a/o( ,a(a %# .#*"/o h"/(4*#"co /% -aja ,(%&"7n$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
Electroválvulas E&t4n con&t"t*"/a& /% *n &o#%no"/% /% *n "n/*c"/o m7"# 2*% /%&a((o##a #a& .*nc"on%& /% a,%(t*(a c"%((%$ La ,o&"c"7n /% (%,o&o %& a&%*(a/a ,o( #a acc"7n /% *n m*%##% "nco(,o(a/o$ To/a& #a& %nt(a/a& &a#"/a& /% #a& %#%ct(o4#*#a& an ,(ot%"/a& ,o( *no& ."#t(o&$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
Equipo motorbomba E&t4 con&t"t*"/o ,o( *n moto( %#;ct("co /% *na -om-a h"/(4*#"ca /% /o-#% c"(c*"to0 cont(o#a/o ,o( #a ECU$ La .*nc"7n /% %&t% %2*",o %& (%cha:a( %# #)2*"/o /% .(%no /*(ant% #a .a&% /% (%*#ac"7n /%&/% #o& -om-"n%& a #a -om-a /% .(%no&$ C*an/o act=a %# conj*nto h"/(4*#"co %# con/*cto( #o nota /a/o 2*% &% ,(o/*c% *n #"%(o mo"m"%nto /%# ,%/a# /% .(%no$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
!cumulador de ba"a presión D*(ant% #a act*ac"7n /%# &"&t%ma /% ABS (%c"-% %# #)2*"/o /% .(%no 2*% ,a&a ,o( #a %#%ct(o4#*#a /% %&ca,%$ E# n"%# /% ,(%&"7n n%c%&a("o ,a(a %# ##%na/o /%# ac*m*#a/o( /% -aja ,(%&"7n /%-% &%( #o &*."c"%nt%m%nt% -ajo ,a(a no "nt%(.%("( %n #a ca)/a /% ,(%&"7n n%c%&a("a %n #a .a&% /% (%*#ac"7n0 ,%(o #o &*."c"%nt%m%nt% a#ta como ,a(a %nc%( %# ta(a/o /% #a 4#*#a /% %nt(a/a /% #a -om-a$ 5"n%m%can"ca6
CONC!USIONES
Sa-%( c*an -%n%."c"a("o %& t%n%( %&t% &"&t%ma %n
*n %h)c*#o a 2*% no& ,%(m"t% "aja( con -*%na &%*("/a/ con.o(t$ R%conoc%( como %&t4 con.o(ma/o %&t% &"&t%ma con &*& /".%(%nt%& ,a(t%& como %& #a ECU0 #o& &%n&o(%& &* (*,o h"/(4*#"co /% .(%na/o$
RECOMENDACIONES
C*an/o (%a#"c%mo& *n t(a-ajo %n %&t% t",o /%
&"&t%ma &"%m,(% (%a#":a( con ,(%ca*c"7n a 2*% t"%n% ,a(t%& m* /%#"ca/a& co&to&a&$ S"%m,(% (%a#":a( *n -*%n mant%n"m"%nto ,a(a 2*% t%na *n -*%n .*nc"onam"%nto /*(a-"#"/a/$
BIB!IO"RAF#A "n%m%can"ca$ 5&$.$6$ ingemecanica.com$ R%c*,%(a/o %# 18 /% 1 /% @10 /% htt,"n%m%can"ca$comt*to("a#&%mana#t*to("a# nF$htm# m%an%-o0 D$ 5@16$ aficionadosalamecanica.net $ R%c*,%(a/o %# 118 /% @10 /% htt,$a."c"ona/o&a#am%can"ca$n%t&"&t%ma_ a-&$htm T%cno#o"a$ 5&$.$6$ areatecnologia $ R%c*,%(a/o %# 18 /% 1 /% @10 /% htt,$a(%at%cno#o"a$com%#_a-&$htm
