Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Professor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD Fall 2009 - Lecture 1 What is structure? Structure/Architecture Interaction State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)
What is Structure Equilibrium
Stability
What is Structure Strength
Redundancy
Stiffness
Human Comfort
variation of B with design parameters
What is Structure Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility
Ductility Demand and Capacity
What is Structure Efficiency - Materials - Gravity System - Lateral System - Foundation
Constructability - Simplicity - Time
Steel Structural Systems
NUMBER OF OFFICE STORIES
160
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems
NUMBER OF STORIES (OFFICE BUILDINGS)
POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF)
Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems
elevator system 6-12%
architecture 30-40%
MEP 20-25%
structure 20-30%
Structural Economy, Efficiency and Constructability Cost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs
World Map
Meter 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
World’s Tallest Buildings Chart
John Hancock Center
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Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
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Status: completed
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Groundbreaking: 1965
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Completion: 1969
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Use: Mixed use
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Height: 1127 feet (344 meters)
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Floor Count: 100
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Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft. (260,126 sq.m.)
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Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
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Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
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Contractor: Tishman Construction Company
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Developer: John Hancock Insurance
Structural System
Sears Tower
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Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
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Status: completed
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Groundbreaking: 1972
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Completion: 1974
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Use: Office
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Height: 1451 feet (442 meters)
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Floor Count: 110
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Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.)
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Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
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Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
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Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc.
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Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company
Structural System
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Column Axial Load Distribution
Load behavior
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Connection Details
Frame Construction Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Modular Parts
Superstructure Construction
One Magnificent Mile
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Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
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Status: completed
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Groundbreaking: 1978
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Completion: 1983
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Use: Mixed
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Height: 673 feet (205 meters)
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Floor Count: 57
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Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
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Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
Structural System
Structural Analysis
Onterie Center
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Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois
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Status: completed
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Completion: 1986
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Use: Mixed use
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Height: 570 feet (174 meters)
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Floor Count: 58
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Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
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Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
Architectural plan / section
The Attack
The World Trade Center Site, New York Twin Towers, 1973 (Top), Freedom Tower, 2011 (Down)
World Trade Center
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Groundbreaking: August 5, 1966
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Completion: April 4, 1973
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Destroyed: September 11, 2001
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Use: Office
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Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters)
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Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consulting
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Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson
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Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
Typical tower floor plan
Site plan
conceptual view of structural system
conceptual view of floor system
Simulation of the collapse
Simulation of the collapse http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wgbh/mediastorage/nova/minutes/2907_220.rm
Impact of 9/11 and the 2008 Real Estate crisis on Tall Building Construction
Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1998 (Architect: SOM)
Skyscraper built before 9/11
Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004 (Architect: SOM)
Skyscraper built after 9/11
Swiss Re Tower, London, UK, 2004 (Architect: Norman Foster)
Turning Torso, Malmö Harbor, Sweden, 2005 (Architect: Santiago Calatrava)
Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Architect: Norman Foster) under construction, 2008
Shanghai World Trade Center, Shanghai, China (Architect: KPF) under construction, 2008
Chicago Spire
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Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois
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Status: under construction
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Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007
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Completion: 2011 estimated
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Use: Residential
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Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters)
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Floor Count: 150
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Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.)
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Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will
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Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti
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Contractor: Case Foundation
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Developer: Shelbourne Development
America’s Tallest Building
Foundation •
34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120’) deep
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1m (3.2’) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80’) deep
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32m (104’) diameter cofferdam 24m (78’) deep
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98 bell caissons to support substructure
Calatrava’s sketch
Superstructure •
Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns
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7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns
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Columns shift inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors
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6” thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor
Calatrava’s sketch
Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE (Architect: SOM) under construction, 2008
Infinity Tower, Dubai, UAE (Architect: SOM) under construction, 2008
White Luchung Plaza, Shanghai, China
Davinci Tower, Dubai, UAE (Architect: Fisher)
New City Hall Proposal, Guangzhou, China proposed
Nile Tower, Cairo, Egypt (Architect: Zaha Hadid) proposed
Dubai Towers
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Location: Dubai, UAE
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Status: proposed
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Completion: 2011
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Use: Mixed
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Height: 1805 feet (550 meters)
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Floor Count: 120
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Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.)
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Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback
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Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international
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Developer: Sama
Tower29 Height 550m
Towers Heights and Areas
HEIGHT
BUILT-UP AREA
TOWER-01
360 m
120,000 sq. m
TOWER-20
410 m
140,000 sq. m
TOWER-21
460 m
160,000 sq. m
TOWER-29
550 m
210,000 sq. m
Preliminary structural sketch
Structural Model
Architectural Model
Elevator Core/ Plan Layout
Typical Facade
Spire
Tall Building Research at IIT
Tall Building Research at IIT
Tall Building Research at IIT
Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th
Office Zone 3 − Local 2: 74th − 76th
Plaza Level Floor Plan − 1st Floor
Tall Building Research at IIT Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Korea proposed, 1996
Form Stiffened Structures Research at IIT
