K`ws ikijysns
M`hnka iigo fk Psi dfsqu`
H`ijth
Musnk`ss
Gfstjy jim t`sts afk't luirikt`` quijnty
K`w tiggs mffst MIQ Plikai bfrtuk`s
Nssu` Kf. 0=9 Diy 98 - =1, =398
Q`i bird`rs b``j th` pnkgh is prng`s bijj
Pshs 0,333,Oshs =33, ]wB 9,033, WAS 8
Fghfji5 Lffa Lffa gfp, mut bfr hfw jfkl6 D`kankl i bfrg` hiukt`a my L`k. Oiynhuri lhfsts
Fp`ritnfks
Dirnk`
Giknk`
GNNA
Dnk`rij
Bjynkl Wquia
WNP
Gfukt`r Q`rrfrnsd
WWF
fnj ika lis Qfurnsd
RNSSP
www.nka`p`ka`kt.gf.ul
NKMFX
Nssu` Kf. 0=9 Diy 98 - =1, =398 K`ws ikijysns
Musnk`ss
H`ijth
Irts
Dftfrnkl
Gfv`r stfry
Fghfji5 Lffa gfp, mut bfr hfw jfkl6 Fghfji5 Lffa gfp, mut bfr hfw jfkl6 1
Qh` \``o
79 Gfdd`kts
Sirjnid`kt a`dikas dfr` bukankl bfr k`w DSs
>
Dnsuka`rstikankl why kitnfks binj5 Sfjntngij nkstimnjnty, mia `gfkfdy, ika why Dus`v`kn mnjjnfk mnjj nfkinr` inr`ss gfuja gfuja vik viknsh nsh wh`k h` ns kf jfkl`r nk pfw`r
Qh` Jist \fra
Nksna` Ibrngi„s r`ij tril`ay5 Hfw th` na`fjfly fb i w`jbir` stit` his a`strfy`a fur gfktnk`kt ika ndpfv`rnsh`a nts p`fpj` 92
71
Srnvit` jim t`sts nk Plikai ir` gfstjy5 Mut r`g`kt r`s`irgh my `xp`r `xp`rts ts shfw shfwss prng` prng` af` af`sk„t sk„t `quij quijnty
Ikijysns Iigo fk Psi dfsqu`5 \hy Dusjnd prfjnkl gfuja migor`
7< =3
Musnk`ss K`w tigtngs mffst MIQ Plikai bfrtuk`s5 Gfdpiky fwk`rs tf shir` ijj th` Whs9=mk k`t prft `irk`a jist y`ir
WQ]IQ@L^ & @ANQF]NIJ AN]@GQF]5
Ikar`w Ikar` w D. Dw`kai Dw`kai
DIKILNKL @ANQF] 5 Efs`ph \`r` NKR@WQNLIQNFKW @ANQF]5 Hillin Ditsnof MPWNK@WW @ANQF]5
Nsiig Ohnsi
H`ijth
Irts & Gujtur` Plikai„s mrfkz` dist`r5 Fjfyi gribts i d`tiphfr bfr r`gfkgnjnitnfk
\]NQ@]W5]fkija Dusfo`, Bjivni Kissioi, Nik Oitusnnd`, Ilk`s Kikti Kiktimi, mi, Eujnus Eujnus Musnkl`. kl`. A@WNLK/JI^FPQ5 Wirih Klfrfrikf GI]QFFKNWQ5 Hirrn`t Eidwi
SHFQFL]ISH@]5 Enddy Wnyi
SPMJNWH@]5 Nka`p`ka`kt Sumjngitnfks Jndnt`a, Sjft 8=/81, Oikefoyi Wtr``t, S. F. Mfx 7731, Oidpiji, Plikai Q`j5 +=02-79=-27<-7>9 +=02-79=-27<-7>9// =/ 7/ 1 | Bix5 +=02-79=-27<-7>2 +=02-79=-27<-7>2 @-dinj5 `antfrCnka`p`ka`kt.gf.ul `antfrCnka`p`ka`kt.gf.ul | iav`rtnsnklCnka`p`ka`kt. iav`rtnsnklCnka`p`ka`kt.gf.ul gf.ul gnrgujitnfkCnka`p`ka`kt.gf.u gnrgujitnfkCn ka`p`ka`kt.gf.ul l | \`msnt`5 www.nka`p`ka`kt.gf.ul
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Diy 98 - =1, =398
FBBJNK@
Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn (=]) pfs`s wnth S`klb`n Uhikl (D), i Ghnk`s` `ktr`pr`k`ur ika hns issfgnit`s whf hiv` `xpr`ss`a nkt`r`st tf nkv`st nk i dujtndikubigturnkl bigtfry bfr prfaugtnfk fb ik issfrtd`kt fb `j`gtrng `qunpd`kt. ]nlht ns Wp`io`r ]`m`ggi Oiaili whf ijsf itt`ka`a th` d``tnkl it Wtit` Hfus`, @kt`mm`. Qikzikni„s NJF Anr`gtfr Anr`gtfr,, \`jjnkltfk Ghnm`m` (J) `xghikl`s DfP wnth th` @IG W`gr`tiry L`k`rij Idm. Jnm`rit Dbuduo`of dna jist w``o nk Irushi, Qikzikni. Qh` r`vns`a DfP prfvna`s bfr th` a`v`jfpd`kt fb i brid`wfro bfr th` hirdfknsitnfk fb th` @IG Sirtk`r Wtit`s„ pfjngn`s fk sfgnij s`gurnty nk jnk` wnth th` NJF Gfkv`ktnfk fk Wfgnij W`gurnty.
‚I j`ia`r whf gfktriv`k`s thit sum s`gtnfk 9 mr`igh`s th` gfa` ika ns jnimj` tf vigit` fg` fr m` ansdnss`a...Afk„t yfu s`` whit thns J`ia`rshnp Gfa` Igt ns isonkl yfu whit tf af6—Eustng` af6—Eustng` Gith`rnk` Midul`d`r`nr` isonkl Jikas Dnknst`r M`tty Idfkln tf r`snlk aurnkl th` jika nkqunry
‚Qhns ns ukm`jn`vimj`. \h`r` ns th` prfmj`d6 Dy fwk sghffj r`gfrankl z`rf z`rf, z`rf, ika z`rf, gjfs` tf twf a`gia`s ns futril`fus.— Wp`io`r futril`fus.— Wp`io`r ]`m`ggi Oiaili fk th` binjur` fb Dmujidutn prndiry sghffj (whngh sh` itt`ka`a) tf sgfr` i 9st lria` nk SJ@ nk 98 y`irs
GFP]Q@W^ SHFQF
Dnknst`r bfr Bnkikg`, Sjikknkl ika @gfkfdng A`v`jfpd`kt Ditni Oisinei (G) wnth th` k`w Mfira fb Plikai Br`` Ufk`s Iuthfrnt Iuthf rntyy (PBUI) (PBUI) fk Diy 93. Qh` lfv`rkd`kt ns jffonkl it PBUI tf prfdft` th` gfuktry„s `xpfrts. GFP]Q@W^ SHFQF
98
Dfkths my whngh th` Midul`d`r`nr` Midul`d`r`n r` gfddnssnfk fb nkqunry nktf jika wis `xt`ka`a
=8
Onakip gis`s thit Sfjng` ns gurr`ktjy wfronkl fk
‚Qh` git`lfrnsitnfk fb sika, lriknt`, stfk`s ika durrid is dnk`rijs puts nk pjig` luna`jnk`s fk hfw tf `xtrigt th`d. Qh` viju` th`s` r`sfurg`s hiv` iaa`a tf fur gfuktry dust m`k`t `v`ry Plikaik, h`kg` th` r`lujitnfks—Briko r`lujitnfks— Briko Qudw`miz`, Qudw`miz`, Dnknst`r fb NGQ ika kitnfkij lunaikg` fk th` a`gjiritnfk fb sika is i dnk`rij
133%
I prfpfs`a nkgr`is` fb ijjfwikg`s bfr sfd` gnvnj s`rvikts
Diy 98 - =1, =398
7
\@@O
Dus`v`kn jur`s Eipik`s` nkv`stfrs
Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn wnth Oijpiki Im` (]) it Wtit` Hfus`, @kt`mm` fk Diy 99. Im` j`a i a`j`litnfk fb Eipik`s` nkv`stfrs whf ukv`nj`a i prfpfsij fb stirtnkl up i ‘Wdirt Gnty„ thit wfuja m` s`jb-sustinknkl, t`ghkfjfly frn`kt`a ika wfuja hiv` i gfdd`rgnij miko thit bfgus`s fk ilrngujturij ika dfrtlil` bnkikgnkl.
Eidn Ei dnjj Duo Duouj ujuu trn trnij ij st stirt irtss Eidnj Duouju, th` j`ia`r fb th` Ijjn`a A`b`kg` Bfrg`s, i shiafwy r`m`j lrfup, stffa trnij it th` Hnlh Gfurt bfr th` rst tnd` thns w``o snkg` hns irr`st nk Qikzikni nk =390. Duouju ns bignkl ghirl`s fb diss dura`r ika grnd`s ilinkst hudiknty bfr t`rrfrnsnkl Plikaiks nk ir`is fb w`st`rk Plikai nk th` 9>>3„s whnj` fp`ritnkl brfd th` dfuktinks fb A] Gfklf. Duouju a`kn`a th` ghirl`s a`gjirnkl tf th` d`ani thit ‚N id kft i dura`r`r.—
B`irs fv`r nkgr`is`a onakips Qh`r` ir` h`nlht`k`a b`irs ika ukg`rtinkty nk Oidpiji ika igrfss th` gfuktry is th` kudm`r fb onakips eust lf`s up w``o nk w``o fut. Qh` jit`st nkgna`kt ns imfut 9>-y`irfja Mrnkih Kijuj` whf wis onakipp`a brfd Oidpiji Fja Qixn Siro `irjy thns dfkth ika dura`r`a ibt`r th` pir`kts gfuja kft piy i sud fb Whs93dnjjnfk thit h`r onjj`rs a`dika`a. ]`pfrts siy bfur p`fpj` hiv` m``k irr`st`a irr `st`a nk gfkk`gtnfk wnth h`r onjjnkl ika pfjng` siy nt ns gfkaugtnkl
nkv`stnlitnfks. Nk th` jist b`w dfkths, th`r` his m``k i wiv` fb onakips wh`r` i p`rsfk lf`s dnssnkl, th` giptfrs gijj th` bidnjy fb th` vngtnd ika a`dika bfr i riksfd. Wfd` fb th` onakip vngtnds nkgjua` Ghirnty Oyfhinrw`, Wuzik Diliri, Nsiig Dioumuyi. Fk s`v`rij fggisnfks, Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn his sina th` pfjng` af`s kft hiv` th` gipignty tf girry fut nkv`stnlitnfks ika thwirt th` onakips, j`ivnkl i hfp`j`ss sntuitnfk wfrs`!
Sirjnid`kt a`dikas dfr` bukankl bfr k`w DSs Sirjnid`kt ns a`dikankl ik iaantnfkij Whs7.1mnjjnfk tf gfv`r i wil` shfrtbijj bfr k`w DSs nk th` eust gr`it`a anstrngts whngh wnjj gfdd`kg` fp`ritnfks fk Eujy 9, gr`itnkl i pnj` fk ik ijr`iay fv`rsnz`a pirjnid`kt wnth 109 DSs. Qh` snx k`w ans trngts nkgjua` Mulw`rn, Owikni, Oisikai, Oip`j`myfkl, Kimnjituo, ika Onouum`. Dfr` DSs ir` `xp`gt`a nk th` Hfus` wh`k th` k`w dukngnpijntn`s fb Mulnrn, Ipig, Oftnaf, Nmikai, Wh``di, K`mmn ika Munow` ir` ijsf `xp`gt`a tf `j`gt k`w DSs thns y`ir.
Qh` kudm`r gfuja lf hnlh`r nk =39> wh`k th` k`w anstrngts fb Fmfkln, ]widpiri, Oizf, Ontilw`kai, Dian-Fofjjfh, Oir`kli ika Jusft m`gfd` fp`ritnfkij. DSs hiv` m``k m` `k grn grntng tngns` ns`a a my my th` th` l` l`k`r k`rij ij pum pumjng jng bfr th`nr `xg`ssnv` a`dikas nk th` pist ika th` nkgr`is` fb th` k`w DSs ns jno`jy tf bu`j a`dika bfr juxurn`s. \nth th` rit` it whngh anstrngts ir` m`nkl gr`it`a, nt ns jno`jy th` snz` fb th` 93th pirjnid`kt wnjj hiv` grfss`a th` 033 diro my th` k`xt l`k`rij `j`gtnfk.
*t`rds ika gfkantnfks ippjy
1
Diy 98 - =1, =398
\@@O
Mnlnrndiki uka`r r` fv`r Whs=33d jika gfdp`ksitnfk
Snus Mnlnrndiki
Snus Mnlnrndiki, th` S`rdik`kt W`gr`tiry nk th` Dnknstry fb L`ka`r, Jimfur ika Wfgnij A`v`jfpd`kt wis qunzz`a my th` gfddnssnfk fb nkqunry nktf jika di`rs fv`r nrr`lujirntn`ss nk hns nrr`lujirntn` sij` fb 03 igr`s fb jika tf lfv`rkd`kt nk =390. Qh` gfddnssnfk ghinr`a my Eustng Eus tng`` Gith Gith`rn `rnk` k` Midul`d`r`nr` ruj`a thit Mnlnrndiki ana kft a`s`rv` th` gfdp`ksitnfk fb Whs=33dnjjnfk h` lft bfr th` jika
Gi t h`rnk` Midul`d`r`nr`
au` tf ndprfp`r afgud`ktitnfk afgud`ktitnf k fb hns fwk`rshnp. Mnlnrndiki sina thit wh`k h` mfulht th` jika nk =33<, th`r` w`r` i b`w squi`rs mut wnth tnd` th` kudm`r fb `kgrfigh`rs fk th` jika shft up giusnkl ukr`st m`tw m` tw`` ``k k hnd hnd ika th` gfdduknty. Mnlnrndiki tfja th` h`irnkl thit h` wrft` i j``r tf th` s`gr`tiry fb Plikai Jika gfddnssnfk Ijm`rt Duludyi nkangitnkl thit h` wis th` j`lij fwk`r
\@ I]@ HN]NKL! Ir` yfu i Lriphngs a`snlk`r6
M`tty I dfkl dfklnn
fb th` sina jika ika wnsh`a tf anspfs` nt tf th` lfv`rkd` lfv`rkd`kt, kt, tf `kimj` squi`rs tf igqunr` tntj`s bfr th` sid` jika. Nk ``gt, jikas Dnknst`r M`y Idfkln wrft` tf Plikai Jika gfddnssnfk nk =392 iuthfrnznkl th` nkntnij piyd`kt fb Whs03 dnjjnfk Whnjjnkls mut h` lft ik iaantnfkij Whs903 dnjjnfk bfr th` sid` jika nk =39<. Idfkln h`rs`jb ipp`ir`a m`bfr` m`b fr` th` gfd gfddns dns-snfk jist w``o.
\` ir` jffonkl bfr sfd`fk` gr`itnv` ika up tf ait` wnth th` jit`st tr`kas nk a`snlk tffjs. W`ka GR tf5
@-dinj5 ew`r`Cnka`p`k ew`r`Cnka`p`ka`kt.gf.ul a`kt.gf.ul Q`j5 +=02-79=-27<-7>9/ =/ 7/ 1
Dnknst`r, DSs ansilr`` fk JAG pr`-`ktry `xids Jist w``o, Sirjnid`kt vft`a tf ipprfv` i r`gfdd`kaitnfk my th` J`lij ika Sirjnid`ktiry Iinrs Gfddn`` gijjnkl bfr th` sgrippnkl fb pr`-`ktry `xids it Jiw A`v`jfpd`kt G`ktr` (JAG), th` fkjy nkstntutnfk nk th` gfuktry thit t`igh`s th` mir gfurs`. Qh` gfddn`` r`pfrt stit`a5 ‚I ‚I pr`-`ktry `xid ns fkjy prigtng`a nk Plikai, whnj` fth`r r`lnfkij sghffjs af kft sume`gt
stua`kts tf pr`-`ktry `xids. Qh` gfddn`` r`gfdd`kas thit JAG a`v`jfps i strit`ly fb nkgr`isnkl th` `krfjd`kt fb stua`kts it th` g`ktr` nk th` d`anud t`rd. Lfv`rkd`kt shfuja imfjnsh th` pr`-`ktry `xids pfjngy it JAG tf nkgr`is` igg`ss tf j`lij s`rvng`s nk th` gfuktry.— Hfw`v`r Oihnkai Ftinr`, th` Eustng` ika Gfkstntutnfkij Iinrs dnk nst`r, ansilr``a wnth th` DSs irlunkl thit
th` pr`-`ktry `xids igt is i gh`go ilinkst th` hnlh binjur` rit`s ika th` `v`r nkgr`isnkl kudm`rs it JAG. Gfddn`` ghinrdik Eigfm Ei gfm Fm Fmfth fth-F -Fmft mfth h a`b a`b`k `ka`a a`a hns gfd gfddnt dnt-t``„s stikg` siynkl thit pr`-`ktry `xids w`r` sndpjy nktrfaug`a m`gius` fb th` spig` gfkstrinkts JAG ns lrippjnkl wnth tf iggfddfait` stua`kts.
Diy 98 - =1, =398
0
\@@O
Dfr` tix`s, dfr` t`irs
Musfli Pknv`rsnty p`tntnfks NLL fv`r jng`ks` sili Musfli Pknv`rsnty, gurr`ktjy gjfs`a, his p`tntnfk`a th` Nksp`gtfr L`k`rij fb Lfv`rkd`kt tf nkv`stnlit` th` Kitnfkij Gfukgnj fb Hnlh`r @augitnfk (KGH@) fv`r ik ijj`l`a mrnm` mrn m` th` nks nkstnt tntutn utnfk fk ns a`d a`dika ikank nkl l brfd brfd th` uknv`rsnty tf hiv` nts igia`dng jng`ks` r`nkstit`a. KGH@ ns th` r`lujitfry iuthfrnty fb nkstntutnfks fb hnlh`r j`irknkl nk th` gfuktry. Musfli Pknv`rsnty his iggus`a KGH@ bfr a`dikankl i mrnm` wfrth Whs133dnj jnfk. Pknv`rsnty fgnijs siy th` KGH@ ijsf iso`a bfr i Whs10dnjjnfk bfr i v`rngitnfk
`x`rgns` jistnkl 93 aiys. KGH@ gjfs`a th` Nlikli-mis`a Pknv`rsnty nk A`g`dm`r =39< fv`r i kudm`r fb nrr`lujirntn`s nkgjuankl ims`kg` fb ia`quit`jy quijn`a sti, iadnssnfk fb stua`kts wnthfut th` r`qunsnt` iadnssnfk grnt`rni, njj`lij ijnitnfk, pffr kikgnij h`ijth ika t`ighnkl fb ukiggr`a nt`a prflridd`s. Hfw`v`r th` `x`gutnv` anr`gtfr fb KGH@ Srfb. Isnmf-Fpuai his rummnsh`a th` iggusitnfks ika a``d`a th`d ik igt fb mjigodinj.
Plikaiks hiv` r`igt`a iklrnjy it th` k`w wiv` fb tix`s th` lfv`rkd`kt ns nktrfaugnkl t`rdnkl th`d is pukntnv`. Qwf w``os ilf, Plikai ]`v`ku` Iuthfrnty (P]I) ongo`a f i affr-tf-affr r`lnstritnfk fb jikajfras bfr r`ktij tix gfjj`gtnfk nk Oidpiji ika pjiks tf rfjj nt fut gfuktrywna`. P]I iavns`a jika jfras nk th` ir`is fb Onri, Kie`ri, Onwituj`, Onsiisn, Ktnkai, Muoftf, Oidwfoyi idfkl fth`rs tf vnsnt th` k`ir`st fg`s fb P]I tf hiv` th`nr tix iinrs upait`a. Is thns k`ws s`j`a nk, P]I dia` pjiks tf j`vy tix`s fk Mnmj`s, Ofriks, priy`r ika hydk mffos. ‚\` uka`rstika thit Riju`-Iaa`a Qix (RIQ) his nk th` pist kft m``k pina fk th` sina Mnmj`s, priy`r mffos ika hydk mffos. Qhns wis ik ikfdijy,— Gfddnssnfk`r L`k`rij Afrns Iofj wrft` nk i j``r ait`a Iprnj 9>. Gj`rngs ika th` l`k`rij pumjng r`igt`a wnth bury ika shfgo tf th` dfv`. Qh` Nkt`r ]`jnlnfus Gfuk gnj fb Plikai (N]GP) r`j`is`a i stit`d`kt a`sgrnmnkl P]I„s a`gnsnfk is `rrfk`fus siynkl th` imfv` nt`ds ir` kft d`ikt bfr prft mut spn spnrnt rntuij uij kfu kfurns rnshd` hd`kt. kt. P]I his m``k gfksna`rnkl th` k`w tix`s ika w`kt ih`ia wnth th` a`gnsnfk tf tix Mnmj`s ika Ofriks ibt`r dfkths fb a`jnm`ritnfks wnth r`jnlnfus j`ia`rs b`jj thrfulh.
Siyd`kts bfr Dutu`jj` a` sikt` dia` `isy Siy vni ]WWM iggfukts nk ijj 192 s`gtfr WIGGFs ika nk MO, MS], LQ Miko, N&D Miko, Igg`ss Miko, Gfl`mikqu`, OGM ika @qunty Miko gfuktrywna`
Gfdnkl sffk wnth 9>33 il`kts igrfss ]wikai
www.rssm.rw
2
Diy 98 - =1, =398
C]ssmNkbf
nkbfCrssm.rw
1311
Hudfur
Ana yfu okfw6
I k`w gur` bfr mijak`ss his m``k bfuka
Jikas Dnknst`r M`tty Idfkln wis pnkk`a bfr th` aumnfus jika a`ijs wfrth Whs9.=mnjjnfk sh` wis gnt`a nk, wh`k sh` ipp`ir`a m`bfr` th` gfddnssnfk fb nkqunry nktf jika ditt`rs.
Dnknst`r bfr `thngs ika nkt`lrnty Wndfk Jfofaf his mjid`a th` wna`spr`ia gfrruptnfk nk th` gfuktry fk tfp j`ia`rshnp fb anstrngts thit gfkknv` tf dnsdikil` pumjng r`sfurg`s.
I pft`ktnij k`w gur` bfr mijak`ss his m``k ans m``k ansgfv gfv`r `r`a `a usn usnkl kl i arul arul frn frnln lnkij kijjy jy nkt`ka`a tf tr`it fst`fpfrfsns. ]`s`irgh`rs bfuka th` arul hia i ariditng ``gt fk hinr bfjjngj`s nk th` jim, stndu jitnkl th`d tf lrfw. Nt gfktinks i gfdpfuka whngh tirl`ts i prft`nk thit igts is i mrio` fk hinr lrfwth ika pjiys i rfj` nk mijak`ss. Srfe`gt j`ia`r Ar Kithik Hiwoshiw tfja th` MMG i gjnkngij trnij wfuja m` k``a`a tf s`` nb th` tr`itd`kt wis ``gtnv` ika sib` nk p`fpj`. Fkjy twf aruls ir` gurr`ktjy ivinjimj` tf tr`it mijankl (ikarfl`k`tng ijfp`gni)5 dnk fxnanj, bfr d`k ika wfd`k ika kist`rna`, bfr d`k fkjy. Mfth hiv` sna`-``gts ika ir` kft ijwiys v`ry ``gtnv`, sf pitn`kts fbt`k r`sfrt tf hinr trikspjiktitnfk surl`ry nkst`ia. Qh` r`s`irgh, pumjnsh`a nk SJFW Mnfjfly, wis afk` nk i jim, wnth sidpj`s gfktinknkl sgijp hinr bfjjngj`s brfd dfr` thik 13 dij` hinr-trikspjikt pitn`kts. Ar Hiwoshiw sina th` tr`itd`kt gfuja ‚dio` i r`ij an`r`kg` tf p`fpj` whf su`r brfd hinr jfss—.
\hit gius`s hinr jfss6
Oyidmflf Pknv`rsnty j`gtur`rs hiv` r`sfjv`a tf jiy afwk tffjs fv`r dikil`d`kt binjur` tf piy th`nr ijjfwikg`s.
Hinr jfss ns i ainjy fggurr`kg` ika l`k`rl`k`rijjy kfthnkl tf wfrry imfut. Wfd` typ`s ir` t`dpfriry ika sfd` ir` p`rdik`kt. I Mrntnsh Issfgnitnfk fb A`rditfjflns A`rditfjflnsts ts spfo`sdik tfja th` MMG5 ‚Qhns ns i v`ry nkt`r`stnkl stuay. ‚Is th` r`s`irgh`rs siy, hinr jfss ns i gfddfk ansfra`r ika nt gik gius` gfksna`rimj` aidil` tf `dftnfkij h`ijth, nkgjuankl jfss fb s`jb-`st``d ika gfka`kg`. ‚Qhit sina, dfr` r`s`irgh wnjj k``a tf m` afk` m`bfr` nt gik m` us`a my p`fpj` wnth hinr jfss. ‚Bfr nkanvnauijs wnth hinr jfss, tr`itd`kts gik m` v`ry hnt ika dnss. Qh`r` nsk„t fk` whngh ns uknv`rsijjy ``gtnv`. ‚Bfr thit r`isfk k`w tr`itd`kts ir` `xgntnkl is th`y lnv` p`fpj` dfr` tr`itd`kt fptnfks thit diy m` ``gtnv`.— Diy 98 - =1, =398
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Inrt`j g`j`mrit`s Jimfur Aiy J`tt`rs ir` w`jgfd` ! Qh` @antfr w`jgfd`s shfrt ika gfkgns` j``rs brfd fur `st``d`a r`ia`rs fk tfpngij nssu`s. Sj`is` s`ka th`d tf5 Qh` @antfr, Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt Sumjngitnfks Jta, S.F Mfx 7731, Sjft 8=/81 Oikefoyi Oikefoyi Wt, Oidwfoyi. Oidpiji,Plikai.
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Srfpfsij bfr Dmij` Euk`` 30 Euk 30 wnjj wnjj m` ikk ikkuij uij Nkt Nkt`rk `rkitn itnfki fkijj @kvn @kvnrfkd`kt Aiy tf m` diro`a nk Dmij` ika Sr`sna`kt ^fw`rn Dus`v`kn wnjj pr`sna`. Wnkg` N af kft quijnby tf m` fk th` jnst fb th` aiy„s sp`io`rs, h`r` N f`r dy fpnknfk nk iavikg` m`gius` @jlfk r`lnfkij ika anstrngt jfgij j`ia`rs wnth iuthfrnty af kft gir` ika thfs` fb us whf gir` hiv` kf iuthfrnty. @jlfk r`lnfk gfktnku`s tf m` s`v`r`jy i`gt`a my a`iajy jikasjna`s, ffas, arfulhts, `irthquio`s, `pna`dngs, ans`is`s, ika r` futmr`ios j`iankl tf jfss fb jnv`s ika prfp`rtn`s, ika a`vistit`a nkbristrugtur` jno` whit hipp`k`a nk Kid`tsnMujugh`o` nk Muauai anstrngt whngh r`aug`a ilrngujturij prfaugtnvnty, wfrs`k`a igg`ss tf gj`ik ika sib` wit`r. Qh`s` ansist`rs ir` i thr`it tf kitnfkij p`ig` ika s`gurnty. Qh` r`sujtnkl `kvnrfkd`ktij nks`gurnty irnsnkl brfd dnsdikil`d`kt fb kiturij r`sfurg`s j`ias tf sfgnij t`ksnfk ika illrivitnkl ird`a gfkngts? `sp`gnijjy m`tw``k th` pistfrijnsts sugh is Ioirndfefkl, Mijii jf ika th` s`j`a gfddukntn`s thit prigtng` ilrngujtur`. Qh`y gfdp`t` bfr pistur` jika ika igg`ss tf wit`r. Wfd`tnd`s th`s` gfkngts ir` triks-mfukairy, is th`y spnjj fv`r igrfss mfra`rs wnth O`kyi. Qhrfulh fut hnstfry, `kvnrfkd`kt his br`qu`ktjy m``k us`a is i w`ip w`ipfk fk fb wi wir. r. Qh` gur gurr`k r`ktt a`dika th`r`bfr` ns bfr th` lfv`rkd`kt, th` Sr`sna`kt, ika nkt`rkitnfkij il`kgn`s tf prfkfukg` strit`lng prflrids fb strngtjy ika bfrg`bujjy r`-jfgitnkl th` p`fpj` nk rnsoy ir`is tf th` jfw jynkl, urmikns`a g`ktr`s is prfpfs`a nk =39=, ika PSAB (nkst`ia fb th` p`isikts) m` gijj`a tf pjikt tr``s `v`rywh`r` is i pfst-gfkngt d`ghiknsd. Kim`ka`h \idftf W.S (3<0=-208177) @dinj5 sndfkwidftfCy sndfkwidftfCyihff.gf.uo ihff.gf.uo 8
Diy 98 - =1, =398
Nkt`rkitnfkijj Jimfur Aiy Nkt`rkitnfki Diy 39 wis diro`a uka`r th` th`d` ‚Pkntnkl \fro`rs bfr Wfgnij ika @gfkfdng Iavikg`d`kt—? ik irditnfk fb jimfur m`nkl th` pirt fb sfgn`ty fk whngh ijj `gfkfdng iavikg`d`kt r`sts. \hnj` sfd` m`jn`v` th` k``a bfr i hudik wfro bfrg` o``ps r`augnkl is dfr` ika dfr` r`s`irgh ns suko nktf d`ghiknzitnfk ika iutfditnfk t`ghkfjfln`s, `-gfdd`rg` ika sfgnij k`twfronkl, diky fth`rs wnjj ilr`` thit th` ndpfrtikg` fb jimfur his kft a`gr`is`a. It Inrt`j, bfr `xidpj`, 133 p`rsfks ir` `dpjfy`a anr`gtjy ika hukar`as dfr` nkanr`gtjy, l`ka`r pirnty ika th` prfvnsnfk fb `quij fppfrtukntn`s ns `dphisns`a `dphisns` a wnth ijdfst 03% fb ijj sti wfd`k ika 79% fb th` W`knfr J`ia`r shnp b`dij`. Pkjno` diky
fth`r `dpjfy`rs nk Plikai, Inrt`j Plikai ijsf his twf wfd`k fk th` @x`gutnv` Gfddn`` fb th` gfdpiky. ^`t Inrt`j Plikai `ksur`s lffa wfro `kvnrfkd`kt bfr th` b`dij` `dpjfy``s mut af`s kft nlkfr` th` w`jbir` fb dij` `dpjfy``s. Inrt`j„s ind ns tf m`k`t brfd th` surl` nk b`dij` gipimnjntn`s it th` wfro pjig`, j`iankl tf nkstikg`s fb th`d m`nkl th` pr`b`rr`a gikanait`s gikanait`s bfr efmss thit efm thit w`r w`r`` st`r` st`r`fty ftypn pngij fb th` dij` `dpjfy``s? kid`jy @klnk``rnkl ika Bn`ja Wij`s. Diky b`dij`s it Inrt`j ir` prfdft`a tf dikil`rnij ika s`knfr dikil`d`kt rfj`s. It Inrt`j, i dij` fr b`dij` `dpjfy`` gik jj iky fp`knkl prfvna`a thit th`nr wfro `xp`rn`kg`, quijngitnfks, ika m`hiv nfrij irnmut`s ir` nk jnk`
wnth th` gfdpiky„s k``as. Ijj `dpjfy``s ir` `xpfs`a tf th` sid` j`v`j fb gir``r a`v`jfpd`kt, ika piy. Qhns thns ns pirt fb th` gfdpiky„s uknqu` gujtur` thit ijsf ijjfws bfr sp`gnij `dpjfy`` `klil`d`kts thrfulhfut th` y`ir, nkgjuankl buk Brnaiys, `ka fb y`ir pirtn`s, Nka`p`ka`kg` mr`iob mr` iobist ists, s, GW] GW] fut futnkl nkls, s, t`id munjankl `x`rgns`s ika fb gfurs`, th` `ka fb y`ir iwiras g`r`dfkn`s thit r`gflkns` ika ippr`gnit` th` y`ir„s `xg`jj`kt `dpjfy``s. Inrt`j ijsf pirtngnpit`s nk th`nr `dpjfy``s„ sfgnij jnv`s tf th` `xt`kt thit ns p`rdnssnmj`, nkgjuankl g`j`mritnfk fb th` w`aankls, ghnjamnrths,, mnrthaiys ghnjamnrths mnrthaiys,, ika th` jno`. Bjivni Ktidmn Jwikli, Inrt`j Plikai Hudik ]`sfurg` Anr`gtfr
Bfgus fk Afd`stng Anr`gt Nkv`std`kt ]`b`r tf5 ‚Ibrngi„s hnlh wiy tf kfwh`r`5 \hy fur gfktnk`kt„s binth nk bfr`nlk anr`gt nkv`std`kt nkv`std`kt is i sfjutnfk tf fur pfv`rty ns i pnp`ar`id— (Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt Kfv 93-92, =39<). Dw`kai gfrr`gtjy ansp`js th` kftnfk thit Bfr`nlk Anr`gt Nkv`std`kt (BAN) ns th` sfjutnfk tf Ibrngi„s ika Plikai„s a`v`jfpd`kt prfmj`ds ika nkst`ia anr`gts us tfwiras th` kftnfk fb Afd`stng Anr`gt Nkv`std`kt (AAN) - is N hiv` gfkv`kn`ktjy gfkv`kn`k tjy gfnk`a nt tf m`tt th` m` th` t`r t`rd d fb fb bfgu bfgusnk snkl l fk fk jfgij nkv`std`kt. Dw`kai ns kft ijfk` nk thns onka fb thnkonkl ika ikymfay whf thnkos thit BAN ns th` sfjutnfk bfr Ibrngi ika Plikai ns jfst. Qh`y ir` fk i sur` pith fb a`strugtnfk ika wnjj prfmi mjy puj pujjj Plik Plikai ai ika Ibr Ibrngi ngi
ijfkl wnth th`d. BAN j`ias tf k`t futfw fb gipntij is gipntij nkv`st`a ns ijwiys j`ss thik th` gipntij tio`k fut. \hit ns j`bt m`hnka nk t`rds fb tix`s, sijirn`s, r`kts, rfyijtn`s ika b``s ns tff sdijj tf gius` iky snlkngikt a`v`jfpd`kt ndpigt. BAN ns m`a`vnj`a my dujtnkitnfkij gfrpfritnfks„ vng`s fb triksb`r (dns)prngnkl, tr`ity shfppnkl, tix pjikknkl igtnfks, tria` dns-nkvfngnk dns-nkvfngnkl, l, rfuka trnppnkl, nksna`triankl (dikil`d`kt b``s), mis`` `rfs mis `rfsnfk nfk & prft prft shn shnbt btnkl, thnk gipntijnzitnfk ika gfrruptnfk. Qhns ns wfrs `k`a my th` tix iuthfrntn`s„ nkimnjnty nk diky Ibrngik gfuktrn`s tf iggfukt bfr Nktiklnmj` iss`t (`.l. lffawnjj, pit`kts, mrika kid`s, sfbtwir`, mikawnath, `tg.) gfsts ika th` gfdpj`x
strugtur`s dujtnkitnfkij gfrpfritnfks s`t-up wfrjawna`. N ilr`` wnth Dw`kai thit nk AAN, fur pfjntngniks k``a gfkvnkg` th`ds`jv`s thit nt ns pfssnmj` tf qungojy a`v`jfp Plikai ika th` Ibrngik gfktnk`kt my i a`jnm`rit`jy nkv`stnkl nk fur p`fpj`. \` shfuja prfvna` gh`ip gipntij tf fur nkanl`kfus nkv`stfrs usnkl th` r`v`ku`s brfd th` gfdnkl fnj, lis ika dnknkl s`gtfrs ika fth`r kfkgfddfanty sum-s`gtfrs. \` gfuja r`gipntijns` th` Plikai A`v`jfpd`kt Miko ika dio` nt igg`ssnmj` ika ifraimj` tf r`lujir Plik aiks. J`t fur nkanl`kfus nkv`stfrs dio` dnstio`s is th`y lrfw wnth th` kftnfk fb ‚tff sdijj tf binj—. Miznri H`kry Dulnshi @x`gutnv` Anr`gtfr, \it`r Lfv`rkikg` Nkstntut`
Qh` Jist \fra
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Nksna` Ibrngi„s r`ij tril`ay My Ikar`w D. Dw`kai
Hfw th` na`fjfly fb i w`jbir` stit` his a`strfy`a fur gfktnk`kt ika ndpfv`rnsh`a nts p`fpj`
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v`rywh`r` N turk th`s` aiys, Plikaiks (ika Ibrngiks l`k`rijjy) ir` gfdpjinknkl imfut th` sfrry stit` fb fur `augitnfk ika h`ijthgir` syst`ds. Qh`r` ns i wna`spr`ia m`jn`b igrfss a`v`jfpd`kt a`v`jfp d`kt jnt`ritur` thit stit` (fr pumjng) nkv`std`kt nk h`ijth ika `augitnfk ns i pikig`i tf th` prfmj`ds fb a`v`jfpd`kt. N r`g`ktjy siw Mnjj Lit`s nk Knl`rni r`lurlntitnkl thns diktri fk GKK. Nt ns nktrnlunkl hfw p`fpj`, `v`k th` dfst `kjnlht`k`a, gik pngo fk ik na`i thit jigos hnstfrng pr`g`a`kt ika turk nt nktf i wna`jy igg`pt`a truth. Qh` r`ia`r shfuja kft` thit N id kft ilinkst `augitnfk ika h`ijthgir`. Qh`r` ir` diky `gfkfdng ika w`jbir` m`k`ts thit gfd` wnth ik `augit`a ika h`ijthy gntnz`kry. N id ilinkst th` na`i fb pumjngijjy buka`a uknv`rsij `augitnfk ika h`ijthgir` nk pffr gfuktrn`s bfr th` sndpj` r`isfk thit th`y af kft hiv` th` r`sfurg`s tf af nt. Mut thns na`fjfly his j`a fur p`fpj` tf `xp`gt th` stit` tf prfvna` th`s` sfgnij s`rvng`s bfr br`` tf `v`ryfk`, `v`rywh`r`. Qh` na`i fb i kikky stit` af`sk„t stfp it fkjy pumjngijjy buka`a h`ijthgir` ika `augitnfk. ]`g`ktjy, th` lfv`rkd`kt fb Plikai ika nts ‚a`v`jfpd`kt pirtk`rs— m`lik m`l ik pnj pnjftn ftnkl kl i prf prfe`g e`gtt nk nk thnr thnrt`` t``k k anst anstrng rngts ts wh`r` th` stit` wnjj m` piynkl ik ijjfwikg` tf ijj pffr `ja`rjy gntnz`ks nk th` gfuktry. Qh` pjik ns tf dio` nt uknv`rsij. Qh` lfv `rkd`kt fb Plikai ns v`ry pffr. Sumjng sp`kankl sp`kank l p`r p`rsfk (tftij kitnfkij mual`t anvna`a my tftij pfpujitnfk) ns imfut $9<3 thns kikgnij y`ir. ^`t fur lfv`rkd`kt wikts tf gfkstrugt i w`jbir` stit` wnth bukgtnfks rnvijjnkl thfs` fb th` PWI wh`r` pumjng sp`kankl p`r p`rsfk thns y`ir ns $=9,823. Plikaiks (ika Ibrngiks) diy k`v`r okfw hfw a`mnjntitnkl thns stit` w`jbir` na`fjfly his m``k rst, tf th` `vfjutnfk fb i bukg tnfkij stit`? s`gfka, tf th` a`v`jfpd`kt fb th` rnlht sfgnij intua`s ika d`ktijnty bfr nkanvnauij ika gfjj`gtnv` prflr`ss? ika thnra tf th` `gfkfdng triksbfrditnfk w` s``o. N wnjj iaar`ss th` ``gts fb thns stit` w`jbir` na`fjfly fk th`s` thr`` pfnkts nk turk. Qh` na`i fb i w`jbir` (fr kikky) stit` ns i r`g`kt fk`. Nt `d`rl`a nk th` `irjy =3 th g`ktury ika link`a trigtnfk dfst `sp`gnijjy ibt`r \frja \ir Qwf. Hnstfrngijjy, p`fpj`„s `augitnfk, h`ijth ika p`ksnfks w`r` th` r`spfksnmnjnty fb th` nkanvnauij, hns/h`r bidnjy, th` ghurgh ika fth`r ghirntimj`
mfan`s.. Igr mfan`s Igrfss fss th` \`st` `st`rk rk wfr wfrja, ja, nt wi wiss kft th` r`spfksnmnjnty fb th` stit` tf mimysnt gntnz`ks. S`fpj` prflr`ss`a mis`a fk nkan vnauij nkntnitnv`. Qh` w`jbir` stit` na`fjfly wis fggisnfk`a my th` tri triks ksbfr bfrdit ditnfk nfk fb \`st `st`rk `rk gfu gfuktr ktrn`s n`s brfd migowira rurij, ilrngujturij sfgn`tn`s tf dfa`rk urmik nkaustrnij kitnfks. Qhns j`a tf th` a`v`jfpd`kt fb i jirl` dnaaj` gjiss, prfb`ssnfkijs, prfb`ssnfki js, frlikns`a jimfur ika ‚gnvnj sfgn`ty.— Mut nts dfst a`kntnv` b`itur` wis th` `kfrdfus lrfwth nk stit` r`v`ku`s au` tf nkgr`is`a nkgfd`s. Qhus, it th` tnd` dfst \`st`rk kitnfks iafpt`a th` w`jbir` stit`, lfv`rkd`kts hia r`sfurg`s tf piy bfr nt. Hfw`v`r, thns na`fjfly wis triksb`rr`a triksb`rr`a tf pffr gfuktrn`s is i r`jnlnfk wnthfut iky gfksna`ritnfk tf th`nr r`sfurg` gipimnjntn`s. Nk bigt nt m`gid` ‚th` wiy `v`ry stit` bukgtnfks—. Qhns his mura`k mur a`k`a `a sti stit`s t`s wnt wnth h r`sp r`spfks fksnmn nmnjnt jntn` n`ss th` th`y y hiv` kf gipignty tf hikaj`. Jffo it th` stit` fb Plikai is ik `xidpj`. Fur lfv`rkd`kt prfdns`s tf prf vna` `augitnfk ika h`ijthgir` tf `v`ryfk`, `v`rywh`r` bfr br`` ‗ fk i mual`t fb $9<3 p`r y`ir. Qhns ns imsura. Qh` gfks`qu`kg` ns thit th` stit` ns fv`ra`v`jfp`a fv`ra`v`jfp`a nk bukgtnfk mut uka uka`ra `ra`v` `v`jfp jfp`a `a nk gip gipign ignty? ty? nts r`i r`igh gh lf`s bir m`yfka nts lrisp. Qhns ns th` j`iankl gius` fb wna`spr`ia gfrruptnfk ika nkgfdp`t`kg`. Plikaiks diy k`v`r r`ijns` thit nt ns i`dpts tf af `v`rythnkl bfr `v`ryfk` `v`rywh`r` fk i shf`-strnkl mual`t thit ns th` gius` fb th` nkstntutnfkij aysbukgtnfks w` sf fbt`k gfdpjink imfut. Qh` s`gfka ``gt fb th` w`jbir` stit` na` fjfly ns fk th` d`ktijnty fb fur `augit`a `jnt`s. @v`rywh`r` p`fpj` gfdpjink thit lfv`rkd`kt lfv`rkd` kt his kft afk` thns fr thit bfr th`d. Qh`r` ns v`ry jnj` i`dpt tf tio` p`rsfkij r`spfksnmnjnty bfr fk`„s binjur`s. Qh` d`ktijnty thit p`rsfkij iavikg`d`kt ns i r`spfksnmnjnty fb th` stit` rith`r thik th` nkanvnauij ns a`strugtnv`. Wfd`fk` igqunr`s i migh`jfrs fr dist`rs fr ShA ika gfd`s fut m`jn`vnkl thit thns `ktntj`s th`d tf i w`jj-piynkl efm. Kf fk` pius`s tf iso wh`th`r th`y hiv` th` r`qunsnt` sonjjs sfulht my pft`ktnij `dpjfy`rs. Plikai„s af`s kft hiv` i prfmj`d fb uk`dpjfyd`kt. Fur p`fpj` jigo th` rnlht sonjjs. Qh`r` ns kf fk` wnth sonjjs, rnlht wfro `thng ika intua` thit gik nkgr`is` i gfdpi ky„s mffd-jnk` whf gik binj tf ka i efm. Nk bigt gfdpikn`s nk Plikai ir` jffonkl bfr
sonjj`a p`fpj` ika th`y gikkft ka th`d. Fur gfdpikn`s ir` ndpfrtnkl p`fpj` brfd O`kyi, Undmimw`, Wfuth Ibrngi ika Nkani. Hfw gik i gfuktry ndpfrtnkl jimfur m` su`rnkl brfd diss uk`dpjfyd`kt6 Nt ns m`giu m` gius` s` `a `augi ugit`a t`a Pl Plika ikaiks iks m` m`jn` jn`v` v` thi thitt fk` l`ts i efm fk th` misns fb i a`lr`` g`rtn git` rith`r thik igqunsntnfk fb sonjjs thit ir` diro`timj` tf th` gfdpikn`s nk fur dnast. Qhns mrnkls d` tf th` thnra pfnkt fk th` ``gts fb th` w`jbir` stit` na`fjfly tf th` `gfkfdng triksbfrditnfk w` a`snr`. @gfkfdng lrfwth gikkft m` i prfaugt fb g`ktrij pjikknkl my th` stit`. Qhns ns m`gius m`g ius`` th` th` okfw okfwj`a j`al` l` k`g` k`g`ssir ssiry y tf tf ijjf ijjfgit` r`sfurg`s ipprfprnit`jy tf s`rv` fur wikts ika k``as gikkft m` g`ktrijns`a. N id nkgjnk`a tf ilr`` wnth Br`a`rngo Rfk Hiy`o thit tf r`ijns` th` triksbfrditnfk w` wikt, wikt, w` dust ijwiys is bir is pfssnmj` s``o tf r`jy fk spfktik`fus bfrg`s nk sfgn`ty n.`. th` igtnfks fb dujtntua`s fb nkanvnauijs nk th` diro`tpjig`. Qh` w`jbir` stit` na`fjfly nksnsts thit lrfwth gfd`s brfd th` igtnfks fb m`k`vfj`kt nkanvnauijs nk th` stit` jirl`jy igtnkl fut fb onkak`ss ika lffa kitur`a-k`ss. Nt ns ik na`fjfly whfs` `xtr`d` wis sfgnijnsd ika gfdduknsd. Ika w` ijj okfw thns j`a tf `gfkfdng runk. ^`t thns na`fjfly his r`dink`a afdnkikt `v`k nk \`st`rk gipntijnst sfgn`tn`s nk spnt` fb nts a`mnjntitnkl ``gts fk diky sfgnij lrfups nk thfs` gfuk trn`s. It j`ist rngh kitnfks gik ifra tf sumsnans` thfs` fb th`nr gntnz`ks whf ir` pffr, `v`k thfulh nt hurts th` m`k`gnirn`s fb stit` jir l`ss`. Mut Ibrngi ns bir tff pffr tf `dmrig` thns na`fjfly. Nt gr`it`s v`ry hnlh mut ukr` ijnstng `xp`gtitnfks. \h`k ukd`t, ukr`ij nstng `xp`gtitnfks gius` sfgnij brustritnfks. Nk Plikai„s gis`, thns w`jbir` stit` na`fjfly his gujtnvit`a ik `ktntj`d`kt d`ktijnty nk jirl` s`gtnfks fb fth`rwns` prfaugtnv` yfuths thit th`y shfuja th` stit` fw`s th`d efmss `v`k efm `v`k wh` wh`k k th`y th`y afk afk„t „t hiv hiv`` diro diro`ti `timj` mj` sonjjs. Qhns d`ktijnty ns wfrs`k`a my idmntnfus pfjntngniks. Rft`rs wikt tf m` tfja whit th`y wikt tf h`ir. H`kg` pfjntngniks ir` nkg`ktnvns`a nkg`ktnvns` a tf p`rp`tuit` th` dyth thit th` stit` wnjj prfvna` `v`ryfk` `v`rywh`r` wnth `v`rythnkl. idw`kaiCnka`p`ka`kt.gf.ul
Diy 98 - =1, =398
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ksp`gtfr L`k`rij fb Sfjng` Dirtnks Fofth-Fghfji wis thrust it th` h`jd fb th` bfrg` it i tnd` s`gurnty frliks w`r` lrippjnkl wnth th` hnlh prfbnj` onakip ika dura`r fb =8-y`ir fja Wusik Diliri, aiulht`r fb i prfdnk`kt musnk`ssdik wnth jnkos tf Sr`sna`kt ^fw`rn Dus`v`kn. Dfkths ibt`r Fghfji„s Dirgh 1 ippfnktd`kt, Diliri„s dura`r r`dinks ukr`sfjv`a ika br`sh onakips ika onjjnkls hipp`k ijdfst ainjy. Wfd` fb th` grnd`s, nksna`rs siy, ipp`ir tf m` `x`gut`a my dist`rdnkas dfr` `qunpp`a thik th` bfrg` ika ijsf m`k`bn m`k `bn ttnk l b rfd nks na`r h`j h`jp. p. Pp tf =3 onakips ika dura`rs hiv` fggurr`a uka`r Fghfji wnth pfjng` dikilnkl fkjy i b`w irr`sts fb susp`gts. 93
Diy 98 - =1, =398
Mut Fghfji his m``k imj` tf ighn`v` sfd`thnkl thit hia `jua`a hns pr`a`g`ssfr, L`k. Oij` Oiynhuri? Fghfji his gr`it`a ik ndpr`ssnfk thit h` inds tf r`bfrd pfjng` ika th` pumjng ipp`irs tf m`hnka hnd. Wnkg` h` wis ippfnkt`a, th` sfbtspfo`k Fghfji his surprns`a diky wnth th` swnbt, tio`-ghirl` ipprfigh h` his a`pjfy`a nk hikajnkl hns k`w afgo`t. Qh` triantnfk ns tf iss`ss th` p`rbfrdikg` fb i k`w fbbng` hfja`r ibt`r 933 aiys, whngh Fghfji dio`s is NLS fk Euk` 98. Mut nk eust uka`r <3 aiys, Fghfji his dia` ghikl`s thit hiv` afdnkit`a a`mit` ika `v`k wfk hnd sydpithy idfklst triantnfkij grntngs fb th` pfjng` jno` hudik rnlhts a`b`ka`rs ika fppfsntnfk pfjntngniks. Qh` pfjng` ghn`b his dfv`a
imfut hukar`as fb pfjng` fbbng`rs, r`strugtur`a s`v`rij uknts, sfuka`a nkt`ks` wirknkls tf `rrikt fbbng`rs ika a`dft`a fth`rs, fra`r`a i w`ipfks iuant, lftt`k rna fb Grnd` Sr`v`kt`rs, ika `v`k r`gfkv`rt`a th` Kijub`kyi bignjnty brfd i a`t`ktnfk g`ktr` nkbidfus bfr lriv` tfrtur` migo nktf ik frankiry pfjng` stitnfk wnth k`w j`ia`rshnp. Qhrfulhfut ijj th`s` `bbfrts, Fghfji ipp`irs tf m` wfronkl gjfs`jy wnth hns a`puty Mrnl. Wimnntn Dily`kyn. Fghfji, it 0> y`irs fja, guts th` p`rb`gt bnlur` fb i jinamigo dikil`r, gfkg`ktrit`s fk nkt`rkij prfg`ss, whnj` hns yfukl`r a`puty, 1=-y`ir fja Dily`kyn af`s th` pumjng rukimfuts -- jiukghnkl pfjng` bignjntn`s jno` th` Whs < mnjjnfk Kit`t` Sfjng` gfdpj`x, tw``tnkl imfut th`nr `bbfrts, ika fth`r
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pumjng nkt`rigtnfks. Plikai pfjng` ika ns ijsf ik ndprfv`d`kt fb fth`r lfv`rkd`kt nkstrugtfr it th` Mw`mieei-mis`a pfjng` strugtur`s. Bfr nkstikg`, h` siys, Qh` k`t futgfd` fb thns r`frliknsitnfk, nksna`rs siy, shfuja m` igia`dy, siys Fghfji his m``k afnkl bfr is jfkl is th` JG9 syst`d ns kft i s`ks` fb i r`turk tf prfb`ssnfkijnsd, th` thnkls h` his tf af tf gfrr`gt whit bukgtnfknkl ika strugtur`s stirt it i qu`st tf bfjjfw prfp`r strugtur`s, nk th` pumjng vn`w ika sfd` s`gurnty JGNNN, pfjngnkl wnjj r`dink i mnl ghijj`kl`. whngh shfuja nk turk pfns` th` bfrg` gnrgj`s w`r` m`nkl s``k is hivnkl lfk` bfr `bb`gtnv` gfddika ika gfktrfj. wrfkl. ‚^fu ‚^ fu hiv` 03,333 pfjng` fbbng`rs ika 23,333 vnjjil`s,— Oilfrf sina, ‚th` JGN Gnty hudik rnlhts jiwy`r, Jiuansjus H` `xpjink`a thit sfd` fb th`s` ]wioibuzn, whf his mittj`a pfjng` igtnfks ir` ind`a it wnkknkl pumjng syst`d ns suppfs`a tf b``a nktf th` pfjngnkl syst`d.— fv`r hudik rnlhts imus`s ilinkst suppfrt ika gfkbna`kg`, whngh susp`gts, dust m` witghnkl Fghfji ipp`ir`a tf hiv` m``k hnt my th` Oilfrf gfktrists th` Plikai„s gjfs`jy. Wf bir h` ns ndpr`ss`a. nkt`ks` pr`ssur` ilinkst pfjng` pfjng` sntuitnfk wnth ]wikai, whngh bfjjfwnkl th` =392 `j`gtnfks. h` his ijsf stuan`a. H` ]wikai„s ‚Qh` k`w j`ia`rshnp ns shfwnkl snlks thit th`y ir` jffonkl tf st`` r th` Ipirt brfd thns, Oilfrf `xpjinks lfv`rkd`kt strugtur`s stirt it th` bfrg` iwiy brfd tfrtur`,— h` tfja Qh` thit Fghfji„s dikil`d`kt styj` ns lrissrffts `qunvij`kt fb Plikai„s JGN anbb`r`kt brfd thit fb hns pr`a`g`ssfr. Nka`p`ka`kt, ‚Qh`r` his kft m``k iky ika b``a nktf th` s`gurnty ippiritus, ‚Fghfji jno`s strugtur`s ika thnkos gfdpjinkts fb tfrtur` brfd th` k`w th` r`isfk pfjngnkl ipp`irs it i dugh irr`sts pfjng` his m``k dionkl. iavikg`a j`v`j th`r`. th` NLS shfuja gfd` nk it i strit`lng j`v`j,— Oilfrf siys, ‚thit ns why yfu ‚Qhns shfws yfu thit nk thns Fghfji„s mnll`st prfmj`ds s`` hnd r`nkbfrgnkl pfjng` strugtur`s. gfuktry, w` hiv` p`fpj` whf ir` jffonkl tf af lffa? bfjjfw th` jiw, ]wioibuzn s``s Dus`v`kn is th` ‚Ijj fb th` ghikl`s w` s`` af kft mnll`s mnl l`s t jn o`j o`jy y p rfmj `d bfr Fgh Fghfji. fji. mut th`y ir` k`v`r j`bt tf af a f th`nr t h`nr k`g`ssirnjy d`ik thit Oiynhuri wis i wfro.— H` siys ijthfulh sfd` lfv`rkd`kt binjur` mut rith`r thit h` wis a`ijnkl wnth i dfr` hft sntuitnfk,— Oilfrf Duwikli Onvudmn, th` shiafw fbbngnijs ir` lffa, Dus`v`kn k`v`r j`ts th`d af th`nr wfro. siys. dnknst`r fb A`b`kg` ika Nkt`rkij Ibbinrs whfs` afgo`t fv`rs``s th` ‚H` ns ijwiys lnvnkl th`d anr`gtnv`s Wtrugturijjy, iggfrankl tf Oilfrf, nkt`ka`a tf o``p hnd nk pfjng`, ns dfr` giutnfus imfut Fghfji. pfw`r ika ansiaviktil` ‚\` ir` lnvnkl th`d th` th` fppfsntnfk, ika stirvnkl m`k`bn m`k `bntt fb afum t. \` shi shijj jj s `` th`d fb r`sfurg`s,— h` siys Qhit ns why? ]wioibuzn whit r`ijjy th`s` ghikl`s idfukt tf wh`k th` hfur fb sina, a`spnt` th` ghikl`s, r`gofknkl gfd`s,— h` siys. th`r` dnlht kft m` dugh Mfth Duwikli ika ndprfv`d`kt nk pfjng`„s wfro. ]wioibuzn ir` ikxnfus imfut fk` thnkl? wh`th`r Sr`sna`kt Jndnt`a r`sfurg`s, h` Dus`v`kn wnjj j`t Fghfji af iaa`a, wnjj gfktnku` tf hns wfro wnthfut k`litnv` d`ik thit gis`s ir` kft Immis Myioilimi Myioili mi Lrig` Ioujjf Isudik Dul`kyn nkbju`kg`. nkv`stnlit`a thfrfulhjy. ‚Nkv`stnlitnfks gfst i jft fb Fghfji„s t`st, iggfrankl tf Duwikli, wnjj m` pfjntngij. dfk`y ika r`qunr` sonjj`a p`rsfkk`j,— Fghfji m`jn`v`s th`r` shfuja m` i ]wioibuzn sina, ‚Sfjng` jigos th`s` ‚\` wnjj m` wintnkl tf s`` hfw th`y hn`rirghy, sp`gnbng rfj`s, ika i sp`gnbng pfjng` pfjntngij igtnvnty m`gius` thit ika ns kft bignjntit`a ia`quit`jy tf strugtur` wnthnk whngh ik fbbng`r girry fut th`s` nkv`stnlitnfks.— his m``k th` yirastngo,— h` tfja Qh` fp`rit`s. Nka`p`ka`kt. H` sina thit nka``a, stikaira pfjng` Dfk`y ns fk` ir`i wh`r` diky gujtur` wfrjawna` ns sugh thit nt o``ps H` iaa`a thit hns `xp`gtitnfk ns fms`rv`rs siy, a`spnt` Fghfji„s thit pfjng` dio`s i mrfia a`gjiritnfk fbbng`rs wfronkl is i uknt ika fk` fb `bbfrts, h` wnjj sffk bnka fut thit th` thnkls thit dio` thns pfssnmj` ns thit th` bfrg` ns stnjj a``pjy hiukt`a thit th`y hiv` imfjnsh`a m`hivnfr t`ka`kgn`s fb tfrtur`, ika imus` fb th` `j`d`kt fb gfddika ika gfktrfj, my lhfst l hfstss brfd br fd t h` igtnf i gtnf ks fb f b th ` p`fpj`s„ br``afds. pr`vnfus j`ia`rshnp. Kft thit h` wnjj whngh wfros w`jj wnth strugtur`s. Oilfrf siys Oiynhuri, jno` Duwikli Onvudmn `xpjink`a thit m` surpr s urprns`a, ns`a, ibt` ibt`rr h` wis O iynhu ri„s a`puty. h` his m``k ghijj`klnkl pfjng` tf fm`y Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn, m`jn`v`s nk a`ijnkl wnth ijj prfmj`ds anr`gtjy. Wf Mut it th` j`v`j fb r`sfurg`s, i th` Sumjng Fra`r Dikil`d`kt Igt mut nt his kft. diefr gfkg`rk ipp`irs i a`mt fb h` fp`rit`a it th` fp`ritnfkij, tigtngij, ‚Wf i d`r` ghikl` fb luira ns kft fv`r Whs 933 mnjjnfk, whngh his s``k ika strit`lng j`v`js, d`iknkl h` wis igtnv` it ijj j`v`js fb pfjng`. `kfulh bfr is jfkl is th` frn`ktitnfk ns pfjng` gjish wnth nts suppjn`rs fkjy th` sid`,— h` siys. tf m` siv`a my r`issurikg`s brfd th` Fth`r fms`rv`rs siy pirt fb thit Bnkikg` Dnknstry. Qhns d`iks thit i L`k`rijjy, hfw`v`r, th`r` ipp`irs diy hiv` tf af wnth Dus`v`kn ika Oiynhuri„s migolrfuka is lu`rrnjjis. ilr``d`kt, idfkl nksna`rs ika hul` pfrtnfk fb th` bfrg`„s mual`t fms`rv`rs, w` hiv` nkt`rvn`w`a his tf lf tf s`ttjnkl th` a`mt dfstjy Mut Fghfji ns fb i anbb`r`kt iggudujit`a aurnkl th` =392 `j`gtnfks. migolr mig olrfuk fuka. a. H ns 73 y `irs is i thit Fghfji his dia` `xigtjy th` Fb nts Whs 091 mnjjnfk mual`t, pfjng` ghikl`s thit th` pfjng` r`qunr`a tf prfb`ssnfkij pfjng` ipp`ir tf hiv` ns wfronkl wnth uka`r Whs133 mnjjnfk. r`gjind pumjng trust ika gfkbna`kg`, trink`a hnd tf fp`rit` wnthnk whngh uka`r th` jist dfkths fb hns Wp`gnbngijjy, whnj` a`b`kankl th` strugtur`s ika Oilfrf m`jn`v`s h` wnjj pr`a`g`ssfr? L`k.Oiynhuri, ipp`ir`a munja mun ja f k whit w hit `xn `xnsts sts . k`w pfjng` mual`t, Fghfji tfja tf hiv` hnt rfgo-mfttfd. pirjnid`kt thit th`y k``a`a Whs930 \h`th`r ijj fb Fghfji„s munjankl Eua` Oilf Oilfrf, rf, i pr fb`s fb`ssfr sfr it Mr`d` Mr`d`k k sugg``as fr binjs, Oilfrf iaas, mnjjnfk mnjj nfk tf g irry fut nkv`s tnli tnlitnfk tnfk s uka`r th` GNNA. Mut th`y hiv` fkjy Pknv`rsnty, whf his r`s`irgh`a wnjj a`p`ka fk th` lffa wnjj ika Diy 98 - =1, =398
99
GFR@] WQF]^
L`k. Oij` Oiynhuri hikasfv`r tffjs fb fbbng` tf NLS Fofth-Fghfji
m`` k ij jfgi t`a Whs 93 m njjn njjnfk. fk. Onvudmn, whf his m``k futspfo`k ilinkst pfjng` `xg`ss`s ika binjur`s, siys pfjng` ns tf mjid`? th` j`ia`rs a`gna`a tf ijjfgit` nkv`stnlitnfks fkjy thit sjng` fb nts Whs091 mual`t.
Fghfji„s ghikl`s I sfurg` it Sfjng`„s Kiluru H`iaquirt`rs, whf gfuja fkjy sp`io fk gfkantnfks fb ikfkydnty m`gius` h` ns kft iuthfrns`a tf sp`io fk m`hijb fb pfjng`, tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt thit nk suddiry, th` ghikl`s Fghfji„s t`id hiv` dia` hiv` m``k ind`a it r`frliknsnkl pfjng` strugtur`s, r`turknkl fg`rs tf ir`is wh`r` th`y hiv` gfdp`t`kgn`s, bfrdijnsnkl ippfnktd`kts fb thfs` whf ana kft hiv` nt, a`ijnkl wnth thfs` whf hiv` gfdpjinkts ilinkst th`d, bfjjfwnkl prfp`r hn`rirghy ika a`pjfynkl thfs` whf hiv` bfr jfkl m``k sna`jnk`a. Wtrugturijjy, Fghfji his dfv`a fg`rs tf ir`is th`y ir` dfst okfwj`al`imj` imfut ika r`strugturnkl uknts tf lnv` th`d ``gtnv` anr`gtnfk, gfddika, ika gfktrfj. ^`irs fb ansfrliknsitnfk, kft bfjjfwnkl prfp`r strugtur`s, d`ik thit fg`rs jigo th` k`g`ssiry sonjjs ika r`sfurg`s tf tigoj` gr``pnkl grnd`. Qh`s` ghikl`s bfjjfw`a gfdpjinkts ilinkst nrr`lujir prfdftnfks, nrr`lujir prfgur`d`kt, dnsus` fb r`sfurg`s, wistil`, gfdpjinkts fv`r i ansgfkk`gt m`tw``k m`tw` `k f g`rs girry girrynkl nkl fut f ut 9=
Diy 98 - =1, =398
fp`ritnfks ika strit`ly j`ia`rs it th` hnlh`st j`v`js nk pfjng`, ika aupjngitnfk fb rfj`s, idfklst fth`rs. Iadnknstritnv`jy, th` mnll`st uknts nk pfjng` ir` anr`gtfrit`s jno` Fp`ritnfks, Gfukt`rt`rrfrnsd ika th` Grndnkij Nkt`jjnl`kg` ika Nkv`stnlitnfks Anr`gtfrit` (GNNA). Pka`r Fghfji„s pr`a`g`ssfr, L`k. Oij` Oiynhuri, th`s` `ktntn`s hia m``k j`bt hfjjfw wnth kf pfw`r, p`rsfkk`j, mual` ts, ika i ka `v`k ` v`k wf ro. L`k. Oiynhuri tffo iwiy th`nr pfw`rs, gr`it`a k`w `ktntn`s uka`r euknfr fg`r fg`rss ika sfd` sfd`tnd` tnd`ss gnvnjniks gnv njniks jfyij ika r`pfrtnkl anr`gtjy tf fkjy hnd ika hika`a th`d th` mual`ts ika pfw`rs fb th`s` `ktntn`s. Fghfji his r`v`rs`a thns, tio`k th`s` `ktntn`s migo uka`r th` yfro fb th`nr dfth`r anr`gtfrit`s ika r`nkbfrg`a th` pfw`rs fb s`knfr fg`rs h`iankl th`d. Qh` dfst i`gt`a anr`gtfrit`s ir` ijsf th` mnll`st thr``. Pka`r Lrig` Ioujjf„s GNNA, Fghfji his r`turk`a? Bjynkl Wquia, Grndnkij Gis` Bnj` Qrigonkl Qiso Bfrg`, Wp`gnij Nkv`stnlitnfks uknts, Wurv`njjikg` ika Wp`gnij Fp`ritnfks, ika Grndnkij Gis` Bnj` Qrigonkl Qisobfrg`. Gfukt`r Q`rrfrnsd his `xnst`a wnthfut i j`ia`r ibt`r Oiynhuri s`kt nts bfrd`r mfss, Efhk Kauluts` whfd h` hia bijj`k fut wnth tf Kinrfmn is pfjng` iighî. Fghfji his gfkrd`a Kauluts` ika ippfnkt`a Immis Myioilimi tf h`ia Gfukt`r Q`rrfrnsd.
H` ijsf gfkv`rt`a th` fnj ika lis anr`gtfrit` nktf i anvnsnfk ika put nt migo uka`r Gfukt Gfukt`r `r Q`rrfrnsd. Q`rrfr nsd. Ipirt I pirt brfd th` fnj ika lis anvnsnfk kfw, Myioilimi ijsf gfktrfjs Ivnitnfk Sfjng`, RNSSP, ika Qfurnsd. Pka`r Isudik Dul`kyn„s Fp`ritnfks Anr`gtfrit`, Fghfji r`turk`a sdijj `ktntn`s nkgjuankl? ijj pfjng` r`lnfk futts, ]injwiy, @kvnrfkd`ktij Srft`gtnfk, Iktn-Wtfgo Qh`bt, Giknk`, Inr \nkl, Dirnk`, Dnk`rij Srft`gtnfk, idfkl fth`rs. Qh` mujo fb th`s` w`r` r`pfrtnkl anr`gtjy tf th` NLS uka`r Oiynhuri ika grntngs siy, hia j`a tf aupjngitnfk fb rfj`s ika wistil` fb r`sfurg`s. Ipirt brfd r`strugturnkl th` iadnknstritnv` uknts, Fghfji his ijsf dfv`a irfuka fg`rs. Fghfji„s v`ry rst r`shu`, whngh gid` i w``o ibt`r h` hia issud`a fg`, nksna`rs siy, sfulht tf r`turk p`fpj` wh`r` th`y hia gfdp`t`kg`s. Oiynhuri hia dia` th` ghikl`s jist dnkut`. Nk th`s` ghikl`s h` hia r`dfv`a WGS Wt`ph`k Qikun brfd hns pfst is th` BBP a`puty gfddika`r tf th` ]`s`rv` bfrg`, Fghfji s`kt hnd migo.. Oiynhuri migo Oiy nhuri hia ijsf i jsf ippfnk i ppfnk t`a WGS Ghrnstfph`r Oisijiwf, th` h`ia fb BBP, Fghfji dia` hnd th` a`puty anr`gtfr it th` Fnj ika Lis anvnsnfk. Qh`k Fghfji dia` WGS Ijn Biahnr Oiijn th` BBP gfddika`r r`gijjnkl hnd brfd th` Fnj ika Lis Pknt wh`r` Oiynhuri hia pfst`a hnd is a`puty
GFR@] WQF]^
anr`gtfr. Nk ikfth`r swffp, Fghfji his triksb`rr`a sfd` >3 Anstrngt ika Anvnsnfk Sfjng` Gfddika`rs (ASGs). Idfklst th`s`, Fghfji dfv`a IWS Lrig` Kyiklfdi, brfd Fja Oidpiji tf Muy`ka`, IWS @vis Knksnndi brfd Oidpiji G`ktrij Sfjng` Wtitnfk tf Jw`klf, IWS Kfrdik Duhikluzn dfv`a brfd GSW tf Hndi nk Ois`s`, WS M`kira Dul`rwi brfd Oimijiliji ika tf Mutij`ei, IWS Hnjjiry Duonzi dfv`a brfd Oieeiksn tf Wh``di is ASG, idfklst diky fth`rs. H` ana kft fkjy dfv` th` fbbng`rs, h` nssu`a th`d wnth k`w strngt anr`gtnv`s fk hfw tf gfkaugt th`nr wfro lfnkl bfrwira. Nk fth`r r`shubbj`s thit hiv` snkg` bfjjfw`a, Fghfji ijsf tffo Bfrd`r Sfjng` Wpfo`sdik, Br`a @kikli tf GNNA ika ippfnkt`a hnd gfddnssnfk`r nk ghirl` fb iadnknstritnfk ika trinknkl. Briko Dw`snlwi, th` bfrd`r Oidpiji D`trfpfjntik Sfjng` Gfddika`r wis shu`a tf h`ia Qfurnsd Sfjng`, whngh bijjs uka`r Gfukt`r Q`rrfrnsd. Fghfji th`k r`pjig`a hnd it ODS wnth Dfs`s Oib``rf, i bfrd`r Gfddikaikt fb th` Disnkan Sfjng` trinknkl sghffj nk Oimijy`. Jiwr`kg` Knwimnnk`, whf fwnkl tf hns gjfs`k`ss tf th` Ididi Dmimizn bidnjy wis r`dfv`a brfd hns pfst is th` ODS Qrig Gfddika`r ika put fk Oit`m` uka`r th` NLS„s fg` aurnkl th` =392 `j`gtnfks, ns kfw th` k`w gfddika`r bfr pfjng` Wti Gfjj`l`. \nth th`s` ghikl`s, nksna`rs siy, lfnkl bfrwira, th` dnssnfk s``ds tf m` munjankl i prfb`ssnfkij bfrg`. Hfw`v`r, diky nksnst thit th`s` `frts wnjj a`p`ka fk hfw r`iay Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn ns tf bignjntit` th` bfrg` ika jndnt pfjntngij nkt`rb`r`kg` nk nts igtnvntn`s. ‚^`s th` j`ia`rshnp ns dionkl th`s` ghikl`s,— th` sfurg` sina, ‚hfw`v`r, w` ir` gurr`ktjy v`ry sjfw ika w`io it r`spfkankl tf grnd` m`gius` w` jigo r`sfurg`s ika th` sonjjs ir` jfw lnv`k y`irs fb ansfrliknsitnfk ika wfronkl futsna` a`snlkit`a strugtur`s.— Pka`r Oiynhuri, bfr nkstikg`, GNNA, whngh ns r`spfksnmj` bfr nkv`stnlitnfks wis h`ivnjy sna`jnk`a m`gius` Oiynhuri hia bijj`k fut wnth Lrig` Ioujjf prnkgnpijjy m`gius` sh` hia giulht th` `y` f b Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`v`kn ika Bnrst Jiay Eik`t Dus`v`kn. Qh` twf wfuja gijj h`r anr`gtjy tf jffo nktf di`rs fb nkt`r`st. Oiynhuri ana kft jno` thns ika wfuja puknsh nt my stirvnkl h`r anr`gtfrit` fb r`sfurg`s ika isonkl fth`r `ktntn`s tf af nkv`stnlitnfks. Is sugh, nkv`stnlitnfks wfuja
Eua` Oilfrf
Jiansjius ]wioibuzn
m` gfkaugt`a gfka ugt`a my m y fth`r `j`d`kts sfd`tnd`s futsna` th` pfjng` strugtur`. GNNA, wnthfut `kfulh sonjj`a p`rsfkk`j ika kikgnij r`sfurg`s ns kfw pjiynkl gitgh up. ‚Nt dnlht tio` us dfkths tf r`gfv`r,— th` sfurg` sina, ‚mut it j`ist th` j`ia`rshnp ipp`irs fk th` rnlht gfurs`.—
Hfw jfkl wnjj hfk`y dffk jist6 \hnj` Fghfji ns m`nkl hinj`a is i r`bfrd`r bfr xnkl Oiynhuri„s dnstio`s, th` hfk`ydffk dnlht sffk m` fv`r. fv `r. Fghfji wnjj hiv` tf grigo afwk ilinkst grnd` stfp th` spit` fb onakips ika dura`rs bfr hnd tf `irk th` pumjng gfka`kg` ika trusts. Diky ir` ijsf wintnkl tf s`` hfw h` a`ijs wnth fppfsntnfk prft`sts shfuja th`y `d`rl`. Nt„s i tr`ka Oiynhuri bfjjfw`a is h` munjt th` bfrg` brfd =330 wh`k h` wis ippfnkt`a. H` k`lftnit`a i mnll`r mual`t, nktrfau nktrfaug`a g`a i p`fpj` p `fpj` frn`kt`a f rn`kt`a futjffo, rins`a pfjng`„s gjfut idfkl snst`r s`gurnty il`kgn`s, ika ndprfv`a th` w`jbir` fb th` d`k ika wfd`k. Iggfrankl tf Oilfrf, m`tw``k =39= ika =391 ipp`irs tf hiv` m``k i sfrt fb ‚lfja`k il`— bfr th` pfjng`. Qh` bfrg` j`ia`rshnp wis gfuktnkl nts ighn`v`d`kts, g`j`mrit`a i hukar`a y`irs ika l`k`rijjy, th`r` wis i s`ks` thit pfjng` wis fk th` rnlht gfurs`. Mut th`k gid` th` mr`ioiwiy fb Ididi Dmimizn brfd th` rujnkl pirty ika m`gius` fb hns push tf fust Dus`v`kn, pfjng` `xp`rn`kg`a nkt`ks` pr`ssur`s nk =390 thrfulh =392 wnth bir r`ighnkl ndpjngitnfks bfr th` j`ia`rshnp. \hnj` Oilfrf ns h`sntikt tf lf nktf th` pfjntngs, th`s` pr`ssur`s ir` i pumjng s`gr`t. Aurnkl th` =392 gidpinlks, L`k. Oiynhuri bfgus`a th` bfrg`„s r`sfurg`s nktf pfjntngij dfmnjnzitnfk. H` bnr`a fbbng`rs jno` Kuwimnk` whf wis jnko`a tf th` Dmimizn bidnjy. Hns
Duwikli Onvudmn
irdy fb grnd` pr`v`kt`rs rfid`a th` gfuktry gidpinlknkl bfr Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn fbt`k gjishnkl wnth fth`r pfw`r g`ktr`s jno` thit fb bfrd`r W`gurnty Dnknst`r Jt.L`k. H`kry Quduouka`. Nk ik `bbfrt tf r`nlk nk Dmimizn„s mfayl uira, Eujn Eujnus us Ink` In k` whf wh f wis s``k it rijjn`s bnlhtnkl pfjng`, L`k. Oiynhuri bfuka hnds`jb fk i gfjjnsnfk pith wnth i diefr onkldio`r nk Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn„s lfv`rkd`kt, th` Sr`sna`kt„s mrfth`r L`k. Gij`m Ioikawikihf ioi Wijnd Wij`h. Fkg` Ink` grfss`a brfd Dmimizn„s gidp, h` sfulht r`bul` uka`r th` prft`gtnfk fb Wij`h. Oiynhuri whf wikt`a tf irr`st hnd bfuka hnds`jb `xghiklnkl wfras wnth Wij`h. Qf grfwk nt ijj, ijj`litnfks `d`rl`a thit th` j`ia`rshnp nk Onlijn wis spfksfrnkl Oiynhuri tf fv`rthrfw Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn usnkl hns irdy fb Grnd` Sr`v`kt`rs ika fth`r gnvnjnik lrfups h` wis usnkl bfr pfjntngij dfmnjnzitnfk. Is i r`sujt, Oiynhuri shnbt`a snlknbngikt r`sfurg`s brfd pfjngnkl wfro tf a`b`kankl hns snkonkl shnp. ^`irs fb wfronkl futsna` pfjng` strugtur`s d`ikt thit h` bfuka hnds`jb ukimj` tf gfktrfj th`s` gnvnjnik strugtur`s th`ds`jv`s bujj fb grndnkijs. It th` sid` tnd`, th` pfjng` gfujak„t gitgh up wnth th` grndnkijs sfd` fb whfd fp`rit`a brfd rnlht it th` h`irt fb pfjng` strugtur`s. I spit` fb dura`rs ika ittigos my digh`t` wn`jankl likls, bfjjfw`a my ikfth`r spit` fb wfd`k dura`rs, th` dura`r fb hns `rstwhnj` rnlht hika dik, INLS Ikar`w B`jnx Oiw``sn nk Dirgh =39< ika th` ijj`litnfks nkjtritnfk fb pfjng` my ]wikaik s`gurnty fp`ritnv`s, fkjy ipp`ir`a tf wfro tfl`th`r tf ongo Oiynhuri fut fb pfjng`. Ijj nkangitnfks ir` thit Fghfji ana kft fkjy j`irk brfd Oiynhuri„s dnstio`s mut wis ijwiys fppfs`a fppfs`a tf diky diky fb hns igtnfks. H` dust kfw a`jnv`r. Diy 98 - =1, =398
97
]\IKAI
cIbrngi„s tnd` ns kfw„ Qriksbfrd Ibrngi Wuddnt bfgus`s fk anlntijnsitnfk My Brikgns Myiruhikli
I
brngi ns kft sf pffr nt his tf a`p`ka fk th` bfr`nlk gfuktrn`s. Nkst`ia th` dink ghijj`kl` ns thit Ibrngiks pr`b`r tf nkv`st nk th` w`st`rk gfuktrn`s, j`ivnkl th`nr gfuktrn`s wnthfut nkv`std`kts ika uktipp`a ika uk`xpjfnt`a r`sfurg`s. Qhns wis Sr`sna`kt Siuj Oilid` dink irlud`kt it th` Qriksbfrd Ibrngi Wuddnt nk th` ]wikaik gipntij Onlijn. H` sina Ibrngiks k``a tf ghikl` th`nr dnkas`t tf m` imj` tf r`igh th`nr ar`ids ika thit snklj` diro`t ika sp``ay nkt`lritnfk wfuja kft m` r`i r`igh` gh`a a nb nb th`y th`y stn stnjj jj nkv nkv`st `st imr imrfia fia.. Oilid` tfja th` Ibrngik j`ia`rs, lfv`rkd`kt fgnijs, ika ljfmij ika r`lnfkij prnvit` nkv`stfrs ika j`ia`rs fb musnk`ss`s ika nkt`rkitnfkij frliknsitnfks frliknsitnfks it th` =ka s`ssnfk fb QIW thit th`y k``a tf gfjjimfrit` fk k`w wiys fb shipnkl, igg`j`ritnkl, ika sustinknkl Ibrngi„s fk-lfnkl anlntij r`vfjutnfk. ‚\` ir` kft pffr, kft it ijj. Qh` nssu` ns dfr` th` dnkas`t thit nt ns kfrdij tf us` fur dfk`y bfr gfksudptnfk whnj` w` j`iv` strit`lng jfkl-t`rd nkv`stnkl tf fth`rs. Nt d`iks thit kf di`r hfw dugh w` `irk? w` wfuja r`dink pffr,— h` siys. Oilid` iaa`a thit Ibrngi k``as th` rnlht dnkas`t tf af rnlht musnk`ss ika dio` `v`rymfay pirt fb nt my strit`lnsnkl wh`r` dfk`y ns nkv`st`a nk `augitnfk, nkkfvitnfk, t`gh ika sgn`kg` ipprfprnit`jy. ‚Ibrngi ns jfsnkl mnjjnfks thrfulh jfst tix`s ika gntnz`ks s`kankl prnvit` gipntij imrfia,— h` sina, ‚t`gh nkkfvitnfks ika pfjngn`s thit gik h`jp s`ij th`s` j`ios, th` gfktnk`kt gik sijvil` nts r`sfurg`s ika r`ijns` nts bujj pft`ktnij.— H` iaa`a5 ‚\` shfuja kft fkjy ind ind it hnlh-`ka t`ghkfjfly ika nkkfvitnfk mut ijsf gr`it` i aykidnsd thit lf`s migo ika iaar`ss`s th` jfw`r `ka thit i`gts th` diefrnty fb fur p`fpj`? hfw tf mrnal` th` lip thit wnjj gfktnkufusjy ijjfw us tf iavikg` ika hiv` i butur` thit w` wikt.— Qh` j`ia`rs ijsf ansguss`a `j`d`kts fb i strit`ly tf lrfw i Sik-I Sik-Ibrngik brngik `-gfdd`rg` `gfsyst`d thit wnjj ijjfw th` `d`rl`k `d`rl`kg` g` fb hfd` lrfwk gfdpikn`s thit ir` imj` tf gfdp`t` it ljfmij stil`. Qh` butur` fb Ibrngi„s anlntij r`vfjutnfk m`jfkl m`j fklss tf tf th` th` yfu yfuth th Ar. Eir`a J`nlh Gfhfk, Sr`sna`kt @d`rntus & Pknv`rsnty Srfb`ssfr, Gnvnj ika @kvnrfkd`ktij @klnk``rnkl & @klnk``rnkl ika Sumjng Sfjngy, Girk`ln` D`jjfk Pknv`rsn Pknv`rsnty ty hnkt`a fk an`r`kt nkntnitnv`s tf iavikg` 91
Diy 98 - =1, =398
t`gh fk th` gfktnk`kt.
H` sina Girk`ln` D`jfk Pknv`rsnty wis mrfulhtt tf mrfulh tf ]wi ]wika kaii tf tf `aug `augit` it` th` but butur` ur` j`ia`rs nk NGQ fk th` gfktnk`kt sf thit th` yfukl dnkas gik ndpigt th`nr gfuktrn`s ika th` wfrja.
‚Ibrngi„s tnd` ns kfw,— h` sina. Iggfrankl tf hnd, Ibrngi shfuja m` prnfrntnsnkl t`ghkngij sonjjs ika ]wikai ns w`jj pjig`a tf `khikg` th` gidpinlk `qunppnkl th` hudik gipntij. ‚\frja gjiss `augitnfk wfuja kft m` r`igh`a wnthfut th` t`ghkfjfly ika nkkfvitnfk ika sonjj`a `dpjfy``s tf gr`it` th` `klnk` tf nku`kg` Ibrngi„s `gfkfdy. Hfw`v`r, th` `xnstnkl ghijj`kl`s ika th` us` fb anlntij t`ghkfjfly,— h` sina. \fd`k ika yfuth shfuja kft m` j`bt m`hnka. Ibrngi„s pfpujitnfk wnjj m` 9.2 mnjjnfk my =37 =373, 3, igg iggfra frank nkl l tf tf th` th` PK A` A`pir pirtd` td`kt kt fb @gfkfdng ika Wfgnij Iinrs, ika th` ripnajy lrfwnkl yfuth pfpujitnfk wnjj gfkstntut` 1=% fb thit kudm`r. D`ikwhnj`, th` Ibrngik A`v`jfpd`kt Miko (IbAM) siys thit fk`-thnra fb Ibrngi„s 1=3 dnjjnfk yfuths (thfs` il`s 90‗70) ir` uk`dpjfy`a, ikfth`r thnra ir` vujk`rimjy `dpjfy`a, ika fkjy fk` nk snx yfukl p`fpj` ns linkbujjy `dpjfy`a. ^futh uk`dpjfyd`kt ns nkgr`isnkl it i sp``ay rit` ika th`y wnjj k``a fppfrtukntn`s tf pirtngnpit` nk pfjntngs, efms ika fv`rijj nkgjusnfk nk a`v`jfpd`kt. Qh` anlntij r`vf jutnfk ns fk` wiy tf `qunp thns l`k`ritnfk wnth sonjjs tf tip `v`ry fppfrtuknty. Ar. Duohnsi Ontuyn, W`gr`tiry-L`k`rij fb th` Pknt`a Kitnfks Gfkb`r`kg` fk Qria` ika A`v`jfpd`kt (PKGQIA), dia` i pntgh bfr muy`r-s`jj`r trust nk Ibrngi ika ndprfv`d`kts thrfulh `-gfdd`rg`. H` iavns`a yfuth tf `ksur` th`nr lfv`rkd`kts bfrdujit` lffa anlntij pfjngn`s.
‚Ibrngi ns v`ry aykidng wnth th` k`w t`ghkfjfln`s ika nkbristrugtur` nkbristrugtur` mut nt diy kft m` imj` tf ighn`v` th` snklj` anlntij diro`t wnthfut nkvfjvnkl yfukl `ktr`pr` k`urs,— h` sina. Iggfrankl tf Wtrnv` Disnynwi, Bfuka`r fb th` @gfk`t? th` anv`rsn`a nkt`rkitnfkij Q`j`gfddukngitnfks, D`ani ika wnr`j`ss Q`ghkfjfly lrfup, NGQ k``as tf anl a``p bfr kikgnij nkgjusnfk whngh wfuja sp``a up th` a`v`jfpd`kt nk Ibrngi snkg` `v`ry gfuktry fk th` gfktnk`kt his dfmnj` piyd`kt syst`ds. ‚Qh` whfj` syst`d k``as ndprfv`d`kt,— h` sina, ‚Nk `augitnfk is w`jj is h`ijth gir` irghnt`gtur` ika piyd`kt syst`ds igg`ss.— H` iaa`a thit th` prnvit` s`gtfr his tf nkv`st ika ijjfgit` gipntij wh`r` k`g`ssiry m`gius m`g ius`, `, ijt ijthfu hfulh lh nt ns th` r` r`spf spfksn ksnmnj mnjnty nty fb th` stit` tf bignjntit` anlntij diro`ts, th`r` ir` a`gnts nk pfjntngij suppfrt tf th` NGQ s`gtfr. Dnrfsjiv Jiegio, th` pr`sna`kt fb th` Pknt`a Kitnfks L`k`rij Iss`dmjy bfr th` <=ka s`ssnfk, sina a`v`jfpd`kt gikkft hipp`k wnthfut bfgusnkl fk th` anlntij r`vfjutnfk. H` sina ]wikai„s idmntnfus Rnsnfk fb =3=3 ika th` Wustinkimj` A`v`jfpd`kt Lfijs fb th` PK f`r a`v`jfpd`kt fppfr tukntn`s ika ghijj`kl`s fk hfw gfuktrn`s gik prfvna` s`rvng` ika nkkfvitnfks tf mffst mff st h`i h`ijth jth ika fth fth`r `r s`gt s`gtfrs frs.. H` H` sina sina wnt wnth h gr`itnvnty ika sonjjs, r`sfurg`s gfuja m` shir`a dfr` `isnjy.
‚Ibrngi gik af nt,„ h` sina. Fth`rs ir`is ansguss`a nkgjua`a anlntij na`ktnty, gfkk`gtnvnty, ika r`lujitnfks, th` iutfdftnv` nkaustry nk Ibrngi, anlntij h`ijth ika th` jikasgip` ika gfuktry rfiadips nk ndpj`d`ktnkl ndpj`d`ktnk l sustinkimj` sdirt gntn`s ika gfddukntn`s.
IAR@]QF]NIJ
]WWM r`onkaj`s hfp`s, r`issur`s i m`tt`r butur` tf survnvfrs fb th` 9>>1 L`kfgna` ilinkst th` Qutsn
Frphiks fb bfrd`r GW] `dpjfy``s t`stnby thit ]WWM `augitnfk bnkikgnkl ika l`k`rij jnb` suppfrt ibt`r th` 9>>1 l`kfgna` ilinkst th` Qutsn h`jp`a th`d r`munja th`nr shitt`r`a jnv`s ika his m``k i sfurg` fb prft`gtnfk ika sib`ty
N
k i kutsh`jj, th` dikait` fb th` ]wikai Wfgnij W`gurnty Mfira (]WWM) ns tf luirikt`` s`gurnty fb th` butur` fb ijj nts d`dm`rs ika my `xt`ksnfk ijj ]wikaiks. Qhns dikait` ns fk th` fks`t ighn`v`a thrfulh iadnknstritnfk ika dikil`d`kt fb virnfus sfgnij s`gurnty sgh`d`s thit issur`
]wikaiks fb virnfus wijos fb jnb` fb tr`itd`kt wnth anlknty. Wnkg` =393 wh`k bfrd`r Ginss` Wfgnijj` au ]wikai (GW]) ika th` Ji ]wikains` a„Issurikg` Dijian` (]IDI) whngh iadnknst`r`a p`ksnfk ika d`angij nksurikg` sgh`d`s bfr pumjng ika ipprfv`a prnvit` s`gtfr s`rvikts w`r` d`rl`a tf gr`it`
]WWM uka`r jiw Kf 10/=393 fb 91/9=/=393 thit a`t`rdnk`s nts dnssnfk, frliknzitnfk ika bukgtnfk? th` Mfira his lrfwk prf prflr`ssnv`jy ika kfw nk iaantnfk tf p`ksnfk, fggupitnfk hiziras, ika d`angij nksurikg` dikil`s dit`rknty j`iv` m`k`ts ika th` gfdduknty mis`a h`ijth nksurikg` sgh`d`s. Qh` imfv` jiw wis dfan`a ika gfdpj`t`a my Jiw Kf 31/=390 fb 99/37/=390 whngh liv` ]WWM th` r`spfksnmnjnty tf dikil` Gfdduknty Mis`a H`ijth nksurikg` sgh`d` pfpujirjy okfwk is Dutu`jj` a` siktî. Nk imfut s`v`k (<) y`irs, ]WWM his m`gfd` m`g fd` i fk` fk` stf stfp p g`k g`ktr` tr` bfr sfg sfgnij nij s`g s`gurn urnty ty nk ]wikai. M`yfka th` iadnknstritnfk fb th`s` sfgnij s`gurnty sgh`d`s, ]WWM `xt`kas nts r`igh nktf virnfus afdinks fb pumjng jnb` tf `ksur` thit nt imjy gfktrnmut`s tf th` ndprfv`d`kt fb jnb` stikairas bfr b fr virnfus ]wikaiks. Brfd nkv`stnkl nk jfkl t`rd ika hnlh ndpigt `gfkfdng ir`is tf iaar`ssnk iaar`ssnkl l pr`ssnkl nkbristrugtur` nssu`s thrfulh nts nkv`std`kts, ]WWM ns ijsf `klil`a nk gfktrnmutnkl tf sfjutnfks bfr ghijj`kl`s thit big` dfst vujk`rimj` ]wikaiks. Idfkl lrfups fb nkt`r`st tf ]WWM„s sfgnij r`spfksnmnjnty ir` survnvfrs fb th` 9>>1 L`kfgna` ilinkst th` Qutsn nk ]wikai nk whngh dfr` thik i dnjjnfk w`r` mrutijjy onjj`a nk 933 aiys.
Frphiks fb bfrd`r `dpjfy``s fb Ginss` Wfgnij` au ]wikai (GW]) r`g`nv` `augitnfk suppfrt Is i dfrij fmjnlitnfk, ]WWM„s suppfrt tf L`kfgna` survnvfrs m`lik wnth snx survnvnkl ghnjar`k fb a`g`is`a `dpjfy``s fb bfrd`r GW] onjj`a aurnkl th` L`kfgna`. Qh` suppfrt lnv`k is Dulnrik`zi @dnjn`k fk` fb th` frphiks fb bfrd`r GW] `dpjfy``s onjj`a nk 9>>1 `xpjink`a his m``k m`` k nkst nkstrud rud`kt `ktij ij nk r`i r`issu ssurnk rnkl l th` th`d d thit thit thfulh frphik`a, th`y w`r` kft j`bt ijfk`. ‚\h`k N knsh`a hnlh sghffj, N wis wfr rn`a imfut tf gfktnku` tf Pknv`rsnty. N hia piss`a wnth lffa lria`s mut is `xpjink`a my BI]L (L` (L`kfg kfgna na`` Wurv Wurvnvf nvfrs rs Iss Issnst nstikg ikg`` Buka), w` w`r` lfnkl tf hiv` tf mfrrfw dfk`y brfd th` A`v`jfpd`kt Miko fb ]wikai (M]A) jno` ijj fth`r Lfv`rkd`kt spfksfr`a stua`kts, dfk`y w` wfuja hiv` tf piy migo jit`r ibt`r sghffj. Qhns wfrrn`a d` i jft, m`nkl ik frphik, N b`jt jno` N gfuja k`v`r piy migo.— Nt ns it thns gfkbusnkl tnd` thit ]WWM gid` tf hns ina ika ilr``a tf d``t hns igia`dng
I l`kfgna` l`kfgna ` dfkud`kt wis munjt i t ]WWM nk hfkfur fb bfrd`r GW] `dpjfy``s onjj`a aurnkl th` l`kfgna` wh`r` t h`nr survnvnkl bidnjn`s tfl`th`r wnth ]WWM st ibb hfja ik ikkuij vnlnj vnlnj nk th`nr d`dfry
k``as thrfulhfut hns uknv`rsnty `augitnfk. ‚Qhikos tf thns suppfrt, N b`jt r`jn`v`a ika hiv` stuan`a uknkt`rrupt`ajy,— Duln rik`zi sina.
Dulnrik`zi ns gurr`ktjy i kijnst nk th` @j`gtrfkngs ika Q`j`gfddukngitnfks it th` Gfjj`l` fb Wgn`kg` ika Q`ghkfjfly fb th` Pknv`rsnty fb ]wikai. Dulnrik`zi wis fkjy twf y`irs nk 9>>1 ika survnv`a th` L`kfgna` wnth i bfur y`ir fja mrfth`r ika i fk` y`ir fja snst`r. ‚\nth fut ]WWM„s suppfrt, N afk„t okfw whit jnb` wfuja hiv` m``k jno`.— H` ns th` s`gfka idfkl hns snmjnkls tf m`k`t m`k `t gfj gfjj`l j`l`` `aug `augitn itnfk fk sup suppfr pfrtt ibt`r ibt`r hns mrfth` mrf th`rr lria lriauit uit`a `a gfu gfurt` rt`sy sy fb ]WWM ]WWM.. Qh` suppfrt lnv`k my ]WWM his m``k m`yfka m`y fka `au `augit gitnfk nfk ki kikgn kgnkl kl ika nkg nkgjua jua`a `a pjiynkl i pir`ktnkl rfj` tf th`s` frphiks. ‚@v`k wh`k w` hiv` fth`r nssu`s nk jnb`, th`y ir` ijwiys th`r` tf h`jp us, ]WWM his m``k m`` k i pir pir`kt `kt tf us ika h`j h`jp`a p`a r`o r`onka nkaj` j` hfp`s thit jnb` gik stnjj lf fk `v`k ibt`r th` jfss`s w` su`r`a uka`s`rvnkljy ika bfr thns w` ir` ijwiys lrit`buj—. Diy 98 - =1, =398
90
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]`burmnsh`a hfus`s nk ]umivu snlkij k`w pfssnmnjntn`s bfr survnvfrs
M
`sna`s th` ghijj`kl` tf s`` thit l`kfgna` frphiks link `augitnfk, pfst-l`kfgna` ]wikai hia tf `ksur` igg`ss tf a`g`kt sh`jt`r virnfus dfst vujk`rimj` survnvfrs nkgjuankl wnafws, th` `ja`rjy ika frphiks. Aurnkl th` 9>>1 l`kfgna` ilinkst th` Qutsn, kft fkjy w`r` jnv`s tio`k mut p`fpj`„s `gfkfdng jnb`jnk`s w`r` shi`r`a nk i mna tf grnppj` th`d ika dio` sur` th`y w`r` k`v`r imj` tf jnv` fk. Hfus`s w`r` a`dfjnsh`a whnj` jnv`stfgo ika birds w`r` ijsf murkt. Nk th` ibt`rdith, th` r`gfkstrugtnfk fb th` kitnfk his nkgjua`a munjankl hfd`s bfr survnvfrs ika `dpfw`rnkl th`d tf r`munja mfth sfgnijjy ika `gfkfdngijjy. Bfr survnvfrs s`j`a nk Oimirn vnjjil` fb Oikz`kz` W`gtfr nk ]umivu anstrngt fb ]wikai„s \`st`rk Srfvnkg`, th` ghijj`kl` his bfr i whnj` m``k m` `k tf r` r`kfv kfvit` it` hf hfus` us`ss munj munjtt nk th` rush fb l`nkl `v`ry
vujk`rimj` survnvfr i rffb fv`r th`nr h`ia i b`w dfkths bfjjfwnkl th` 9>>1 L`kfgna` ilinkst th` Qutsn. Nk pirtk`rshnp wnth jfgij iuthfrntn`s, ]WWM his suppfrt`a r`kfvitnfk fb 08 hfus`s, r`irdnkl th` Lfv`rkd`kt fb ]wikai„s gfddntd`kt tf `ksurnkl th` w`jjm`nkl fb survnvfrs. Fk` fb th` mnll`st ghijj`kl`s
wis th` j`ionkl rffbs whngh aurnkl rinky s`isfks siw diky sp`ka sj``pj`ss knlhts. Ijsf, th` wijjs w`r` anjipnait`a j`ivnkl th`s` bidnjn`s nk nka`g`kt hfus`s. Nt ns th` a`snr` tf h`jp th`d fut fb th`s` ukpj`isikt gfkantnfks thit ]WWM nkv`st`a nk th`nr r`kfvitnkl th`d. Iggfrankl tf Liturirwikai Qhfdis fk` fb th` m`k`gnirn`s,
L`kfgna` survnvfrs nk ]umivu bnka r`jn`b brfd th`nr rinky knlhtdir`s ibt`r ]WWM r`burmnsh`s 08 anjipnait`a hfus`s. Imfv` -gfkantnfks -gfkantnfks fb fb sfd` fb th` hfus`s hfus`s m`bfr`, m`bfr`, M`jfw -ndprf -ndprfv`a v`a stitus ibt`r r`himnjntitnfk. 92
Diy 98 - =1, =398
thikos tf th` r`kfvitnfk, rinky knlhts wnjj kf jfkl`r t`rrnby th`d is th`y ana nk th` pist. ‚\h`k nt rink`a, w` hia tf squ``z` up nk fk` sdijj ir`i wh`r` th` rffb stnjj gfv`r`a mut wnth th` gfja brfd th` aidp`k ffr, rink nk th` knlht wis i knlhtdir` bfr d` ika dy bidnjy.— Qf `dpfw`r thns lrfup, m`k`g m`k `gnir nirn`s n`s w`r w`r`` `dpjf `dpjfy`a y`a nk th` igtnvntn`s ika thrfulh thns ipprfigh `irk`a i quirt`r fb th` tftij mual`t bfr th` r`kfvitnfks. Qhikos tf thns ipprfigh, Duo`shndiki Ikgnjji t`stn`s thit wnth th` dfk`y `irk`a, sh` wis imj` tf muy hfus`hfja dit`rnijs bfr h`r r`kfvit`a hfus`. ‚N mfulht gurtinks ika ghinrs bfr th` hfus` ika ighn`v`a i jft brfd th` dfk`y `irk`a. \` ir` sf hippy thit ]WWM gid` tf fur r`sgu` tf r`stfr` fur anlknty is nt his ijwiys afk`,— Duo`shndiki shir`a.
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Nk Kyikzi ika Mul`s`ri, gfkk`gtnfks tf `j`gtrngnty hiv` mrfulht k`w `gfkfdng fppfrtukntn`s bfr L`kfgna` survnvfrs, ika r`sna`kts it jirl`
O
iridmn vnjjil` nk Oiyudmi G`jj fb Kyiditi W`gtfr nk Mul`s`ri anstrngt whfs` diefrnty r`sna`kts ir` l`kfgna` survnvfrs afdnkit`a my wna wnafws fws ika frp frphik hikss wis wis ukg ukgfk fkk`g k`gt`a t`a tf th` kitnfkij lrna uktnj =391 wh`k ]WWM nk pirtk`rshnp wnth th` ]wikai @k`rly Lrfup suppfrt`a nts gfkk`gtnfk. ]wilisiki Qh`fk`st` fk` fb th` r`sna`kts siys thit th`r` ir` sf diky `j`d`kts fb th`nr pist aiys bfur y`irs ilf thit h` ns hippy hns yfukl`st ghnja mfrk ibt`r th` vnjjil` lft gfkk`gt`a wnjj k`v`r okfw. ‚Wh` wnjj bfr `xidpj` k`v`r okfw th` o`rfs`k` jidp thit w` us`a bfr jnlht fr hfw w` us`a tf dfv` bfr onjfd`tr`s tf Kyiditi g`ktr` tf hiv` fur phfk`s ghirl`a ika piy bfr th` s`rvng` wnth dfk`y thit wis sf hira tf `irk.— Wnkg` th` gfkk`gtnfk tf th` kitnfkij lrnp, jnb` nk Oiridmn his kft fkjy ghikl`a nk ir`is fb sfgnij ndpfrtikg` is ]wilisik ]wilisikii t`jjs mut ijsf `gfkfdng triksbfrditnfk triksbfrditnfk his snlkngiktjy m``k igg`j`rit`a. Diefrnty yfuth whf a`grn`a i jigo fb fppfrtukntn`s kfw ruk virnfus sdijj musnk`ss`s ika th` Oiridmn triankl g`ktr` ns i jnv`jy irigtnfk tf k`nlhmfurnkl vnjjil`s. Oikidulnr` Dfs`s fwks i mirm`r shfp dia` pfssnmj` my th` `j`gtrngnty. H` `irks it j`ist ]wb=,033 ainjy ika wnth thns nkgfd`, Oikidulnr`„s jnb` his lr`itjy ndprfv`a ika th` prfdns` fb i m``r tfdfrrfw ns `v`r gj`ir`r. Bfr Duky`shujn Ijbr`a, `j`gtrngnty h`jp`a hnd tf `stimjnsh i d`tij wn`jankl shfp nk Oiridmn ika h` prna`s thit fkg` nk i whnj`, h` ns imj` tf `dpjfy b`jjfw yfuth. ‚N hiv` dikil`a tf muy i gfw, i mngygj` ika wn`jankl `qunpd`kt bfr dy wfroshfp nk hirajy thr`` y`irs.— Nk Mul`s`ri, ]WWM suppfrt`a th` `j`gtrn-
@xgnt`a l`kfgna` survnvfrs tij` fb t h`nr r`k`wij fb hfp`s bfr i m`t t`r ]wikai is `j`gtrngnty lf`s jnv` nk th`nr hfd`s bfr th` bnrst tnd`
gitnfk fb dfr` thik 973 hfd`s nkgjuankl 993 thit m`jfkl`a tf l`kfgna` survnvfrs nk Oiridmn vnjjil` ika wnth thns ukjfgo`a k`w `gfkfdng fppfrtukntn`s thit hiv` triksbfrd`a jnv`s fb th` yfuth ika th` vnjjil` nk l`k`rij. Wndnjirjy, 0= hfd`s fb l`kfgna` survnvfrs nk Dulijn vnjjil` fb Kyidnyili W`gtfr nk Kyikzi anstrngt wnth h`jp brfd ]WWM nk pirtk`rshnp wnth BI]L w`r` gfkk`gt`a tf `j`gtrngnty. Diefrnty m`k`gnirn`s nk Kyikzi w`r` `ja`rjy wnafws whf thikos tf th` jnlht nk th`nr hfd`s i`st tf mfjst`r`a s`gurnty ika b``jnkl fb sib`ty. Nl`kuowiyf Dirni ik fja wnafw siys thit thikos tf th` `j`gtrngnty, sh` ns kf jfkl`r sgir`a tf dfv` fut nk th` knlht ika thit r`gurr`kt bijjs sh` su`r`a nk th` pist ir` i stfry fb fja tnd`s.
‚M`gius` N wfuja wijo nk th` hfus` nk th` airo, fbt`ktnd`s N rik nktf i wijj ika wfuja `ka up afwk, wnth wfukas fr pinks tf kurs` th` bfjjfwnkl aiy. Kfw N wio` up, tfugh th` wijj ika th` hfus` m`gfd`s ijnv` wnth jnlht ika sf ns th` gfdpfuka thikos tf thns `j`gtrngnty. \` b``j v`ry sib`r tfaiy ika ir` lrit`buj tf fur Lfv`rkd`kt.— Is H.@ Siuj Oilid` Sr`sna`kt fb ]wikai his sina fk s`v`rij fggisnfks, nt ns th` survnvfrs fb th` 9>>1 l`kfgna` ilinkst th` Qutsn whf mfr` th` mrukt fb ]wikai„s mia hnstfry ika nt ns i r`spfksnmnjnty bfr `v`ry ]wikaik tf suppfrt th`d nk th`nr `frts tf bfrl` bfrwira. Nt ns thns r`spfksnmnjnty thit ]WWM s``os tf iggfdpjnsh thrfulh nts virn fus prflridd`s ind`a it ndprfvnkl th` jnvnkl gfkantnfks fb survnvfrs, i tiso thit gfktnku`s
Qhikos tf `j`gtrnbngitnfk fb rurij gfddukntn`s, th` wiy fb jnb` his ghikl`a, lnvnkl yfuth k`w `gfkfdng fppfrtukntn`s ukndilnkimj` i b`w y`irs ilf ika wnth th`s` ghikl`s r`euv`kit`a hfp`s Diy 98 - =1, =398
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Kfk-triantnfkij `xpfrts arnv` ]wikai„s ilrng r`v`ku`s r`v`ku`s up My Wt`ph`k Kuwilnri
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wikai„s `irknkls brfd `xpfrt fb ilrngujturij prfaugts hiv` rns`k bfr th` Eujy =39< tf Eikuiry =398, arnv`k my lffa p`rbfrdikg` fb kfk-triantnfkij kfk-triantn fkij `xpfrts, i k`w r`pfrt my Kitnfkij Ilrngujturij Ilrngujturij @xpfrt Mfira (KI@M) nkangit`s. Qh` gfuktry `irk`a dfr` thik $=8= dnjjnfk (imfut ]wb=17.> mnjjnfk) nk guduji tnv` r`v`ku`s brfd Eujy =39< tf Eikuiry =398, whngh r`pr`s`kts 10 p`r g`kt nkgr`is` gfdpir`a tf imfut $9>0.2 dnjjnfk (imfut ]wb92>.= mnjjnfk) r`lnst`r`a aurnkl th` sid` p`rnfa nk =392-=39<. KI@M„s Eikuiry ilrf-`xpfrt r`pfrt ijsf irnmut`s lrfwth nk r`v`ku` dinkjy tf lffa prng`s fb t`i `xpfrt fk th` ljfmij diro`t, is w`jj is nkgr`is`a viju` fb kfk-tri antnfkij grfps? nkgjuankl fj`ilnkfus (sfyi, lrfukakuts ika sukfw`r), whngh rio`a nk $=3.=3 dnjjnfk (]wb9<.0 mnjjnfk) gfdpir`a tf sjnlhtjy fv`r $12<,833 nk =392-=39< p`rnfa. Kfk-triantnfk Kfk-triantn fk `xpfrt r`v`ku` rfs` tf $98=.=1 dnjjnfk (]wb131.2 dnjjnfk), brfd $99=.72 dnjjnfk aurnkl sndnjir p`rnfa nk =392/=39<, whnj` triantnfkij `xpfrts rio`a nk $>>.<< dnjjnfk (imfut ]wb82.7 mnjjnfk) gfdpir`a tf $87.=9 dnjjnfk fv`r th` r`pfrt nkl p`rnfa. 98
Diy 98 - =1, =398
Hfw`v`r, `xpfrt vfjud`s ika viju`s bfr ikndij ika ikndij prfaugts ijj w`kt afwk fv`r th` r`pfrtnkl p`rnfa au` tf sfd` fb th` k`w d`isur`s my lfv`rkd`kt, jno` futjiw nkl `xpfrt fb ukprfg`ss`a dnjo, ika bfgus nkl fk viju` iaantnfk fk hna`s ika sonks tf mffst mff st Dia Dia`-n `-nk-] k-]wi wikai kai nkn nkntni tnitnv tnv`. `. Qh` mikknkl fb ikndij prfaugts my th` A]G ijsf hia i mnl ndpigt fk r`v`ku`s. Bfr nkstikg`, th` p`rnfa Eujy =39< tf Eikuiry =398, eust fv`r =.=7 dnjjnfk onjflrids fb hna`s ika sonks wfrth $7.<= dnjjnfk w`r` `xpfrt`a gfdpir`a tf 7.2> dnjjnfk onjfs ($1.<= dnjjnfk) sfja aurnkl th` sid` p`rnfa nk =392-=39<, iggfrankl tf th` r`pfrt. D`it `xpfrts arfpp`a tf $9=.97 dnjjnfk nk viju` brfd $90.39 dnjjnfk, whnj` jnv` ikndijs mrfulh mrf ulhtt nk nk $90. $90.<< << dnj dnjjnf jnfk k jfw` jfw`rr thik thik $92 $92.01 .01 dnjjnfk.
iggfrankl tf th` r`pfrt. Qh` iv`ril` uknt prng` wis $7.73 (]wb=,801) p`r onjflrid fb t`i gfdpir`a tf $=.89 (]wb=,173) i onjf nk =392-=39<. Qh` gfuktry„s lr``k j`ib prfaugtnfk wis 20,809,>01 onjflridd`s, whngh wis =3.89 p`r g`kt hnlh`r thik 01,038,718 onjfs prf aug`a th` sid` p`rnfa nk =392-=39<. ‚Qh` lffa p`rbfrdikg` ighn`v`a my t`i s`gtfr aurnkl th` y`ir ns pirtjy th` r`sujt fb lffa gjnditng gfkantnfks thit pr`vinj`a brfd W`pt`dm`r =39< tf Eikuiry =398, wh`r` iv`ril` quiktnty fb rinks r`lnst`r`a idfukts 9,8>< dd/dfkth,— th` r`pfrt siys. Nk t`rds fb gjnditng gfkantnfks, Eujy =39<-Eikuiry =398 r`lnst`r`a dfr` rinkbijjs quiktntn`s thik th` p`rnfa =392-=39<, whngh `xpjinks th` hnlh vfjud` fb lr``k j`ib prfaug`a nk =39<-=398 gfdpir`a tf =392-=39<.
Q`i s`gtfr
Gfffi`` s`gtfr
]wikai r`gfra`a $12.01 dnjjnfk (]wb13.7 mnjjn mn jjnfk) fk) nk t`i `xp `xpfrt frt r`v r`v`k `ku`s u`s brf brfd d Eujy Eujy =39< tf Eikuiry =398 ibt`r s`jjnkl 91,3>9,000 onjflrids fb th` m`v`ril`. Qhns wis hnlh`r thik fv`r $72.01 dnjjnfk r`ijns`a aurnkl th` sid` p`rnfa nk =392/=39<, nkangitnkl ik nkgr`is` fb fv`r $>.>> dnjjnfk fr =< p`r g`kt. ‚Qhns ns irnmut`a tf th` hnlh vfjud` fb t`i sfja aurnkl th` p`rnfa ika th` lffa prng` r`ijns`a fk nkt`rkitnfkij diro`t,—
Qh` gfuktry r`lnst`r`a $09.01 dnjjnfk (ijdfst ]wb11.2 mnjjnfk) brfd gf`` `xpfrt fv`r th` r`pfrtnkl p`rnfa gfdpir`a tf $12.39 dnjjnfk `irk`a nk =392-=39<, thikos tf hnlh vfjud`s fb gf`` sfja ika lffa prng`s fk nkt`rkitnfkij diro`t. Hfw `v`r, gf`` `xpfrt r`v`ku`s bfr Eikuiry =398 arfpp`a tf $7,=8>,7<3, afwk brfd $7,703,=<9 fv`r th` sid` p`rnfa nk =39<. Kft`5 $9 4 820 ]wb it mur`ius
K@\W IKIJ^WNW
K]D a`jnv`rs 78% fk Diknb`stf Grntngs siy nt his binj`a fk gfrruptnfk, s`gurnty ika s`rvng`s My Eujnus Musnkl`
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` ir` fk gfurs`, dionkl st`iay prflr`ss, tf ighn`v` th` tirl`ts w` s`t tfl`th`r wnth th` p`fpj` fb Plikai,— sina Srnd` Dnknst`r ]uhioiki ]ulukai fk Diy 99 it th` stirt fb th` K]D Diknb`stf \``o it th` D`ani G`ktr` nk Oidpiji. Qwf y`irs nktf th` dikait` fb diknb`stf, ]ulukai sina ndpj`d`ktitnfk wis it 78.=% ika thit prfe`gtnfks w`r` thit th` dfd`k tud fb ndpj`d`ktitnfk wfuja dfr` thik afumj` tf 83% my th` `ka fb th` bfjjfwnkl twf y`irs. H` sina th`y ir` luna`a my th` =7 anr`gtnv`s r`jitnkl tf r`bfrds fk pfjngn`s, jiws ika r`lujitnfks. H` d`ktnfk`a id`kankl th` Sumjng Srfgur`d`kt ika Anspfsij fb Iss`ts (SSAI) jiw, `stimjnshnkl i utnjnty gfrrnafr, br`` gfkk`gtnfk tf th` kitnfkij `j`gtrngnty lrna, ndprfv`a pjikknkl, mual` mu al`tnk tnkl, l, dfk dfkntf ntfrnk rnkl l ika ika r` r`pfr pfrtnk tnkl, l, ika gfktnkufus ndpj`d`ktitnfk fb irditnv` prflridd`s nk s`j`gt`a r`lnfks tf prfdft` nkgjusnv` lrfwth ika a`v`jfpd`kt. ]ulukai sina dinktinknkl p`ig` ika s`gurnty his r`dink`a it th` g`ktr` fb th` diknb`stf.‚\` hiv` hia sfd` ukbfrtukit`, mutt nsfj mu nsfjit` it`a a gis` gis`ss fb fb grnd grndnki nkijnt jnty y whn whngh gh ir` m`nkl m` nkl a` a`ijt ijt wn wnth th my th` r` r`spf spfks ksnmj nmj`` il`k il`kgn` gn`ss fb th` Wtit`,— h` sina. Fk `k`rly, ]ulukai sina th`y hia snlk`a i gfkstrugtnfk ilr``d`kt bfr ik fnj r`k`ry wfrth PW$1mk uka`r i efnkt v`ktur` wnth ik nkt`rkitnfkij gfksfrtnud j`a my L`k`rij @j`gtrng (L@) ika Plikai„s Kitnfkij Fnj Gfdpiky. H` sina Plikai ika Qikzikni hiv` ilr``a fk th` gfkstrugtnfk fb th` fnj pnp`jnk` brfd Hfndi tf th` Qikziknik W`ipfr W`ipfrtt fb Qikli. Fk th` 233D\ Oirudi Hyarfpfw`r Srfe`gt, gfkstrugtnfk wfros stffa it <1% brfd 01% th` pr`vnfus y`ir. Qh` 987D\ Nsndmi Hyarfpfw`r Srfe`gt stffa it <>% brfd 2=.=% nk =39<. Qh` Lfja ]`k`ry nk @kt`mm` ika gfk strugtnfk fb th` phfsphit`s bigtfry nk Qfrfrf ir` snlkngikt st`ps, ]ulukai sina. Qh` phfsphit`ss bigtfry wnjj prfvna` th` b`rtnjphfsphit` nz`rs ika ijsf prfaug` st``j, g`d`kt, sujphurng igna ika fth`r nkaustrnij prfaugts. Fk rfias, ]ulukai sina `nlht rfia prfe`gts w`r` gfdpj`t`a fr w`r` k`irnkl gfdpj`tnfk, nkgjuankl Duofkf-Oy`tud`Oitfsn (<1od), Luju-Ighfjnmur(<<..02od), Dmiriri Mypiss (91od), ]ush`r`-Kshw`r`koy` (99.9od), Pplriankl fb BfrtSfrtijOidw`kl` ]fia, ika Pplriankl fb Ktuklidf-Dnridi Hnjj. Lfv`rkd`kt his prfgur`a 9909 issfrt`a rfia `qunpd`kt
Srnd` Dnknst`r ]uhioiki ]ulukai
ika anstrnmut`a nt tf anstrngts bfr wfro fk dinktinknkl anstrngt ika b``a`r rfias. ]`lirankl fnj rfias, gnvnj wfros gfk trigts bfr Disnkan-Sirii-Mujnnsi uplriankl, HfndiMutnimi-\iks`of, HfndiMutnimi-\ iks`of, Muhndmi-Kijw`yf-Mujidiln ika Mujidiln-Nliyizi-Oiou dnrf rfias hiv` m``k iwira`a. Srflr`ss ns ijsf m`nkl dia` nk gfkstrugtnfk fb o`y mrnal`s tf bignjntit` musnk`ss ika tria`. Idfkl th` gfdpj`t`a mrnal`s ir`? Ipio Mrnal` nk Jnri? Dikibi Mrnal` ijfkl Qfrfrf-Dmij` rfia? Lfjn ika Kyilio nk K`mmn, J`j`sn Mrnal` nk Mutij`ei ika Onmij` Mrnal`, jnkonkl Oyikowikzn tf Klfdi nk Kiois`o`. Qh` s`gfka Knj` Mrnal` nk Enkei ns k`irnkl gfdpj`tnfk. @xpiksnfk ika dfa`rknsitnfk fb @kt`mm` Nkt`rkitnfkij Inrpfrt ns prflr`ssnkl w`jj ika 03% fb th` Girlf Gfdpj`x wfros hia m``k gfd gfdpj`t pj`t`a, `a, ==% fb th` dfa dfang ngitn itnfk fk fb th` `xnstnkl piss`kl`r Q`rdnkij Munjankl hia m``k gfdpj`t`a, ika wfros fk th` ruk wiy m`lik nk Diy. Qh` fth`r hnlhjnlhts ir`? wfros fk th` r`vnvij fb th` kitnfkij girrn`r/inrjnk` ir` nk iavikg`a stil`s wnth th` pjik ipprfv`a my gim gimnk` nk`tt ika ika i Plik Plikai ai Kit Kitnfk nfkij ij In Inrjn rjnk` k` Gfdpiky r`lnst`r`a. Fk th` Wtikaira Liul` ]injwiy, pr`jndnkiry `klnk``rnkl a`snlks bfr th` Kfrth`rk ika \`st`rk ]fut`s hiv` m``k gfdpj`t`a ika pirtnij piyd`kts tf Srfe`gt I`gt`a S`rsfks dia`. Nt ns `kvnsil`a thit my Eujy thns y`ir, th` kikgnij ilr``d`kt wnjj m` kijns`a ika wfro wnjj gfdd`kg`, ]uluk ai sina.
H`ijth ika `augitnfk
]ulukai r`pfrt`a thit `xpiksnfk ika r`himnjntitnfk fb Dujilf Kitnfkij ]`b`rrij r`himnjntitnfk Hfspntij nktf i sup`r-sp`gnijns`a bignjnty ns nk kij stil`s ika th` r`himnjntit`a Plikai
H`irt Nkstntut` ns bujjy fp`ritnfkij wnth gipignty bfr 9333 fp`ritnfks p`r y`ir. Nk th` `augitnfk s`gtfr, =.0 dnjjnfk t`xt mffos mff os hiv hiv`` m``k m``k prf prfgur gur`a `a bfr an an`r` `r`kt kt sume`gts bfr prndiry sghffj pupnjs. Qhns his mrfulh mrf ulhtt th` th` pup pupnj nj tf mff mffo o ritn ritnf f tf tf 759 759 ika 159 bfr Dith`ditngs ika @kljnsh r`sp`g tnv`jy. ]ulukai sina 93 Srndiry Q`igh`r Q`igh`r Qrinknkl Gfjj`l`s ika thr`` Kitnfkij Q`igh`rs Gfjj`l`s hiv` m``k `xpika`a. Qh`r` his ijsf m``k th` gfkstrugtnfk fb W``a W`gfkairy sghffjs nk virnfus pjig`s igrfss th` gfuktry. I sp`gnij pnjft nkntnitnv` my th` Fg` fb th` Srnd` Dnknst`r ika th` Dnknstrn`s fb @augitnfk ika Wpfrts, H`ijth, Jfgij Lfv`rkd`kt ika Sumjng W`rvng` nk =3 anstrngts his r`aug`a t`igh`r ika h`ijth wfro`r ims`kt``nsd.
Ilrngujtur`
H` sina p`stngna`s, s``ajnkls ika `xt`ksnfk s`rvng`s hiv` m``k prfvna`a tf bird`rs ika, thrfulh Fp`ritnfk \`ijth Gr`itnfk (F\G), s``ajnkls fb gfgfi, gntrus, t`i, diklf`s, frikl`s ika ippj`s hiv` m``k anstrnmut`a. Qh` lfv`rkd`kt ns tf nkgr`is` gf`` prfaugtnfk my lnvnkl fut s``ajnkls ika prfaugtnfk his lrfwk brfd 7.2 dnjjnfk mils jist y`ir tf 1.8 dnjjnfk mils tf ait`.
Qh` `gfkfdy, nkv`std`kts
]ulukai sina thit th` bukaid`k bukaid`ktijs tijs fb th` `gfkfdy ir` m`nkl syst`ditngijjy syst`ditngijjy a`ijt wnth ika th` LAS lrfwth rit` thit hia a`gjnk`a tf irfuka 1% nk th` pist v` y`irs ns prfe`gt`a tf r`link nts pig` it 2% nk th` shfrt tf d`anud t`rd is th` lfv`rkd`kt ndprfv`s th` nkv`std`kt gjndit` ika r`aug`s th` gfst fb afnkl musnk`ss tf irigt nkv`stfrs.
\hit fth`r p`fpj` siy
\njbr`a Knwilimi, th` Ifrk`y L`k`rij nk th` shiafw gimnk`t. ‚Iky s`rvng`s thit lfv`rkd`kt a`jnv`rs tf th` gntnz`ks gfd`s is i my th` wiy. Qh` 78% ighn`v`d`kt ns i hfix. Nb yfu bfgus fk whit th`y ir` t`jjnkl yfu wnthfut gfksna`rnkl th` gfr` lfv`rkikg` prnkgnpj`s th`k yfu ir` dnssnkl th` whfj` pngtur`.— ‚Qhit ns i tftij jn`? p`fpj` ir` v`ry pffr.— fppfsntnfk an`hira, Ndidu Dioudmn, th` Rng` Sr`sna`kt bfr Plikai„s fja`st pfjntngij pirty ‗ AS nk \`st`rk Plikai. ‚N afk„t thnko th`y hiv` afk` kfthnkl mut th`y hiv` kft afk` dugh,— Dwidmutsyi Ka`m`si, i j`gtur`r it Dio`r`r` Pknv`rsnty tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt fk Diy 90 iaankl, ‚W`gurnty fb th` stit` his m``k luirikt``a mut kft thi thitt fb fb th` th` p`f p`fpj` pj`.— .— Diy 98 - =1, =398
9>
K@\W IKIJ^WNW
Sfjng` fbbng`rs dfkntfr Psibn dfsqu` nk Ons`kyn, Oidpiji ibt`r nt wis gfrafk`a fbb.
Ittigo fk Psib dfsqu` \hy Dusjnd prfjnkl gfuja migor` My ]fkija Dusfo`
N
t wis i kfka`sgrnpt dfsqu` fkjy kftng`imj` m`gius` fb nts dio`shnbt dimitn wijjs nk th` gfkl`st`a Ons`kyn sjuds, i kftfrnfus sumurm fb Oidpiji gnty. Mut wh`k pfjng` rina`a Psi Dfsqu` fk Iprnj =<, ijj`l`ajy whnj` pursunkl i grndnkij fk nts wikt`a jnst, nt m`gid` th` jit`st lrfuka z`rf nk th` s`gurnty bfrg`s v`rsus Dusjnds lht. \``os jit`r, ijj thit ns j`bt fb th` dfsqu` ns i diklj`a h`ip fb h`ivnjy luira`a nrfk sh``ts ika fth`r a`mrns irfuka i sdijj austy g`d`kt`a sjim imfut v` d`tr`s wna` ika t`k nk j`klth thit us`a tf m` th` ffr fb th` dfsqu`. Irfuka nt ir` austy shiktn`s wnth tnky rffds wnth shi`r`a wnkafw pik`s thit pfssnmjy w`r` th` r`sna`kg`s fb th` dfsqu`-j`ia`rs ika, iggfrankl tf pfjng`, s`v`rij imaugt`a yfukl wfd`k ika ghnjar`k. Sfjng` siys nt shft twf d`k aurnkl th` rina ika irr`st`a 78 d`k thit nt ns kfw gijjnkl t`rrfrnsts. Nt ijsf siys, fk nts Oidpiji D`trfpfjntik Sfjng` Big`mffo pil`, thit nt ‚r`sgu`a— 98 wfd`k ika >1 ghnjar`k. Qh` pfjng` siy th`y s`nz`a 23 rfukas fb <.2=dd iddukntnfk, fk` mfw ika irrfws, =7 afu mj` `al `al`a `a pik piklis, lis, ika fk` jip jiptfp tfp.. Iggfrankl tf pfjng` iggfukts, th`y =3
Diy 98 - =1, =398
studmj`a upfk th` dfsqu` whnj` pursunkl i wikt`a grndnkij nk th` dura`r fb Wusik Diliri, th` aiulht`r fb i prfdnk`kt musnk` mus nk`ssdi ssdik k whfs whfs`` binj` binj`a a r`sg r`sgu` u` i` i`dpt dpt sugo`a nk Sr`sna`kt ^fw`rn Dus`v`kn ika ijj tfp s`gurnty mfss`s. Bfjjfwnkl binjur` tf r`sgu` th` wfdik, Dus`v`kn r`a th` Dnk nst`r fb W`gurnty ika th` h`ia fb th` pfjng` bfrg`s. Ibt`r th` dfsqu` rina, fk Diy 3<, Sfjng` Wpfo`sp`rsfk, Sitrngo Fkyiklf, tfja efur kijnsts thit nkv`stnlitnfks nktf th` gis` hia wna`k`a tf nkgjua` onakip wnth nkt`kt fb dura`r, a`j`d`kt, hudik trigonkl ika s`xuij vnfj`kg`. Fkyiklf sina 99 fb th` 27 yfukl lnrjs, il`a 97-90 hia t`st`a pfsntnv` bfr a`j` d`kt ika s`v`k fb th`d w`r` bfuka tf hiv` m``k ndpr`lkit`a my th`nr imaugtfrs. Ikfth`r bfur lnrjs tfja th` iuthfrntn`s thit th`y hia m``k a`j`a. Qh` nkv`stnlitnfks kfw nkgjua` nkt`kt tf a`dika riksfd ika fth`rs, pfjng` siy ika, iggfrankl tf Jt. Gfj A`f Ionon, th` a`puty irdy spfo`sp`rsfk, th` irdy ns bfjjfwnkl fk th` t`rrfrnstng kitur` fb Diliri„s gis`. Nt ipp`irs th` bfrd`r dfsqu` ns kfw i girry-ijj grnd` gj`irnkl hfus` snkg` pfjng` ns jnkonkl nt tf i sj`w fb grnd`s nk th` Lr`it`r Disioi ika Oidpiji ir`i.
Mut stikankl k`xt tf th` rummj` fb th` bfrd`r dfsqu`, whngh ns stnjj gfrafk`a f wnth grnd` sg`k` tip`, ijfkl i austy `irth rfia rnlht k`xt tf i musy tixn piro, nt ns anb gujt tf ndilnk` hfw ijj th`s` p`fpj` jnv`a nk sugh i tnky hfv`j. D`ik-jffonkl pfjng` fg`rs gjia nk h`ivy mju` gidfuil` eigo`ts wnth IO 1
Sfjng` stfry afumt`a
Jugy Io`jjf ns ik DS ika shiafw dnkns t`r bfr L`ka`r, Jimfur ika Wfgnij A`v`jfpd`kt whf ns gfkg`rk`a imfut th` pjnlht fb th` wfd`k ika ghnjar`k whf w`r` girt`a f brfd th` dfsqu` bfjjfwnkl th` rina. ‚Pkbfrtukit`jy, N hiv` i jft fb ukiksw`r`a qu`stnfks imfut th` Psi dfsqu`
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iigo,— sh` siys imfut th` pfjng` `xpjiki tnfk. Wh` siys nt ns angujt tf m`jn`v` thit bfr i gfuktry jno` Plikai, whngh nkv`sts dis snv`jy nk s`gurnty nkbristrugtur`, i t`rrfrnst g`jj gik m` jfgit`a rnlht nk th` g`ktr` fb th` gipntij gnty ika nt tio`s th` pfjng` y`irs tf kftng` i prfmj`d `v`k ibt`r r`p`it`a wirknkls brfd th` gfdduknty. Io`jjf„s gfkg`rk his m``k rins`a my jfgij j`ia`rs whf siy th`y hia r`pfrt`a tf pfjng` thit th` dfsqu` jffo`a suspngnfus, thit ukjno` dfst dfsqu`s whngh w`jgfd` ijj Dusjnds, thns fk` s``d`a tf hiv` `xgjusnv` d`dm`rs, ika thit d`liphfk`s dfukt`a fk nt sp`w`a susp`gt`a riangij Nsjid d`ssil`s. Qh` jfgij p`fpj` ijsf kftng`a thit th` dfv`d`kts fb dfsqu` d`dm`rs w`r` tnlhtjy dfkntfr`a my nts j`ia`rs. Fk` jfgij j`ia`r sina sfd` bidnjn`s hia trn`a tf l`t th`nr ghnjar`k fut fb th` dfsqu` mut w`r w`r`` mjfg mjfgo`a o`a my nts j`i j`ia`r a`rss whf whf w`r` w`r` okfwk bfrd`r r`m`js fb th` Dusjnd-jnko`a Ijjn`a A`dfgritng Bfrg`s (IAB) whfs` j`ia`r Eidnj Duouju ns fk trnij fk t`rrfrnsd ghirl`s. Qh` dfsqu` j`ia`r, Imauj- ]ihdik Binsij, hia m``k irr`st`a w``os m`bfr` th` rina. Futsna` s`gurnty gnrgj`s, p`rhips m`giu m` gius` s` th` ijj ijj`li `litnf tnfk k fb fb i t`r t`rrfr rfrnst nst g`j g`jjj ipp`irs ukm`jn`vimj`, diky ir` kfw gijjnkl th` pjig` ik Nsjidng ‚riangijnsitnfk g`ktr`—. Ika th` Dusjnd gfdduknty ns ijj`lnkl i wntgh-hukt. Huss`nk Oyikef, i j`ia`r fb th` Dusjndj`iknkl pirty, Eustng` Bfrud (E@@DI) siys th`r` ns kf gr`anmj` `vna`kg` fb grndnkijs bfuka nk th` bfrd`r Psi Dfsqu` ika thit s`gurnty bfrg` w`r` ‚stilnkl `v`kts— tf ans gr`ant th` Dusjnd gfdduknty ijj fv`r th` gfuktry. ‚Is nt ns tfaiy, Dusjnds ir` th` iutfditng susp`gts bfr iky diefr grnd` nk Plikai,— h` siys ika jnsts th` onjjnkl Efik Oil`zn, i tfp stit` prfs`gutfr, th` dura`r fb INLS Ikar`w Oiw``sn, ika th` onjjnkl fb Wuzik Diliri. Qh` lfv`rkd`kt spfo`sp`rsfk, Fbwfkf Fpfkaf, ansdnss`a Oyikef„s ijj`litnfks is ‚u`r rummnsh— mut pfjng` gr`anmnjnty ns fk th` jnk` is nt his stnjj kft piria`a th` susp`gts nk iky gfurt fb jiw. Qh`y hiv` ijsf kft ijjfw`a pir`kts tf vnsnt th`nr a`tink`a ghnjar`k is his m``k th` gis` m`bfr`.
Srfjnkl Dusjnds
Plikai ns i pr`afdnkiktjy r`jnlnfus sfgn`ty wnth 80% fb th` pfpujitnfk prf b`ssnkl Ghrnstniknty, fut fb whngh 19% ns Githfjng? 70% Ikljngik. Qh` S`kt`gfstij, W`v`kth‑Aiy Iav`ktnst ika Frthfafx a`kfdnkitnfks iggfukt bfr 1.2%, 9.0% ika 3.9% r`sp`gtnv`jy. Dusjnds ir` th` s`gfka jirl`st r`jnlnfus gfdduknty wnth 9=.9%, bfjjfw`a my trian tnfkij ijnitnfks it 9.3%, i dnkut` 3.9% bfr th` Mihi„n binth ika kijjy ith`nsts it 3.>% iggfrankl tf th` =391 kitnfkij pfpujitnfk g`ksus. Qh` rina fk Psi Dfsqu` ipp`irs tf hiv` r`-fp`k`a fja wfukas nk th` Dus-
jnd gfdduknty whngh gjinds th` lfv`rkd`kt ns a`t`rdnk`a tf sustink i kirritnv` nk th` gfuktry thit th` Dusjnd gfdduknty ns gfkk`gt`a tf sfd` fb th`s` h`nkfus grnd`s r`g`ktjy r`pfrt`a nk th` d`ani. Wnkg` th` =393 twnk \frja Gup kij mfdmnk mfd mnkls ls my IjIj-Wh Whimi imim m nk nk Oidp Oidpiji iji j` j`bt bt hukar`as fb r`v`j`rs a`ia, ikijysts siy th` lfv`rkd`kt his tio`k i hirajnk` stikg` fk Nsjidng bukaid`ktijnsd. I hnlh kudm`r fb Dusjnds ir` jiklunshnkl nk einjs. Mut th` gfkbrfktitnfk gfkbrfktitnfkss m`tw``k riangij Dusjnds ika th` lfv`rkd`kt lf migo i jfkl wiy ika virnfus lfv`rkd`kts? brfd th` gfjfknij p`rnfa tf tfaiy, hiv` i`dpt`a tf r`sfjv` th`d wnth virynkl j`v`js fb sugg`ss. Wfd` fb th`d stirt`a fut is Dusjnd v`rsus Dusjnd wriklj`s ika sugo`a nk th` lfv`rkd`kt. Nk th` `irjy 9>>3s, bfr `xidpj`, Eidnju Eid nju Duo Duouju uju j`a i lrfu lrfup p fb fb Qimj Qimjnq nq yfu yfuth th tf bfrg`bujjy tio`fv`r th` h`iaquirt`rs fb th` Plikai Dusjnd Wupr`d` Gfukgnj nk Oidpiji. \h`k, pfjng` nkt`rv`k`a, th` yfuth sjiulht`r`a fk` fg`r ika twf afls m`bfr` m`bf r` th` th`y y w`r` w`r` irr irr`st `st`a. `a. Qh`n Qh`nrr j`ia j`ia`r `r it th` tnd`, Duhiddia Oidfli `a tf O`kyi. Wtnjj, Nmrihnd Ws`dueeu Klikai, th` DS bfr Onri Dukngnpijnty ika th` Fppfsntnfk Ghn`b \hnp siys th` dfsqu` rina ns pirt fb
Igg frankl Iggfra nkl tf Onv Onvudm udmn,n, rinas sugh is thit fk th` dfsqu` h`jp Dus`v`kn tf mrika hnds`jb is fk` fb th` j`iankl lht`rs fb enhiansts ika pfjntngij Nsjid th` gfktnkunkl prfjnkl fb Dusjnds ika `v`ry dfsqu` ‚is i pjig` wh`r` grnd`s ir` m`nkl m`n kl gfd gfddn dn`a. `a.—— ‚Nb yfu ka th`r` ir` fk` fr twf p`fpj` whf ir` susp`gt`a tf hiv` gfddn`a i grnd`, af yfu nkvia` i dfsqu`6 W`dueeu tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt fk Diy 3> thit Dus`v`kn af`s kft jno` Dusjnds. ‚Qhit ns why h` jffos it Dusjnds is th` rst susp`gts wh`k h`nkfus grnd`s hipp`k irfuka th` gfuktry,— h` sina. Duwikli Onvudmn, th` DS bfr Mutidmiji Gfukty whf ijsf afumj`s is th` shiafw dnknst`r bfr Nkt`rkij Iinrs ijsf tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt thit th` Psi dfsqu` iigo ns pirt fb Dus`v`kn„s jfkl-t`rd pjik tf diro`t hnds`jb irfuka th` wfrja is i ‚r`wijj— ilinkst th` `xpiksnfk fb Nsjid nk sum-Wihirik Ibrngi. Iggfrankl tf Onvudmn, rinas sugh is thit fk th` dfsqu` h`jp Dus`v`kn tf mrika hnds`jb is fk` fb th` j`iankl lht`rs fb enhian enh iansts sts ika pfj pfjntn ntngij gij Nsj Nsjid. id. Onv Onvudm udmnn sina sina Dus`v`kn„s stfry ns ijwiys h`jp`a my th` pr`s`kg` fb IAB. Onvudmn siys th` IAB hyp` ns nkt`ka`a tf b``a nktf th` \`st`rk
lht ilinkst Nsjidng bukaid`ktijnsd. Jum`li D`aira Ws`lfki, th` DS bfr Musnnrf Gfukty @ist ika shiafw dnknst`r bfr Eustng` ika Gfkstntutnfkij Iinrs ijsf siys th` dfsqu` iigo sdnros fb f`ksnv` ‚r`jnlnfus prfjnkl—. ‚\hit th` s`gurnty il`kgn`s ir` afnkl ns r`jnlnfus prfjnkl ika thns ns f`ksnv`. Nt ns ndpfrtikt bfr th` s`gurnty il`kgn`s tf af thfrfulh nkv`stnlitnfks nkst`ia fb mrikankl `v`ryfk` i grndnkij.— W`v`rij Dusjnd gj`rngs hiv` m``k einj`a fv`r igts fb t`rrfrnsd. Jist Kfv`dm`r, Wh`noh ^ukus Oidfli ika thr`` d`dm`rs fb th` Qimjnq s`gt w`r` gfkvngt`a fb dura`rnkl knk` Dusjnd gj`rngs, Efik Oil`zn, ika ik irdy fg`r whf hia a`b`gt`a brfd th` IAB. Mut Jiansjius ]wioibuzn, i hudik rnlhts jiwy`r, sina th` `vna`kg` bfr Dusjnd nkvfjv`d`kt nk th` hnlh prfj` onjjnkls ns ndsy. H` sina Dusjnds w`r` m`nkl prf j`a my th` stit`. ‚Nt„s ik `isy wiy fut tf shfw tf th` pumjng thit yfu„r` afnkl sfd`thnkl imfut th`s` onjjnkls.— Dfhidd`a Kanbuki, i hudik rnlhts igtnvnst mis`a it th` Hudik ]nlhts K`twfro-Plikai, tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt fk Diy 93 thit whit ns `d`rlnkl nk Plikai ns i sntuitnfk wh`r` th`r` ns ‚|gfjj`gtnv` vngtndnzitnfk ika gfjj`gtnv` lunjt bfr g`rtink lrfups fb sfgn`ty jno` th` Dusjnds.— Kanbuki siys iggusnkl Dusjnds ns th` `isn`st wiy tf l`t dfr` bukas bfr th` pfjng`. ‚Nt ns hnlh tnd` thns mju wis gijj`a fk th` stit` ika nts fp`ritnv`s,— h` siys mut iaas thit Dusjnds whf gfddnt grnd`s shfuja m` trigo`a, irr`st`a ika prfaug`a m`bfr` m`b fr` gfd gfdp`t p`t`kt `kt gfu gfurts rts fb jiw jiw.. ‚Nb yfu lf tf Juznnri Dixndud Srnsfk, yfu wnjj ka thit th` hiragfr` grndnkijs af kft m`jfkl tf fk` pirtngujir r`jnlnfk fr th`y diy kft `v`k m`jn`v` nk ikythnkl a`spnt` th` bigt thit th`y girry i pirtngujir kid`.— Kitnfkij j`ia`rs fb Dusjnds hiv` anstikg`a th`ds`jv`s brfd th` Psi Dfsqu`. Hieen Ks`r`of Dutudmi, th` Wpfo`sp`rsfk fb th` Plikai Dusjnd Wupr`d` Gfukgnj tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt fk Diy 99 thit ijthfulh ijj Eudi dfsqu`s nk Plikai ir` suppfs`a tf m` uka`r th`nr udmr`jji, th` Psi dfsqu` wis kft pirt fb th`nr dfr` thik 99,333 dfsqu`s thit ir` uka`r th`nr stimj`. ‚Fur pfsntnfk ns thit w` af kft prft`gt ikymfay whf his gfddn`a grnd` is jfkl is sfd`fk` ns prfv`k lunjty m`yfk m` yfka a r`i r`isfk sfkim imj` j` afu afumt mt mut w` ir` ili ilinks nkstt jim`jnkl i ‚Dfhidd`a— is i t`rrfrnst y`t i ‚H`rm`rt— whf his gfddn`a th` sid` grnd` ns i d`r` grndnkij.— Wfjfdfk Isnndw`, i s`knfr j`gtur`r fb lfv`rkikg` it Plikai Dirtyrs Pknv`rsnty ilr``s. ‚Grnd` ns grnd`. N id sur` th`r` ir` lffa Dusjnds eust jno` th`r` ir` mia Dusjnds ika th`r` ir` mia Ghrnstniks is th`r` ir` lffa Ghrnstniks,— h` tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt. Diy 98 - =1, =398
=9
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E`wnsh ar`ids fb E`rusij`d is Nsri`j„s gipntij lf migo thfusikas fb y`irs y`irs My ]ngh Jfwry
N
k th` W`gfka g`ktury IA, E`wnsh r`m`js whf hia stukk`a th` ]fdiks ika jnm`rit`a i pfrtnfk fb Eua`i, Eua `i, fv`r fv`rstr strugo ugo ndp ndp`rnij `rnij gfnks wnth ndil`s ika i d`ssil` fb th`nr fwk, ‚^`ir Fk` fb th` ]`a`dptnfk fb E`rusij`d.— Qh` ]fdik `dp`rfr Hiarnik hia pjikt`a th` s``as bfr th` r`m`jjnfk wnth ==
Diy 98 - =1, =398
hns idmntnfks tf r`dio` E`rusij`d, nkgjuankl th` pjikk`a gfkstrugtnfk fb i Q`dpj` tf Eupnt`r fk th` snt` fb th` fja E`wnsh Q`dpj`. Qh` j`ia`r fb th` E`wnsh r`m`jjnfk, Mir Ofohmi, wis r`a my i vnsnfk fb i uknt`a Nsri`j wnth E`rusij`d is nts gipntij thit hia m``k th` `xg`ptnfk aurnkl th` prnfr dnjj`kknud, thikos tf th` a`pr`aitnfks fb th` Issyrniks ika Mimyjfkniks, idfkl fth`rs. Mut sugh wis th` pfw`r
fb th` kitnfkij na`i ‑ ika hns d`ssnikng z`ij ‑ thit Mir Ofohmi v`ktur`a ijj fk r`linknkl nt. Ika jfst. Kft bfr k`irjy ikfth`r =,333 y`irs wfuja th` vnsnfk gfd` tf bruntnfk. It i g`r`dfky nk 9>8= murynkl mfk`s fb sfd` fb thfs` jfkl-ilf r`m`js wnth dnjntiry hfkfrs, Nsri`jn Srnd` Dnknst`r D`kigh`d M`lnk a`gjir`a, ‘„Nsri`j ika Eua`i ir` r`mfrk. \` \` hiv` r`a``d`a E`rusij`d.—
K@\W IKIJ^WNW
Is th` \hnt` Hfus` g`j`mrit`a i k`w P.W. @dmissy, @dmissy, fv`r 03 Sij`stnkniks w`r` onjj`a my th` Nsri`jn dnjntiry/ ]fk`k Uvujuk/]`ut`rs, Wp`kg`r Sjitt/L`tty
Onkl Aivn Aivna a gfkqu`r`a gfkqu`r`a th` gnty nk 9,333 9,333 MG ika dia` nt th` gipntij fb th` onklafd fb Nsri`j. Hns sfk Wfjfdfk munjt th` Bnrst Q`dpj`. ‚H` whf his kft s``k E`rusij`d nk h`r spj`kafr his k`v`r s``k i a`snrimj` gnty nk hns jnb`,— a`gjir`s th` Mimyjfknik Qijdua. ‚H` whf his kft s``k th` Q`dpj` nk nts bujj gfkstrugtnfk his k`v`r s``k i ljfrnfus munjankl nk hns jnb`.— Mut E`rusij`d wfuja r`p`it`ajy m` giptur`a ika th` Q`dpj` a`strfy`a (rst my th` th` Mimyjfk Mimyjfknik nik Onkl Onkl K`mugh K`mughiak` iak`zzir zzir ika th`k my th` ]fdik @dp`rfr Qntus). Qh` stfry fb th` E`wnsh p`fpj` ns fk` fb jfss, d`dfry ika binthbujk`ss ika p`rsnst`kg`. Ssijd 97< r`gfuktnkl th` Mimyjfknik giptnvnty iv`rs, ‚Nb N bfrl`t th``, F E`rusij`d, j`t dy rnlht hika bfrl`t h`r gukknkl. Nb N af kft r`d`dm`r th``, j`t dy tfklu` gj`iv` tf th` rffb fb dy dfuth? nb N pr`b`r kft E`rusij`d imfv` dy ghn`b efy.— Qh` E`wnsh p`fpj` k`v`r bfrlft. Nk fk` fb th` dnrigj`s fb fur il`, ibt`r jfkl g`kturn`s fb `xnj` pukgtuit`a my
l`kfgna` it th` hikas fb th` Kizns, th`y r`-`stimjnsh`a Nsri`j nk 9>18, ika th`k link`a gfktrfj fb ijj fb E`rusij`d nk 9>2< (prnfr tf thit, wh`k Efraik h`ja @ist E`rusi E`r usij`d j`d,, E`w E`wss gfuj gfujak ak„t „t vns vnsnt nt th` \`s `st`r t`rk k \ijj). Qh` kftnfk thit th` Gnty fb Aivna nsk„t th` gipntij fb Nsri`j wis ik ndpfjnt` gtnfk, hfkfr`a my th` Pknt`a Wtit`s ika th` \`st bfr b`ir fb prfvfonkl Irims hfstnj` tf th` v`ry na`i fb th` E`wnsh stit`. Nts prnd` dnknst`r, pirjnid`kt pirjnid`kt ika hnlh`st gfurt ir` mis`a mis `a th` th`r` r`,, ika ika nt„ nt„ss uknd ukndiln ilnkim kimj` j` thi thitt Nsri`j wfuja `v`r ilr`` tf iky p`ig` a`ij thit anak„t r`gflknz` nt is th` gipntij. Qh` tnr`a, gfkv`ktnfk gfkv`ktnfkij ij irlud`kts ilinkst nt hiv`k„t h`ja up w`jj nk th` wio` fb Sr`sna`kt Qrudp„s a`gnsnfk tf dfv` fur `dmissy. Qh` Irim str``t hisk„t `xpjfa`a. Qh` \`st Miko his m``k r`jitnv`jy qun`t. Irim gipntijs hiv`k„t `rupt`a nk futril`. Qh` ishpfnkt his m``k nk Lizi, th` t`rrfr stit`j`t ruj`a my Hidis. Nsri`j pujj`a fut fb Lizi dfr` thik i a`gia` ilf ika his m``k r`wira`a wnth gfkstikt iigos
`dikitnkl brfd i t`rrntfry wh`r` th` nkbristrugtur`` fb diyh`d ika a`strugtnfk nkbristrugtur ‑ rfgo`ts, tukk`js ika th` jno` ‑ ns th` fkjy lrfwth nkaustry. Hidis his lfia`a rnft`rs tf stfrd th` Nsri`jn mfra`r, a`b`ka`a my Nsri`jn sfjan`rs whf r` fk th`d nb k`g`ssiry tf prft`gt jfgij gfddukntn`s (dfr` thik 03 w`r` onjj`a fk Dfkaiy). Qhns nsk„t ‚th` girivik— thit irrnv`a it th` PW mfra`r wnth p`ig`buj dnlrikts s``onkl isyjud, mut i vnfj`kt prfvfgitnfk thit ns i bukgtnfk fb Hidis„ gfddntd`kt tf Nsri`j„s a`strugtnfk. Bfr kfw, thit pfnsfkfus idmntnfk jffos dfr` biktistngij thik `v`r. Qrudp„s dfv` ns ik igokfwj`ald`kt fb r`ijnty. Nt ns ijsf i sydmfjng stit`d`kt fb p`rdik`k p`rd ik`kg`, g`, thit thit D`kigh D`kighid id M`ln M`lnk k wis gfrr`gt wh`k h` sina it th` g`r`dfky bfr th` Mir Ofohmi r`m`js 72 y`irs ilf, ‚Ljfrnfus bith`rs, w` ir` migo ika w` wnjj kft mual` brfd h`r`.„„ Wfurg`5 K`w ^fro Sfst Diy 98 - =1, =398
=7
IAR@]QF]NIJ
Wtikmng Miko„s gfddntd`kt gfddntd`kt tf ndprfvnkl Plikai„s Plikai„s butur` Wtikmng Miko his m``k fp`ritnkl nk PlikPlikai bfr =3 y`irs, whit hiv` m``k th` mikos dink gfktrnmutnfks gfktrnmutnfks tf th` gfuktry6 s i prfua kikgnij ikghfr nk Plikai„s r`diroimj` lrfwth stfry fv`r th` jist gfupj` fb a`gia`s, Wtikmng his pjiy`a ik `ss`ktnij rfj` suppfrtnkl th` `gfkfdy thrfulh nts lrfwth ika triksbfrditnfk. Is th` j`iankl miko mik o thrf thrfulh ulh thn thnss p`rn p`rnfa, fa, Wti Wtikmn kmngg his his m``k i pnfk``r fk diky brfkts ika his j`a th` nkkfvitnfk ika stimnjnty fb th` mikonkl s`gtfr whngh ns `xtr`d`jy grntngij nk th` Plikaik `gfkfdng `gf syst`d. Ika is trust`` fb th` bfrd`r Plikai Gfdd`rgnij Miko, Wtikmng his m``k imj` tf gfksfjnait` ika gr`it` i tru` Plikaik mikonkl ngfk wnth iss`ts nk `xg`ss fb $9.0 mnjjnfk s`rvnkl is i tru` kik gnij lit`wiy bfr nkanvnauij nkanvnauijs, s, nkstntutnfks ika th` pumjng s`gtfr. M`nkl i sumsnaniry fb i j`iankl ljfmij miko, mik o, Wti Wtikmn kmngg his his m``k imj imj`` tf tf nkbu nkbus` s` ljf ljfmij mij m`st pri prigtn gtng`s g`s ika wfr wfro o gjfs gjfs`jy `jy wnt wnth h th` th` fth`r gfdd`rgnij mikos ika th` r`lujitfr nk bfrdujitnkl ika ndpj`d`ktnkl diky wfrja gjiss kikgnij pfjngn`s thit hiv` dia` th` Plikaik mikonkl s`gtfr dfr` stimj` ika sustinkimj`. \nth i j`iankl gustfd`r jfik pfrtbfjnf fb PLX =.= Qrnj jnfk, Wtikmng his m``k i o`y `kimj`r nk th` ilrngujtur`, dikubigturnkl, gfkstrugtnfk ika tria` s`gtfrs. Ika dfr` ndpfrtiktjy, wnth 13,333 WD@ gjn`kts, Wtikmng miko ns i o`y prfdft`r fb thns grntngij uka`rs`rv`a s`ld`kt fb th` `gfkfdy whngh l`k`rit`s 83% fb fur dikubigturnkl futput ika >3% fb k`w efms gr`it`a.
Ipprfxndit`jy 923,333 WD@„s nk Plikai Ipprfxndit`jy `dpjfy =.0 dd p`fpj` ika nb w` gik `kimj` `igh fb th`d gr`it` ik iaantnfkij 1 efms, nt wfuja lf i jfkl wiy nk sfjvnkl fur uk`dpjfyd`kt prfmj`d.
I
Hnlh Nkt`r`st rit`s ir` fk` fb th` o`y nsns su`s fbt`k d`ktnfk`a is hfjankl migo prnvit` s`gtfr arnv`k lrfwth, hiv` mikos afk` `kfulh tf o``p nkt`r`st rit`s jfw ika irigtnv` bfr Plikaiks6 Wtikmng his hfkfur`a nts gfddntd`kt tf ditgh th` dfv`d`kts fb nts Srnd` J`kankl ]it`s (‚SJ]—) gfksnst`ktjy wnth th` dfv`d`kts fb th` GM]. Is i r`sujt, w` jfw`r`a fur j`kankl rit`s my <.0% pfnkts fv`r th` jist 98 dfkths nk p`rb`gt sykgh wnth th` r`augtnfk fb th` GM] brfd nts hnlh nk Dirgh =392, sfd`thnkl w` ir` v`ry gfddn`a ika prfua fb. N wfuja hfw`v`r jno` tf mrfia`k th` sume`gt m`yfka hnlh nkt`r`st rit`s my pfsnkl ikfth`r qu`stnfk, why ns nt thit `v`k wnth hnlh nkt`r`st rit`s, th`r` ir` stnjj 2 jfss dionkl mikos nk Plikai ika th` ]`turk fk @qunty (‚]F@—) fb th` nkaustry it 92% ns stnjj th` jfw`st jfw`st nk th` r`lnfk6 Qh`r` ns i =1
Diy 98 - =1, =398
Wtikmng Miko DA Sitrngo Dw`h`nr`
prfaugtnvnty nssu` thit w` dust iaar`ss whngh ns th` hnlh gfst fb afnkl musnk`ss nk th` gfuktry. Mikos nk O`kyi ika `js`wh`r` ljfmijjy l`k`rit` dugh hnlh`r ]F@„s wnthnk dugh jfw`r nkt`r`st rit` `kvnrfkd`kts. \` k``a tf wfro dfr` gjfs`jy wnth ijj stio`hfja`rs tf mrnkl th` gfst fb afnkl musnk` mus nk`ss ss afw afwk k my my gfjj gfjjimf imfrit ritnkl nkl igr igrfss fss th` nkaustry ika m`nkl ruthj`ss nk anlntnznkl th` s`gtfr. Plikaik musnk`ss`s big` th` ghijj`kl` fb sustinkimnjnty fv`r th` jfkl hiuj, hfw gik th` miko h`jp th`d fv`rgfd` thns ika fth`r musnk`ss ghijj`kl`s6 Is gustfaniks fb gustfd`r a`pfsnts, fur prndiry r`spfksnmnjnty nk th` miko ns tf dikil` rnso ika thns ns i kfk-k`lftnimj`. Qhit m`nkl sina, w` wfrry imfut th` irn tnfk rit` fb Plikaik WD@„s ika th` bigt thit j`ss thik 73% fb th`d dio` nt pist th`nr thnra mnrthaiy. \` hiv` gjfs`jy `xidnk`a th` di`r ika gfkgjua`a thit wh`r`is igg`ss tf kikgnkl ns fk` fb th` o`y nssu`s big`a my Plikaik musnk`ss`s, nt„s kft th` dink gius` fb binjur`. \` hiv` tio`k th` nkntnitnv` tf buka ika gr`it` ik WD@ nkgumitfr thit tio`s WD@„s thrfulh munjan mun jankl kl gip gipign ignty ty nk th` th`s` s` ir` ir`is is it kf gfs gfstt tf tf th`d. \` thnko nt dio`s musnk`ss s`ks` tf j`klth`k th` jnb` fb th`s` WD@„s sf th`y gik m` gus gustfd tfd`rs `rs fb th` mik miko o `v`k `v`k jfk jfkl`r l`r.. \` ir` kft afnkl thns ijfk` ika hiv` pirtk`r`a wnth sume`gt di`r `xp`rts tf j`ia th` trinknkl fb th`s` dfauj`s ika wnjj hiv` th` rst gjiss fb WD@ lriauit`s nk Euk` =398. N m`jn`v` thns ns i v`ry pfw`rbuj nkt`rv`ktnfk thit gik m` sgij`a igrfss th` gfuktry ika hiv` i d`iknklbuj ndpigt fk musnk`ss sustinkimnjnty ika ujtndit`jy efm gr`itnfk.
Qh` yfuth bfrd th` mujo fb th` Plikaik pfpujitnfk, nk whit wiys ir` Wtikmng„s igtnvntn`s h`jpnkl tf munja i mrnlht`r butur` bfr th`d ika Plikai6 @augitnfk ika ^futh `dpfw`rd`kt ns th` gfr` pnjjir fb fur Gfrpfrit` ika Wfgnij ]`spfksnmnjnty (‚GW]—) nkntnitnv`s. \` ijjfgit` ipprfxndit`jy <3% fb fur ikkuij GW] mual`t tfwiras trinknkl trinknkl fb yfuth it ijj j`v`js (@GA, Srndiry W`gfkairy ika Q`rtniry). \` hiv` nkv`st`a nk `xg`ss fb PLX 8 Mnjjnfk shnjjnkls nk yfuth `augitnfkij nkntnitnv`s fv`r th` jist s`v`rij y`irs ika hiv` r`g`ktjy jiukgh`a fur ilshnp Kitnfkij Wghffjs Ghidpnfkshnps whngh inds tf prfdft` kikgnij jnt`rigy ika ndpirt sfbt sonjjs idfkl th` j`ia`rs fb tfdfrrfw. Fnj ika Lis his th` pft`ktnij tf trikstriksbfrd Plikai, ns th` miko pjiynkl iky rfj` nk th` a`v`jfpd`kt fb th` s`gtfr6 \` ilr`` ika is i r`sujt hiv` m``k h`ivnjy nkvfjv`a nk th` prfdftnfk fb nkgr`is`a jfgij gfkt`kt nk th` s`gtfr. \h`r`is th` lur`s (up tf $90 mnjjnfk) lfnkl tf m` sp`kt fk a`v`jfpnkl th` s`gtfr ir` nka``a still`rnkl, nt„s nrr`j`vikt nb Plikaik gfdpikn`s af kft pirtngnpit`. pirtngnpit`. \` hiv` hiv` hfst`a s`v`rij hnlh j`v`j jfgij gfkt`kt iwir`k`ss wfroshfps ika bignjntit`a bfruds ind`a it up sonjjnkl jfgij pjiy`rs whnj` bfst`rnkl strit`lng pirtk`rshnps. \` ir` ijsf wfronkl gjfs`jy wnth th` fnj gfdpikn`s ika th`nr tn`r fk` suppjn`rs tf a`jnv`r sfd` nkkfvitnv` kikgnij prfaugts thit gik suppfrt Plikaik gfdpikn`s tf wnk gfktrigts. \` ir` ijsf pjiynkl i o`y rfj` is j`ia irrikl`r ika iavnsfr nk irriklnkl up tf $=.0 mnjjnfk fb prfe`gt kikgnkl bfr th` @ist Ibrngik grua` pnp`jnk`, fk` fb th` jirl`st gfkstrugtnfk prfe`gts nk th` r`lnfk mfuka tf hiv` i prfbfuka ndpigt fk th` `gfkfdng butur` fb @ist ika G`ktrij Ibrngi. Hfw ns Wtikmng h`jpnkl tf gr`it` i m``r tfdfrrfw bfr Plikaiks6 \` m`jn`v` th` butur` prfsp`rnty fb thns gfuktry jn`s nk th` gr`itnfk fb fppfrtukntn`s bfr th` sfgnij ika `gfkfdng `dpfw`rd`kt `dpfw`rd`kt fb nts p`fpj`. Is i miko w` r`dink tru` tf thit prfdns` my suppfrtnkl th` o`y s`gtfrs tfaiy thit wnjj prfvna` th` gitijysts bfr Plikai„s sustink`a lrfwth tfdfrrfw.
K`w tigtngs mffst MIQP bfrtuk`s Fwk`rs tf shir` ijj th` Whs9=mk k`t prft `irk`a jist y`ir M^ Nsiig Ohnsi
I
rns` nk prng` fb gnlir``s ika ghikl` nk anstrnmutnfk ghikk`j hiv` h`jp`a Mrntnsh Id`rngik Qfmiggf Plikai Jndnt`a (MIQP) r`gfra lrfwth nk k`t prft idnast tfulh tfmiggf r`lujitnfk. Dithu Onukeurn, th` dikilnkl anr`gtfr MIQP, tfja shir`hfja`rs aurnkl th` Ikkuij L`k`rij D``tnkl h`ja it th` Wh`ritfk Oidpiji Hft`j fk Diy > thit th` gfdpiky r`gfra`a i 00% lrfwth nk k`t prft tf Whs 9=mnjjnfk jist y`ir, up brfd Whs<.8mnjjnfkk nk =392 ika Whs=3mnjjnfk nk =390. ‚Qh`r` wis l`k`rijjy lrfwth nk r`v`ku`s arnv`k my nkgr`is` nk prng` fb gnlir`` nk th` s`gfka hijb fb jist y`ir nk r`spfks` tf th` k`w tix`s,— h` sina, iaankl thit th` gfd piky„s gnlir`` sij`s ‗ Aukhnjj, Wpfrtsdik, ]`x ika Wibirn ‗ lr`w dirlnkijjy my 3.0% gfdpir`a wnth th` pr`vnfus y`ir. Jist y`ir, MIQ tffo fv`r suppjy ika dir o`tnkl fb nts gnlir``s nk Plikai ika th` r`st fb @ist Ibrngik gfuktrn`s, `kankl i jfkl pirtk`rshnp wnth anstrnmutfrs. Is i gfks`qu`kg`, th` Plikai W`gurntn`s @xghikl` (PW@) jnst`a gfdpiky, nk jnk` wnth nts pfjngy fb 933% anvna`ka piy-fut, wnjj piy Whs=12 p`r shir` is anvna`ka tf nts shir`hfja`rs, up brfd Whs 90> nk =392. Hfw`v`r, thns ns stnjj jfw`r thik th` Whs197 p`r shir` pina nk =390. Qhns gfd`s bfur dfkths snkg` th` @ist Ibrngik Gfurt fb Eustng` (@IGE) mirr`a Plikai ]`v`ku` Iuthfrnty brfd ndpfsnkl i tix fk th` gfdpiky„s prfaugts brfd
O`kyi au` tf ansgrndnkitfry rit`s, p`kankl th` gis` h`irnkl ika a`t`rdnkitnfk. MIQP j`a th` gis` it @IGE nk Iulust Iulust jist y`ir, gjindnkl thit th` k`w `xgns` autn`s ndpfs`a fk gnlir``s ndpfrt`a brfd O`kyi nktf Plikai w`r` ansgrndnkitfry ika nk gfktriv`ktnfk fb r`lnfkij gustfds r`lujitnfks. I s`gtnfk fb shir`hfja`rs, hfw`v`r, url`a MIQP tf r`gfksna`r i r`turk tf nts fja musnk`ss dfa`j thit r`vfjv`s ijfkl th` `ktnr` tfmiggf viju` ghink. Fk` fb sugh shir`hfja`rs ns H`kry Mijwiyn, whf sina, ‚MIQP us`a tf dio` =3% fb nts prfts brfd j`ib musnk`ss ika nt ns tnd` bfr th` gfdpiky gfksna`r`a m`nkl nkvfjv`a nk thit s`ld`kt ilink.— H` sina th` MIQP nkvfjv`d`kt nk th` j`ib musnk`ss gfuja ijsf ndprfv` th` sfgnij`gfkfdng stitus fb tfmiggf bird`rs. Qh` grfp, i r`jitnv`jy mnl `irk`r bfr th` lfv`rkd`kt, ns wna`jy lrfwk nk Irui, Oikuklu, Ofmfof, Onryikafklf, ika Disnkan Anstrngts. Nk =39<, th` lfv`rkd`kt `irk`a Whs89mk nk tix`s brfd tfmiggf, dionkl nt fk` fb th` gfuktry„s tfp r`v`ku` sfurg`s. Mut Br`a Qudw`snly`, fk` fb th` Mfira fb Anr`gtfrs it MIQP, sina virnfus ikijysns wis girrn`a fut prnfr tf th` a`gnsnfk tf stfp afnkl musnk`ss nk j`ib ika thit th` gfdpiky wis kft dionkl iky dfk`y. H` sina nt ns tnd` bfr MIQP tf gfkg`ktrit` fk nts gfr` musnk`ss fb s`jjnkl gnlir``s ika lrfw r`v`ku` bfr nts shir`hfja`rs. MIQP `xnt`a brfd th` j`ib-muynkl musnk`ss nk Plikai nk =390, issnlknkl th` rfj` tf nka`p`ka`kt tfmiggf d`rghikt Ijjnikg` Fk` Nkt`rkitnfkij.
Qh` gfdpiky gnt`a bijjnkl dirlnks brfd tfmiggf j`ib `xpfrts ika rnsnkl pfjntngij rnso r``gt`a nk i hfstnj` tix r`lnd` is w`jj is pukntnv` j`lnsjitnfk. Qhns piv`a wiy bfr th` a`gfddnssnfknkl fb MIQP„s j`ib prfg`ssnkl bignjnty nk Oidpiji, ik igtnfk thit gfdpiky `x`gutnv`s irlu`a wis jfkl fv`rau`, gntnkl naj` ika fmsfj`t` `qunpd`kt thit binj`a tf eustnby r`pjig`d`kt gfsts ika `xg`ss prfaugtnfk gipignty it th` Kinrfmn pjikt, `stndit`a it 70 dnjjnfk tfkk`s fb j`ib. Wnkg` =330, MIQP hia prflr`ssnv`jy sgij`a migo nts Plikaik fp`ritnfks wnth th` ind fb `xpjfntnkl `gfkfdn`s fb sgij` f`r`a my nts O`k O`kyi yik k sumsn sumsnani aniry. ry. Nk thit y`ir, th` gfdpiky gjfs`a nts gnlir`` prfaugtnfk pjikt nk Enkei ika triksb`rr`a triksb`rr` a dikubigturnkl fp`ritnfks tf nts O`kyik musnk`ss uknt. Jffonkl bfrwira, Onukeurn sina th` gfd piky `xp`gts tf r`gfra i burth`r lrfwth nk prftimnjnty nk =398 gntnkl ndprfv`a w`ith `r gfkantnfks bfr th` tfmiggf grfp. ‚\` ir` ijsf trynkl tf wfro fk fur prfa ugts sugh thit th`y d``t th` k``as fb ijj fur gustfd`rs…th` gfksud`rs fb 9><3„s ir` anbb`r`kt brfd th` gurr`kt gfksud`rs,— h` sina. H` sina th` gfdpiky ns ijsf jffonkl it `ksurnkl thit nts gnlir`` pfrtbfjnf ns rfmust ika gik gfdp`t` wnth iky fth`r prfaugt fk th` Plikaik diro`t. H` iaa`a thit th` gfdpiky pjiks tf wfro wnth P]I ika th` Plikai Kitnfkij Mur`iu fb Wtikairas tf `ksur` thit njjngnt gnlir``s, whngh iggfukt bfr imfut =7% fb th` gnlir`` sij`s nk th` gfuktry, ir` `jndnkit`a. Diy 98 - =1, =398
=0
MPWNK@WW
My Nik Oitusnnd`
I
bt`r twf dfkths fb pumjng futgry ika migo ika bfrth k`lftnitnfks, t`j`gfd rds hiv` kijjy r`sud`a s`jjnkl snd giras is Plikai„s gfddukngitnfks r`lujitfr strullj`s strullj`s tf h`jp s`gurnty il`kgn`s gurm dfmnj` phfk`-issnst`a grnd`s. Qhns bfjjfws th` a`gnsnfk my th` Plikai Gfddukngitnfk Gfddukngitnfkss Gfddnssnfk (PGG) tf jnbt th` mik jis jistt w``o w``o mut wnt wnth h r`ji r`jitnv`jy strnkl`kt gfkantnfks. Binth Mulfkzn, th` Sumjng ]`jitnfks Fg`r fb Inrt`j Plikai siys gustfd`rs gik kfw muy snd giras upfk pr`s`ktitnfk fb kitnfkij na`ktnty fr jfgij Na`ktnty giras, pisspfrt bfr i bfr`nlk`r ika i r`bul`` gira bfr i r`bul``. Wh` sina nt ns dikaitfry bfr iky p`rsfk nkt`kankl tf muy i sndg sndgira ira tf pr` pr`s`k s`ktt hnd hnd fr h`rs`jb nk p`rsfk, ika thit p`rsfk„s a`tinj wnjj m` s`kt tf th` Kitnfkij Na`ktngitnfk ]`l nstritnfk Iuthfrnty (KN]I) bfr v`rngitnfk lnv`k nts stitus is i kitnfkij nkbfrditnfk aitimiko. DQK Plikai his put nk pjig` sndnjir d`isur`s bfr ikyfk` wnjjnkl tf muy, swip fr r`pjig` snd gira. K`w DQK snd giras gfst Whs=333, snd gira swips ir` fkjy Whs9033 ika gustfd`rs ir` r`qunr`a tf pr`s`kt i vijna pfjng` j``r thit ns it j`ist =9 aiys fja. 1L snd gira uplria`s fr r`pjig`d`kts ir` Whs9033 ika gustfd`rs ir` ijsf r`qunr`a tf pr`s`kt th`nr gurr`kt sndgira. PGG ika t`j`gfd gfdpikn`s hiv` m``k uka`r nkt`ks` pr`ssur` brfd th` l`k`rij pumjng tf nkstntut` d`isur`s tf gurm gym`r-issnst`a gym`r-issns t`a briua ibt`r i s`rn`s fb onakips ika dura`rs hiv` m``k gfddn`a usnkl ukr`lnst`r`a snd gira. Qh` dfst kftimj` wis th` onakip fb Wusik Diliri, ik `dpjfy`` fb Mw`ka`rf Ainry Bird whf wis onakipp`a ika dura`r`a ibt`r thr`` w``os nk giptnvnty. Qh` onjj`rs gijj`a h`r bidnjy s`v`rij tnd`s usnkl an`r`kt snd gira nk an`r`kt jfgitnfks ika Sfjng` ika fth`r s`gurnty il`kgn`s w`r` ukimj` tf trigo th` onjj`rs. Qh` pumjng wis j`bt anssitns=2
Q`jgfs r`sud` sndgira sij` Mut gik tfulh r`qunr`d`kts tf fwk i snd gira gurm grnd`6 `a wnth th` r`spfks` brfd th` pfjng` ika mjid`a th` jixnty fb mfth PGG ika th` t`j`gfd gfdpikn`s. Sid`ji Ikoukai, th` h`ia fb pumjng ika nkt`rkitnfkij r`jitnfks it PGG siys th` k`w d`isur`s d`ik thit whf`v`r ns muynk mu ynkl l i snd gir gira a brfd brfd ik iky y fb fb th` s`v`k t`j`gfd rds, th`nr mnfd`tr mnf d`trng ng ait aitii wnjj wnjj m` gip giptur tur`a. `a. ‚Sr`vnfusjy, wh`k th` pfjng` wfuja try tf trigo sfd` fb th`s` snd gira, th`y wfuja ka thit th` giras ir` pr`-r`lnst`r`a nk sfd`mfay `js`„s kid`s whngh wfuja pr`s`kt i ghijj`kl` bfr th` iuthfrntn`s.— Qhns a`v`jfpd`kt gfd`s twf dfkths snkg` DQK r`gfra`a i 93.<% lrfwth nk r`v`ku` tf Whs9.28 trnjjnfk (0, 120dnjjjnfk rika) jist y`ir, up brfd Whs9.0trnjnfk nk =392 ika Whs9.07 trnjjnfk nk =390 idnast a`gjnk` nk sumsgrnm`r mis`. Qh` lrfwth nk prft wis irnmut`a tf strfkl a`dika bfr aiti ika anlntij s`rvng`s. Qh` Wfuth Ibrngik-mis`a t`j`gfd rd `ka`a th` y`ir wnth 93.
Diy 98 - =1, =398
Inrt`j Plikai, whngh ns y`t tf ikkfukg` nts kikgnij p`rbfrdikg` bfr jist y`ir, sina nk Eikuiry thit nt hia hnt 93dnjjnfk gustfd`rs. Hfw`v`r, Inrt`j Plikai, `ka`a th` =392 kikgnij y`ir wnth 80.2% lrfwth nk k`t prft tf Whs923.10mnjjnfk fk th` migo fb ndprfv`a uptio` fb dfmnj` dfk`y, viju` iaa`a s`rvng`s ika aiti.
K`w ruj`s kft `kfulh Hfw`v`r th`r` ns stnjj i hnlh j`v`j fb so`ptngnsd `v`k is th`s` d`isur`s ir` put nk pjig`, iggfrankl tf t`gh `xp`rts. Wid Qusnnd`, i t`gh `kthusnist siys th` bigt thit mfth mft h PGG PGG ika th` t`j t`j`gf `gfds ds hiv` binj`a tf swntgh f ukr`lnst`r`a ukr`lnst`r` a snd gira ns i di`r fb lriv` gfkg`rk ika j`iv`s i diefr jffphfj` nk gym`r-issnst`a s`gurnty. ‚Onakips gik m` stnjj girrn`a fut `v`k wnth thns...N afumt iky p`rsfk whf ns gfddnnkl th`s` grnd`s eust stirt`a y`st`raiy,— Nka`p`ka`kt. h` tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt. ‚\` hiv` s``k twf nkgna`kg`s fb onakip thit r`sujt`a nk dura`r nk th` jist twf dfkths wh`r` onakipp`rs us`a th`nr vngtnds„ phfk`s
tf gijj pir`kts/r`jitnv`s bfr riksfd.— H` siys th`s` k`w ruj`s ir` lffa mut eust `kfulh tf `jndnkit` th` k`w wiv` fb grnd` w` ir` s``nkl. Qusnnd` `xpjinks thit iavikg`a t`ghkfjfly ijfk` ns kft `kfulh ika siys th` pr`vinjnkl sfgnf`gfkfdng gfkantnfks ir` i bigtfr tff. ‚Pkj`ss thfs` ir` x`a, th`r` ns kf idfukt fb t`gh-r`jit`a r`lujitnfks thit gik stfp th` pr`vinjnkl grnd`. Qh` WND Gira nssu` ns jno` th` GGQR nssu` thit ns m`nkl tfut`a is th` sfjutnfk tf grnd`s,— h` irlu`a burth`r, ‚S`fpj` ir` m`nkl onakipp`a nk pjig`s wh`r` GGQRs ir` kft ippjngimj`. Qh` grnd` nssu` gik„t m` sfjv`a my t`gh. Ikyfk` whf thnkos sf ns kft m`nkl hfk`st wnth th` pr`vinjnkl gfkantnfks nk th` gfuktry.— Qh` =397 LWDI \hnt` Sip`r fk dikaitfry snd gira r`lnstritnfk, pirt fb whngh wis pumjnsh`a nk th` Wfuth-Ibrngik mis`a mi s`a Ainjy Div`rngo , stit stit`s `s thi thitt th`r` ns gurr`ktjy kf `dpnrngij `vna`kg` fb grnd` r`augtnfk anr`gtjy r`sujtnkl brfd snd gira r`lnstritnfk. Qh` PW, th` PO, Gikiai, K`w U`ijika, ]fdikni ika th` Gz`gh ]`pumjng hiv` s`j`gt`a kft tf ndpj`d`kt snd gira r`lnstritnfk. Nk D`xngf, dikaitfry r`lnstritnfk wis ndpj`d`kt`a nk =33>, mut wis bfuka tf m` nk``gtnv` nk grnd` r`augtnfk ika sgripp`a thr`` y`irs jit`r. Nk th` PO, bfjjfwnkl th` =330 Jfkafk t`rrfrnst iigo, i tiso t`id fb `xp`rts brfd jiw `kbfrg`d`kt, nkt`jjnl`kg` strugtur`s, s`gurnty il`kgn`s ika s`rvng` prfvna`rs bfuka thit ‚th` gfdpujsfry r`lnstritnfk fb fwk`rshnp fb dfmnj` t`j`phfk`s wfuja kft a`jnv`r iky snlkngikt k`w m`k`t m`k `tss tf tf th` th` nkv nkv`stn `stnlit litfry fry prfg`ss…— Qh` @urfp`ik Gfddnssnfk gfksna`r`a `vna`kg` brfd d`dm`r stit`s `kbfrgnkl r`lnstritnfk, ika ikkfukg`a nk =39= thit ‚th`r` ns kf `vna`kg`, nk t`rds fb m`k`ts bfr grndnkij nkv`stnlitnfk fr th` sdffth bukgtnfknkl fb th` nkt`rkij diro`t, fb iky k``a bfr i gfddfk @P ipprfigh nk thns ir`i—.
MPWNK@WW
Q`i bird`rs b``j th` pnkgh is prng`s bijj Lfv`rkd`kt k``as tf sp``a up bfrdujitnfk fb i t`i pfjngy tf r`lujit` th` nkaustry My Eujnus Musnkl`
Q`i prfaugtnfk ika `xpfrt prfe`gtnfk bfr =391-=39>
S
Sirid`t`rs
itrngo Wnnsi, i t`i bird`r his r` gfra`a i a`gjnk` nk nkgfd` it hns bird my 7<.0% tf Whs0.0dnjjnfk p`r dfkth nk th` pist bfur dfkths. Wnnsi lrfws t`i fk =0 igr`s fb jika jfgit`a nk Oyirusfzn Wum-gfuktry, Oy`kefef Anstrngt. H` hirv`sts ipprfxndit`jy 99,333 onjf lrids (99tfk`s) fb lr``k j`ib p`r dfkth thit h` jit`r s`jjs tf Dimij` Lrfw`rs Q`i Bigtfry bfr viju` iaantnfk ika th`k th` ji`r `xpfrts tf Dfdmisi, O`kyi bfr iugtnfk. ‚Lnv`k th` a`gjnknkl nkgfd` brfd th` bird, N hia tf r`- iaeust sp`kankl himnts my prnfrntnsnkl fk o`y ir`is thit ir` `ss`ktnij bfr dy bidnjy nkgjuankl `augitnfk, d`angij gir` ika bffa,— h` sina. Qhns ns th` sid` sntuitnfk thit fv`r 03,333 t`i bird`rs ir` lrippjnkl wnth ika nt ns i r``gtnfk fb th` prng` j`v`js it th` Dfdmisi iugtnfk ‗ wh`r` fv`r >3% fb Plikai„s t`i ns sfja bfr `xpfrt. Qh` prng` it th` iugtnfk his arfpp`a brfd Oshs=<3 (Pshs>,81>) p`r onjf nk Eiku iry thns y`ir tf Oshs=1< (Pshs>,393) nk th` pist bfur dfkths. Sjiy`rs irnmut` th` a`gjnk` nk prng` tf i mudp` mu dp`rr hirv hirv`s `stt supp suppfrt frt`a `a my idp idpj` j` rin rinks ks nk th` p`rnfa uka`r r`vn`w. Qh` fth`r o`y bigtfr, iggfrankl tf ]fl `rs Wnndi, th` l`k`rij dikil`r bfr Dimij` Lrfw`rs Q`i Bigtfry Jndnt`a, ns gfkl`stnfk it th` Dfdmisi pfrt wh`r` th` iugtnfk`a t`i ns shnpp`a tf bfr`nlk diro`ts. Wnndi tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt nk ik nkt`rvn`w fk Diy 91, thit tfk`s fb prfg`ss`a t`i r`dink stugo it th` pfrt iwintnkl gj`irikg` ika shnppnkl tf diro`ts sugh is th` Pknt`a Onklafd, Wuaik, @lypt, Sionstik, Ird`kni, M`jirus, Oiziohstik, Oyrlyzstik, Dfjafvi, ]ussni, Qienonstik, Qurod`knstik, Porink`, ika Pzm`onstik. Dfdmisi Sfrt, whngh r`g`nv`s fv`r 733 gfktink`rs p`r aiy fb an`r`kt lffas, his r`g`ktjy m``k r`pfrt`a tf hiv` `xp`rn`kg`a i mr`ioafwk fb fkjnk` gj`irikg` syst`ds h`kg` j`iankl tf th` gurr`kt skil. Qh` Dfdmisi iugtnfk his i jndnt fb `nlht dnjjnfk onjflrids i w``o mut th` vfjud`s w`kt up tf >.0 dnjjnfk onjflridd`s nk th` sij` h`ja bfr th` w``o thit `ka`a fk Diy 99, iggfrankl tf O`kyik d`ani r`pfrts. ]`pfrts siy th` gurr`kt prng` ns th` jfw`st r`gfra`a nk th` pist thr`` y`irs.
Qftij pjikt`a ir`i (Hi) Qftij hi hirv`stimj` Ir`i (H (Hi) Srfaugtnfk ` st stndit`s ( DQ DQ) Srfg`ss`a t`i bfr `xpfrt nk DQ @stndit`a @xpfrt viju` nk PW$
Mis`jnk` (=391) =7, 333 =3,333 22,333 29,7>0 81.<3
=390
=392
=39<
=398
=39>
=2,333 =7,333 <7,233 28,120 >=.73
=>,333 =2,333 87,=33 <<,7>0 >>.83
7=,333 =>,333 >=,833 82,7=2 990.2
70,333 7=,333 93=,133 >0,=02 971
78,333 70,333 99=,333 931,982 900.7
Wfurg`5 Ilrng W`gtfr Wtrit`lng Sjik
bfr t`i wfuja af th` sid` ljfmijjy ika thit nt ns hnlh tnd` i k`w pfjngy dfv` ns mrfulht nktf bfrg` tf h`jp nk p`k`tritnkl anr`gtjy th` pft`ktnij diro`ts m`yfka @ist Ibrngi.
Lfv„t idmntnfus tirl`t
Sjiy`rs ir` wfrrn`a thit th` a`gjnknkl t`i prng`s dnlht dio` sfd` bird`rs tf imik afk lrfwnkl th` grfp jno` nt wis nk =391. Is sugh, Wnndi sina th`r` ns k``a bfr lfv`rkd`kt tf url`ktjy gfd` up wnth i k`w pfjngy ika j`lij brid`wfro tf luna` th` s`gtfr nk th` ir`is fb quijnty ika quiktnty sf is tf m`k`t brfd jugritnv` bfr`nlk diro`ts. Fkg` thns ns gir`bujjy afk` ika ndpj`d`kt`a, Wnndi sina th` gfuktry gfuja r`gfra ik nkgr`is` nk t`i `xpfrt brfd th` gurr`kt <3 dnjjnfk ols (<3,333DQ) tf fv`r 933 dnjjnfk ols (933,333DQ) my =3=0. Mut `gfkfdnsts siy thns tirl`t wfuja r`qunr` i ghikl` fb intua` my thfs` nk lfv `rkd`kt. @zri Dukyidmfk`ri, i r`s`irgh b`jjfw it th` Dio`r`r` mis`a @gfkfdng Sfjngy ]`s`irgh G`ktr`, nk ik nkt`rvn`w wnth Qh` fk Diy 91, sina prng` ugtui Nka`p`ka`kt fk Nka`p`ka`kt tnfk it th` Dfdmisi iugtnfk gfuja m` a`ijt wnth my lfv`rkd`kt ika ijj stio`hfja`rs l`nkl tfl`th`r tf afgud`kt i pfjngy strit `ly thit mrnkls fut i uknqu` ika irigtnv` mrika mri ka fb Pli Plika kaik ik t`i tf thf thfs` s` fut futsna sna`` th` th` @ist Ibrngik r`lnfk. ‚Q`i prfmj`ds hiv` m``k okfwk tf lfv`rkd`kt bfr fv`r 93 y`irs…mut whit hiv` th`y afk` imfut th`d6—Dukyidmfk`ri, whf his gfkaugt`a `xt`ksnv` r`s`irgh fk di`rs t`i nk Plikai ika th` r`lnfk, pfs`a i qu`stnfk. H` sina is pfpujitnfk nkgr`is`s, nkgr`is`s, a`dika
Iggfrankl tf th` aribt Ilrngujtur` W`gtfr Wtrit`lng Sjik bfr th` p`rnfa =390/=392-=39>/=3, =390/=392-=39>/ =3, t`i `xpfrts l`k`r it`a PW$81.20 dnjjnfk quijnty t`i pjiktj`ts p`r ikkud fk tfp fb munjankl k`w t`i bigtfrn`s wnth gipignty tf prfaug` 833,333-9,333,333 tfks fb t`i p`r ikkud. Wndnjirjy, i =391 r`pfrt gfdpnj`a my @S]G my r`s`irgh b`jjfws ‗ Dukyidmfk`ri, Jioudi ika Lujfmi ‗ tntj`a ‘Plikai„s Q`i Wum-s`gtfr? i gfdpiritnv` r`vn`w fb tr`kas, ghijj`kl`s ika gffrankitnfk binjur`„ siys triksbfrdnkl th` t`i s`gtfr k``as i gfdpr`h`ksnv` (i stika ‗ ijfk`) t`i pfjngy whngh gj`irjy a`k`s ika gffrankit`s th` rfj`s fb th` an`r`kt il`kgn`s. Nt wfuja ijsf r`lujit` t`i lrfwnkl, r`s`irgh, prfg`ssnkl, ika tria` ika prfdft` Plikai„s t`i nk jfgij ika ljfmij diro`ts. Diy 98 - =1, =398
=<
MPWNK@WW
KNG„s r`diroimj` prfbt lrfwth Fnj ika lis, ilrngujtur` ika mikgissurikg` tf a`k` =398 p`rbfrdikg` My Eujnus Musnkl`
P
likai„s nksur`r, Kitnfkij Nksurikg` Gfrpfritnfk Hfjankls pfpujirjy okfwk is KNG, his r`gfra`a i r`diroimj` lrfwth nk k`t prfts bfr =39< fwnkl tf ik nkgr`is` nk gfddnssnfk ika b``s, nkgfd`s is w`jj is i link fb nts nkv`std`kt prfp`rtn`s. Ivinjimj` Ivi njimj` kikgnij r`sujts shfw thit th` jnst`a nksur`r siw nts k`t prft dfr` thik afumj` brfd Whs>77mnjjnfk nk =39<. Qhns r`pr`s`kts i 9==% lrfwth. Qh` gfdpiky„s tftij nkgfd` nkgr`is`a brfd Whs9=.>mnjjnfk tf Whs9<.2mnjjnfk ‗ mffst` mff st`a a my my nkgr nkgr`is `is`` nk nk lrfs lrfsss pr`d pr`dnud nudss wrn`k, nkv`std`kt ika nkt`r`st nkgfd`, b``s ika gfddnssnfk nkgfd`. Qh` gfdpiky„s iss`ts ijsf nkgr`is`a my 93% tf Whs 938mnjjnfk jist y`ir. Hfw`v`r, th` gfdpiky„s jnimnjntn`s nkgr`is`a brfd Whs2=mnjjnfk tf Whs<3mnjjnfk whnj` k`t gjinds nkgr`is`a my 13% tf Whs9.1mnjjnfk aurnkl th` sid` p`rnfa uka`r r`vn`w. Qftij `xp`ks` lr`w my Whs7.8mnjjnfk tf Whs91.8mnjjnfk. @jnis @au, th` igtnkl dikilnkl anr`gtfr it KNG tfja Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt nk ik `dinj r`spfks` fk Diy 91 thit th` lrfup„s =39< p`rbfrdikg` ns irnmut`a tf th` lrfwth nk lrfss pr`dnud nkgfd`, nkv`std`kt ika nkt`r`st nkgfd`s, b``s ika gfddnssnfks ika vijuitnfk fb prfp`rtn`s. Qh` gfdpiky siw nts lrfss pr`dnud wrn`k nkgr`is` brfd Whs97.8mnjjnfk nk =392 tf Whs92.>mnjjnfk nk =39< whnj` nkv`st d`kt ika nkt`r`st nkgfd` nkgr`is`a brfd Whs9.mnjjnfk aurnkl th` sid` p`rnfa uka`r r`vn`w. Wndnjirjy, b``s ika gfddnssnfk nkgfd` lr`w brfd Whs9.7mnjjnfk tf Whs9.0mnjjnfk whnj` `vijuitnfk fb prfp`rtn`s rfs` brfd i jfss fb Whs709dnjjnfk tf Whs1.2mnjjnfk. Wh s1.2mnjjnfk. ‚…th`r` wis snlkngikt lrfwth nk r`nk surikg` g`a`a thus j`iankl tf nkgr`is`a gfddnssnfk nkgfd`,— h` sina iaankl, ‚th`r` wis ik ndprfv`d`kt nk th` l`k`rij r`ij `stit` diro`t ika thns `khikg`a th` viju`s fb th` lrfup„s prfp`rtn`s.— Qh` gfdpiky ijsf r`gfra`a lffa p`rbfrdikg` uka`r nts l`k`rij nksurikg` musnk`ss. @au sina th` gfdpiky his put nk pjig` strit`ln`s nkgjuankl burth`r ndprfv`d`kt nk th`nr gjinds ika uka`rwrntnkl prfg`ss`s tf d``t th` `xp`gtitnfks fb kud`rfus pfjngy hfja`rs. ‚Qftij gjinds s`j`a nk =39< idfukt`a tf =8
Diy 98 - =1, =398
@jnis @au
Whs=.1mnjjnfk ika thns hia pfsntnv` ndpigt fk fur musnk`ss is nt ndprfv`a musnk`ss r`t`ktnfk,— h` sina. Fk ndprfvnkl th` gfdpiky„s gish pfsntnfk, wnthfut lnvnkl a`tinjs, @au sina i gfdpr`h`ksnv` nkv`std`kt pfrtbfjnf r`strugturnkl r`strugturnk l prflrid it lrfup j`v`j ns m`nkl m`n kl ndp ndpj`d j`d`kt `kt`a. `a. H` iaa`a thit ik nkgr`is` nk th` lrfup„s tftij iss`ts wnjj prfvna` issurikg` ika gfka`kg` tf `xnstnkl ika prfsp`gtnv` gjn`kts fb th` lrfup thit KNG his gipignty tf bujjy prft`gt th`d ilinkst ijj nksur`a rnsos. Lfnkl bfrwira, @au sina th` shir`hfja`rs„ bukas nkgr`is`a my >% tf Whs78. nksurikg` rds. Diro`t ikijysts, nkgjuankl Efs`ph Onmuuoi, th` a`puty dikilnkl anr`gtfr it i mrfo`ril` rd, Gr`st`a Gipntij, siy th` gfdpiky„s lrfwth nk iss`ts ika prfts nk th` y`ir =39< ns pfsntnv` k`ws ika ‘diy„
irigt k`w nkv`stfrs vni th` stfgo diro`t, h`kg` j`iankl tf i link nk nts shir` prng`. \nth i diro`t gipntijnsitnfk fb Whs=7.2mnjjnfk, th` gfdpiky„s gfukt`r his m``k m`` k fk` fk` fb th` mus musn` n`st st it th` Pl Plika ikaii W`gu W`gu-rntn`s @xghikl` snkg` th` stirt fb =398 wnth nts shir` prng` nkgr`isnkl brfd Whs97 p`r shir` tf Whs 9> is it Diy 91. ‚Nb th` tr`ka fb p`rbfrdikg` gfktnku`s, gfktnku`s, shir`hfja`rs wnjj hiv` viju` bfr th`nr nkv`std`kt,— Onmuuoi sina. Nkaustry a`v`jfpd`kts Fk th` l`k`rij nkaustry nssu`s, @au sina a`v`jfpd`kts thit w`r` sp`irh`ia`a my th` r`lujitfr nk =39< nkgjuankl th` `kigtd`kt fb th` k`w Nksurikg` Igt, mikgissurik mikgissurikg`, g`, ilrngujtur` nksurikg` nkntnitnv`s fb lfv`rkd`kt, gfdpujsfry jfgij dirnk` gfv`r `kbfrg`d`k `kbfrg`d`ktt ika nkgr`is`a igtnvntn`s nk th` fnj ika lis s`gtfr wnjj a`k` th` p`rbfrdikg` fb th` s`gtfr nk =398. Nk Dirgh jist y`ir, th` Plikai Nksur`rs Issfgnitnfk Issfgnitn fk ukv`nj`a th` s`gtfr„s 93 y`ir y`ir diro`t lrfwth ika a`v`jfpd`kt wnth th` nkt`kt tf s`` nksurikg` p`k`tritnfk lrfw brfd th` gurr`kt j`ss thik 9% tf 7% my =3=0. Qh` pjik nkt`kas tf mrnkl imfut nkgr`is`a p`k`tritnfk thrfulh str`idjnknkl str`idjnknkl i s`rn`s fb igtnfks ika igtnvntn`s uka`r bfur o`y nkt`rv`ktnfk ir`is? nkgr`is`a uka`rstikankl ika ippr`gnitnfk fb nksurikg`, jfmmynkl ika iavfgigy, j`v`rilnkl fk t`ghkfjfly ika gipignty munjankl.
@x`gutnv` Wtyj`
Br`sh Guts s`t bfr fnj ika lis nkaustry \hit ns yfur j`ia`rshnp styj` is i Dikilnkl Anr`gtfr6 id i hikas-fk Dikil`r. N jno` wfronkl gjfs`jy wnth dy t`id nk fp`ritnfk, sij`s, iadnknstritnfk ika prfaugtnfk. N id i prfmj`d sfjv`r ika th`r`bfr` ijwiys wfronkl wnth dy t`id nk qungo prfmj`d sfjvnkl. N id i p`rb`gtnfknst nk thit N jno` thnkls tf m` afk` prfp`rjy ika rnlhtjy. N id fp`k tf gfk strugtnv` b``amigo brfd dy sumfrankit`s sumfranki t`s tf ndprfv` dys`jb.
ikndijs. \` hiv` tf na`ktnby i jirl` kudm`r fb nkanvnauijs nk fra`r tf d``t fur r`qunr`d`kts. \` ijsf big` ukbinr gfdp`tntnfk brfd fth`r jfgij gfdpikn`s whf af kft k`g`ssirnjy bfjjfw lffa prigtng`s wh`k nt gfd`s tf hyln`k` ika r`sp`gt fb gfja ghink. Fur prfaugts ir` hnlh`r nk prng` gfdpir`a tf th` jfgij gfdp`tntfrs m`gius` fur gfsts fb prfaugtnfk ir` hnlh`r m`gius` w` af kft gut gfrk`rs wh`k nt gfd`s tf hyln`k` ika quijnty.
N
\hit ns yfur iss`ssd`kt fb Plikai„s d`it prfg`ssnkl nkaustry6 Plikai„s d`it prfg`ssnkl ns ndprfvnkl `v`ry y`ir thfulh kft is bist is w` wfuja hiv` `xp`gt`a. Nka``a, th` lrfwth fb d`it prfg`ssnkl nk thns gfuktry gfuja m` bist`r nb th`r` wis i w`jjstrugtur`a d`it nkaustry. M``r gffrankitnfk m`tw``k th` an`r`kt stio`hfja`rs wnthnk th` nkaustry gfuja h`jp tf qungo`k iky a`gnsnfk ika ndprfv` lrfwth rit`. Br`sh Gut s``ds tf m` wiy ih`ia gfdpir`a wnth th` r`st fb th` d`it prfg`ssfrs nk Plikai. \hit ns Br`sh Guts prfaugt pfrtbfjnf6 \` prfaug` m``b, ghngo`k, lfits, pfro ika sh ika th`nr r`jit`a prfaugts. \` ir` th` fkjy d`it prfg`ssnkl bigtfr nk Plikai whngh ns NWF ==333 g`rtn`a ika g`rtn`a my Mur`iu R`rntis brfd Kinrfmn. \` hiv` bfur pr`dnud mutgh`rn`s - fk` nk Ndp`rnij Dijj nk @kt`mm`, fk` nk Bfr`st Dijj nk Julflf, fk` nk Ons`d`ktn my Grik` Sjizi Gfdpj`x ika fk` nk Ntijnik Wup`rdiro`t nk Duy `kli. \` ijsf pjik tf fp`k dfr` mutgh`rn`s nk butur`. \hf ir` yfur tirl`t gjn`kts6 \` tirl`t gjn`kts brfd virnfus s`ld`kts riklnkl brfd upp`r/dnaaj` gjiss ika
@rng Qnk ns
th` dikilnkl anr`gtfr fb i d`it
prfg`ssnkl rd, Br`sh Guts, i sumsnaniry fb
th` Diurntnik-mis`a Nr`jika Mjyth Jta. H` spfo` tf Nsiig Ohnsi imfut th` gfuktry„s d`it prfg`ssnkl nkaustry ika th` butur` futjffo. `xpitrnit`s ika ijsf tf th` jfw`r `kas tf sfd` `xt`kt. \` anstrnmut` fur prfaugts tf th` hft`js, r`stiurikts, sup`rdiro`ts ika git`r`rs. \` ijsf `xpfrt fur prfaugts tf th` surrfukankl gfuktrn`s wnthnk th` @IG. Hfw his m``k yfur r`v`ku` lrfwth fv`r th` pist twf fr thr`` y`irs6 Qh`r` hiv` m``k ups ika afwks nk fur r`v`ku` lrfwth fv`r th` y`irs. Bfr nkstikg`, nk th` pist twf y`irs stirtnkl =390, r`v`ku` arfpp`a is th` gfdpiky„s dink bfgus wis fk triksntnfk fb dikil`d`kt upfk igqunrnkl Br`sh Guts brfd th` pr`vnfus fwk`r. \` ijsf jfst mnl gfktrigts nk Wfuth Wuaik ika nk A]G. Ijsf musnk`ss his m``k sjfw`a snkg` th` Sr`sna`ktnij `j`gtnfk nk =392 ika wis stnjj sjfw`a tf pngo up nk =39<. Mut thns y`ir, musnk`ss his stirt`a tf pngo up ika w`
ir` lrfwnkl gfkstiktjy brfd jist y`ir. \hit his dia` th` gfdpiky tf pngo-up snkg` jist y`ir6 \` hiv` dikil`a tf r``stimjnsh gfktigt ika stimnjnz` fur suppjy. \` hiv` ijsf dfv`a gjfs`r tf gustfd`rs ‗ r`stiurikts ika hft`js. Is i r`sujt, w` hiv` r`link`a th` gfka`kg` fb fur gjn`kts wnth gfksnst`kgy nk fur suppjy. \hit ir` sfd` fb th` ghijj`kl`s, nb iky, thit th` nkaustry big`6 Qh` nkaustry ns stnjj i gish musnk`ss musn k`ss frn`k frn`kt`a. t`a. Fur bird`rs pr`b`r tf m` pina gish y`t w` suppjy prfg`ss`a prfaugts tf fur gustfd`rs whf piy us ibt`r sfd` aiys. Qhns ns i mjfgonkl bigtfr bfr bist`r lrfwth. Qh` fth`r ghijj`kl` ns thit dfst bird`rs ir` sumsnst`kg` ika thus ir` ukimj` tf prfvna` th` quiktnty fb
\hit ns yfur diro`t shir`6 Plikai„s d`it prfg`ssnkl nkaustry ns anvna`a nktf twf ‗ th` bfrdij ika th` nkbfrdij s`ld`kts. Mis`a fk stitnstngs, N thnko bfrdij s`ld`kt his fkjy 0% ika th` r`st m`nkl nkbfrdij. Fut fb thns 0%, Br`sh Guts his ik `stndit`a diro`t shir` fb 03% nk th` bfrdij s`l d`kt. Qhns d`iks thit th`r`„s pft`ktnij bfr dfr` lrfwth nk th` bfrdij s`gtfr nb th` nkbfrdij s`gtfr ns dikil`a ika r`lujit`a gfrr`gtjy. \hit ns th` butur` futjffo fb Plikai„s d`it prfg`ssnkl nkaustry6 Qh` a`dika bfr prfg`ss`a d`it ns fk th` upwira tr`ka m`giu m` gius` s` dfr dfr`` ika ika dfr dfr`` p`fp p`fpj` j` ir` stirtnkl tf tio` th` nssu` fb quijnty ika hyln`k` dfr` s`rnfusjy. Ijsf th` dnaaj` gjiss ns m`nkl m``r f ika th`y wnjj sur`jy gfktrnmut` tf fur lrfwth snkg` th`y wnjj m` imj` tf ifra hnlh`r quijnty prfaugts. \h`r` af yfu s`` Br`sh Gut nk th` k`xt b`w y`irs6 N s`` furs`jv`s lrfwnkl dugh bist`r wnth th` pjikk`a a`v`jfpd`kts nk th` fnj ika lis nkaustry. N m`jn`v` w` ir` th` fkjy jfgij d`it prfg`ssfr thit gik s`rvng` th` nkaustry, nk t`rds fb quijnty ika hyln`k` stikaira ika vfjud`. \` pjiks tf `ksur` thit w` sitnsby fur gustfd`rs wnth quijnty ika quiktnty nk suppjn`s.
Diy 98 - =1, =398
=>
MPWNK@WW
Q@J@GFD
GW]
Wtikmng afkit`s Whs =3 dnjjnfk tf PWINA
Wtikmng miko G@F Sitrngo Dw`h`nr`(J) wnth fk` fb th` m`k`bngnirn`s (D)
I
s pirt fb nts gfddntd`kt tf triksbfrdnkl jnv`s nk gfddukntn`s, Wtikmng Miko, his suppfrt`a i o`y jnt`rigy nkntnitnv` nk pirtk`rshnp wnth Pknt`a Wtit`s Il`kgy bfr Nkt`rkitnfkij A`v`jfpd`ktt wnth th` hikafv`r v`jfpd`k
fb r`iankl giras wfrth Whs =3 dnjjnfk. Qh` suppfrt ns ind`a it prfvnankl prndiry sghffj pupnjs wnth r`iankl dit`rnijs. Wp`ionkl aurnkl th` hikaf v`r g`r`dfky fk Diy 3>, Wtikmng Ghn`b @x`gutnv`, Sitrngo Dw`h`nr` sina5 ‚Wtikmng ns ns
gfddn`a tf triksbfrdnkl jnv`s my prfdftnkl sustinkimj` lrfwth, thns ns th` r`isfk why th` dink bfgus fb fur GWN nkntnitnv`s ir` nk @augitnfk.— ‚Igg`ss tf quijnty `augitnfk ns i grntngij nklr`an`kt nk h`jpnkl rins` th` yfuth fut fb pfv`rty my lnv lnvnkl nkl th` th`d d th` th` sonj sonjjs js tf ghirt th`nr fwk pith tfwiras prfsp`rnty,— h` sina. Qh` nkntnitnv` ns pirt fb th` miko„s pirtk`rshnp wnth th` PWINA/Plikai Jnt`rigy Ighn`v`d`kt ika ]`t`ktnfk Igtnvnty prfe`gt m`nkl ndpj`d`kt`a my th` `augitnfk dnknstry thrfulh th` j`irknkl gidpinlk5 Qusfd`r` \idu. PWINA Ghn`b fb Sirty L`rn Murohfja`r sina i gfdmnkitnfk fb mfth nk-sghffj ika hfd` `frts nk suppfrt fb r`iankl ir` k`g`ssiry bfr `irjy lria` jnt`rigy.
NKWP]IKG@
PNI url`s fk dirnk` a`ijs
P
likai Nksur`rs Issfgnitnfk (PNI) hiv` `dmiro`a fk i s`ksntnsnkl ndpfrt`rs fb lffas tf muy dirnk` gfv`rs jfgijjy, irlunkl thit nt dio`s gjinds prfg`ssnkl `isy nk gis` fb jfss fr aidil` fb girlf. Qh` k`w nkntnitnv` thit gfd`s it th` tnd` th` gfuktry„s nksurikg` p`k`tritnfk stikas it
j`ss thik 9% ns tirl`tnkl dinkjy ndpfrt`rs nkgjuankl Plikai Whnpp`rs Gfukgnj, Plikai Gj`irnkl ika bfrwira`rs Issfgnitnfk, Plikai Ghidm`r fb Gfdd`rg`, Plikai Wdijj Wgij` Nkaustrn`s Issfgnitnfk ika gir a`ij`rs. Qh` H`ia fb Sumjng ]`jitnfks ika Iavfgigy it PNI, Binth @ouau, sina nk i kftng` thit
MIKONKL
tikmng Miko„s Ghn`b @x`gutnv`, Sitrngo Dw` h`nr`, ns kfw th` k`w ghinrp`rsfk fb th` Plikai Miko`rs Issfgnitnfk tionkl fv`r brfd G`kt`kiry Miko„s Dikilnkl Anr`gtfr, Bimnik Oisn. Qhns bfjjfws ik `j`gtnfk thit wis h`ja fk Diy 3> nk Oidpiji. Oisn his m``k th` ghinrp`rsfk fb th` Issfgnitnfk nk th` jist thr`` y`irs. Dw`h`nr`, ik iggfdpjnsh`a miko`r mik o`r wnt wnth h `xt` `xt`ksn ksnv` v` gfdd`rgnij ika nkv`std`kt mikonkl `xp`rn`kg`, tio`s fv`r th` diktj` fb ghinrdikshnp it th` tnd` th` gfuktry„s mikonkl nkaustry 73
Q
`j`gfddukngitnfks rd, DQK Plikai, his ukv`nj`a sp`gnij prfaugts sp`gngijjy bfr Wdijj ika D`anud `kt`rprns`s ind`a it dionkl `ktr`pr`k`urs ika WD@s wfro sdirt`r tf sustink imjy lrfw bist`r. Qia`f Mwnr`, th` DQK W`knfr Dikil`r WD@ Wij`s sina th` gfdpiky his ukv`nj`a ‚gfdpr`h`ksnv` sfjutnfks thit hiv` thr`` o`y f`rs5 Musnk`ss Mffst`r Sigos tirl`t`a it stirtups ika WD@s, Pkjndnt`a ika A`angit`a Musnk`ss Nkt`rk`t pfw`r`a my DQK Bnm`r tirl`tnkl it musnk`ss`s ika frliknzitnfks wnth jirl`r nkt`rk`t k``as ika kijjy Dfmnj` Dfk`y Wfjutnfks bfr musnk` mus nk`ss`s ss`s.— .— H` th` sfjutnfks uka`r i k`w gidpinlk aumm`a Quofj` ns nk jnk` wnth th` DQK vnsnfk fb a`jnv`rnkl i mfja, k`w anlntij wfrja tf th`nr gustfd`rs. Wfphni Duoisi, th` W`knfr Dikil`r - @kt`rprns` Srfaugts ika Diro`tnkl it DQK sina igg`ss tf ifraimj` gfddukngitnfk ghikk`js r`dinks grugnij tf sugg`ss fb diky musnk`ss`s. ‚Nt ns gj`ir thit ijj th`s` `ktr`pr`k`urs ika WD@s nk Plikai ir` jffonkl bfr `kimj`rs fb prfl r`ss m`gius` nt ns ijwiys i tfulh efurk` efu rk`y y stir stirtnk tnkl l ika ika ruk rukknk knkl li musnk` mus nk`ss,— ss,— sh` sin sina. a.
GFKWQ]PGQNFK
Wtikmng„„s Dw`h`nr` kfw PMI ghinrp`rsfk Wtikmng
W
wnth jfgij dirnk` purghis`, i tria`r wnjj m` imj` tf r`aug` th` ndpfrtitnfk gfsts ika th` ikxn`ty r`jit`a tf jfss ika aidil`. @ouau siys nt ns `ss`ktnij bfr musnk mu snk`ss `ss`s `s `k `klil lilnk nkl l nk nk nkt` nkt`rrkitnfkij tria`? `sp`gnijjy thfs` shnppnkl jirl` quiktntn`s fb lffas my s`i tf tio` up dirnk` nksurikg` pfjngn`s pfjngn`s sf is tf a`ij wnth jno`jy jfss`s fb th` tria`.
DQK Plikai ukv`njs pigoil`a prfaugts bfr WD@„s
ns strulljnkl prnvit` s`gtfr gr`ant lrfwth idnast a`gjnknkl nkt`r`st rit`s. Fth`r d`dm`rs `j`gt`a fk th` PMI @x`gutnv` nkgjua`s? ]io`sh Ehi th` G@F fb Mirgjiys Miko Plikai is vng` ghinr, Dithnis Oitidmi th` G@F fb Hfusnkl Bnkikg` Miko is tr`i sur`r ika Wirih Iripiti th` G@F fb Gntn Miko is Iuantfr. @stimjnsh`a nk 9>89, PMI d`dm`rshnp gfksnsts fb gfdd`rgnij mikos ika kikgnij nkstntutnfks tf a`v`jfp, prfdft`, prft`gt ika r`pr`s`kt th` prfb`ssnfkij nkt`r`st fb nts d`dm`rs.
Diy 98 - =1, =398
Wiafjnk fp`ks k`w gfjfur g`ktr`s
N
k i mna tf l`t gjfs`r tf nts gustfd`rs, Wiafjnk Sinkt his pirtk`r`a wnth jfgij `ktr`pr`k`urs tf fp`k twf k`w gfjfur g`ktr`s ‗ fk` nk Ktnkai ika th` fth`r nk nkaustrnij ir`i nk Oidpiji. Qh` gfjfur g`ktr`s wnjj s`rv` is fk` stfp shfppnkl g`ktr`s bfr gustfd`rs wiktnkl
tf muy iky typ` fb gfjfur bfr gfkstrugtnfk ika r`jit`a wfro. A`fk Kn`uwfuat, (pngtur`a) th` Iozfkfm`j _th` mrika fwk`r fb WiafjnkT Sjikknkl ika @x`gutnfk Dikil`r, sina fk Diy 93 thit th` k`w g`ktr`s wfuja suppfrt nk lrfwnkl th`nr mrika mri ka ika bff bfftpr tprnkt nkt thr thrful fulh h jfgij `ktr`pr`k`urs. Ik iv`ril` gfjfur g`ktr` gfst up tf Whs 933 dnjjnfk tf s`t up, iggfrankl tf Kn`uwfuat. H` sina, nk th` gfdnkl dfkths? th`y pjik tf hiv` i tftij fb 93 g`ktr`s spr`ia igrfss pirts fb th` gfuktry whngh wfuja gr`it` sfd` efms tf Plikaiks.
MPWNK@WW
Eudni r`gfras arfp nk prfbt tf PW$7=.=dnjjnfk My Nsiig Ohnsi
I
U`phikni Aum`, Srua`ktnij Plikai Ghn`b Fp`ritnfks Fbbng`r, Fbbng`r, G@F Ireuk Dijjno, ika Kishnmi Kijum`li, th` Diro`tnkl ika Gfddukngitnfks Fbbng`r anspjiy th` mfkus skipp`r brid` it S`irj fb Ibrngi Hft`j. Srua`ktnij a`gjir`a i mfkus fb Whs9. Whs 9.0mnjjnfk 0mnjjnfk tf nts gustfd`rs fk th`nr t h`nr nksurikg` pfjngn`s.
L`frl` Irfan, Musnk`ss H`ia Plikai Miitn (J), hikankl fv`r i auddy lnbt vfugh`r tf Aivna Ws`kyfkef, Ws`kyfkef, th` wnkk`r fb th` W`rn`s trnvni qunz it th` r`g`ktjy h`ja =ka @antnfk fb th` Nkkfvitnfk s`rn`s uka`r th` th`d`, ‚Dionkl ]`ij @stit` Fwk`rshnp i ]`ijnty5 ‚Srigtngij Nkkfvitnfks Nkkfvi tnfks bfr Plikai—.
k`irjy <3% rns` nk fra`rs h`jp`a jnbt th` r`v`ku`ss fb Eudni, r`v`ku` Ibrngi„s `-gfdd`rg` pjitbfrd bfr =39<. Bnkikgnij r`sujts r`j`is`a nk Oidpiji fk Diy 93 shfws thit r`v`ku` rfs` brfd PW$11<.0dnjjnfk nk =392 tf PW$230mk nk =39< gnt nkl nkgr`is`a fra`rs fb virnfus virnfus prfaugts ika s`rvng`s fk nts pjitbfrds ‗ Eudni bffa, Eudni Qriv`js, Eudni r`ij `stit` ika Eudni Eud ni fkj fkjnk` nk` shf shfp. p. Qh` kudm`r fb fra`rs dia` thrfulh nts pjitbfrds nkgr`is`a brfd 1.>dnjjnfk tf 8.7dnjjnfk aurnkl th` sid` p`rnfa uka`r r`vn`w. Hfw`v`r, th` gfdpiky r`gfra`a i 93.2% arfp nk lrfss prft tf PW$ 7=.=dnjjnfk nk =39< gfdpir`a wnth th` pr`vnfus y`ir gntnkl nkgr`is`a nkv`std`kts nk th` pjitbfrds. W`o Milaianflju, th` ]`lnfkij Dikil`r bfr Eudni nk @ist Ibrngi sina th` a`gjnk` nk prftimnjnty ns irnmut`a tf hul` nkv`std`kts jist y`ir. ‚\` jiukgh`a Eudni Siy nk Knl`rni tf bignjntit` triksigtnfks m`tw``k d`rghikts ika gfksud`rs ika tinjfr sfjutnfks
tf sp`gng jfgij k``as ika r`qunr`d`kts…Qhns r`qunr`d`k ts…Qhns ns stnjj uka`r pnjft ika wnjj m` rfjjfut nk fth`r diro`ts,— h` sina. ‚\` ijsf ukv`nj`a i gfksud`r-bignkl piyd`kt dfmnj` ippjngitnfk aumm`a Eudni Fk` tf `kimj` gustfd`rs tf `isnjy igg`ss anlntij s`rvng`s sugh is inrtnd`, aiti, QR ika fth`r utnjntn`s.— H` sina Eudni Fk` ns sjfwjy nkt`lritnkl fkjnk` ika kikgnij sfjutnfks tf h`jp gfksud`rs igg`ss jirl` s`t Eudni Eud ni fp` fp`rit rit`s `s nk 9= gfu gfukktrn`s igrfss th` Ibrngi, ika ghirl`s imfut 93% fb th` viju` fb th` prfaugt fr s`rvng` thit ns mfulht vni nts pjitbfrds is gfddnssnfk. E`r`dy E`r `dy Hfa Hfairi iri,, Eudn Eudnii Lrfup„s gf-Ghn`b @x`gutnv` Fg`r, sina th` r`v`ku` lrfwth nk =39< a`dfkstrit` th` rfmust dfd`ktud nk th`nr gfr` musnk`ss`s ika diro`ts is th` pfpujitnfk `dmrig` fkjnk` s`rvng`s. Eudnii his Eudn his fv` fv`rr v` v` dnj dnjjnf jnfk k prfaugts ika s`rvng`s fk nts pjitbfrds, up brfd 03,333 nk =39=. Nk Plikai, th` gfdpiky his 90,333 prfaugts, wnth pjiks tf iaa fk k`w mrikas pfpujir nk Isni, @urfp` ika Ghnki.
\``ojy shir` prng` dfv`d`kt (Diy 91))
Plikai ]`v`ku` Iuthfrnty Gfddnssnfk`r L`k`rij, Afrns Iofj (J) ika th` Mirgjiys Miko Dikilnkl Anr`gtfr, ]io`sh Ehi fk Diy 93. P]I iaa`a Mirgjiys Miko tf nts `j`gtrfkng-piyd`kt syst`d tf `kimj` nts gustfd`rs piy tix`s, kfk-tix r`v`ku` ika fth`r st itutfry b``s usnkl th`nr Rnsi, Dist`rGira fr Id`rngik @xpr`ss giras. Wf bir, bnv` mikos ika fth`r bnkikgnij s`rvng` prfvna`rs hiv` snlk`a up tf t h`syst`d.
W`gurnty MIQP MFMP G@KQ ABGP @IMJ @MJ EHJ OI OGM KNG KDL KRJ WMP PGHD PGJ PD@D@ IJWN
Diy91 73333 903 9,7>2 8>3 >,=89 9,880 9>,<1< 19= 9,81> 9> 1, 1,377 093 73 <1 =8 133 --
Diy 3< 73333 903 9,038 8>3 >,130 9,8<3 9>,22= 1== 9,<28 9< 1,393 093 79 8< => 193 -Diy 98 - =1, =398
Dfv`d`kt 33 33 -<.1 33 -9.7 3.8 -3.7 -=.7 1.0 -99.8 3.2 33 7.7 7.1 7.1 =.1 -79
GFDD@KQ
My Efs`ph \`r`
Dnsuka`rstikankl why kitnfks binj Sfjntngij nkstimnjnty, mia `gfkfdy, ika why Dus`v`kn mnjjnfkinr`s gfuja viknsh wh`k h` ns kf jfkl`r nk pfw`r
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h`k`v`r th` qu`stnfk fb wh`th`r th` Plikaik `gfkfdy ns lrfwnkl is w`jj is m`bfr` ns iso`a, frankiry p`fpj`„s vn`ws ir` stirojy an`r`kt brfd thfs` fb rujnkl pirty pfjntngniks ika Bnkikg` dnknstry t`ghkfgrits. Frankiry p`fpj` jid`kt nkgr`isnkl pfv`rty whnj` t`ghkfgrits sp`w rfmust LAS prfe`gtnfks. Qh` r`g`kt nktrusnfk nktf pumjng a`mit` fb prnvit` ansgussnfks irfuka th` na`is fb prfb`ssfrs Airfk Ig`dflju ika Eid`s ]fmnksfk nk th`nr mffo c\hy Kitnfks Binj5 Qh` Frnlnks fb Sfw`r, Srfsp`rnty, ika Sfv`rty„ his `xpfs`a th` gius` fb th` anspirit` pfsntnfks. Dus`v`kn ika hns p`fpj` okfw th` prfmj`d, nts gius`s, ika nts gur`. Mut th`y b`ir th` r`ijnty. Hfw`v`r, nt ns tnd` th`nr s`jbnkaug`a nkt`jj`gtuij idk`sni ns gijj`a. Qh` a`mit` s``p`a nktf th` pumjng afdink dinkjy thrfulh th` wrntnkl fb Ikar`w Dw`kai ika Srfb. Widu`j Ws`eiioi, mfira ghinrdik fb th` Plikai A`v`jfpd`kt A`v`jfpd`kt Miko, `sp`gnijjy nk ‚Pka`rstikankl why kitnfks binj— (Qh` Nka`p`ka`kt) ika ‚Hfw gik `gfkfdng lrfwth m` ighn`v`a6— Sirt N &NN (Ainjy Dfkntfr). Ws`eiioi gjinds thit tf ighn`v` `gfkfdng lrfwth, ‚th`r` k``as tf m` i tria`f m`tw`` m`t w``k k br`` br``afd afdss ika ika prf prfaug augtnv tnvnty nty—— ika ika jit`r thit a`dfgrigy k``as tf `kaur` strfkld`k. Dw`kai rfp`s nk gujtur`, hnstfry, ika jfgitnfk mut bfgus`s fk th` snlkngikg` fb hudik gipntij nk gr`itnfk fb kitnfkij w`ijth. H` str`tgh`s `v`k birth`r my ndp ndpjyn jynkl kl thi thitt i gfu gfuktr ktry y ns ns kft kft a` a`v` v`jfp jfp`a `a nb nt af`s kft hiv` i hnlhjy a`v`jfp`a t`ghkfjfly s`gtfr. Mut Ig`dflju ika ]fmnksfk (h`r`ibt`r I]) ir` gj`ir. \rntnkl imfut th` =399 pfjntngij uprnsnkl nk @lypt, th`y `xpjink thit ijj `gfkfdng ndp`and`kts kitnfks big` st`d brfd th` wiy pfjntngij pfw`r `x`rgns`a. Nb nt ns dfkfpfjns`a my i kirrfw `jnt`, thit ns ‚th` rst thnkl thit his tf ghikl`—. Qh` mffo mff o shfw shfwss thit thit ‚th ‚thns ns nkt nkt`rp `rpr`t r`titn itnfk fk fb @lyptnik pfv`rty turks fut tf prfvna` i l`k`rij `xpjikitnfk bfr why pffr gfuktrn`s ir` pffr—. Plikai iink`a nts hnlh`st `v`r LAS lrfwth rit` fb 99% nk =338. \hy6 Nt wis mufy` muf y`a a my my th` th` r`t r`turk urk tf duj dujtnp tnpirt irty y pfjn pfjntng tngss nk =330. LAS lrfwth pjudd`t`a wh`k t`rd jndnts w`r` r`dfv`a ika nt m`gid` fmvnfus thit kf fra`rjy triksb`r fb pfw`r 7=
Diy 98 - =1, =398
wis jno`jy. LAS lrfwth nk =39< wis 1.0% a`spnt` thns m`nkl th` anlntnsitnfk `ri. A`spnt` ijj `vna`kg`, Dw`kai, Ws`eiioi, ika fth`rs afal` I]„s g`ktrij irlud`kt? thit ‚]`pr`ssnfk + Ims`kg` fb Wfgnij eustng` + A`knij fb ghikk`js bfr p`ig`buj ghikl` 4 I tngonkl mfdm—. Qhit bfrduji nk th` mffo ns irnmut`a tf Dfhid`a @jMiria`n, bfrd`r anr`gtfr fb th` Nkt`rkitnfkij Itfdng @k`rly Il`kgy. Nt ns th` r`gnp` bfr why kitnfks binj. Sr`sna`kt Dus`v`kn, wh`k h` wis lhtnkl nk th` mush`s fb Juw``rf, shfw`a h` okfws thns bfrduji. Qhit ns why h` put a`dfgrigy rst fk hns 93-pfnkt prflridd`. Nt r`dink fk tfp `v`k nk th` =392 `j`gtnfk K]D Diknb`stf. Mut th`r` ns i an`r`kg`. Qf `xpjink hns a`gnsnfk tf put a`dfgrigy rst, th` mush-Dus`v`kn wrft` thit5 ‚Bfr a`dfgrigy tf m` d`iknklbuj ika kft i dfgo`ry, nt dust gfktink thr`` `j`d`kts5 Sirjnid`ktiry a`dfgrigy, pfpujir a`dfgrigy, ika i a`g`kt j`v`j fb jnvnkl bfr `v`ry Plikaik—. Dus`v`kn iaa`a5 ‚Nt dust m` pfnkt`a fut thit th` ndd`anit` prfmj`d fb Plikai ns kft `gfkfdng, mut pfjntngij. \h`k th` pfjnt ngij qu`stnfks w`r` dnshikaj`a, ika ukj`ss th` pfjntngij qu`stnfk ns idngimjy r`sfjv`a, th`r` wnjj m` kf `gfkfdng r`gfv`ry nk Plikai—. @v`k Dnjtfk Fmft`, Fmft`, is `irjy is 9>2= wh`k h` hia eust m`gfd` prnd` dnknst`r sffk ibt`r nka`p`ka`kg` uka`rstffa thns v`ry w`jj. \h`k Efhk Wfuth, i efurkijnst brfd th` Plikai Irlus k`wspip`r (gijj`a Qh` K`w Rnsnfk tfaiy) iso`a hnd imfut whit h` thfulht wis th` o`y tf th` `gfkfdng butur` fb Plikai, Fmft` r`pjn`a5 ‚Qh` o`y tf th` `gfkfdng butur` ns thit w` shfuja dinktink i stimj` gfuktry. Qhit ns bukaid`ktij. Ibt`r thit w` k``a tf wfro fut sgh`d`s thit w` gik s`jj tf prnvit` `kt`rprns`. N id a`t`r dnk`a thit th` gfuktry shijj r`dink stimj` ika p`fpj` gik gfka`ktjy nkv`st th`nr dfk`y nk Plikai.— Fmft`„s vn`w `ghf I] thit bfr i kitnfk tf sugg``a ‚p`fpj` k``a tf okfw thit nb th`y wfro hira, th`y gik dio` dfk`y, ika igtu ijjy o``p nt„. Mut nk Plikai tfaiy, p`fpj` ir` kft wfronkl. Pp tf 83% ir` s`jb-`dpjfy`a (nkgjuankl (nkgjuank l sumsnst`kg` prfaugtnfk), sndnjir tf 98th g`ktury Mrntink. Qh` prfaugtnvnty fb thfs` wfronkl his ijsf m``k k`litnv` ika a`gjnknkl nk ilrngujtur`, shnkl, ika
dikubigturnkl snkg` =33=. Fkjy s`rvng`s hiv` s``k pfsntnv` lrfwth fb 1.9%, lnvnkl i l`k`rij jimfur prfaugtnvnty iv`ril` fb =%, iggfrankl tf Miko fb Plikai `xp`rts usnkl PMFW aiti. Ikkuij kitnfkij illr`lit` a`dika lrfwth ns `quijjy jfw it =.<% nk =39< ika 9% nk =392. Dus`v`kn ika rujnkl pirty ippiritghnos fbt`k gjind thit Plikai ns stimj` m`gius` th` K]D his h`ja pfw`r bfr 7= y`irs ika th`r` ns kf wir. Qhit ns dnsj`iankl m`gius`, iggfrankl tf I], i pfjntngij syst`d ns nkh`r`ktjy ukstimj` ukj`ss nt ns nkgjusnv` ika af`s kft ijjfw gjnklnkl tf pfw`r my i b`w. Iggfrankl tf I], ukj`ss i syst`d ijjfws ghikl`, nt k`litnv`jy ndpigts th` j`v`j fb pfjntngij stimnjnty ika i`gts th` j`v`j ika sustinkimnjnty sustinkimnjn ty fb kitnfkij `gfkfdng prfsp`rnty. Qh`y irlu` thit, ‚sustink`a `gfkfdng lrfwth r`qunr`s nkkfvitnfk ika nkkfvitnfk gikkft m` a`gfupj`a brfd gr`itnv` a`strugtnfk, whngh r`pjig`s th` fja wnth th` k`w ika ijsf a`stimnjns`s `stimjnsh`a pfw`r r`jitnfks nk pfjntngs—. Kitnfkij `gfkfdng prfs prfs p`rnty ns, ippir`ktjy, i jfkl-t`rd dirrnil` tf mrfia `gfkfdng nkgjusnv`k`ss kft i shfrtt`rd `jfp`d`kt wnth `kgjiv` fpuj`kg`. Iggfrankl tf I], wh`k i b`w p`fpj` gfktrfj ijj th` pfjntngij ika `gfkfdng pfw`r ika `krngh th`ds`jv`s it th` `xp`ks` fb th` diky, nt dio`s th`nr pfjntngij pfsntnfk i tirl`t bfr diky fth`rs whf ijsf wikt ‚tf `it—. Is dfr` ika dfr` p`fpj` lht bfr pfsntnfks nk thns `xpjfntitnv` sntuitnfk, th` futgfd` ns pfjntngij nkstimnjnty. I] ijsf irlu` thit pfjntngij nkstimnjnty fggurs m`gius` iutfgrits wikt tf m` th` fkjy p`fpj` prfsp`rnkl prfsp`rnkl ika wnth dfk`y ‗ sf thit th` r`st gfd` tf wfrshnp th`d ika m`l brfd th`d. Qh`y wnjj `xprfprnit` prfp`rty. Iso Wuahnr ]upir`jni. Qhit nk turk wnjj onjj nkkfvitnfk, whngh wnjj onjj th` `gfkfdy, whngh wnjj gr`it` rst `gfkfdng nkstimnjnty, th`k pfjntngij nksti mnjnty mnj nty.. Qh` Qh` mff mffo o quft quft`s `s bfr bfrd`r d`r Mri Mriznj znjnik nik pr`sna`kt Junz Nkégnf Juji ai Wnjvi wh`k h` wis stnjj i yfukl tria` uknfknst. Juji siys `v`k strullj`s bfr wil`s, ujtndit`jy hiv` pfjntngij fme`gtnv`s. Wf witgh th` t`igh`rs, afgtfrs, ika stit` ifrk`y„s strno`s fv`r wil`s gjfs`jy. Wfd`thnkl ns hipp`knkl Nk Plikai. Wd`jj yfur gh``s`.
GFDD@KQ
My Girj Dikjik
Idizfknik tria` bfr Ibrngi Qf `ksur` ijj pirtngnpikts pir tngnpikts m`k`t, Ibrngi„s Gfktnk`ktij Br`` Qria` Ir`i shfuja jffo tf Idizfk
I
t i r`g`kt suddnt nk Onlijn, ]wikai, 11 Ibrngik h`ias fb stit` snlk`a i k`w br``-tria` ilr``d`kt ind`a it ghiklnkl th` wiy th` r`lnfk af`s musnk`ss. Nb `v`ry Ibrngik Pknfk gfuktry w`r` tf efnk th` Gfktnk`ktij Br`` Qria` Ir`i (IbGBQI), th` r`sujtnkl snklj` diro`t wfuja m` fk` fb th` wfrja„s jirl`st ‗ gfv`rnkl 01 gfuktrn`s thit iggfukt bfr rfulhjy $1 trnjjnfk nk gfdmnk`a sp`kankl. Mut bujj ndpj`d`ktitnfk r`dinks ukg`rtink. Q`k gfuktrn`s hiv` r`bus`a tf snlk th` a`ij, nkgjuankl Knl`rni, fk` fb Ibrngi„s jirl`st `gfkfdn`s ika nts dfst pfpujfus gfuktry. Nb IbGBQI ns tf ipp`ij tf prft`gtnfknst hfjafuts, hfjafuts, nt dust m` strugtur`a nk sugh i wiy thit ijj pirtngnpikts m`k`t. Qf iggfdpjnsh thit, th` mjfg„s suppfrt`rs shfuja jffo tf Idizfk, th` `-gfdd`rg` lnikt, bfr nkspnritnfk. Wnkg` nts bfukankl nk 9>>1, Idizfk his r`vfjutnfkns`a hfw prfaug`rs ika gfksud`rs nkt`rigt. \nth nts ‚pjitbfrd strit`ly— ipprfigh tf r`tinj tria`, th` `-gfdd`rg` lnikt his gfkk`gt`a gfdpikn`s ika gustfd`rs nk dutuijjy m`k`gnij wiys. Whfpp`rs gik `isnjy igg`ss prfaugts ika s`rvng`s, ika musnk`ss`s gik r`igh dfr` fb th`d gh`ipjy. My mr`ionkl afwk mirrn`rs tf igg`ss, Idizfk„s pjitbfrd `gfsyst`d his `v`k spiwk`a k`w gfdpikn`s ika s`rvng`s. Ibrngi k``as nts fwk pjitbfrd strit`ly, ika th` k`w snklj` diro`t gik a`jnv`r nt. Mut v` o`y ghikl`s wnjj k``a tf hipp`k rst. Bfr stirt`rs, th` gfktnk`kt„s musnk`ss`s musnk`ss`s dust nkt`lrit` tffjs jno` mnl aiti, ijlf rnthds, ika gjfua gfdputnkl nktf th`nr fp`ritnfks. Qh`s` t`ghkfjfln`s h`jp`a Idizfk munja i pjitbfrd wnth ljfmij r`igh ika ipp`ij. Ibrngi„s gfdpikn`s k``a i sndnjir gfddntd`kt tf nkkfvitnfk nb th`y ir` tf gfkk`gt wnth fk` ikfth`r fth`r ika r`dink gfdp`tntnv` nk th` ljfmij `gfkfdy. W`gfka, Ibrngi r`qunr`s lr`it`r igg`ss tf gipntij diro`ts tf h`jp sustink diku bigturnkl ika t`ghkfjflngij nkkfvitnfk. Mut nkv`std`kt ns m`nkl hidp`r`a my i a`irth fb `gfkfdng aiti. Qf jur` Ibrngik ika bfr`nlk bukas, Ibrngi„s lfv`rkd`kts, musnk`ss`s, musnk`ss` s, ika nkaustrn`s nkaustrn`s dust gfddnt gfddnt tf ndprfvnkl ika dionkl dfr` igg`s -
snmj` stitnstngij nkbfrditnfk igrfss ijj s`gtfrs, sf thit nkv`stfrs gik iss`ss diro`t gfkantnfks wnth th` k`g`ssiry a`lr`` fb gfka`kg`. Qhnra, Ibrngik `gfkfdn`s dust gfddnt tf `xt`kankl th` m`k`ts fb tria` m`yfka urmik t`gh ‚mummj`s.— Nb th` k`w triankl r`lnd` ns tf m` bujjy `dmrig`a, i Gip` R`ra`ik dust m` imj` tf purghis` br`sh @thnfpnik fr O`kyik rfs`s, ika i Wwiznjika`r shfuja hiv` th` ghfng` fb `itnkl bubu fr inîoî dia` fb Lhikinik fr Nvf rnik gissivi. Mut th` fkjy wiy tf ighn`v` thns j`v`j fb nkt`lritnfk ns bfr r`lnfkij ika gfktnk`ktij suppjy ghinks tf m` suppfrt`a my r`jnimj` trikspfrt ika gfddukngitnfks nkbristrugtur`. Bfurth, eust is Idizfk ana wh`k nt jiukgh`a i quirt`r-g`ktury ilf, Ibrngi shfuja bfgus fk whit nt af`s m`st. Ika nk dugh fb th` gfktnk`kt, thit d`iks ilrngujtur`. M`gius` diky musnk`ss`s nk Ibrngi ir` tn`a tf ilrngujtur`, th` s`gtfr shfuja s`rv` is th` migomfk` fb iky `xpika`a triankl r`lnd`. Nb Ibrngi„s sdijjhfja`r bird`rs hia `isn`r igg`ss tf
Ibrngi r`qunr`s r`qunr`s lr`it`r igg`ss tf gipntij diro`ts tf h`jp sustink dikubigturnkl ika t`ghkfjflngij nkkfvitnfk
diro`ts, `gfkfdng lrfwth wfuja kitu rijjy igg`j`rit`, ika nkaustrnijns nkaustrnijnsitnfk itnfk wfuja `v`ktuijjy bfjjfw. Jistjy, is Ibrngi„s pirjnid`kts wfro fut th` a`tinjs fb th` snklj`-diro`t brid`wfro, k`lftnitfrs dust o``p th` k``as ika nkt`r`sts fb gfksud`rs ika prfaug`rs rdjy nk dnka. Qhit d`iks bfgusnkl rst fk sdijj ika d`anud-snz` `kt`rprns`s (WD@s), whngh iggfukt bfr 83% fb ijj Ibrngik musnk`ss`s. Is fth`r gfuktrn`s hiv` a`dfkstrit`a, ndprfvnkl diro`t igg`ss bfr sdijj rds h`jps jfklt`rd `gfkfdng stimnjnty. Bfr `xidpj`, nk th` Pknt`a Wtit`s, WD@s iggfukt bfr imfut twf-thnras fb ijj k`w prnvit`s`gtfr efms, whnj` nk Ghnki, WD@s iggfukt bfr rfulhjy 23% fb LAS. Is bfr gfksud`rs, Ibrngi„s Ibrngi„s snklj` diro`t wnjj tio` f fkjy nb nt tio`s a`dflriphngs nktf iggfukt. Qhns d`iks `klilnkl wfd`k ika yfukl p`fpj`, diky fb whfd ir` uk`dpjfy`a. Bfr th` IbGBQI tf link wna` igg`ptikg`, lffas ika s`rvng`s dust r`igh th`s` lrfups, ika yfukl p`fpj` dust m`k`t brfd nkgr`is`a `dpjfyd`kt fppfrtukntn`s. Fk` fb th` mnll`st ghijj`kl`s thit Ibrngi„s `gfkfdn`s hiv` ijwiys big`a ns fv`rgfdnkl `xg`ptnfkijjy jfw vfjud`s fb nktri-gfktnk`ktij tria` nk viju`-iaa`a prfaugts. Qh` IbGBQI gfuja iaar`ss thns ndp`ritnv`. My fp`knkl th`s` `gfkf dn`s tf th` br`` fw fb p`fpj`, prfaugts, ika s`rvng`s, th` IbGBQI gfuja h`jp arnv` Ibrngi„s butur` lrfwth. L`nkl tf thit pfnkt wnjj r`qunr` ik Idizfk-jno` ‚pjitbfrd— ipprfigh tf musnk`ss, ika th` r`gflkntnfk thit ibt`r a`gia`s fb sumr`lnfkij prft`gtnfknsd, th` gfktnk`kt„s butur` wnjj m` mrnlht`r nb nt ns fk` fb shir`a fp`kk`ss. Girj Dikjik, i =392 K`w Rfng`s B`jjfw it th` Isp`k Nkstntut`, ns Ghn`b Fp`ritnkl Fg`r it th` @gfmiko Bfukaitnfk. Gfpyrnlht5 Srfe`gt Wykangit`, =398.
Diy 98 - =1, =398
77
Srnvit` jim t`sts nk Plikai ir` gfstjy Mut r`g`kt r`s`irgh my `xp`rts shfws prng` af`sk„t `quij quijnty My Qndfthy Iduo`j`
I
ssnstikt Srfb`ssfr Efhks Hfponks Pknv`rsnty, ika Anr`gtfr fb th` Hfponks Miyvn`w D`angij G`kt`r Gjnkngij Jimfritfrn`s, Efhks Hfponks Pknv`rsnty Jimfritfry t`sts ir` th` migomfk` fb gjnkngij gir`. Qh`y ir` us`a tf sgr``k pitn`kts, tf anilkfs` ans`is`s ika tf dikil` gfkantnfks riklnkl brfd 71
Diy 98 - =1, =398
iki`dni ika anim`t`s tf HNR ika dijirni. Gfksna`rimj` `bbfrt his lfk` nktf ndprfvnkl jimfritfry s`rvng`s nk diky Ibrngik gfuktrn`s. Mut, is diky pr`vnfus stuan`s hiv` shfwk, th` quijnty fb jimfritfry t`sts nk dugh fb sum-Wihirik Ibrngi ns pffr. Qhns ns m`gius` dfst fb th`s` jimfritfrn`s af kft hiv` th` k`g`ssiry nkbristrugtur` kfr `kfulh gfdp`t`kt stibb whf ir` ia`quit`jy trink`a fr
th` ia`quit` dikil`d`kt syst`ds nk pjig`. Nk diky Ibrngik gfuktrn`s jimfritfry t`stnkl ns prfvna`a mfth is i br`` s`rvng` nk th` pumjng h`ijth s`gtfr ika bfr i b`` my prnvit` gfdpikn`s. Nk sfd` gfuktrn`s th` diefrnty fb jim t`sts ir` afk` nk th` prnvit` s`gtfr? bfr nkstikg`, dfr` thik >3% fb th` jimfritfrn`s nk Plikai„s gipntij gnty Oidpiji ir` prnvit`jy fwk`a.
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]`s`irgh shfws thit th`s` s`rvng`s, bfr whngh pitn`kts piy fut fb th`nr fwk pfgo`ts, t`ka tf m` gfstj g fstjn`r n`r thik thfs ` fbb`r`a fb b`r`a nk th` pumjng s`gtfr. Mut th`r`„s m``k kf `vijuitnfk fb wh`th`r th` dfr` `xp`ksnv` t`sts prfvna` m`tt`r, dfr` iggurit` r`sujts. \` trn`a tf iksw`r thns qu`stnfk nk fur stuay whngh jffo`a it th` gfsts ika iggurigy fb t`sts it jimfritfrn`s nk Oidpiji. \` rikafdjy s`j`gt`a gjfs` tf 83 jimfritfrn`s ika fra`r`a 97 fb th` dfst gfddfkjy fra`r`a jimfritfry t`sts ‗ idfkl th`d t`sts bfr dijirni, pr`lkikgy, HNR, syphnjns, ljugfs`? gfdpj`t` mjffa gfukts, ika jnv`r ika onak`y bukgtnfk t`sts. \` bfuka thit p`fpj` ir` piynkl up tf 72 tnd`s dfr` bfr prnvit` jimfritfry t`sts thik th`y af nk th` pumjng s`gtfr. Ika, dfst ndpfrtiktjy, t`st prng`s af kft pr`angt th`nr quijnty. Hnlh`r gfsts af kft d`ik dfr` iggurit` fr gjnkngijjy us`buj r`sujts. Qh` bnkankls sull`st thit Plikai shfuja put ik `xt`rkij syst`d nk pjig` tf `ksur` thit th` pumjng l`ts whit th`y piy bfr.
Ljfmij stikairas Qh`r` ir` twf mrfia s`ts fb d`isur`s wh`r` th` quijnty fb jimfritfrn`s gik m` gh`go`a ilinkst. Bnrstjy, gfuktrn`s ir` fmjnl`a tf s`t up luna`jnk`s bfr mfth pumjng s`gtfr ika prnvit` jimfritfrn`s. Mut diky gfuktrn`s irfuka th` wfrja binj`a tf bfjjfw th`s` pr`sgrnptnfks, j`iankl tf th` \frja H`ijth Frliknsitnfk ijsf gr`itnkl luna`jnk`s tf h`jp th`d s`t up th`nr jimfritfry syst`ds. Ijthfulh thns his ndprfv`a th` quijnty fb i b`w jimfritfrn`s, th` ghijj`kl` ns thit th` vist diefrnty fb jimfritfrn`s ir` stnjj kft d``tnkl th` jfw`st mir fb th` luna`jnk`s. Qh` s`gfka s`t fb d`isur`s ir` nkt`rkitnfkij iggr`antitnfk stikairas thit dfkntfr jimfritfry quijnty. Qh`r` ir` twf. Fk` ns PW-mis`a ika th` fth`r ir` stikairas gr`it`a my th` t h` Nkt`r N kt`rkitn kitnfkij fkij Frlik Frliknsit nsit nfk bfr Wtikairansitnfk mis`a nk @urfp`. Jimfritfrn`s thit d``t th`s` stikairas ir` gfksna`r`a iggr`ant`a ika r`gflkns`a is d``tnkl nkt`rkitnfkij p`rbfrdikg` stikairas. Mut jimfritfrn`s ir` kft fmjnl`a tf lf thrfulh thns iggr`antitnfk. Qh`r` ir` thfusikas fb jimfritfrn`s igrfss Ibrngi. Na`ijjy, `igh fb th`s` shfuja m` iggr`ant`a.
Mut i =391 stuay shfws thit nk 7< fb 1> sum-Wihirik Ibrngik gfuktrn`s th`r` wis kft i snklj` iggr`ant`a gjnkngij jimfritfry. Fkjy 783 jimfritfrn`s iggr`ant`a tf nkt`rkitnfkij stikairas nk th` r`lnfk ‗ ika >9% fb th`s` w`r` nk Wfuth Ibrngi, Kidnmni ika Mftswiki. Plikai his mfth iggr`ant`a ika kfk-iggr`ant`a jimfritfrn`s. \` nkgjua`a mfth nk fur stuay tf try ika liul` wh`th`r th` r`j`vikt ‚stidp fb ipprfvij— ibb`gt`a th` t`sts„ iggurigy. Qf `stimjnsh hfw iggurit` ika `xp`ksnv` th` t`sts w`r` w` s`kt r`ij, mut ukokfwk sidpj`s, tf ijj th` jimfritfrn`s nk fur stuay. Ika w` th`k ijsf r`gfra`a hfw dugh
Im futt >8 Imfu >8% % fb th` sidpj`s brfd iggr`ant`a jimfritfrn`s w`r` gfrr`gt whnj` fkjy
22% 22 % fb th` sidpj`s brfd th` ukiggr`ant`a jimfritfrn`s w`r` gfrr`gt th`y ghirl`a us bfr p`rbfrdnkl th` t`sts. Qf `stimjnsh iggurigy, w` us`a r`sujts fk th` sid` sidpj`s brfd sp`gnijns`a jimfritfrn`s mfth nk Plikai ika Iustrijni tf a`t`rdnk` th` gfrr`gt r`sujts. \` dia` thr`` ndpfrtikt fms`rvitnfks.
Fur bnkankls Bnrstjy, iggurigy virn`a wna`jy. Imfut >8% fb th` sidpj`s b rfd iggr`ant`a jimfritfrn`s w`r` gfrr`gt whnj` fkjy 22% fb th` sidpj`s brfd th` ukiggr`ant`a jimfritfrn`s w`r` gfrr`gt. W`gfkajy, iggurigy a`p`ka`a fk th` typ` fb t`st thit wis m`nkl afk`. Bfr `xidpj`, imfut >3% fb t`st r`sujts bfr HNR, dijirni, ika syphnjns w`r` gfrr`gt. Mut fkjy 78% fb th` t`sts bfr urnk` pr`lkikgy sgr``knkls, mjff a gfukt g fukt s, ika jnv` jnv`rr ik a onak o nak`y `y bukgtnfk t`sts w`r` iggurit`.
Ika t`st prng`s rikl`a wna`jy bfr ik nkanvnauij t`st p`rbfrd`a nk anbb`r`kt jimfritfrn`s. Wfd` jims nk th` prnvit` s`gtfr w`r` ghirlnkl 72 tnd`s dfr` thik fth`rs. ^`t w` bfuka kf r`jitnfkshnp m`tw``k prng` ika quijnty. Fur bnkankls shfw thit mfth iggr`antitnfk ika th` t`st m`nkl afk` ditt`rs. Q`sts afk` my ik iggr`ant`a jimfritfry ns jno`jy tf prfaug` gfrr`gt r`sujts >8% fb th` tnd`. Qh` bnlur` pjudd`ts nk ukiggr`ant`a jims. Qh` quijnty ns jno`jy tf m` igg`ptimj` it ijj th` jimfritfrn`s bfr gfddfk t`sts sugh is HNR ika dijirni. Mut bfr p`fpj` whf hia onak`y fr jnv`r ans`is`, th` quijnty fb t`st ns l`k`rijjy kft lffa. Q h`s` prfmj`ds st`d brfd i jigo fb gj`ir ika `kbfrg`a jimfritfry quijnty r`qunr`d`kts. Qh`y hiv` r`ij ndpigt fk whit anilkfs`s ika tr`itd`kts pitn`kts r`g`nv`, ika dust m` bnx`a.
Qh` wiy bfrwira Qh` wiy tf iaar`ss thns prfmj`d ns tf dio` th` diro`t d fr` trikspir`kt my dionkl quijnty d`isurimj` ika fmvnfus tf th` pumjng. Mis`a fk fur stuay, th`r` ir` twf prigtngij ipprfigh`s thit gfuja wfro. Qh` bnrst ns `ksurnkl thit jimfritfrn`s nk Ibrngi hiv` nkt`rkitnfkij iggr`antitnfk. Qh` s`gfka nkvfjv`s afnkl quijnty gh`gos sugh is thfs` us` a nk thns stuay. Wfd` gfuktrn`s ‗jno` Wfuth Ibrngi ika Kidnmni ‗ hiv` mfan`s thit dfkntfr th` quijnty fb th` jimfritfrn`s mut thns ns kft i uknbfrd prigtng` igrfss th` gfktnk`kt. Qh` r`spfksnmnjnty tf `kbfrg` sugh i prigtng` gfuja `d`rl` brfd mfan`s jno` th` \frja H`ijth Frliknsitnfk fr th` Ibrngik Wfgn`ty bfr Jimfritfry D`angnk` whngh inds tf str`klth`k jimfritfrn`s. Ighn`vnkl nkt`rkitnfkij iggr`antitnfk shfuja m` th` lfij bfr `v`ry jimfritfry. Mut iggr`antitnfk ns ik `xp`ksnv` ika ghijj`klnkl tiso nk th` shfrt t`rd, `sp`gnijjy bfr sdijj prnvit` jimfritfrn`s. Nk th` d`ikwhnj` gfuktrn`s thit stnjj hiv` ghijj`kl`s wnth th` quijnty fb th`nr jimfritfrn`s gfuja us` th` t`stnkl fb ukokfwk sidpj`s is ik ighn`vimj`, ibbfraimj`, ika `bb`gtnv` wiy tf dfkntfr th`nr jimfritfrn`s ika r``stimjnsh th` pumjng„s trust.
Diy 98 - =1, =398
70
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D`lhik w`as Hirry I wfdik fb gfjfr ns stirrnkl nk i r`ij-jnb` binrytij` My Q`rryk Hijj
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h`k k`ws fb D`lhik Diroj`„s `klil`d`kt tf Srnkg` Hirry mrfo`, mrf o`, dy `kt `ktnr` nr` Qwn wn`r `r tnd tnd``jnk` `xpjfa`a. D`d`s `xpr`ssnkl ukmrnaj`a efy it th` upgfdnkl rfyij w`aankl `w afwk dy Big`mffo k`ws b``a. N shir`a th`nr `xgnt`d`kt. Ibt`r ijj, dy dfth`r ns i hfp`j`ss rfdiktng whf rins`a d` fk Ansk`y prnkg`ss`s dfvn`s. Mut dfst binrytij`s afk„t b`itur` wfd`k whf jffo jno` d`, sf nt wis h`irt`knkl tf s`` mjigo ika mrfwk wfd`k igrfss th` ljfm` `il`r tf g`j`mrit` i mjigo prnkg`ss. Kf di`r thit h`r bfrdij tntj` wnjj jno`jy m` Augh`ss. Diroj` ns m`iutnbuj, iggfdpjnsh`a, gfka`kt ika styjnsh, ika sh`„s wrn`k `jfqu`ktjy imfut th` ghijj`kl`s sh`„s big`a lrfwnkl up mnrignij. (H`r dfth`r ns mjigo 72
Diy 98 - =1, =398
ika h`r bith`r ns whnt`.) Irniki Iustnk, Iustnk, i mjigo m jigo Id`rngik, dir rn`a @thnfpni„s Srnkg` ^f`j `irjn`r thns y`ir, mut Dir Diroj` oj` ika Srn Srnkg` kg` Hir Hirry„ ry„ss `kli `klil`d` l`d`kt kt b``js an`r`kt. Qh` Mrntnsh ]fyij Bidnjy fggupn`s i pirtngujir pjig` fb bisgnkitnfk nk th` `y`s fb th` wfrja ‑ a`spnt` th` dfkirghy„s wiknkl pfw`r ika iw`a hnstfry. Diroj` ns ijsf fja`r thik Srnkg` Hirry, sh`„s ik igtfr, sh`„s Id`rngik Id`rngik ika sh`„s anvfrg`a. Hia th`nr `klil`d`kt fggurr`a =0 y`irs ilf, nt wfuja hiv` m``k i sgikaij. Nt„s ijsf ndpfrtikt tf r`d`dm`r thit Srnkg` Hirry jno`jy wfk„t isg`ka tf th` thrfk`. Is i brn`ka sina5 ‚N af wfka`r whit th` r`ig tnfk wfuja hiv` m``k nb sh` wis dirrynkl Srnkg` \njjnid.— ^`t Hirry ika D`lhik„s r`jitnfkshnp s``ds tf r``gt ik `vfjutnfk fb Mrntnsh s`ksnmnjntn`s, nkgjuankl thfs` wnthnk th` rfyij bidnjy nts`jb. Ika th`nr kuptnijs ir`
i dfa`rk binrytij`. Id`rngiks dnlht issud` thit Mrntink ns dfr` prflr`ssnv` fk nssu`s fb rig` ika gjiss thik th`y ir`. Nt th`r`bfr` dnlht m` t`dptnkl tf vn`w th` rfyij `klil`d`kt is ik `xt`ksnfk fb thit. Mut th` truth ns thit th` r`igh fb th` Mrntnsh Grfwk„s bfrd`r ndp`rnij ruj` fv`r dugh fb th` wfrja gfjfurs nts pfjntngs nk th` sid` wiy thit sjiv`ry stnjj gfjfrs Id`rngi„s. Qh` iktn-nddnlrikt s`ktnd`kts thit sw`pt th` P.O. j`iankl tf up tf Mr`xnt ir` eust fk` `xidpj`. Mrntink„s hnstfry fb pnjjilnkl mjigo ika mrfwk gfktnk`kts bfr nts fwk m`k`t shfujak„t m` `isnjy bfrlf`k ‑ ika th` ]fyij Bidnjy ns stnjj jnvnkl f fb th` spfnjs fb thfs` `xpjfnts. Qh` rfdiktng pirt fb d` ns `gstitng it th` ar`idnk`ss fb i hijb-mjigo wfdik stirrnkl nk h`r v`ry fwk binrytij`. Mut dy dfr` prilditng dnka uka`rstikas thit dfst biktisn`s b`itur` lru`sfd` pirts. Diroj` wnjj nk`vntimjy hiv` tf gfkt`ka wnth th` lrivnty fb th` hnstfry fb h`r butur` nk-jiws. Nk Id`rngi, w` dio` fur fwk rfyijty. Qhns ns `sp`gnijjy tru` bfr mjigo wfd`k, whf ir` fbt`k tfja `xpjngntjy ika sumtjy thit fur m`iuty, fur mfan`s ika fur p`rsfkhffa ir` kft vijuimj` ‑ ukj`ss nt ns nk s`rvng` tf sfd`fk` fr sfd`thnkl `js`. Nt ns bfr thns r`isfk thit w` sf v`h`d`ktjy luira th` mjigo mji go wfd wfd`k `k nk nk th` th` spft spftjnl jnlht, ht, jno jno`` M`yf M`yfkgî kgî,, Fprih, W`r`ki \njjnids, Dngh`jj` Fmidi ika sf diky fth`rs. Mjigo wfd`k fk i pumjng stil` fbt`k big` sgfrk. Diroj` his ijr`iay gfd` uka`r iigo. \h`k Srnkg` Hirry bfrdijjy ikkfukg`a th`nr r`jitnfkshnp nk Eujy =392, h` ana sf wnth ik ukpr`g`a`kt`a r`muo` brfd O`ks nkltfk Sijig` fk th`nr r`jitnfkshnp, ika kft`a thit Diroj` hia m``k sume`gt tf i ‚wiv` fb imus` ika hirissd`kt— ika ‚futrnlht s`xnsd ika rignsd— fk sfgnij d`ani. Diroj` his m``k gijj`a ‚strinlht fui Gfdptfk— ika ‚uksuntimj`— tf dirry Srnkg` Hirry. Nk h`r rst nkt`rvn`w ibt`r h`r `klil`d`kt, th` butur` rfyij sina th` k`litnv` bfgus fk h`r rig` wis ansgfurilnkl. ‚Nt„s i shid` thit thit ns th` gjndit` nk thns wfrja ‑ tf bfgus thit dugh fk thit,— Diroj` sina. ‚It ‚It th` `ka fb th` aiy, N„d r`ijjy eust prfua fb whf N id ika wh`r` N gfd` brfd.— N priy bfr iky wfdik thit his tf big` thit typ` fb sgrutnky. Bfr Diroj` N priy thit sh`„jj m` imj imj`` tf tf diki dikil` l` h` h`rr k`w k`w jnb jnb`` ika ika `v `v`r `ryythnkl thit gfd`s wnth nt. Qf m`gfd` rfyijty d`iks fk` dust bfrb`nt kfrdijgy. Bfr kfw, N„jj g`j`mrit` thns hippy dfd`kt ijfklsna` Diroj` ‑ ika r`jnsh th` bigt thit th` `ktnr` wfrja wnjj m` giptnvit`a my i wfdik fb gfjfr l`nkl h`r stfrymffo `kankl. Q`rryk Hijj ns i wrnt`r mis`a nk Rnrlnkni whf his wrn`k bfr Qh` Luiranik, Qh` ]udpus, Qh` Jfs Ikl`j`s ]`vn`w fb Mffos, ika R`ryWdirtMrfthis.gfd. R`ryWd irtMrfthis.gfd. ^fu gik bfjjfw h`r fk Qwn`r Ct`rryklrids. Qhns Irtngj` rst ipp`ir`a nk Qnd` fkjnk` fk Kfv`dm`r =8,=39<.
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My Afdnkng Duwikluzn
N
kt`rkitnfkij r`gflkntnfk r`gflkntnfk gfktnku`s tf `jua` jfgij bfftmijj pjiy`rs, mut fk` irtnst ns `kefynkl ljfmij bid` nk nkt`r kitnfkij bfftmijj gnrgj`s wnth hns gr`itnfk fb th` MMG Ibrngik bfftmijj`r fb th` y`ir trfphy. trfphy. Qh` mrfkz` trfphy pr`s`kt`a tf th` m`st bfftmijj pjiy`r brfd th` gfktnk`kt my th` Mrntnsh Mrfia Gistnkl k`twfro, mis`a nk Jfkafk, ns ljfmijjy r`g flkns`a ika ns i sydmfj fb ujtndit` sugg`ss nk th` spfrt. Qh` r`a`snlk`a mrfkz` sgujptur` his i pyridna it th` mffd thit ns sydmfjng fb th` diky bfftmijj`rs vynkl bfr th` gfv`t`a prnz`- th` wna` mis`, mut fkjy fk` ‗ th` tfpdfst tnp - ns vft`a m`st. Qh` stir-mirs thit spr`ia fut brfd th` dip fb Ibrngi r`pr`s`kt th` stirafd fb th` wnkk`r, whnj` th` big`j`ss lur` fb th` ithj`t` ns i r`pr`s`kti tnfk fb th` an`r`kt nkanvnauijs whf wnk th` trfphy `v`ry y`ir. Qhns ns kft th` rst irtnstng trnudph fb S`t`r Fjfyi, th` jnj`-okfwk irtnst fk th` jfgij gfkt`dpfriry irt irt sg`k`. Nk =33< Fjfyi Fjfyi sgujpt`a th` bid`a grfwk`a Gr`st`a Grik` thit h` pr`s`kt`a tf H.D qu``k fb @kljika, fk h`r vnsnt tf Plikai tf i`ka th` Gfd dfkw`ijth H`ias fb lfv`rkd`kt d``tnkl. Qh` sgujptur` thit stikas it imfut 2 bt hnlh ika ns w`nlhty nk kitur` his th` Gr`st`a Grik` ‗Plikai„s kitnfkij `dmj`d- tio nkl f. Qhns ns i sydmfj fb i gfuktry thit ns r`iay tf `dmrig` fppfrtukntn`s fb th` k`w wfrja. Qh` lurnk` nk airo mrfkz` tfaiy snts it Mugonklhid Sijig`, @kljika, mut nts r`pjngi- i dugh sdijj`r stitu`- iafrks th` `ktrikg` fb th` Mrntnsh Hnlh Gfddnssnfk nk Oidpiji. Fjfyi„s nkkfvitnfk ika stuanf a`xt`rnty thit nku`kg` hns sgujptnkl sugh dist`rpn`g`s ns i r`sujt fb hns r`jitnfksh r`jitnfkshnp np wnth th` wfrja r`kfwk`a sgujptur` bfukary, ]w`kzfrn Bfuka`rs Irt G`ktr` jfgit`a fk th` bffthnjj fb th` ]w`kzfrn Dfuktink, nk w`st`rk pirt fb Plikai. Qh` bfukary ns ik nkntnitnv` my thr`` Plikaik sgujptfrs whf trink`a it th` Siklfjnk @antnfks bfukary nk @kljika, ika ns suppfrt`a my i PO Ghirnty frliknsitnfk. Qhrfulh kud`rfus r`sna`kg`s it mfth th` ]w`kzfrn mis`a Bfukary ika nk @kljika, th` irtnst dist`r`a th` irt fb munjankl sgujptur`s fb wfrja-gjiss wfrja-gjiss tist`. Hns t`ghknqu` ns rnlfrfus ika r`qunr`s ukditgh`a sonjj, pitn`kg` ika tij`kt. H` `dpjfys th` jfst wfro t`ghknqu`
Plikai„s mrfkz` dist`r Fjfyi gribts i d`tiphfr bfr r`gfkgnjnitnfk whnj` gistnkl th` d`tij (mrfkz`) tf gr`it` i lurnk` thit sjfwjy shrnkos is nt arn`s fut. Gir` ns k``a`a kft tf nkt`rrupt th` prfg`ss wnth iky futsna` fme`gts m`gius` thns j`ias tf th` p`rbfritnfk fb th` sgujptur` ika nt m`gfd` m`g fd`ss i r`e r`e`gt `gt.. Qhns triantnfkij d`thfa fb gistnkl, hfw`v`r tnd` gfksudnkl nt diym` ‗ nt tio`s fk` tf twf aiys bfr th` kij sgujptur` tf ary- ns iaviktil`fus m`gius` th` irtnst his anr`gt gfktrfj fb th` irtwfro whnj` nt ns m`nkl dfja`a. H` gik dio` iky ijt`rkitnfks
aurnkl th` prfg`ss, ukjno` th` dfa`rk t`ghknqu` thit ns prndiry gfktrfjj`a my dighnk`s. Fjfyi„s stuanf a`btk`ss ika nkkfvitnv`k`ss str`tgh tf hns ghnjahffa. Lrfwnkl up nk Ontlud anstrngt, Fjfyi dio` fme`gts fut fb ikthnjj `irth, sp`gngijjy th` mujj lht thit ns i g`ktrij `ly nk hns Ighfjn gujtur`. @v`k ibt`r m`nkl imaugt`a is i ghnja sfjan`r my th` nk nkbid bidfus fus Jfr Jfra a ]`s ]`snst nstikg ikg`` Ird Irdy y (J]I), th` d`dfrn`s fb pjiynkl nk th` gfurtyira wnth `irth r`dink`a wnth hnd. ‚Ibt`r m`nkl r`sgu`a brfd th` J]I, N a`gna`a N wikt`a tf r`gfv`r brfd th` wir triudi. N thfulht irt wis i p`rb`gt wiy tf af thns,— h` siys. Fjfyi his triksjit`a hns p`rsfkij h`ijnkl nktf nkspnrnkl p`ig` ika sfgnij ghikl` nk th` gfddukntn`s wfrja-fv`r. Hns irt ns i strfkl d`tiphfr bfr ukntnkl p`fpj` r`liraj`ss fb trnm`, rig`, gfjfur ika r`jnlnfk. r`jnlnfk. Qh` MMG Ibrngik Bfftmijj`r fb th` y`ir trfphy ika diky fth`rs uka`r hns kid`, ir` i p`rb`gt l`stur` tf thns r`gfkgnjnitnfk. S`t`r Fjfyi his pnfk``r`a th` Dus`ud fb Ighfjn Irt ika Gujtur` jfgit`a nk Ontlud, anstrngt. Qhns nkntnitnv` ns pirt fb hns r`spfksnmnjnty tf lnv` migo tf th` gfdduknty ika pr`s`rv` Ighfjn gujturij h`rntil`. Ndil`s ir` gfurt`sy fb th` irtnst.
Diy 98 - =1, =398
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Qh` a`mt pyridna5 Ik frnlnkij wiy tf shid` a`mtfrs Wyst`ds Jta. hia jfkl m``k try m``k trynkl nkl tf l`t PW$893 bfr ukpina wit`r mnjjs ika hia s`kt wrn`k kftngitnfks, gfktigt`a my phfk`, ika `v`k s`kt p`fpj` tf r`isfk wnth hnd th` a`mtfr tf kf ivinj. Wf dikil`d`kt a`gna`a tf try sfd`thnkl k`w. Qh`y gfddnssnfk`a th` pyridna, b`iturnkl
Ibt`r hivnkl nts wrn`k piyd`kt kftngitnfks nlkfr`a my i gjn` gjn`kt, kt, i utnj utnjnty nty gfdpiky nk ]ussni gid` up wnth ik nkl`knfus wiy fb gf`rgnkl th` a`mtfr tf piy hns au`s ‗ nt audp`a i thr``-tfkk` gfkgr`t` pyridna nk brfkt fb hns juxurnfus vnjji. Widiri Ptnjnty
\fd`k hivnkl ‘vnrlnknty r`pinr„ fp`ritnfks Wurl`ry tf r`gfkstrugt th` hyd`k, i thnk d`dmrik` it th` fp`knkl fb th` vilnki thit gik t`ir aurnkl s`x ‗ thfulh gik t`ir nk i virn`ty fb fth`r wiys ‗ tio`s imfut hijb ik hfur ika gfsts it j`ist £9,333 `v`ry tnd`. It j`ist 93> wfd`k hiv` uka`rlfk` th` prfg`aur` nk KHW hfspntijs m`tw m` tw`` ``k k =33< =33< ik ika a =39< =39<,, mut mut th` r`ij kudm`r ns m`jn`v`a tf m` bir lr`it`r. @xp`rts m`jn`v` wfd`k ir` hivnkl th` fp`ritnfk ibt`r b``jnkl lunjt imfut th`nr rst tnd`, ika wiktnkl tf `xp`rn`kg` nt ilink. ‘I ‘I jft fb p`fpj` hiv` i mia `xp`rn`kg` bfr th`nr rst tnd`,„ Hirj`y Wtr``t r`jitnfkshnp gfuks`jjfr Jfuns` Rik a`r R`ja` sina, ‚‘Fbt`k nt„s kft whit nt„s d`ikt tf m`, nt„s d`ikt tf m` i sigr`a thnkl ika yfu k`v`r bfrl`t jfsnkl nt.—
sjfliks jno` ‚I A`mtfr Jnv`s H`r`— ika ‚^fu Dust Siy ^fur \it`r Mnjj— fk ijj bfur sna`s. Ibt`r s``nkl efurkijnsts efurki jnsts ika ika gurnfus gurnfus k`nlhmfrs lith`rnkl irfuka th` pyridna ika tionkl pngtur`s fb nt nk brfkt fb hns hfus`, th` dik r`pfrt`ajy `xpr`ss`a hns nkt`ktnfk tf piy th` a`mt.
@xp`rt gjinds pir`kts shfuja iso mimn`s bfr p`rdnssnfk m`bfr` ghiklnkl th`nr kippn`s Gfks`kt ns ik ndpfrtikt thnkl tf l`t th` hikl fb nk diky an`r`kt sntuitnfks. Fk` sntuitnfk thit diky fb us k`v`r thfulht w`„a k``a gfks`kt nk, thfulh, ns wh`k ghiklnkl i mimy„s mim y„s kip kippy. py. Hfw Hfw`v` `v`r, r, i s`x s`x-
uijnty `xp`rt his gjind`a thit w` shfuja m` isonkl mimn`s bfr th`nr p`rdnssnfk wh`k ghiklnkl th`d, nk fra`r tf bfrl` lffa gfddukngitnfk himnts nk jit`r jnb`. Nt diy sfuka gfdpj`t`jy grizy mut s`xuijnty
Srnkg` Hirry, D`lhik Diroj` G`j`mrit`a Fk ]fyij \`aankl Gfdd`dfritnv` Gfnk Qh` Gikianik Dnkt r`v`ij`a i gfdd`dfritnv`` gfnk d`dfritnv nk hfkfur fb Srnkg` Hirry ika D`lhik Diroj`„s ndp`kankl kuptnijs. Qh` $=3 Bnk` Wnjv`r Gfnk ns jndnt`a `antnfk ika gfsts $931.>0. Qh` gfnk
b`itur`s dipj` j`iv`s, rfs`s ika th` `sgijjfp sh`jjs brfd Hirry„s fgnij gfit fb irds irfuka th` gfupj`. Qh`r` ir` thr`` Wwirfvson grystijs it th` mfttfd fb th` gfnk thit sydmfjnz` D`lhik„s `klil`d`ktt rnkl, `klil`d`k iggfrankl tf th` Dnkt.
Gj`v`r afl nkv`kts fwk gurr`kgy I afl kid`a K`lrf his, ibt`r witghnkl stua`kts muy hnd gffon`s it i jfgij stfr` usnkl pip`r dfk`y, a`gna`a nt wis tnd` tf stfp spfklnkl f onas ika stirt piynkl hns wiy. ‘Fk` aiy, spfktik`fusjy, h` ipp`ir`a wnth i j`ib nk hns dfuth, willnkl hns tinj ika j`t78
Diy 98 - =1, =398
tnkl nt m` okfwk thit h` wikt`a i gffon`,„ siys t`igh`r Ikl`ji Lirgni M`rkij, th` stfr`„s i`kaikt. Wh` wis sf istfknsh`a my K`lrf„s nkt`jjnl`kg` thit sh` hia kf fptnfk mut tf ‘s`jj„ hnd i mnsgun mns gunt. t. Kfw h` gfd gfd`s `s bfr gffon`s `v`ry aiy, wnth hns j`ib nk dfuth.
`augitfr, iuthfr, ika sp`io`r A`ikk` Girsfk, siys ijthfulh sh` af`s kft `xp`gt i mimy tf r`pjy, nt„s dfr` imfut bfst`rnkl i jnb`styj` wh`r` i ghnja„s fpnknfk ika iksw`rs tf qu`stnfks jno` thns di`r nk th` hfd`.
933-y`ir-fja siys s`gr`t ns nk Lunkk`ss I 933-y`ir-fja wfdik his gr`ant`a h`r jfkl jnb` tf arnkonkl i ainjy ljiss fb Lunkk`ss. Afrns Fjnv` K`nkl, okfwk tf `v`ryfk` is Fjnv`, his dia` nt i rntuij tf arnko i whfj` ljiss fb th` ary Nrnsh stfut `v`ry aiy snkg` th` W`gfka \frja \ir `ka`a. Ika tf diro h`r 933th mnrthaiy r`g`ktjy, sh` `kefy`a h`r usuij tnppj` aurnkl i Lunkk`ssth`d`a pirty it h`r gir` hfd` nk Sjydfuth, A`vfk. Fjnv` his m``k arnkonkl Lunkk`ss `v`ry aiy snkg` h`r `irjy 73s, ibt`r i gidpinlk stitnkl thit th` arnko gfktink`a hnlh j`v`js fb nrfk wis jiukgh`a.
Qfyfti Gidry =398 Nt af`sk„t us` `xftng, jnlhtw`nlht dit`rnijs. Nt af`sk„t hiv` i gj`v`r `j`gtrng pfw`rtrink. Mut th` Qfyfti Gidry ns ukafumt`ajy fk` fb th` dfst ndpfrtikt girs w`„jj `v`r r`vn`w, nb fkjy m`gius` Qfyfti s`jjs sf aidk diky fb th`d.
Q
h` Gidry ns kfw nk nts `nlhth l`k`ritnfk, ika Qfyfti siys thns fk` ns spfrtn`r ika dfr` upsgij` thik Gidrys fb fja. Hfw`v`r, ibt`r i w``o wnth fk`, N„d j`bt wnth fk` gfkgju snfk5 th`r` ir` `vna`ktjy ik iwbuj jft fb gir muy`rs muy `rs fut th`r th`r`` whf whf eus eustt afk„ afk„tt gir` gir` dug dugh h imfut th`nr girs. \` rst siw th` k`w Gidry eust fv`r i y`ir ilf nk A`trfnt, it whngh tnd` N wrft` thit nt ‚af`s jffo spfrtn`r ika dfr` `xgnt nkl thik whit diy w`jj hiv` m``k th` jist tixn yfu rfa` nk.— \hnj` N stnjj stika my thit stit`d`kt, N gik„t siy N„d i mnl bik fb th` styjnkl‑pirtngujirjy th` XW@ v`rsnfk, whngh l`ts ik illr`ssnv` brfkt mudp`r ika i r`ir wnth i (bio`) anus`r, pjus rfgo`r pik`j `xt`ksnfks ika i r`ir spfnj`r fk th` truko jna. Qh`r`„s sfd`thnkl imfut th` Gidry„s styjnkl thit gijjs tf dnka th` girs fb th` `irjy e`t il`, girs brfd th` jit` 9>03s wnth wnkls ika v`kts fk th`d. Qh`k ilink, th` Gidry„s a`iajn`st rnvij rnlht kfw ns th` k`w Hfkai Iggfra, ika thit gir jffos jno` nt j`bt th` bigtfry wnth i hul` pn`g` dnssnkl brfd th` brfkt mudp`r, sf fk`„s dnj`il` diy viry.
Fk th` nksna`, thnkls prfmimjy w`r`k„t h`jp`a my th` Gidry„s mrnlht r`a j`ith`r nkt`rnfr. Qh` `rlfkfdngs ir` sfuka, wnth th` dfst wna`jy us`a gfktrfjs gjfs` it hika, ika th`r`„s pj`kty fb stfril` spig` nk th` affrs ika virnfus fth`r gummn`s nk th` g`kt`r gfksfj`. Qh` gimnk ns mrnlht ika inry, pirtngujirjy thikos tf fur t`st gir„s twnk sukrffbs. Qh` nksna` ns ijsf v`ry rffdy, mfth nk th` brfkt ika migo (ijthfulh th` arnv`r„s s`it ns rith`r hira ika af`sk„t f`r dugh nk th` wiy fb jit`rij suppfrt). Ika th` truko ns vfjudnkfus. Qfyfti his pigo`a pj`kty fb iavikg`a arnv`r issnsts ika sib`ty syst`ds nktf th` k`w Gidry. Qfyfti„s syst`d‑gijj`a ‚Wib`ty W`ks`—‑gfdprns`s bfrwira gfjjnsnfk wirknkl wnth p`a`strnik a`t`gtnfk, iutfditng hnlh-m`id h`iajnlhts, iaiptnv` gruns` gfktrfj, ika jik`-a`pirtur` ij`rt wnth st``rnkl issnst. Iaantnfkijjy, Iaantnfkijj y, th` XJ@ ika XW@ girs l`t sfd` `xtri b`itur`s5 mjnka spft dfkntfrs, r`ir grfss-trig ij`rts, ika nkt`jjnl`kt gj`ir ikg` sfkir, whngh us`s th` gir„s ujtrisfkng s`ksfrs tf a`t`gt pfssnmj` fmstrugtnfks wh`k dfvnkl it jfw sp``as.
Qh` nkbftinkd`kt syst`d, gijj`a @ktuk` 7.3, ns Qfyfti„s jit`st. Nt„s munjt fk Iutfdf Iutfdf tnv` Lria` Jnkux? Qfyfti ns i mnl (ika jfkltnd`) bik fb fp`k sfurg` sfbtwir`. Nk R2 dfa`js, yfu ijsf l`t sfd` iaa`a b`itur`s jno` Wnrn ika Lfflj` vfng` gfktrfjs (mut kf Ikarfna Iutf fr GirSjiy), aykidng kivnlitnfk (whngh upait`s th` dip r`lujirjy fv`r th` inr wnth SFNs ika r`g`ktjy iaa`a rfias), HA ika Wnrnus XD rianf, ika 1L JQ@ wnth \n-Bn. @v`rythnkl ns gfktrfjj`a brfd ik `nlht-nkgh tfughsgr``k (s`v`k nkgh`s bfr jfw`r-sp`g girs). ^fu ijsf l`t Yn wnr`j`ss ghirlnkl nk th` R2 is stikaira. A`spnt` Qfyfti„s pr`ss dit`rnijs gjindnkl thns ns th` spfrtn`st ika m`st-arnvnkl Gidry tf ait`, ika a`spnt` th` wna` stikg`, illr`ssnv` mudp`rs, ika thit anus`r it th` r`ir, th`r`„s kf l`nkl iwiy brfd th` bigt thit nt„s stnjj i Gidry. Qhit d`iks nt his m``k a`snlk`a tf m` is ipp`ijnkl is pfssnmj` tf th` jirl`st kudm`r fb p`fpj`? th` r`sujt ns i sib`-nb-uk`xgntnkl tnd` m`hnka th` wh``j. Qh` rna` ns lffa ika nsfjit`s yfu brfd pffr rfia surbig`s, mut nt„s kft i gir thit `kgfuril`s yfu tf lrim nt my th` sgru fb th` k`go fr a`dikas tf m` tio`k fut bfr ik `irjy dfrknkl arnv` fk i twnsty rfia.
Diy 98 - =1, =398
7>
LJFMIJ GFDD@KQ
My Eid`s Dikynoi ika Dyrfk Wghfj`s
Wf W fjvnk nkl l th th` ` prf rfau aug gtn tnv vnty puzz zzjj` \hy th` =9st g`ktury„s st`id `klnk` ‗ anlntnzitnfk ns kft pfw`rnkl ika triksbfrdnkl `gfkfdng igtnvnty
B
fr y`irs, fk` fb th` mnl puzzj`s nk `gfkfdngs his m``k iggfuktnkl bfr a`gjnknkl prfaugtnvnty prfaugtnvnty lrfwth nk th` Pknt`a Wtit`s ika fth`r iavikg`a `gfkfdn`s. @gfkfdnsts hiv` prfpfs`a i wna` virn`ty fb `xpjikitnfks, riklnkl brfd nkiggurit` d`isur`d`kt tf ‚s`gujir stilkitnfk— tf qu`stnfknkl wh`th`r r`g`kt t`ghkf jflngij nkkfvitnfks ir` prfaugtnv`. Mut th` sfjutnfk tf th` puzzj` s``ds tf jn` nk uka`rstikankl `gfkfdng nkt`rigtnfks, rith`r thik na`ktnbynkl i snklj` gujprnt. Ika fk thit sgfr`, w` diy m` l`nkl tf th` mffd mf fd fb why prf prfaug augtnv tnvnty nty lrf lrfwth wth his sjfw`a. @xidnknkl th` a`gia` snkg` th` =338 kikgnij grnsns ‗ i p`rnfa r`diroimj` bfr th` shirp a`t`rnfritnfk nk prfaugtnvnty lrfwth igrfss diky iavikg`a `gfkfdn`s ‗ w` na`ktnby thr`` futstikankl b`itur`s5 hnstfrngijjy jfw lrfwth nk gipntij nkt`ksnty, anlntnsitnfk, ika i w`io a`dika r`gfv`ry. Qfl`th`r th`s` b`itur`s h`jp `xpjink why ikkuij prfaugtnvnty lrfwth arfpp`a 83%, fk iv`ril`, m`tw``k =393 ika =391, tf 3.0%, brfd =.1% i a`gia` `irjn`r. Wtirt wnth hnstfrngijjy w`io gipntijnkt`ksnty lrfwth, ik nkangitnfk fb th` igg`ss jimfur his tf dighnk`ry, tffjs, ika `qunpd`kt. Lrfwth nk thns iv`ril` tffjont bfr wfro`rs his sjfw`a ‗ ika his `v`k turk`a k`litnv` nk th` PW. Nk th` =333-=331 p`rnfa, gipntij nkt`ksnty nk th` PW lr`w it i gfdpfuka ikkuij rit` fb 7.2%. Nk th` =393-=391 p`rnfa, nt a`gjnk`a it i gfdpfuka ikkuij rit` fb 3.1%, th` w`io`st p`rbfrdikg` nk th` pfstwir p`rnfa. I mr`ioafwk fb th` gfdpfk`kts fb jimfur prfaugtnvnty shfws thit sjfwnkl gipntijnkt`ksnty lrfwth gfktrnmut`a imfut hijb fr dfr` fb th` a`gjnk` nk prfaugtnvnty lrfwth nk diky gfuktrn`s, nkgjuankl th` PW. Lrfwth nk gipntij nkt`ksnty his m``k w`io`k`a my i sumstiktnij sjfwafwk nk nkv`std`kt nk `qunpd`kt ika strugtur`s. Dionkl di`rs wfrs`, pumjng nkv`std`kt his ijsf m``k nk a`gjnk`. Bfr `xidpj`, th` P.W, L`rdiky, Brikg`, ika th` Pknt`a Onkl afd `xp`rn`kg`a i jfkl-t`rd a`gjnk` fb 3.0-9 p`rg`ktil` pfnkt nk pumjng nkv`std`kt m`tw m` tw``k ``k th` 9>8 9>83s 3s ika `i `irjy rjy =33 =333s, 3s, ika th` lur` his m``k rfulhjy it fr a`gr`isnkl snkg` th`k, gr`itnkl snlkngikt nkbristrugtur` lips. Nktiklnmj` nkv`std`kt, nkv`std`kt, nk ir`is sugh is sfbtwir` ika r`s`irgh ika a`v`jfpd`kt, r`gfv`r`a bir dfr` qungojy brfd i mrn`b ika sdijj`r pfst-grnsns anp nk =33>. Gfktnku`a 13
Diy 98 - =1, =398
lrfwth nk sugh nkv`std`kt r``gts th` wiv` fb anlntnsitnfk ‗ th` s`gfka futstikankl b`itur` fb thns p`rnfa fb ik`dng prfaugtnvnty lrfwth ‗ thit ns kfw sw``pnkl igrfss nkaustrn`s. My anlntnsitnfk, w` d`ik anlntij t`ghkfjfly ‗ sugh is gjfua gfdputnkl, `-gfdd`rg`, dfmnj` Nkt`rk`t, irtngnij nkt`j jnl`kg`, dighnk` j`irknkl, ika th` Nkt`rk`t fb Qhnkls (NfQ) ‗ thit ns dfvnkl m`yfka prfg`ss fptndnsitnfk ika triksbfrdnk triksbfrdnkl l musnk mu snk`s `sss dfa` dfa`js, js, ijt ijt`rn `rnkl kl vi viju` ju` ghi ghinks nks,, ika ika mjurrn mju rrnkl kl jnk jnk`s `s igr igrfss fss nka nkaust ustrn` rn`s. s. \hi \hitt anb anbb`r`ktnit`ss thns jit`st wiv` brfd th` 9>>3s b`r`ktnit` mffd mff d nk nk nkbf nkbfrd rditn itnfk fk ika gfd gfdduk dukngi ngi-tnfks t`ghkfjfly (NGQ) ns th` mr`iath ika anv`rsnty fb nkkfvitnfks5 k`w prfaugts ika b`itur`s (bfr `xidpj`, anlntij mffos ika jnv` jfgitnfk trigonkl), k`w wiys tf a`jnv`r th`d (bfr `xidpj`, str`idnkl vna`f), ika k`w musnk`ss dfa`js (bfr `xidpj`, Pm`r ika Qiso]immnt). Hfw`v`r, th`r` ir` ijsf sndnjirntn`s, pirtngujirjy r`lirankl th` ``gt fk prfaugtnv p rfaugtnv nty lrfwth. Qh` NGQ r`vfjutnfk wis vnsnmj` `v`rywh`r`, `v`rywh `r`, th` `gfkfdnst ]fm`rt Wfjfw bidfusjy kft`a, `xg`pt nk th` prfaugtnvnty stitnstngs. Qh` Wfjfw Siriafx, is nt wis okfwk (ibt`r th` `gfkfdnst), wis `v`ktuijjy r`sfjv`a wh`k i b`w s`gtfrs ‗ t`ghkfjfly, r`tinj, ika whfj`sij` ‗ nlknt`a i prfaugtnvnty mffd nk th` P.W. Qfaiy, w` diy m` nk rfuka twf fb th` Wfjfw Siriafx5 whnj` anl ntij t`ghkfjfln`s gik m` s``k `v`rywh`r`, th`y hiv` y`t tf bu`j prfaugtnvnty lrfwth. DLN r`s`irgh his shfwk thit s`gtfrs thit ir` hnlhjy anlntns`a nk t`rds fb iss`ts, usil`, ika wfro`r `kimj`d`kt ‗ sugh is th` t`gh s`gtfr, d`ani, ika kikgnij s`rvng`s ‗ hiv` hnlh prfaugtnvnty. Mut th`s` s`gtfrs ir` r`jitnv`jy sdijj nk t`rds fb shir` fb LAS ika `dpjfyd`kt, wh`r`is jirl` s`gtfrs sugh is h`ijth gir` ika r`tinj ir` dugh j`ss anlntnz`a ika ijsf t`ka tf hiv` jfw prfaugtnvnty. DLN r`s`irgh ijsf sull`sts thit whnj` anlntnsitnfk prfdns`s snlkngikt prfaug tnvnty-mffstnkl fppfrtukntn`s, th` m`k`ts hiv` kft y`t dit`rnijns`a it sgij`. Nk i r`g`kt DgOnks`y surv`y, ljfmij rds r`pfrt`a thit j`ss thik i thnra fb th`nr gfr` fp`ritnfks, prfaugts, ika s`rvng`s w`r` iutfdit`a fr anlntns`a. Qhns diy r``gt iafptnfk mirrn`rs ika jil ``gts, is w`jj is triksntnfk gfsts. Bfr `xidpj`, nk th` sid` surv`y, gfdpikn`s wnth anlntij triksbfrditnfks uka`r wiy sina thit 9<% fb th`nr diro`t shir` nk gfr` prfa -
ugts fr s`rvng`s wis gikknmijns`a my th`nr fwk anlntij prfaugts fr s`rvng`s. Dfr`fv`r, j`ss thik 93% fb th` nkbfrditnfk l`k`rit`a ika thit fws thrfulh gfrpfritnfks ns anlntns`a ika ivinjimj` bfr ikijysns. Is th`s` aiti m`gfd` dfr` r`ianjy ivinjimj` thrfulh mjfgog mjf goghin hinks, ks, gjf gjfua ua gfd gfdput putnkl nkl,, fr fr NfQ NfQ gfkk`gtnfks, k`w dfa`js ika irtngnij nkt`j jnl`kg` wnjj `kimj` gfrpfritnfks tf nkkfvit` ika iaa viju` thrfulh pr`vnfusjy uks``k nkv`std`kt fppfrtukntn`s. Qh` jist b`itur` thit stikas fut nk thns p`rnfa fb hnstfrngijjy sjfw prfaugtnvnty lrfwth ns w`io a`dika. \` okfw brfd gfrpfrit` a`gnsnfk-dio`rs thit a`dika ns grugnij bfr nkv`std`kt. Bfr `xidpj`, ik DLN surv`y gfkaugt`a jist y`ir bfuka thit 1<% fb gfdpikn`s nkgr`isnkl th`nr nkv`st d`kt mual`ts w`r` afnkl sf m`gius` fb ik nkgr`is` nk a`dika fr a`dika `xp`gtitnfks. Igrfss nkaustrn`s, th` sjfw r`gfv`ry nk a`dika bfjjfwnkl th` kikgnij grnsns wis i o`y bigtfr hfjankl migo nkv`std`kt. Qh` grnsns nkgr`is`a ukg`rtinkty imfut th` butur` anr`gtnfk nk gfksud`r ika nkv`std`k nkv`std`ktt a`dika. Qh` a`gnsnfk tf nkv`st ika mffst prfaugtnvnty wis gfrr`gtjy a`b`rr`a. \h`k a`dika stirt`a tf r`gfv`r, diky nkaustrn`s hia `xg`ss gipignty ika rffd tf `xpika ika hnr` wnthfut k``ankl tf nkv`st nk k`w `qunpd`kt fr strugtur`s. Qhit j`a tf hns tfrngijjy jfw gipntij-nkt`ksnty lrfwth ‗ th` snklj` mnll`st bigtfr m`hnka ik`dng prfaugtnvnty lrfwth ‗ nk th` =393-=391 p`rnfa. Mut, is dfr` gfdpikn`s iafpt ika j`irk thrfulh anlntij sfjutnfks, ika is k`w bfrds fb `dpjfyd`kt ika nkv`std`kt fppfrtukntn`s str`klth`k th` a`dika r`gfv`ry, w` `xp`gt prfaugtnvnty lrfwth tf r`gfv`r. Dyrnia bigtfrs gfktrnmut` tf prfaugtnvnty links, mut nt ns th` tw`kty-rst g`ktury„s st`id `klnk` ‗ anlntnsitnfk, aiti, ika nts ikijysns ‗ thit wnjj pfw`r ika triksbfrd `gfkfdng igtnvnty, iaa viju`, ika `kimj` nkgfd`-mffstnkl ika w`jbir`-`khikgnkl prfaugtnvnty links. Eid`s Dik Eid`s Dikyno ynoii ns ns Ghin Ghinrdi rdik k fb fb th` th` DgO DgOnks nks`y `y Ljfmij Nkstntut` ika i s`knfr pirtk`r nk DgOnks DgO nks`y `y & Gfdp Gfdpiky iky„s „s Wik Bri Brikgn kgnsgf sgf Fg Fg`. `. Dyrfk Dyr fk Wgh Wghfj` fj`s, s, i Kfm` Kfm`jj jiur jiur`it `it`` nk nk `gfk `gfkfdn fdngs, gs, ns th` Briko @. Mugo Srfb`ssfr fb Bnkikg`, @d`rntus, it th` Wtikbfra Lriauit` Wghffj fb Musnk`ss ika gf-frnlnkitfr fb th` Mjigo-Wghfj`s fptnfks prngnkl dfa`j. Gfpyrnlht5 Srfe`gt Wykangit`, =398.
JNR@ IQ \` t`jj th`
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