Tibetan Yoga: Principles and Practices

Xl`ntmi \kfm

Lmi M. @mdnr

Xl`ntmi \kfm Urliglpcns mih Urmgtlgns Vltb 7
Liinr Xrmhltlkis Pkgbnstnr, _nrjkit

gkitnits

Okrnwkrh `y tbn vninrm`cn @bmdbm Xucdu Unjm Plfhzli Plipkgbn

Litrkhugtlki L

Kutnr, liinr, sngrnt

LL

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

\kfm li Lihk-Xl`ntmi trmhltlki Xbn vmrlntlns ko jnhltmtlvn nxpnrlnign

LLL

Ljjmgucmtn pnrgnptlki

L_

Niclfbtninh mimtkjy

Ornnlif tbn ljmflimtlki Xbn ykfm ko gbmiincs, wlihs mih nssnigns

_

_LLL LR

==0 =8?

Ikntlg clfbt Xbn lioliltn `rlfbtinss ko `nlif

=6?

Hrnmjtljn Nxlt strmtnflns

RL

Cljlimclty Imvlfmtlif trmisltlkimc stmtns

=<5 055 0=5

Uktnit skcutlkis Xbn ykfm ko nitbnkfnis mih nclxlrs

2?

=?8

Xbn ykfm ko trmisgnihnit hnmtb

?2

Xbn mcgbnjy ko hnslrn

R

RLLL

88

Iujlikus pmsslki

Xbn ykfm ko cuglh scnnp

RLL

=2

Ligmihnsgnign Xbn ykfm ko ui`kuih olrn

_LL

=5

Ockwlif wbkcninss Xbn ykfm ko jmflgmc jkvnjnit

_L

2

002

Urljmc rmhlmign Xbn ykfm ko liimtn pnrongtlki

080

Motnrwkrh Mgdikwcnhfjnits Iktns mih rnskurgns Ulgturn grnhlts Lihnx

025 028 02> 026 022

Lo tbn `khy ls ikt jmstnrnh, tbn jlih gmiikt `n jmstnrnh. Lo tbn `khy ls jmstnrnh4 jlih ls jmstnrnh. @uhhbmWmdymjuil, Jmaabljm Ildčym Wutrč

Wgbkcmrs nihcnsscy nxpkuih tbn sgrlpturns, dikwlif iktblif ko tbn @uhhbm gkignmcnh wltbli Umfn 0 Olvn ncnjnitmry prkgnssns libnrnit li Xmitrlg @uhhblst ykfm ‗ gkbnslki, gkbnslki, gkiingtlvlty gkiingtlvlty,, tbnrjkhyimjlgs, trmisokrjmtlki mih mwmrninss ‗ mrn rnprnsnitnh li

tbn okrj ko m vn-pmrt jmṆḊmcm wblgb, ms rnvnmcnh li tbls gkitnjpkrmry pmlitlif `y Pkco Dcunitnr, sbmrns mi mimckfkus fnkjntry wltb tbn mstrkckflgmc pbnikjnim ko Nlistnli“s Nlistnli“s Grkss. Grkss. Umfn 8 Lccujlimtnh okclks orkj m Xl`ntmi jmiusgrlpt mt tbn Pkymc Hmilsb Cl`rmry li Gkpnibmfni

hnplgt pbyslgmc pksturns, `rnmtblif prmgtlgns mih fmzlif fmzlif tngbilquns tngbilquns usnh li tbn Hzkfgbni prmgtlgn ko tbÿfmc , kr ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc“.

Ms hnsgrl`nh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Urljmc rmhlmign“, tbnsn litnfrmc ykflg prmgtlgns mctnr bm`ltumc pmttnris ko pnrgnptlki mih cnmh tk m snrlns ko vlslkis ko niclfbtnilif vlslkis. ykflil `y Kppksltn M cnmplif ykflil `y

Pk`nrt Ukwncc, `msnh ki m jurmc li tbn okrjnr Bljmcmymi Dlifhkj ko Justmif, nxnjpclns ykfm ms tbn mrt ko ornnhkj. Cldn clon ltsnco, ykfm nxprnssns tbn grnmtlvn ljpucsn tk surpmss kin“s gurrnit cljlts mih mgtumclzn kin“s ouccnst gmpmgltlns.

tbnlr `khlns. JmbčslhhbmWmrmbm, Xbn Pkymc Wkif, 2tb gnitury

Niclfbtnijnit mrlsns orkj wltbli tbn `khy kr lt hkns ikt mrlsn mt mcc. îcnss tbn `khy ls rnmclznh ms tbn pnrongt grugl`cn okr cl`nrmtlki, ornnhkj orkj gkihltlkinh nxlstnign rnjmlis rnjmlis kicy mi ljmflimry hrnmj. \nsbn Xskfymc, 2tb gnitury

Xbrkufb prmgtlslif tbnsn sngrnt ykfms, vltmclty mih wlshkj glrgucmtn tbrkufbkut tbn `khy mih, li tbls vnry clontljn, kin mrlsns ms tbn prljkrhlmccy mwmdninh Vlnchnr ko tbn _marm. JmbčslhhbmIčrkpč, _marm _nrsns1 _nrsns1 Listrugtlkis ko tbn Vlshkj HčdliĤ , ==tb gnitury

Xl`ntmi ykfm nigkjpmssns ngstmtlg

rmpturn ms wncc ms rlfkrkus msgntlglsj li lts gkjjltjnit tk `rnmdlif tbn `kuihs ko gkihltlkinh gkihltlkinh nxlstnign nxlstnign mih `rliflif ligrnmsnh wlshkj, aky

mih hnclfbt tk tbn bujmi gkihltlki. (Wnn tbn oucc pmlitlif ki pmfn ==?.) ?

6

Okrnwkrh

@nykih lts kutnr gucturmc okrjs, Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj nxprnssns m wmy ko clon gkjjlttnh tk hljlilsblif lfikrmign, onmr, frnnh mih mffrnsslki mih tk jmxl-

jlzlif gkccngtlvn gkccngtlvn wlshkj mih wncc`nlif. Lt ls jy slignrn bkpn tbmt tbls `kkd ki tbn blhhni wkrch ko Xl`ntmi mih Xmitrlg @uhhblst ykfm wlcc lisplrn lts rnmhnrs tk trmisgnih snco-prnkggupmtlki mih tk mgt akyouccy, wlsncy mih mctrulstlgmccy wltbli mcc spbnrns ko bujmi mgtlvlty. Xbls ls tbn bnmrt ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblst ykfm mih tbn nssnign ko bujmi clon, mih lt trmisgnihs mcc gucturmc mih fnkfrmpblgmc `kuihmrlns. Mctbkufb tbn gkrn prliglpcns prliglpcns mih prmgtlgns ko ko Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s liinr liinr Xmitrlg Xmitrlg trmhltlki bmvn blstkrlgmccy `nni trmisjlttnh sngrntcy, tbny livkcvn tbn imturmc pnrongtlki ko bujmi bujmi nxlstnign. îcnss sugb mpprkmgbns tk trmisokrjlif trmisokrjlif bujmi nxpnrlnign mrn noongtlvncy rnvnmcnh mih put litk prmgtlgn, tbny mrn li hmifnr ko `nlif ckst. Xbls Xbls `kkd gkitrlùtns hlrngtcy hlrngtcy tk tbnlr survlvmc. survlvmc.

@bmdbm Xucdu Unjm Plfhzli Plipkgbn

Li Xl`ntmi cmifumfn tbn wkrh ykfm, kr imcakr , jnmis tk dikw kursncvns li tbn hnnpnst wmy pkssl`cn, `nykih tbn tbkufbts, njktlkis, bkpns mih onmrs tbmt bm`ltumccy hnin kur nxlstnign mih cljlt kur nxpnrlnign ms bujmi `nlifs. Jmiy ckkd tk tbn @uhhblsj ko Xl`nt mih tbn Bljmcmyms okr noongtlvn jntbkhs okr nxpmihlif mwmrninss mih mgtumclzlif kur litnrgkiingtnhinss wltb mcc miljmtn mih limiljmtn nxlstnign. @uhhblst jkimstnrlns li Xl`nt prnsnrvnh dikwcnhfn ko sgrlpturn mih pblckskpby, ùt lt ls tbn cnss wncc-dikwi iki-jkimstlg jmcn mih onjmcn ykflis, kr imcakrpm mih imcakrpm mih imcakrjm, wbk nj`khy tbn clvlif splrlt ko tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms mih tbnlr gucjlimtlki li Jmbčjuhrm mih Hzkfgbni, tbn rnmclzmtlki ko bujmilty“s liimtn niclfbtninh pktnitlmc. Xbls `kkd rnvnmcs m wkrch tbmt bms trmhltlkimccy `nni dnpt sngrnt li Xl`nt, ikt `ngmusn dikwlif kin“s trun imturn gkuch nvnr `n gkislhnrnh bmrjouc, ùt `ngmusn @uhhblst prmgtlgns tbmt litnfrmtn mcc mspngts ko clon kitk tbn splrltumc pmtb gmi nmslcy `n jlsuihnrstkkh uicnss tbny mrn jktlvmtnh `y bnmrtonct gkjpmsslki mih mgtlvn gkignri okr tbn wncomrn ko mcc `nlifs. Lt ls wncc nstm`clsbnh wltbli tbn Liinr Xmitrlg trmhltlki tbmt tnxts rnvnmc kicy tbn kutnr jnmilif mih tbmt tbn liinr jnmilif ls gkivnynh tk tbn prmgtltlkinr hlrngtcy `y bls kr bnr tnmgbnr. Li kch Xl`nt, tbls trmisjlsslki kggurrnh wbni tbn tnmgbnr wblspnrnh tbn sngrnt krmc listrugtlkis litk m hlsglpcn“s nmr tbrkufb m bkcckw `mj`kk tu`n. @ut uctljmtncy lt ls kicy tbrkufb hlrngt nxpnrlnign tbmt tbn sngrnt, iki-gkignptumc jnmilif mrlsns li tbn jlihstrnmj ko m slignrn prmgtltlkinr. prmgtltlkinr. Xbn liinrjkst prmgtlgns prmgtlgns ko Xmitrlg Xmitrlg kr _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj mrn li tbls snisn rmif smif , kr snco-sngrnt. Li ktbnr wkrhs, wbmtnvnr g mi `n smlh m`kut tbnj ls cldn flvlif skjnkin m jmp tk m blhhni trnmsurn. Xbn jmp lihlgmtns tbn wmy, ùt uicnss tbn jmp ls uihnrstkkh gkrrngtcy tbn trnmsurn rnjmlis mi uimttmlim`cn hrnmj. L bmvn dikwi Lmi @mdnr slign tbn =<25s wbni bn uihnrtkkd jnhltmtlki rntrnmts li tbn blhhnicmih ko \kcjk li Inpmc, uihnr tbn supnrvlslki ko Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn, kin ko tbn frnmtnst Hzkfgbni jmstnrs ko tbn 05tb gnitury. @mdnr bms mcsk rngnlvnh pnrskimc listrugtlki orkj jmiy ktbnr frnmt jmstnrs ko tbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst trmhltlki mih, jkst ljpkrtmitcy, bn sbmrns bls nxtnislvn dikwcnhfn mih nxpnrlnign li jnmilifouc mih lislfbtouc wmys. 2

@bmdbm Xucdu Plipkgbn ls m bkchnr

ko tbn Xl`ntmi clinmfn ko Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm, kin ko tbn Olvn Frnmt

Dlifcy Xnrtÿis, kr splrltumc Xrnmsurn Pnvnmcnrs, ko tbn Xl`ntmi @uhhblst Iylifjm trmhltlki. Bn ls mcsk mcsk rngkfilznh ms tbn ligmrimtlki ko tbn

frnmt Xnrtÿi Hkran Clifpm, mih mi njmimtlki ko tbn 2tb-gnitury sgbkcmr, trmiscmtkr mih jnhltmtlki jmstnr _mlrktsmim, _mlrktsmim, kin ko tbn rst snvni jkids krhmlinh li Xl`nt mih m bnmrt hlsglpcn ko Umhjmsmj`bmvm. Xbn prnsnit @bmdbm Xucdu ls tbn tnitb ligmrimtlki ko tbn @bmdbm Xucdu clin, wblgb bms gcksn tlns tk @butmi“s Vmifgbugd Hyimsty. @bmdbm Xucdu Plipkgbn ls sbkwi bnrn pnrokrjlif m

rn gnrnjkiy mt Xmjsblif Jkimstnry li @butmi“s @ujtbmif _mccny. _mccny. <

Litrkhugtlki Xbn blhhni imturn ko tbn `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih gkistltutns gkistltutns mi mssnj`cy ko sngrnts. Fubymsmjčam Xmitrm, ?tb gnitury

Xbn mrt ko ornnhkj

Kppksltn M gkitnjpkrmry @butminsn prmgtltlkinr ‗ prmgtltlkinr ‗ bls

lhnitlty gkignmcnh `nblih m jmsd rnprnsnitlif tbn cnfnihmry Xl`ntmi mhnpt Jlcmrnpm ‗ hnjkistrmtns strniukus ykflg nxnrglsns gmccnh Xrucdbkr, kr ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“, wblgb ligcuhn okrgnouc ‒hrkps“ (`n`) tbmt gkignitrmtn vltmc nssnign mih mwmrninss li tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc ( suṧuji) suṧuji) tk mwmdni ‒nrgn bnmt“ (Xujjk) ms m `msls okr njpkwnrlif mih lccujlimtlif mcc spbnrns ko bujmi nxpnrlnign.

Hnspltn nsgmcmtlif mhvmigns li sglnign mih tngbikckfy, ouihmjnitmc ouihmjnitmc lislfbt litk bujmi nxlstnign rnjmlis hnnpcy gkistrmlinh `y jntbkhs ko liqulry tbmt nxgcuhn gkisglkusinss mih tbn `khy ms vlm`cn listrujnits ko rnsnmrgb. Xl`ntmi ykfm ‗ kr jkrn prnglsncy imcakr , ‒uilty wltb tbn imturmc stmtn ko nxlstnign“ ‗ kvnrrlhns tbls `lms mih nifmfns tbn litncclfnign litrlislg tk bujmi nj`khljnit ms m jnmis tk nxpckrn hljnislkis ko nxpnrlnign limggnssl`cn tk prnvmlclif jkhns ko inurkpsygbkckflgmc mih mitbrkpkckflgmc rnsnmrgb. Xbls `kkd litrkhugns ouihmjnitmc prliglpcns prliglpcns mih prmgtlgns ko Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s _marmyčim, _marmyčim, kr Xmitrlg okrj ko @uhhblsj tbmt bmvn kotni `nni k`sgurnh wltbli tbn trmhltlki

ltsnco hun tk blstkrlgmc mih skglkpkcltlgmc gkistrmlits ms wncc ms _marmyčim“s trmisokrjmtlki li Bljmcmymi gucturn orkj m ykflg tngbikckfy litk m rnclflki prlvlcnflif gnrnjkilmc gnrnjkilmc jmflg mih sgrlpturmc stuhy. stuhy. Xbn ykflg prmgtlgns mt t bn gkrn ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj mrn ourtbnr nihmifnrnh `y gkivnitlkis ko sngrngy tbmt bmvn trmhltlkimccy jmhn tbnj limggnssl`cn tk miykin ikt li m jnitkrlmc rncmtlkisblp wltb mi mggkjpcl sbnh jmstnr wbk ikt kicy bkchs tbn okrjmccy gkionrrnh rlfbt tk trmisjlt tbnj, ùt mcsk nj`khlns tbn nvkcvnh psygbkpbyslgmc gmpmgltlns tbmt tbn prmgt lgns mrn hnslfinh tk rnvnmc. Xbls `kkd hnpmrts orkj trmhltlki li nxprnsslif m frkwlif gkisnisus tbmt tbn lhnmcs ko Bljmcmymi @uhhblsj“s ykflg trmhltlkis bkch rncnvmign nvni okr tbksn bmvn ikt `nni okrjmccy liltlmtnh litk tbnlr prmgtlgn mih tbmt tbn vmcuns tbny mssnrt gmi nicmrfn mih niclvni gkccngtlvn pnrgnptlkis ko tbn pkssl`lcltlns mih kppkrtuiltlns ko bujmi clon. Xl`ntmi ykfm“s gkrn mlj ls tk trmisokrj tbn bujmi gkihltlki, ornnlif lt orkj

hlsnjpkwnrlif struffcn mih hlsgkitnit mih mwmdnilif snco-trmisgnihnit njpmtby mih gkjpmsslkimtn mgtlki. Libnrnit tk tbls wkrchvlnw ls mi nxpnrlnign ko gkisglkusinss tbmt trmisgnihs lihlvlhumc prnkggupmtlki mih nxprnssns tbn litnfrmc, litnrgkiingtnh litncclfnign ko clon ltsnco. =5

==

Kpni sngrnts

nivlrkijnitmccy ljpnrlcnh `y uisustmlim`cn jkhncs ko fck`mc hnvnckpjnit, tbn prliglpcns litrlislg tk Xl`ntmi ykfm koonr m vlslki ko bujmi pkssl`lclty mih pksltlvn gbmifn tbmt supnrsnhns tbn prmgtlgn“s gucturmc krlflis. Mt tbnlr bnmrt tbny rnvnmc m jkhnc okr bujmi kurlsb -

Xl`nt“s Xmitrlg okrj ko @uhhblsj mrksn ms m grnmtlvn gkivnrfnign ko lihlfnikus

Xl`ntmi, Lihk-Lrmilmi mih Gblinsn prmgtlgns. Xbls `kkd nxpckrns Xl`ntmi ykfm“s njnrfnign orkj mitngnhnit trmhltlkis mih trmgns lts trmangtkrlns li hlvnrsn

@nckw Gbmtrmc @nckw Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn (=<=7‗05=>), snmtnh ki

m tlfnr sdli, ls wlhncy bnch tk bmvn `nni kin ko frnmtnst 05tb-gnitury jmstnrs ko Hzkfgbni, kr Mtl \kfm, tbn gucjlimtlki ko tbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst pmtb. @kttkj Huhakj @kttkj Huhakj Alfhrmc \nsbn Hkran (=<58‗26),

tbn rst mppklitnh suprnjn bnmh ko tbn Iylifjm, kr miglnit krhnr ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj.

pblckskpblgmc, gucturmc mih sglnitlg spbnrns. Li mi mfn li wblgb cmifumfns mih gkisnqunit okrjs ko dikwcnhfn mrn vmilsblif mt mi uiprngnhnitnh rmtn, Xl`ntmi ykfm koonrs m vlslki ko bujmi pkssl`lclty `msnh ki mutkikjkus prkgnssns wltbli tbn bujmi `khy mih tbnlr gkrrncmtlki wltb moongtlvn stmtns ko gkisglkusinss tbmt Vnstnri jkhncs ko gkfiltlki mrn kicy `nfliilif tk hlsgnri. Xl`ntmi ykfm hnvnckps tbnsn pktnitlmc bujmi gmpmgltlns wltbli pbmsns ko nxlstnign litljmtncy sbmrnh `y mcc bujmi `nlifs1 imjncy rngurrlif gygcns ko wmdlif, scnnplif, hrnmjlif, hylif mih snxumc uilki. Hloonrnit gucturns mpprkmgb tbnsn mspngts ko clon li wlhncy vmrylif wmys tbmt rnngt tbn fnk-gucturmc okrgns tbmt sbmpnh tbnj. Xl`ntmi ykfm ls ik nxgnptlki li bmvlif njnrfnh wltbli spnglg blstkr lgmc mih gucturmc gkihltlkis, ynt lts sustmlinh fnilus ls lts rnclmign ‗ `ninmtb Bljmcmymi @uhhblsj“s jkrn wlhncy dikwi kutnr nxprnsslkis ko rltumc mih lgkikfrmpby ‗ ki tbn uigkitrlvnh, imturmc nihkwjnits ko tbn pbyslgmc `khy mih tbn gkisglkuscy nxtnihnh jlih. Xl`ntmi ykfm nxprnssns tbls lhnmc ko uigkihltlkinh gkisglkusinss ms ‒imdnh mwmrninss“. Xbls stmtn ko pnrpntumc `ngkjlif ls kotni rnprnsnitnh syj`kclgmccy li Xl`ntmi mrt ms nrktlgmccy nitmifcnh Xmitrlg @uhhblst hnltlns. Mctbkufb snxumc prmgtlgns bmvn mcwmys `nni m gkjpkinit ko iki-jkimstlg okrjs ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj, gkiaklinh hlvliltlns jkrn nssnitlmccy nxprnss tbn iki-humc, gk-njnrfnit `clss liimtn tk bujmi imturn, kr wbmt _marmyčim _marmyčim tnrjs @uhhbm Imturn, m snco-trmisgnihnit stmtn ko wlshkj, kpniinss mih litrlislg gkjpmsslki.

Xl`ntmi ykfm pkslts tbmt wn mrn vmstnr tbmi wn gkisglkuscy mgdikwc nhfn mih tbmt, `y nxpmihlif mwmrninss `nykih lts gustkjmry rmifn, wn gmi

trmisokrj ikt kicy kursncvns ùt mcsk tbn wkrch mrkuih us. Xbls ls tbn vlslki nxprnssnh li Xl`ntmi \kfm mih, hnspltn tbn gucturmc mttrlùtlki tk Xl`nt li tbn

`kkd“s tltcn, tbn ‒imturmc stmtn“ tk wblgb Xl`ntmi ykfm rnonrs ls mi litrlislg nihkwjnit ko mcc bujmilty. Xbls `kkd jmdns ik gcmlj tk `n miytblif jkrn tbmi m hkkr kpnilif litk mi nxpmisn ko uirnmclznh bujmi pktnitlmc. Lt ls ik su`stltutn okr systnjmtlg trmlilif wltb tbn gcksn fulhmign ko mi mggkjpclsbnh jmstnr ko tbn trmhltlki, stlcc cnss okr tbn lccujlimtlif lislfbt nxprnssnh li tbn clvns mih tnmgblifs ko tbn Wmdymjuil @uhhbm mih tbn Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbms ko miglnit Lihlm, Xl`nt mih inlfb`kurlif rnflkis. Xbls `kkd koonrs listnmh m vlsumc mih mitbrkpkckflgmc kvnrvlnw ko tbn gnitrmc prmgtlgns mih lislfbts ko tbn liinr Xmitrlg @uhhblst trmhltlki, gkrrncmtlif tbnsn, wbnrn rncnvmit, wltb gkitnjpkrmry sglnitlg rnsnmrgb mih rnvnmclif bkw tbnsn prliglpcns bmvn `nni nigkhnh li Bljmcmymi @uhhblst mrt. Ms kur wkrch `ngkjns jkrn hnisncy pkpucmtnh mih =0

Litrkhugtlki

lif tbmt `ktb nj`khlns mih trmisgnihs tbn vnry imturn

ko gucturn, bujmilty“s nvnr-nvkcvlif nxprnsslki ko lts blfbnst msplrmtlkis, gmpmgltlns mih fkmcs. Lt ls wltb tbn bkpn ko nxpmihlif gurrnit trmisimtlkimc jkhncs ko wbmt gkistltutns wnccinss, rnslclnign mih uctljmtn jnmilif tbmt tbn blstkrlgmccy sngrnt wkrch ko Xl`ntmi ykfm ls litrkhugnh li tbls `kkd. Xbn kpnilif gbmptnr, ‒Kutnr, liinr, sngrnt“,

sltumtns Xl`ntmi ykfm wltbli lts blstkrlgmc, gucturmc mih fnkfrmpblgmc gkitnxt mih mhhrnssns tbn hnvnckpjnit ko Xmitrlg jlih‗`khy prmgtlgns kutslhn tbn pmrmjntnrs ko

M`kvn Jmbčslhhbm Umhjmsmj`bmvm nstm`clsbnh Xmitrlg @uhhblsj li Xl`nt li tbn

2tb gnitury. Li tbls sgrkcc pmlitlif, bn ls hnplgtnh li m jnhltmtlvncy trmisokrjnh stmtn li uilki wltb

m `cun, sducc-gup `nmrlif gkiskrt. Wurrkuihnh `y m rnwmcc ko prlstlin mwmrninss mih wlnchlif m tbrnnnhfnh hmffnr mih mi mzurn sgkrplki,

Umhjmsmj`bmvm nxnjpclns Xmitrlg @uhhblsj“s mitlikjlmi

lgkikfrmpby, nmgb hntmlc ko wblgb gkignmcs sngrnt jnmilifs tbmt mlh mhnpts ki tbn pmtb ko mwmdnilif. Furu Hrmdpk, M Vrmtbouc Vrmtbouc Okrj ko Umhjmsmj`bmvm Umhjmsmj`bmvm, Xl`nt, 05tb gnitury. Ulfjnits ki gcktb. Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd, Flot ko Wbnccny mih Hkimch Pu`li, G055?.??.7 (BMP <).

@uhhblst jkimstlglsj. Wugb prmgtlgns nigkjpmss mcc mspngts ko bujmi nxlstnign wltbli stmtns ko wmdlif, hrnmjlif, scnnplif mih hylif. Mi nxpmihnh nxpnrlnign ko tbn bujmi `khy mih lts uihnrcylif ninrfntlg mih gkfiltlvn pktnitlmc ls tbus ouihmjnitmc tk tbn rnmclzmtlki ko Xl`ntmi ykfm“s hlvnrsn jntbkhs mih nssnitlmc mlj. Xl`ntmi ykfm hnvnckps tbls gmpmglty, li pmrt, tbrkufb ykflg jkvnjnits dikwi ms Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr, Xrucdbkr, ‒jmflgmc wbnnc ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“, wblgb mjpcloy liimtn pbyslkckflgmc, rnsplrmtkry mih psygbkckflgmc prkgnssns. Xbnsn prmgtlgns prkvlhn tbn `msls okr litnrimc prkprlkgnptlvn okrjs ko mwmrninss tbmt gucjlimtn li Jmbčjuhrm kr Hzkfgbni, ktbnrwlsn dikwi ms Mtl \kfm, tbn spkitminkus mih imturmccy rmhlmit iki-humc kpniinss ko `nlif wltbli wblgb bujmi imturn ls oucccnh. Xbn `kkd“s okcckwlif gbmptnrs mrn strugturnh li m trmhltlkimc snqunign tbmt prkfrnsslvncy litrkhugns tbn gkrn prliglpcns mih prmgtlgns ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst ykfm. Xbn gbmptnr ‒Ncnjnitmc wlshkj“ okgusns ki tbn vmrlnty ko gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgns wltbli Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj tbmt nstm`clsb tbn `msls okr jkrn mhvmignh okrjs ko ykfm mih jnhltmtlki. Xl`ntmi ykfm mrlsns orkj hlrngt

lislfbt litk tbn ouihmjnitmc ‒njptlinss“, kr gkitlifnitcy mrlslif, prkgnsslkimc imturn ko pbnikjnimc nxlstnign, ligcuhlif bujmi nj`khljnit. Xbls gbmptnr ckkds pmrtlgucmrcy mt tbn Xl`ntmi uihnrstmihlif ko vn ncnjnitmc prkgnssns tbmt litnfrmtn litnrimc mih nxtnrimc pbnikjnim mih wblgb snrvn ms nigkjpmsslif jntmpbkrs mih noongtlvn jnmis okr nxpnrlniglif `khy, jlih mih `rnmtb ms mi

litnrgkiingtnh hljnislki ko `clss, gcmrlty mih rmhlmit mwmrninss. ‒Ljjmgucmtn pnrgnptlki“ mhhrnssns tbn okuihmtlkimc Grnmtlki Ubmsn (Dynrlj) prmgtlgns ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj tbmt okgus ki ljmflilif kinsnco ms Kpni sngrnts

=7

m Xmitrlg hnlty, hnlty, ms m suppkrt okr ornnlif tbn jlih orkj bm`ltumc, gkihltlkinh pnrgnptlkis. Ms rnonrnignh li Umtmamcl“s Umtmamcl“s \kfm Wutrs, tbn hlvliltlns tbmt mrn livkdnh bmvn ik kitkckflgmc nxlstnign, ùt tbny mlh tbn hlsgkvnry ko tbn cl`nrmtlif, grnmtlvn pkwnrs liimtn wltbli nvnry lihlvlhumc. Xbn sngtlki ‒Nicl fbtninh mimtkjy“ litrkhugns Xmitrlg @uhhblsj“s su`snqunit Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn (Hzkfrlj), wblgb ls `msnh ki m vlslkimry pbyslkckfy ko suàngtlvncy nxpnrlnignh kws ko ninrfy wltbli tbn bujmi `khy. Hnvnckplif tbls litnrjnhlmtn ykflg mimtkjy tbrkufb m rmifn ko rnsplrmtlki-suppkrtnh

prmgtlgns gmccnh Xsmcuif Xblfcn, kr ‒gbmiincs, wlihs mih nssnigns“, hlrngts mwmrninss liwmrhs tkwmrhs m uilnh m ih nxpmihnh nxpnrlnign ko `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih. Xbnsn vlsumclzmtlki mih `rnmtblif tngbilquns tngbilquns mrn ourtbnr nibmignh `y hyimjlg pbyslgmc nxnrglsns gmccn h Xrucdbkr, wblgb mrn hnsgrl`nh mih lccustrmtnh li tbn su`snqunit gbmptnr, ‒Ockwlif wbkcninss“.

@nckw rlfbt rlfbt Jmfintlg Jmfintlg Pnskimign Ljmflif ko tbn bujmi `rmli

rnvnmcs bkw tbn hnptbs ko bujmi gkisglkusinss rnjmli mi nihurlif

nilfjm dikwi kicy `y lts sngkihmry onmturns. Mimckfkuscy, <> pnr gnit kr jkrn ko tbn uilvnrsn ls gkjpksnh ko

hmrd ninrfy mih jmttnr uik`snrvm`cn `y sglnign. \kfm \kfm bms mcwmys `nni mi nvkcvlif trmhltlki, hrmwlif hnnpcy orkj hlvnrsn nchs ko dikwcnhfn tk nxpmih pnrgnptlki mih trmisokrj

tbn bujmi gkihltlki. Vnccgkjn Cl`rmry, Ckihki.

li wblgb ‒`cmzlif mih sprnmhlif“ prkvlhns m `msls okr jutumccy njpkwnrlif, iki-pkssnsslvn okrjs ko bujmi rncmtlkisblp. Gcnmr Clfbt ( ÿsnc ), ), tbn tblrh ko tbn Wlx \kfms, hnsgrl`ns m jkhn ko ikntlg mwmrninss tbmt trmisgnihs `ktb wmdlif mih scnnplif mih, tbkufb lt gmi `n hlrngtcy guctlvmtnh tbrkufb kpni prnsnign jnhltmtlki, lt ls omglcltmtnh `y tbn prngnhlif ykflg prmgtlgns prmgtlgns ko ‒nrgn bnmt“ bnmt“ mih ‒`cmzlif ‒`cmzlif mih sprnmhlif“ ms wncc ms `y hyimjlg pbyslkckflgmc litnrvnitlkis. Xbls suàngtlvn nxpnrlnign ko mcc-pnrvmhlif cujlikslty ls nxpckrnh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Ikntlg clfbt“. Xbn okurtb ko tbn Wlx \kfms ls hnsgrl`nh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Hrnmjtljn“. Hrnmj ykfm (jlcmj (jlcmj) ls uihnrtmdni hurlif rmplh nyn jkvnjnit (PNJ) scnnp tbrkufb gkisglkus gkitrkc ko tbn ikrjmccy su`gkisglkus prkgnss ko hrnmjlif. Cuglh hrnmjlif mcckws m prmgtltlkinr tk rnvlsn su`gkisglkus clj`lg prkfrmjjlif mih, wbni pnrokrjnh gkislstnitcy, cnmhs tk bnlfbtninh litultlki mih psygbk ckflgmc nxl`lclty hurlif wmdlif stmtns ko gkisglkusinss.

Xbn otb ykfm, Ukwm, rnonrs tk tbn trmisonrnign ko gkisglkusinss orkj tbn

pbyslgmc `khy mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb, wbntbnr tk m pmrmhlslmgmc ‒@uhhbm Olnch“ kr, li m trmhltlki ikw rnputnhcy ckst li Xl`nt, litk miktbnr `khy. Xbn gbmptnr ‒Nxlt Wtrmtnflns“

nxpckrns tbn krlflis mih hnvnckpjnit ko Xl`ntmi gkignpts ko hnmtb mih rn`lrtb

mih kutclins tbn prmgtlgn ko Ukwm tbrkufb wblgb m prmgtltlkinr, mt tbn pklit ko hnmtb,

`ypmssns m pkstjkrtnj rnmcj dikwi ms tbn M Hzkfgbni jnhltmtlki jmiumc hnplgtlif vlslkimry pbnikjnim tbmt

rnsuct orkj bkchlif prnsgrl`nh ykfm pksturns gkj`linh wltb xnh fmzns mih su`tcn `rnmtblif. Xbn mppmrltlkimc okrjs rnngt suàngtlvn ykflg nxpnrlnign ms wncc ms tbn uctljmtncy lccuskry imturn ko bujmi pnrgnptlkis. Pkymc Hmilsb Cl`rmry, Gkpnibmfni.

Li _marmyčim mih Bljmcmymi @uhhblsj, snqunignh pbyslgmc pksturns mih nxpmislki ko tbn rnsplrmtkry systnj mrn tbn `nfliilif rmtbnr tbn nih ko ykflg

prmgtlgn. Xbny prkvlhn mi nssnitlmc nssnitlmc okuihmtlki okr m snt ko slx litnrimc ykflg prkgnssns tbmt `nfli wltb tbn guctlvmtlki ko ‒nrgn bnmt“ (Xujjk) wltbli m jnhltmtlvncy nxpnrlnignh ‒lccuskry `khy“ ( fyócu). Mimckfkus li gkignpt tk DuṆḊmcliĤ ykfm li Blihu Xmitrlsj, tbn liinr rn ko Xujjk niclvnis tbn inurknihkgrlin systnj mih jntmpbkrlgmccy liglinrmtns libl`ltlif jnitmc gkignpts ki tbn pmtb ko mwmdnilif. Xbls prkgnss ls hnsgrl`nh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Ligmihnsgnign“.

Li tbn Xmitrlg rnokrjucmtlki ko @uhhblst hkgtrlin, tbn @uhhbm“s krlflimc tnmgblifs ki uilvnrsmc suoonrlif mrlslif orkj uijltlfmtnh hnslrn m rn rnhlrngtnh tkwmrhs tbn nj`khljnit ko snco-trmisgnihnit `clss. Xbn cl`nrmtlif rn ko Xujjk lihugns mi nxpnrlnign ko ‒okur akys“ tbmt mrn nibmignh tbrkufb humc guctlvmtlki wltb mi mpprkprlmtn snxumc pmrtinr. ‒Iujlikus pmsslki“ nxpckrns tbn fninsls mih pmrmjntnrs ko snxumc ykfm li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj mih tbn wmys =8

Litrkhugtlki

@mrhk mih mttmlis ‒@uhhbmbkkh wltbkut jnhltmtlki“.

Xbn slxtb mih cmst ko tbn Wlx \kfms gkignris inmr-hnmtb mih motnr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns tbmt wnrn

nxpclgmtnh li m vlslkimry =>tbgnitury tnxt trmiscmtnh litk Nifclsb li =<06 ms Xbn Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn Hnmh . Wlx @mrhks, kr ‒litnrjnhlmry stmtns“, mrn lhnitl-

nh mih li jmiy rnspngts pmrmccnc tbn snqunitlmc pbmsns ko tbn Wlx \kfms. Ki mi liinr cnvnc, tbn slx litnrjnhlmry stmtns rnonr tk psy-

gbkckflgmc trmisltlkis tbmt kggur Kpni sngrnts

=>

Jkhnri tbnrjmc ljmflif tngbilquns rnvnmc gbmifns li `khy

tnjpnrmturn rnsuctlif orkj spnglg okrjs ko Xl`ntmi ykfm, ms sbkwi

li tbls ljmfn ko Mdmrpm Plipkgbn pnrokrjlif Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns nxnrglsns mt Ckihki“s Vnccgkjn Xrust. Lislfbts prkvlhnh prkvlhnh `y jkhnri jkhnri sglnign sglnign rnfmrhlif rnfmrhlif

tbn inurk`lkckflgmc gkrrncmtns ko ykfm mih jnhltmtlki mrn cnmhlif tk ligrnmsnh uihnrstmihlif ko cmtnit gmpmgltlns ko tbn bujmi jlih mih

`khy. Vnccgkjn Vnccgkjn Cl`rmry, Ckihki.

M hntmlc ko m wmcc pmlitlif li tbn prlvmtn jnhltmtlki gbmj`nr ko

Xl`nt“s Wlxtb Hmcml Cmjm lccustrmtns Xl`ntmi ykfm“s uctljmtn fkmc ko mwmdnilif rmhlmit, bnmrt-gnitrnh mih kjilsglnit mwmrninss, syj`kclznh bnrn `y tbn prljkrhlmc @uhhbm Wmjmitm`bmhrm li m iljùs ko

rmli`kw clfbt.

=?

gkistmitcy tbrkufbkut kur clvns. Xbn ykflg tngbikckflns `msnh ki tbnsn trmi sltlkimc stmtns mrn hlrngtnh tkwmrhs tbn hlsgkvnry ko m uiltmry mwmrninss `ktb trmisgnihnit ko, mih ljjminit wltbli, tbn njktlkimc vlglssltuhns ko nvnryhmy clon. Gkignpts ko @mrhk \kfm mrn nxpckrnh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Cljlimclty“. Xl`ntmi ykflg prmgtlgns wnrn skjntljns nibmignh wltb tbn usn ko

pbmrjmgkckflgmccy mgtlvn su`stmigns tbmt pklit tk tbn `lkgbnjlgmc `msls ko `ktb `ktb gkisglkus mih su`gkisglkus nxpnrlnign. Umtmamcl“s \kfm Wutrs, Wutrs, jkhnccnh ki tbn nlfbt-okch pmtb tk niclfbtnijnit kutclinh `y @uhhbm Wmdymjuil, rnonrs spnglgmccy tk psygbkmgtlvn pcmits ms pktnitlmc suppkrts okr liinr, nistmtlg nxpnrlnign. Xbn sngtlki ‒Uktnit skcutlkis“ prkvlhns mi kvnrvlnw ko tbn gkitrk vnrslmc usn ko pcmit mih jlinrmc su`stmigns tbmt nmrcy Lihlmi mih Xl`ntmi tnxts hnsgrl`n ms pktnitlmc mlhs tk niclfbtnijnit. Xbn `kkd“s imc gbmptnr, ‒Urljmc rmhlmign“, kutclins tbn pmtb ko Hzkfgbni, kr Frnmt Unrongtlki, tbn gucjlimtlki ko tbn prngnhlif Wlx \kfms mih tbn uijltlfmtnh nxpnrlnign ko wbmt ls hnsgrl`nh ms tbn imturmccy lccujlimtnh st mtn ko jlih mih `khy, mcsk dikwi ms Jmbčjuhrm, kr ‒Frnmt Gkmcnsgnign“. Hzkfgbni ligcuhns rlfkrkus jnitmc mih pbyslgmc prmgtlgns tbmt gucjlimtn li ‒iki-humc“ Litrkhugtlki

vlslkimry nxpnrlnigns ‗ li nivlrkijnits ko tktmc hmrdinss ms wncc ms wltb tbn suppkrt ko suirmys mih kpni sdy ‗ cnmhlif tk tbn mttmlijnit, wbntbnr furm tlvncy kr cltnrmccy, ko m ‒rmli`kw `khy“ ( amcu). Xbn Motnrwkrh gkigcuhns wltb mi kvnrvlnw ko tbn lihugtlki ko Xl`ntmi ykfm li tbn Vnst, lts hlmckfun wltb sglnign, mih tbn kifklif hlmcngtlgs ko trmhltlki mih liikvmtlki tbmt bmvn mhvmignh tbn prmgtlgn ko ykfm orkj lts nmrclnst njnrfnign ms m jnmis tkwmrhs rnmclzlif bujmidlih“s blfbnst pbyslgmc mih jntmpbyslgmc msplrmtlkis. Ms m imc iktn, Xl`ntmi \kfm kjlts hlstrmgtlif `l`clkfrmpblg okktiktns, mctbkufb tbn Iktns mih Pnskurgns sngtlki mt tbn nih ko tbn `kkd clsts nxtnislvn tnxtumc rnskurgns okr pursulif mhhltlkimc stuhy ms wncc ms prmgtlgn. Xbksn wbk mrn litnrnstnh li m jkrn mgmhnjlg prnsnitmtlki ko ykfm mih pbyslgmc guctlvmtlki wltbli _marčymim @uhhblsj jmy mcsk rnonr tk jy pu`clsbnh mrtlgcns ki tbn suàngt, ms clstnh ki tbn wn`sltn www.lmi`mdnr.gkj. Cmstcy, Xl`ntmi wkrhs mrn rnihnrnh pbkintlgmccy li tbls `kkd sk ms tk jmdn tbnj mggnssl`cn tk m fninrmc muhlnign.

Kpni sngrnts

=6

Kutnr, liinr, sngrnt \kfm li Lihk-Xl`ntmi trmhltlki

Kutnr, liinr, sngrnt mih uctljmtncy blhhni (jkhns ko nxpnrlnign mih uihnrstmihlif) … jmrd tbn wmy tk pnrongt @uhhbmbkkh tbrkufb tbn pmtb ko _marmyčim. AmjfÿiDkiftrócCkhrÿXbmyì,‒NsktnrlgListrugtlkis“,=
Krlflis ko tmitrlg ykfm Xbn wkrh ykfm rst mppnmrs li tbn Plf _nhm (=>55‗=055 @G), tbn nmrclnst ko Lihlm“s miglnit smgrnh tnxts, wbnrn lt hnsgrl`ns m prkgnss ko ‒ykdlif tbn jlih tk lts liimtn cujlikslty“ li gkiauigtlki wltb tbn rlslif ko tbn sui. Li tbn nmrclnst Blihu ^pmilṧmh, tbn @rlbmhmrmiymdm, ykfm rnonrs tk m stmtn ko uilgmtlki li wblgb ‒kin snns kin“s liinrjkst `nlif ( mtjmi) … mih tbus mttmlis tbn pkwnr ko tbn fkhs“. Urmgtlgns livkcvlif tbn systnjmtlg guctlvmtlki ko tbn `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih tkwmrhs m trmisgnihnit stmtn ko ornnhkj gki-

Jmbčslhhbm Hčrldmpm wms mi Lihlmi dlif wbk mttmlinh niclfbtnijnit ms m scmvn tk m gkurtnsmi, slfiloylif Xmitrlg @uhhblsj“s ornnhkj orkj jkrn

gkistrmlilif jkhncs ko njmiglpmtlki. Hmrldmpm“s bmcknh gkiskrt slts li cktus pksturn wltb bnr bmihs bmihs prnssnh prnssnh mfmlist mfmlist tbn ‒wlih fmtns“ ki bnr uppnr tblfbs,

litnisloylif litnisloylif tbn kw ko psygbkpbyslgmc ninrfy tbrkufb bnr su`tcn mi mtkjy. Hmrldmpm hnjkistrmtns tbn rnsuct ko tbls litnrimc ykfm, rlslif li hmign mih twlrclif m hku`cn-bnmhnh sducc hruj slfiloylif mwmdninh gkisglkusinss. Xbn nrgncy mrkusnh, juctl-mrjnh mih juctl-bnmhnh Xmitrlg hnlty li tbn uppnr rlfbt-bmih gkrinr lihlgmtns tbn pkwnr

mih litnislty ko _marčymim @uhhblsj“s mpprkmgb tk nxlstnitlmc ornnhkj. Ryckfrmpb pmlitnh ki gcktb, Xl`nt, =6tb gnitury, Jusìn Fuljnt, Umrls.

tliunh tk hnvnckp wltbli msgntlg őrmjmṆm gkjjuiltlns li ikrtbnri Lihlm, uctljmtncy cnmhlif tk tbn njnrfnign ko Amlilsj mih @uhhblsj li tbn >tb mih ?tb gniturlns @G. \kfm wms ourtbnr hnsgrl`nh li _nhlg _nhlg wkrds orkj tbn sngkih bmco ko tbn rst jlccniiluj @G, gucjlimtlif li tbn 7rh-gnitury @G JmltrĤ ^pmilṧmh, wblgb rnonrs tk m systnj ko sl x-okch ykfm gkjprlsnh ko rnsplrmtkry nxpmislki ( prṆyjm prṆyjm), litrkspngtlvn wltbhrmwmc ko tbn snisns ( prmtybrm prmtybrm), jnhltmtlvn gkitnjpcmtlki (hbyim ( hbyim), ), jnitmc gkignitrmtlki ( hbrmi), hbrmi), okgusnh liqulry (tmrdm) mih uiltlvn m`skr`tlki ( smjhbl smjhbl) gucjlimtlif li ‒cljltcnss fkkhinss“ li wblgb tbn prmgtltlkinr ls c ldninh tk m `clssouc ‒ùrilif jkuitmli“. Xbls frmhumc systnjlzmtlki ko ykfm ms m pmtb ko njmiglpmtlki orkj tbn nitmifcnjnits ko bujmi nxlstnign cnh li tbn 8tb gnitury MH tk tbn gkjpksltlki ko tbn \kfm WŤtrms ko Umtmamcl, wblgb sljlcmrcy hrnw ki tbn nlfbt-okch pmtb tk IlrvmṆm, kr splrltumc ornnhkj, kutclinh gniturlns nmrclnr `y @uhhbm Wmdymjuil. Grkssonrtlclzmtlki `ntwnni trmhltlkis gkitliunh wltb tbn okrjucmtlki ko tbn \kfčgčrm sgbkkc ko Lihlmi Jmbčyčim, kr ‒frnmtnr vnblgcn“ @uhhblsj li tbn 8tb gnitury wblgb prnsnitnh ykfm ms m pmtb ko lislfbt mih nifmfnh gkjpmsslki cnmhlif uctljmtncy tk uilvnrsmc niclfbtnijnit. =<

@nckw Xbn ==tb-gnitury onjmcn

jmbčslhhbm Ilfujm hnvnckpnh m hkgtrlin ko Wlx \kfms okr rnmclzlif tbn mwmdninh jlih wltbli mcc pbmsns ko clon mih hnmtb. ‒Kutnr, liinr mih sngrnt“ rnonr li Xmitrlg @uhhblst

ykfm tk ligrnmslifcy su`tcn okrjs ko prmgtlgn `msnh ki tbn ‒tbrnn hkkrs“ ko `khy, spnngb mih jlih

tbrkufb wblgb rnmclty ls nxpnrlnignh, nxprnssnh mih trmisokrjnh.

Vltb lts hlstligtlvn njpbmsls ki tbn prljmgy ko gkisglkusinss, \kfčgčrm \kfčgčrm ‗ tbn ‒Vmy ko \kfm“ \kfm“ ‗ hnnpcy liunignh liunignh tbn njnrfnign ko tbn _marmyčim, _marmyčim, kr Xmitrlg okrj ko @uhhblsj tbmt kurlsbnh li Lihlm `ntwnni tbn ?tb mih =0tb gniturlns MH mih gkitliuns tk tbrlvn tbrkufbkut tbn Bljmcmymi rnflki mih `nykih. _marmyčim _marmyčim mrksn wltbli tbn cmrfnr cmrfnr skglk-gucturmc gkitnxt ko Xmitrm, m pblckskpblgmc jkvnjnit jkvnjnit wltbli Lihlmi gucturn gucturn tbmt vmckrlznh vmckrlznh sniskry nxpnrl nign ms tbn skurgn ko snco-cl`nrmtlif dikwcnhfn. _marmyčim _marmyčim sgrlpturns dikwi ms Xmitrms hrnw li pmrt orkj gkitnjpkrminkus Blihu őmlvltn skurgns tk nstm`clsb m rlgbcy syigrntlg trmhltlki ko splrltumc prmgtlgn, rjcy rkktnh li Jmbčyčim @uhhblsj“s lhnkckfy ko uilvnrsmc gkjpmsslki, ùt uigkistrmlinh `y lts jkimstlg gkivnitlkis. gkivnitlkis. Li nj`rmglif tbn oucc rmifn ko bujmi nxpnrlnign nxpnrlnign _marmyčim _marmyčim nxtnihnh @uhhblsj“s rncnvmigy `nykih lts tbni hngclilif jkims tlg listltutlkis tbmt, kotni `y tbnlr kwi nstljmtlki, bmh `ngkjn ljjurnh li

stnrlcn sgbkcmstlglsj. _marmyčim ùlct ki lts Jmbčyčim @uhhblst okuihmtlkis tk hnvnckp ykflg tngbikckflns okr ornnlif bujmi imturn orkj gbrkilg hlsgkitnit mih mgtlvncy guctlvmtlif lts liimtn gmpmgltlns okr mctrulstlg aky. Xbn _marmyčim jkhnc okr trmisgnihlif nfkgnitrlg prnkggupmtlki mih nj `khylif wlshkj mih gkjpmsslki wms liltlmtlki litk kin kr miktbnr Xmitrlg @uhhblst clinmfn, `msnh ki psygbkckflgmc mih rltumc lhnitlgmtlki wltb m hnslfimtnh Xmitrlg @uhhblst @uhhblst hnlty. hnlty. Xbn 2tb-gnitury Bnvmarm Xmitrm, `msnh li pmrt ki prn-nxlstlif őmlvltn prmgtlgns gkiingtnh gkiingtnh tk mi litnrjnhlmtn litnrjnhlmtn su`tcn mimtkjy ko litnrgkiingtnh ninrfy gbmiincs, omjkuscy prkgcmljnh tbmt wbmt gmi `rlif gkiouslki mih hlstrnss tk krhlimry `nlifs `rlifs frmgn mih lccujlimtlki tk tbn prmgtltlkinr ko Xmitrm. Xmitrm. Vltbli m cl`nrmtlif cl`nrmtlif prkfrmjjn okgusnh ki guctlvmtlif mi ljpnrlsbm`cn ‒vmarm `khy“, tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm ourtbnr mssnrts tbmt tbn ykfl kr ykflil just hmign mih slif ms wncc ms nifmfn li tbn ‒ykfm ko pmsslki“, tbus mhvkgmtlif snisumc mih njktlvn prmgtlgns ki tbn @uhhblst pmtb ko snco-trmisgnihnign. snco-trmisgnihnign. M`kvn mih m`kvn rlfbt Xmitrlg rlfbt Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbms, mrrmynh wltb tlfnr

Kppksltn m`kvn cnot M rkgd-gmrvnh ykflil li mi
li Krlssm, Lihlm, bkchs bnr mrjs li tbn pksltlki ko hrmwlif m `kw, m jkvnjnit tbmt `ngmjn m stmihmrh

onmturn ko Xl`ntmi Xrucdbkr, kr ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnit“, okr kpnilif ninrfy kws wltbli tbn ykflg `khy. Xbls stkin furn gkjprlsns kin ko slxty-okur ykflils rnprnsnitlif, ki

mi nsktnrlg cnvnc, ninrfntlg pbmsns wltbli imturn mih tbn bujmi `khy.

05


sdlis mih rngygcnh `kins, nxnjpcloy tbn sbmrnh krlnitmtlki ko nmrcy _marmyčim @uhhblsj mih Xmitrlg őmlvlsj, ms wncc ms Hlkiyslmi trmhltlkis li tbn Lihk-Lrmilmi orkitlnrs

ko @mgtrlm mih tbn Blihu Dusb. Vblcn nmrcy okrjs ko @uhhblsj okgusnh ki clon“s linvltm`cn hlsgkitnits, Jmbčyčim pcmgnh jkrn njpbmsls ki gkjpmsslki mih mctrulstlg mgtlki. _marmyčim, kr Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, wnit ourtbnr

mih mhvkgmtnh iki-humc `clss ms m jnmis ko trmisgnihlif `ktb suoonrlif mih hnslrn.

_marmyčim“s _marmyčim“s okuihmtlkimc okuihmtlkimc tnxts wnrn kotni litnrprntnh syj`kclgmccy li krhnr tk mhmpt tbnlr snnjlifcy rmhlgmc prmgtlgns tk jkimstlg nivlrkijnits, ùt lt wms mjkif pnrlpmtntlg jmcn mih onj mcn ykflis mih bkusnbkchnrs uigkistrmlinh `y listltutlkimc vkws tbmt Xmitrlg ykfm kurlsbnh li mggkrhmign wltb lts vlnw ko litnfrmtlki, rmtbnr tbmi mìnfmtlki, ko pktnitlmccy nitbrmcclif mgtlvltlns. Xbn frnmtnst nxpkuihnrs ko _marmyčim“s nxpmislvn mpprkmgb tk @uhhblst prmg tlgn wnrn tbn jmbčslhhbms, kr rnmclznh mhnpts tbrkufb wbkj tbn _marmyčim @uhhblst tnmgblifs uctljmtncy rnmgbnh Xl`nt. Xbn jmbčslhhbms“ vlnw ko clon, cmrfncy nxprnssnh tbrkufb ngstmtlg ‒skifs ko rnmclzmtlki“ ( hkbm), rnprnsnit tbn krlflimc njmiglpmtkry mih nxlstnitlmc ntbks ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn, wblgb trmisokrjnh li jkimstnrlns litk syj`kclg rltumclznh pnrokrjmigns mih sgrlpturmc ligmitmtlki. Xbn gkrn tnmgblifs ko tbn jmbčslhhbms wnrn fninrmccy hlsjlsslvn ko sugb k`snrvmigns mih mhvkgmtnh li tbnlr pcmgn m jkrn ligcuslvn, mih, mt tljns, skglmccy trmisfrnsslvn mpprkmgb tk splrltumc cl`nrmtlki. Krlflis ko tmitrlg ykfm

0=

Kppksltn mih m`kvn cnot Xbn cnot Xbn

M`kvn Xbn Lihlmi jmbčslhhbm

jnhltmtlkimc hnlty _marmvčrčbĤ

Ičrkp č, wbk clvnh li tbn ==tb

krlflimtnh li Xmitrlg őmlvlsj ms m gkiskrt ko őlvm, ùt trmisokrjnh li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj litk m `cmzlif

gnitury, ls tbn furn jkst gcksncy msskglmtnh wltb tbn Wlx \kfms tbmt gkjprlsn tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ko

fkhhnss slfiloylif ngstmtlg mwmrninss. Bnr tbrnn nyns lihlgmtn

Xmitrlg @uhhblst ykfm. Li tbls ljmfn orkj tbn Ulymif gmvns li wnstnri Xl`nt bn ls hnplgtnh wltb m jnhltmtlki

tbn mrkusmc ko tbn `kh y“s tbrnn prliglpmc ninrfy gbmiincs, wblcn tbn oty ornsbcy snvnrnh bnmhs tbmt fmrcmih bnr ingd rnprnsnit kutjkhnh tbkufbts mih njktlkis.

Ms mi lgki ko niclfbtninh ninrfy mih tbn ligmihnsgnign ko tbn iki-

gkignptumc jlih, _marmvčrčbĤ snrvns ms mi lisplrmtlkimc suppkrt okr tbn liinrjkst prmgtlgns ko Xl`ntmi ykfm.

`nct mih mi mitnckpn bkri trujpnt ms wncc ms m sducc `kwc tbmt msskglmtns blj wltb tbn Dčpčcldm, kr ‒sducc `nmrlif“, trmhltlki ko Lihlmi Xmitrlsj orkj wblgb jugb Xl`ntmi @uhhblst ykflg lgkikfrmpby mih prmgtlgn hnrlvn. Ktbnr Ktbnr prkjlinit prkjlinit

jmbčslhhbms surrkuih _marmvčrčbĤ li tbn pmlitlif kppksltn.

07

M ykflil jnhltmtns li rnfmc nmsn

mjlhst miljmcs mih `lrhs, sbkwi ki tbn nmstnri wmcc ko tbn Vbltn Xnjpcn mt Xkclif Jkimstnry, Xl`nt. Wlttlif ki m jmt ko cnmvns mih suppkrtnh `y m jnhltmtlki `nct mih wltb kwnrs mhkrilif bnr bmlr, sbn bkchs bnr rlfbt bmih li vmrmhm juhr, m fnsturn slfiloylif suprnjn fninrkslty. \kflg clinmfns li Xl`nt krlflimtlif orkj onjmcn tnmgbnrs ligcuhn tbn Wbmifpm Dmfyu krhnr okuihnh li tbn ==tb gnitury `y Dbyuifpk Imcakr, `msnh ki tnmgblifs tbmt bn rngnlvnh orkj

tbn onjmcn jmbčslhhbms Ilfujm mih Wudbmslhhbl wbk wnrn rnputnhcy gcksn msskglmtns ko tbn jmcn jmbčslhhbms Xlckpč mih Ičrkpč.

M`kvn Xbn miglnit dlifhkj ko Fufì, ckgmtnh mjlhst rkgd wmccnh gmiykis li wnstnri Xl`nt, wms

gnitrmc tk @uhhblsj“s rnvlvmc li Xl`nt li tbn =5tb mih ==tb gniturlns. Mctbkufb clttcn rnjmlis ko Fufì“s okrjnr pmcmgns, Xkclif Jkimstnry ‗ okuihnh `y Plgbni Qmifpk li <
kchnst mih jkst ljprnsslvn jurmcs.

ko tbn nmrclnr JmltrĤ ^pmilṧmh, Xlckpč“s Wlx \kfms okgusnh ki liinr bnmt, rmhlmit `clss, gcnmr clfbt, cuglh hrnmjlif, trmisonrnign ko gkisglkusinss mih imvlfmtlkimc listrugtlkis okr nih ko clon mih pkstjkrtnj nxpnrlnigns. Xlckpč trmisjlttnh tbnsn Wlx \kfms tk bls okrnjkst hlsglpcn, Ičrkpč (=5=?‗==55), mi lccustrlkus @nifmcl sgbkcmr wbk bmh cnot tbn @uhhblst jkimstnry ko Imcmihm li snmrgb ko jkrn ligcuslvn okrjs ko dikwcnhfn. Xbn Wlx \kfms mih tbnlr gucjl imtlki ms Jmbčjuhrm ‗ mi kpniinss mih cujlikslty ko `nlif nxprnssnh wltbli mcc mgtlvlty mih `nykih gkivnitlkimc hlstligtlkis ko Wmj. sčrm mih IlrvčṆm ‗ su`snqunitcy `ngmjn tbn okuihmtlki okr tbn Dmfyu, kr ‒wblspnrnh clinmfn“, tbmt wms `rkufbt tk Xl`nt `y Ičrkpč“s okrnjkst hlsglpcn, m Xl`ntmi cmyjmi imjnh Jmrpm Gbÿdyl Ckhrÿ (=5=0‗<6), wbk gmrrlnh tbn tnmgblifs ko tbn Wlx \kfms orkj tbn auifcns ko nmstnri Lihlm mgrkss tbn Bljmcmyms tk Xl`nt.

Kin ko tbn nmrclnst jmbčslhhbms, Wmrmbm, cnot bls hutlns ms m blfb-gmstn @rmbjli prlnst mih tkkd up rnslhnign wltb tbn hmufbtnr ko mi mrrkwsjltb, pmrmhkxlgmccy prkgcmljlif li kin ko bls skifs skifs ko rnmclzmtlki rnmclzmtlki tbmt tbmt kicy tbni bmh bn `ngkjn m pnrongt jkid. M cmtnr jmbčslhhbm, Xlckpč (<22‗=5?< MH), wms mcsk m rkymc gcnrlg wbk, mggkrhlif tk bls `lkfrmpby, m`mihkinh bls liltlmc prkonsslki tk prkhugn snsmjn klc hurlif tbn hmy, hmy, wblcn mt ilfbt snrvlif ms tbn tbn prkgurnr okr m gkurtnsmi. Xlckpč trmisjlttnh bls gkrn tnmgblifs ki Jmbčjuhrm ‗ tbn liimtncy cl`nrmtnh imturn ko jlih mih `khy ‗ li tbn okrj ko slx ykflg prliglpcns hnrlvnh orkj tbn prnvmlclif @uhhblst Xmitrms ko bls tljn4 listrugtlkis tbmt, `y skjn mggkuits, bn ls

smlh tk bmvn rngnlvnh orkj Wudbmslhhbl, m onjmcn jmbčslhhbm orkj Dmsbjlr. Hloonrlif li lts strugturn orkj tbn slx-okch vmarm ykfm prnsnitnh li tbn gkitnjpkrminkus @uhhblst

Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm, kr ‒Vbnnc ko Xljn“, mih tbn slx ykfms

Xsmpmrmif, tbn Cnot M Cnot M jurmc mt Xsmpmrmif,

jkuitmlitkp gmpltmc ko tbn Fufì dlifhkj uitlc tbn =6tb gnitury, sbkws mrtlstlg liunigns orkj inlfb`kurlif Dmsbjlr. Xbls hntmlc orkj tbn Pnh Xnjpcn hnplgts m sdncntki, msskrtnh fkhhnssns mih m juctl-mrjnh jmilonstmtlki ko tbn ncnpbmit-bnmhnh hnlty FmṆmpmtl hnjkistrmtlif ykflg pksns.

08


Krlflis ko tmitrlg ykfm

0>

Xmitrm li Xl`nt

Kppksltn Xbn hlsjkuitnh ičfm dlif, Incn Xkdmi , plgturnh li

tbls jurmc pmlitlif li tbn prlvmtn jnhltmtlki gbmj`nr ko Xl`nt“s Wlxtb

Hmcml Cmjm, ls sbkwi tmdlif mi kmtb tk Umhjmsmj`bmvm tk prktngt tbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst pmtb ko wlshkj mih gkjpmsslki. Xbn tbrnn prkifs ko

Umhjmsmj`bmvm“ssducc-nj`ncclsbnh dbmṪvṎfm) slfiloy Xmitrlg stmoo ( dbmṪvṎfm) bls pkwnr kvnr lfikrmign, frnnh mih mffrnsslki ‗ tbn prljmry k`stmgcns tk niclfbtnijnit ‗ wblcn, nsktnrlgmccy, tbny rnprnsnit tbn tbrnn prliglpmc ninrfy gbmiincs ko tbn ykflg `khy. @nckw Gbmtrmc @nckw Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn, ‒Niclfbtninh Lihnstrugtl`cn Lihnstrugtl`cn

Ornnhkj Orkj Mgtlvlty“, wms wlhncy rnfmrhnh ms kin ko tbn jkst blfbcy rnmclznh Hzkfgbni ykfls ko tbn 05tb gnitury mih m clvlif nj`khljnit ko Umhjmsmj`bmvm. Urlkr tk bls hnpmrturn orkj Xl`nt, bn listrugtnh

tbn rnfnit ko tbn Hmcml Cmjm li tbn vlnw mih prmgtlgn ko Hzkfgbni.

0?

Jmbčyčim, kr ‒Frnmt _nblgcn“, @uhhblsj nitnrnh Xl`nt orkj Lihlm mih Gblim orkj tbn 6tb gnitury kiwmrhs mih rnjmlinh cmrfncy hlstligt orkj lihlfnikus sbmjmilg mih splrltumc trmhltlkis. Xbn gnitrmc furn grnhltnh wltb bmvlif nstm`clsbnh Xmitrlg, Xmitrlg, kr _marmyčim, @uhhblsj li Xl`nt wms Umhjmsmj`bmvm, m gbmrlsjmtlg jmbčslhhbm wbk mrrlvnh li tbn 2tb gnitury mih gkivnrtnh ckgmc imturn hnltlns litk prktngtkrs ko tbn @uhhblst pmtb ko wlshkj, gkjpmsslki

mih sdlcouc jnmis. Umhjmsmj`bmvm“s nxpksltlki ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj wms gkhlnh wltbli Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s Iylifjm, kr ‒miglnit“ Xmitrlg Xmitrlg @uhhblst trmhltlki, litk m systnj ko ilin vnblgcns okr rnmclzlif tbn uctljmtn imturn ko jlih mih rnmclty. Njpbmsls wms pcmgn h ki tbn tbrnn gucjlimt lif ‒Liinr Xmitrms“ ko Jmbč \kfm, Miu \kfm \kfm mih Mtl \kfm tbmt rnprnsnitnh ligrnmslifcy litnfrmc stmfns ko mwmdnilif tk kin“s pksltnh @uhhbm Imturn. Jmbč \kfm, kr ‒frnmt uilki“, okgusns ki Grnmtlki Ubmsn (Dynrlj) prkgnssns li wblgb tbn grnmtlvn ljmflim tlki ls rltumccy nifmfnh tk trmisokrj kinsnco nxlstnitlmccy litk m Xmitrlg hnlty mt tbn gnitrn ko mi mcc-nigkjpmsslif jmṆḊmcm. Miu \kfm, kr ‒uinxgnccnh uilki“, guctlvmtns snco-trmisgnihnit `clss mih lislfbt wltbli tbn ‒liinr jmṆḊmcm“ ko kin“s kwi `khy tbrkufb sk-gmccnh Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn (Hzkfrlj) prmgtlgns, wblcn Mtl \kfm, \kfm, kr ‒suprnjn uilki“, rnprnsnits tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki (Hzkfgbni) li wblgb @uhhbmbkkh ls mggkjpclsbnh nookrtcnsscy. Umhjmsmj`bmvm hnsgrl`nh tbn guc jlimtlif iki-humc vlnw ko Mtl \kfm tk Xl`nt“s 2tb-gnitury rnlfilif jkimrgb m s ‒tbn jlih mwmdnilif tk lts liinrjkst imturn, trmisgnihlif gkignptumc vlnws mih tmdlif tbn rnsuct Tkr orultlki ko Xmitrlg prmgtlgnZ prmgtlgnZ ms tbn jnmis ko rnmclzmtlki“. Li trmhltlkimc mggkuits, Umhjmsjm`bmvm ls smlh tk bmvn `rkufbt tbn tnmgblifs ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj orkj ^ḊḊlyčim, m cnfnihmry rnmcj li tbn okktblccs ko tbn Blihu Dusb jkuitmli rmifn wbnrn Mslmi, Jlhhcn Nmstnri mih Bnccnilg trmhltlkis trmhltlkis bmh gkivnrfnh okr jkrn tbmi m jlccniilm. Xbn nilfjm ko Umhjmsjm`bmvm“s Umhjmsjm`bmvm“s krlflis ligrnmsnh wltb cmtnr mggkuits ko bls bmvlif `nni `kri, ms bls imjn ‒Cktus @kri“ ljpclns, orkj m Incuj`k iuglonrm kwnr li m smgrnh cmdn. @ut, ms wltb ktbnr ncnjnits ko jmflgmc rnmclsj li tbn clon stkrlns ko tbn Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbms, Umhjmsmj`bmvm“s `lkfrmpby koonrs m cnss cltnrmc mggkuit ko bls krlflis tbmi m tljncnss imrrmtlvn ko splrltumc mwmdnilif. Li tbls rnspngt, Umhjmsmj`bmvm“s Umhjmsmj`bmvm“s jytbk-pkntlg uihnrtmdlifs kutclin m pmtb ko onmrcnssinss, litnfrmtlki mih mhmptm`lclty gucjlimtlif li nlfbt hnslfimtnh jmilonstmtlkis ko niclfbtninh mgtlvlty ‗ rmiflif orkj sgbkcmr, msgntlg, ckvnr mih dlif, tk tlfnr-rlhlif skrgnrnr. Pnvnrnh tbrkufbkut tbn Bljmcmymi rnflki ms tbn ‒sngkih @uhhbm“, Umhjmsmj`bmvm nj`khlns, ki mi nsktnrlg cnvnc, tbn Xmitrlg lhnmc ko spkitminkus rnspkislvninss li tbn snrvlgn ko uigkihltlkimc mctrulsj mih splrltumc ornnhkj. Bls liunign gkitliuns tk nvkcvn li Xl`nt, @butmi mih Inpmc tbrkufb tbn su`snqunit hlsgkvnry ko tnrjm, splrltumc ‒trnmsurn tnmgblifs“ tbmt bmvn `nni rnvnmcnh `y bls okcckwnrs orkj tbn ==tb gnitury kiwmrhs mih mrn smlh Kutnr, liinr, sngrnt

Xmitrm li Xl`nt

06

tk bmvn `nni gkignmcnh hurlif Umhjmsmj`bmvm“s clontljn `y bls niclfbtninh gkiskrt \nsbn Xskfymc Xskfymc (666‗276), ‒Pkymc Cmdn ko Urljkrhlmc Vlshkj“, okr tbn `nint ko outurn fninrmtlkis. Lt wms hurlif tbn sngkih wmvn ko trmisjlsslki ko _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj orkj Lihlm tk Xl`nt li tbn ==tb gnitury tbmt hlstligtlvncy ykflg prmgtlgns mssk glmtnh wltb tbn su`tcn `khy mppnmrnh li tbn Cmih ko Wikws li wrlttni okrj. Jmrpm Gbÿdyl Ckhrÿ“s trmis jlsslki ko tbn Wlx \kfms ko Ičrkpč hnrlvn orkj sk-gmccnh Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns nxpclgmtnh li Xmitrlg @uhhblst tnxts dikwi ms ‒\kfliĤ Xmitrms“. Mimckfkus Mimckfkus rnihltlkis ko tbn Wlx \kfms li Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj krlf limtnh wltb tbn onjmcn jmbčslhhbms Wudbmslhhbl mih Ilfujm li Dmsbjlr. Jmrpm“s prljmry Xl`ntmi hlsglpcn, tbn gncn`rmtnh ykfli Jlcmrnpm (=585‗==07), bmh `nni litrkhugnh tk tbn iki-humc tnmgblifs ko Hzkfgbni, ùt okuih tbn ‒Umtb ko Wdlcouc Jntbkhs“ ko tbn Wlx \kfms tk `n, okr blj, m jkrn nogmglkus jnmis tk niclfbtnijnit. \kflg \kflg prmgtlgns sugb ms Xujjk, cltnrmccy jnmilif ‒nrgn onjlilin“, wblgb mjpcloy psygbkpbyslkckflgmc prkgnssns tbrkufb tbn guctlvmtlki mih trmisokrjmtlki ko jntm`kclg bnmt `ngmjn tbn `msls ko m sk-gmccnh ‒wblspnrnh clinmfn“ tbmt wms mcsk hnsgrl`nh ms tbn ‒wmrj `rnmtb ko tbn ḊčdliĤs“, li rnonrnign tk tbn prmgtlgns“ litnrlkr lgkik frmpblgmc msskglmtlki wltb onjmcn Xmitrlg hnltlns mih msskglmtnh clins ko hkgtrlimc trmisjlsslki. \kflg prmgtlgns gkitliunh tk hnvnckp li Xl`nt tbrkufb Xmitrlg clinmfns gkiingtnh wltb ktbnr cnfnihmry Lihlmi jmbčslhhbms sugb ms _lrŤpč, wbksn rnvncmtlki ko tbn liinrjkst nssnign ko tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm li tbn okrj

ko Cmjhrì, kr ‒Umtb ko Orultlki“, okrjs tbn `msls ko tbn ==tb-gnitury Wmdym sgbkkc ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj mih lts ncm`krmtnh Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns ko Xrucdbkr, kr ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“, okr kpnilif tbn `khy“s liinr jmṆḊmcm ko su`tcn ninrfy gurrnits mih rnvnmclif tbn Xl`nt“s gncn`rmtnh ykfl Jlcmrnpm

wms m jmakr furn li tbn ikijkimstlg trmisjlsslki ko Xmitrlg

@uhhblsj. Bls ckif bmlr, gkigb sbncc nmrrlifs mih jnhltmtlki `nct slfiloy bls ykflg krlnitmtlki,

Kppksltn m`kvn Xl`nt“s smgrnh Jlcmrnpm“s Jkuit Dmlcmsb wms kin ko Jlcmrnpm“s

Kppksltn `nckw Xbn gmvn jkimstnry ko Furufynj li tbn Dbyuifcuif

omvkurnh pcmgns okr jnhltmtlki. Li trmhltlkimc mggkuits, bn ls smlh

_mccny li wnstnri Xl`nt clns mt tbn bnmrt ko tbn kign kurlsblif prn@uhhblst glvlclzmtlki ko Wbmif Wbuif, wblgb prmgtlsnh @ÿi.

tk bmvn rnmgbnh tbn sujjlt ki m suirmy, hnonmtlif m skrgnrnr ko Xl`nt“s

ms hk tbn sikw-gmppnh jkuitmlis wbnrn bn pnrongtnh bls prmgtlgn ko Liinr Olrn.

prn-@uhhblst @ÿi omltb, wbk wms

02


mttnjptlif tbn msgnit `y rlhlif ki bls sbmjmilg hruj.

Xmitrm li Xl`nt

0<

M jmbčslhhbm mih m jkid hnplgtnh ki m jurmc li Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr li @butmi nxnjpcloy tbn gkitrmst `ntwnni ykflg mih

gcnrlgmc trmhltlkis wltbli Bljmcmymi @uhhblsj. Xbn iki-gncl`mtn ykflg mhnpt wnmrs bls ckif bmlr tlnh m`kvn bls bnmh, wblcn m jnhltmtlki `nct mgrkss bls dinn mih sbkuchnr slfilns bls jmstnry ko Xmitrlg ykfm. Xbn

jkid wnmrs bls bmlr sbkrt, rnhlrngtlif bls cl`lhlimc ninrflns tkwmrhs stuhy mih liinr lccujlimtlki.

jlih“s iki-humc ‒`rlcclmign“ ( prm`bsvmrm prm`bsvmrm ), kr Gcnmr Clfbt. Hnspltn tbn jmbčslhhbms“ okuihmtlkimc rkcn li hnilif Xmitrlg @uhhblst trmhltlkis, tbnlr tnmgblifs wnrn ikt mcwmys wncc rngnlvnh li jkimstlg gkitnxts. Xrmiscmtlkis ko Wmrmbm“s rnvncmtkry ‒Xrnmsury ko _nrsns“ ki tbn uigkitrlvnh imturn ko Jmbčjuhrm wnrn m`ruptcy stkppnh mt Xl`nt“s Wmjyn Jkimstnry li tbn 2tb gnitury okr onmr tbn vnrsns“ kvnrt grltlqun ko jkimstlg gkivnitlkis wkuch `n tmdni tkk cltnrmccy `y Xl`nt“s rst krhmlinh jkids. Wljlcmrcy, wbni tbn Lihlmi jmstnr Mtlsbm (<20‗=5>8) mrrlvnh li Xl`nt twk gniturlns cmtnr mih bncpnh nstm`clsb tbn Dmhmjpm trmhltlki ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj, tbn listrugtlkimc vnrsns ko tbn jmbčslhhbms wnrn litnitlkimccy kjlttnh orkj tbn gurrlgucuj hun tk bls spkiskr“s gkignri okr tbnlr pktnitlmccy infmtlvn ljpmgt ki jkimstlg clon. Xbn rnikwinh =8tb-gnitury sgbkcmr An Xskifdbmpm (=7>6‗=8=<), wbksn mgtlvltlns cnh tk tbn okrjmtlki ko tbn cmtnst sgbkkc ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj, tbn Fncud, wrktn gkjjnitmrlns ki tbn Wlx \kfms tbmt pcmgnh tbn prmgtlgns wltbli m frmhumtnh mpprkmgb tk niclfbtnijnit njpbmslzlif jkimstlg hlsglpclin mih sgbkcmstlg stuhy, tbn vnry gkivnitlkis tbmt tbn jmbčslhhbms cmrfncy rnangtnh. Xbn Wlx \kfms“ gkrn stmtnh purpksn ‗ fmtbnrlif mih hlsskcvlif tbn liinr wlihs, kr prṆm, li tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc tbrkufb tbrkufb tbn pkwnr ko jnhltmtlki ‗ ikintbncnss ikintbncnss rnjmlinh m gnitrmc gkjpkinit ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj, mc`nlt wltbli rninwnh njpbmsns ki sngrngy mih jkimstlg prktkgkc.

M`kvn Hmiglif jmbčslhhbms ki m

jurmc li Uncdbkr Gbÿhn Jkimstnry li Fymitsn, Xl`nt, nxnjpcloy tbn strniftb, nxl`lclty mih aky mt tbn bnmrt ko fniulin ykflg prmgtlgn. Xk tbn rlfbt,

twk onjmcn furns pmy k`nlsmign tk m jkid. Li mcc lts okrjs, Xl`ntmi ykfm snnds cl`nrmtlki orkj tbn vlglssltuhns ko nxlstnign `y `rliflif okrtb cmtnit bujmi gmpmgltlns.

Jmbčslhhbm Cmwmpm wms Plfbt Jmbčslhhbm mi Lihlmi dlif wbk rnikuignh bls tbrkin tk `ngkjn m wmihnrlif

msgntlg. Xbls hntmlc ko m Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif sbkws blj jnhltmtlif jnhltmtlif wltb

tbn suppkrt ko m jnhltmtlki stlgd ( fkj fkj sblif sblif ). Xbn sbmot syj`kclzns tbn

`khy“s gnitrmc ninrfy gbmiinc, wblcn tbn grnsgnit-sbmpnh ‒bkris ko tbn

jkki“ mt tbn tkp ko tbn pkcn rnprnsnit tbn `lourgmtlki ko m su`tcn ninrfy gurrnit gkiingtlif tbn nyns mih tbn

bnmrt. (Wnn oucc ljmfn ki pmfn 026.) Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd.

. 75


Xmitrm li Xl`nt

7=

Jkhns ko trmisjlsslki t rmisjlsslki Li krhnr tk mssljlcmtn _marmyčim @uhhblsj“s cmrfncy bntnrkhkx prmgtlgns, Xl`ntmis hnvnckpnh m bnurlstlg jkhnc ko kutnr, liinr mih sngrnt litnrprntmtlkis tbmt gkuch `n mppclnh li vmrylif gkitnxts wltbli mi kvnrrlhlif pblckskpblgmc vlnw ko litrlislg ‒njptlinss“ (őŤiymtč) li wblgb mcc pbnikjnim, wbntbnr pbyslgmc kr kr jnitmc, mrn hnvklh ko uctljmtn rnmclty. Ki mi kutnr cnvnc, tbn @uhhblst @uhhblst Xmitrms tbnjsncvns wnrn nxpcmlinh ms bmvlif `nni tmufbt sngrntcy `y Wmdymjuil @uhhbm hurlif bls kwi clontljn, jkst kotni tk jkimrgbs wbk bmh rnqunstnh jnmis okr mttmlilif niclfbtnijnit wltbkut bmvlif tk okrfk wkrchcy prnrkfmtlvns mih rnspkisl`lcltlns. Ki mi liinr cnvnc, _marmyčim tnmgblifs wnrn uihnrstkkh ms blstkrlgmccy mih gucturmccy hntnrjlinh nxtnislkis ko @uhhbm Wmdymjuil“s gkrn lislfbts litk tbn imturn ko bujmi gkisglkusinss mih tbn cmtnit pktnitlmc okr splrltumc mwmdnilif. Wngrntcy, tbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst tnmgblifs wnrn uihnr stkkh ms grnmtlvn nxprnsslkis ko tbn cl`nrmtnh jlih ltsnco, m snmjcnss gkitliuuj `nykih miy sustmlim`cn hlvlslki `ntwnni splrltumc mih wkrchcy pbnikjnim, njptlinss mih jmttnr, trutb mih lccuslki. Ms jmbčslhhbm Ičrkpč nxpcmlinh, ‒Xbn liinrjkst sngrnt ko tbn jlih ls tbmt lt inltbnr nxlsts ikr hknsi“t nxlst, mi

lihlsskcu`cn uilki ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign.“

70


Kppksltn `nckw M `nckw M okclk orkj m Xl`ntmi jmiusgrlpt mt tbn @nlalif

Umcmgn Jusnuj hnplgts m snrlns ko tblrty-twk ykflg nxnrglsns msskglmtnh

wltb tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ko tbn Bnvmarm mih Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrms. @nckw cnot M hmiglif jmbčslhhbm

ki tbn wmccs ko Xl`nt“s Cudbmif tnjpcn rnngts nxbkrtmtlkis li tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm mih ktbnr nmrcy Xmitrlg @uhhblst tnxts tbmt ‒tbn

ykfli just mcwmys hmign mih slif“. @nckw rlfbt M ykflil li Xl`nt

jnrfns bnr mwmrninss wltb tbn sdy li m pksturn msskglmtnh wltb `ktb

Hzkfgbni mih Nssnign Jmbčjuhrm. Bnr `cun-clinh jnhltmtlki `nct mih rnh mih wbltn Xmitrlg sbmwc syj`kclzn tbn litnrimc jnrflif ko ‒skcmr“ ninrfy, msskglmtnh wltb tbn onjlilin, mih ‒cuimr“ ninrfy, msskglmtnh wltb tbn jmsguclin.

Xbn kutnr, liinr, sngrnt bnurlstlg wms mcsk mppclnh tk tbn @uhhblst trmhltlki ms m wbkcn, wltb tbn sngrnt _marmyčim tnmgblifs rnprnsnitlif tbn blfbnst lislfbt litk tbn imturn ko bujmi nxpnrlnign wblcn rjcy `msnh ki Jmbčyčim lhnmcs ko uilvnrsmc gkjpmsslki mih tbn okuihmtlkimc ntblgmc prngnpts ko tbn @uhhbm“s nmrclnst rngkrhnh tnmgblifs. Xl`nt“s rst krhnr ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, tbn Iylifjm, mppclnh tbn smjn tbrnn-pmrt jkhnc li tbnlr ncuglhmtlki ko tbn sk-gmccnh ‒Liinr Xmitrms“ ko Jmbč \kfm, Miu \kfm mih Mtl \kfm, gbmrmgtnrlznh, rnspngtlvncy, ms `nlif nxktnrlg, nsktnrlg mih ‒snco-sngrnt“. Mt tbn blfbnst cnvncs ko Mtl \kfm (Hzkfgbni), kutnr mih liinr prmgtlgns mrn trmisgnihnh tbrkufb nookrtcnss m`lhlif li tbn litrlislg rmhlmign ko kin“s @uhhbm Imturn. Xbn tbrnn pbmsns ko tbn Blfbnr

\kfm Xmitrms wnrn ourtbnr msskglmtnh wltb psygbkckflgmc krlnitmtlkis ko rniuiglmtlki, trmisokrjmtlki mih litnfrmtlki wblcn su`tcntlns ko uihnrstmihlif wnrn prljmrlcy trmisjlttnh lihlvlhumccy mggkrhlif tk m hlsglpcn“s hlspksltlki mih gmpmglty tk rngnlvn tbnj. Li mi ==tb-gnitury wkrd nitltcnh Jnmis okr Mttmlilif tbn Pnmc , jmbčslhhbm Ičrkpč gcnmrcy hninh tbn mpprkmgb tk `n tmdni li tbn gucjlimtlif pbmsn ko Nssnign Jmbčjuhrm mih Hzkfgbni1 ‒Li tbn iugcnus ko pnrongt prlstlin gkfiltlki, tbn fkmc ls mgblnvnh wltbkut okcckwlif miy snqunitlmc pmtb.“

Jkhns ko trmisjlsslki

77

Xbn ykfm ko plcfrljmfn

@nckw Xl`ntmi plcfrljs li spnglmccy

pmhhnh gcktblif glrgcn Xl`nt“s smgrnh Jkuit Dmlcmsb `y prkstrmtlif tbn cniftb ko tbnlr `khlns mckif tbn frkuih, rlslif mfmli tk rnpnmt tbn prkgnss orkj tbn ourtbnst pklit tbmt tbny rnmgb wltb tbnlr kutstrntgbnh bmihs. Kppksltn m`kvn Xbn Liinr Wmigtumry ko Jkuit Dmlcmsb ls trmhltlkimccy

vlsltnh kicy motnr gkjpcntlif tblrtnni glrgults mrkuih tbn 0=,662-okkt-blfb bkcy jkuitmli. Xbn plcfrljs bnrn mrn bnmhnh tkwmrhs tbn ‒Gmvn ko

tbn Xblrtnni Fkchni Wtupms“, m`kvn tbn sikwclin ki tbn skutbnri omgn. Kppksltn `nckw M prmynrouc plcfrlj, plcfrlj,

jnmsurlif tbn cniftb ko bls `khy mckif tbn nmrtb, `nflis m 70-jlcn glrgult mrkuih Jkuit Dmlcmsb.

78

Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s nvkgmtlvn, blfb-mctltuhn cmihsgmpn lisplrnh lts splrltumc trmhltlkis ckif `nokrn tbn mrrlvmc ko @uhhblsj. Ulcfrljmfns tk smgrnh jkuitmlis rnjmli m strkif mspngt ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj tbmt uilns lihlvlhumcs wltb tbn cmrfnr gkjjuilty mih nivlrkijnit. Ms m ykflg prmgtlgn, plcfrljmfn ls hnsgrl`nh ms bmvlif kutnr, liinr mih sngrnt mspngts. Li lts jkst rlfkrkus okrj, plcfrljs akuriny tk mih mrkuih smgrnh sltns jmdlif jmdlif oucc-cniftb prkstrmtlkis wltb tbnlr `khlns, ms plgturnh li tbn ljmfns `nckw ko plcfrljs glrgclif Xl`nt“s smgrnh Jkuit Dmlcmsb. Ki mi kutnr cnvnc, tbn prmgtlgn ko prkstrmtlki okgusns tbn jlih ki ouihmjnitmc @uhhblst vmcuns mih hnvnckps stmjlim mih rnslclnign. Ki mi liinr cnvnc, tbn prmgtlgn ls smlh tk kpni m su`tcn ninrfy gbmiinc pmrmccnclif tbn splin, tbus jmdlif tbn `khy m gkihult okr ncnjnitmc mwmrninss. Ki m sngrnt cnvnc, tbn surrnihnrnh rnpntltlvn jkvnjnits rngmcl`rmtn tbn jlih, kpnilif lt tk wbmtnvnr mrlsns mih rnvnmclif gkisglkusinss“s uctljmtn trmisgnihnign ko `ktb nxtnrimc mih litnrimc glrgujstmigns. Xbls splrlt ko plcfrljmfn ls nxprnssnh pkwnrouccy li tbn Xl`ntmi Xl`ntmi mhmfn ko uigkihltlkimccy `rliflif `rliflif wbmtnvnr mrlsns li tbn `khy, jlih, kr nch ko nxpnrlnign kitk tbn splrltumc pmtb. Miktbnr lihlfnikus jntbkhkckfy okr guctlvmtlif nxtrmkrhlimry pbyslgmc fymp , mih jnitmc gmpmgltlns ls tbn ikw mcjkst nitlrncy ckst trmhltlki ko dymif fymp, cltnrmccy ‒swlot okktnhinss“, li wblgb jmitrms mih klitjnits mrn lisgrl`nh ki



7>

Plfbt M M wmihnrlif, hrnmhckgdnh ykflil ki plcfrljmfn li Xl`nt“s smgrnh cmih ko Unjmdÿ fmzns litk tbn frnmt `nih ko tbn tbn Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s Xsmifpk Xsmifpk Plvnr Plvnr ms lt mrgs mrkuih m smgrnh jkuitmli.

Xl`ntmi tnxts cldni tbn rlvnr“s pkwnrouc gurrnit tk tbn gnitrmc ninrfy gbmiinc ko tbn Xmitrlg jnhltmtlkimc hnlty _marmvčrčbĤ, wbksn mhhltlkimc mttrlùtns mrn hnsgrl`nh ki pmfn 07. Kppksltn M Xl`ntmi cmjm stmihs mt tbn nhfn ko m gmtmrmgt li tbn hnptbs ko Xl`nt“s Xsmifpk Fkrfns motnr

gkjpcntlif m rltumc koonrlif tk ckgmc prktngtkr hnltlns. Wnn pmfns 25‗20 okr m hnsgrlptlki ko tbn Xl`ntmi @uhhblst

prmgtlgn ko Gbÿh.

tbn onnt tk njpkwnr kin tk jkvn rmplhcy mgrkss Xl`nt“s kpni cmihsgmpns wbni gkj`linh wltb nsktnrlg `rnmtblif prmgtlgns, litnrimc rngltmtlki ko smgrnh syccm`cns mih vlsumclzmtlki. Ms hnsgrl`nh `y kin ko lts onw gkitnjpkrmry prmgtltlkinrs, Mdmrpm Ck`smif Plipkgbn, ‒ykflg ruiilif“ ls uihnrtmdni li tbn m`snign ko okkh kr hrlid mih ls `msnh ki gbmiincclif tbn ninrfy ko tbn nmrtb tbrkufb tbn onnt mih hlrngtcy tk tbn `rmli tbrkufb tbn `khy“s gnitrmc jnrlhlmi. Ki lts liinrjkst cnvnc, plcfrljmfn ls uihnrtmdni ms m splrltumc nxnrglsn tbmt litnfrmtns jkvnjnit wltb liinr gkitnjpcmtlki. Pmtbnr tbmi snndlif skcmgn mih gkjokrt mt smgrnh sltns, tbn prmgtltlkinr ko Hzkfgbni, kr Frnmt Unrongtlki,

ls nigkurmfnh tk snnd kut pcmgns tbmt ‒jmdn tbn jlih wmvnr“ mih tk nj`rmgn wbmtnvnr ls nxpnrlnignh. Xbn ==tb-gnitury jmbčslhhbm Umhmjpm Wmifyn nxprnssnh tbls rmrnnh mpprkmgb tk plcfrljmfn suggligtcy1 ‒Xk rnmclzn tbn nssnign ko gkisglkusinss … mpprkmgb wbmtnvnr yku ih rnpucslvn. Miytblif yku mrn mttrmgtnh tk, cnt fk ko lt! _lslt gnjntnrlns mih pcmgns tbmt sgmrn yku. Olih tbn @uhhbm wltbli ykursnco!“ @y nj`rmglif wbmtnvnr mrlsns, tbn plcfrlj ki tbn pmtb ko Frnmt Unrongtlki trmisgnihs hnomuct pmttnris ko pnrgnptl ki mih gkfiltlki. Li rnspkisn, tbn wkrch rnturis trmisfurnh. Xbn Olotb Cncuif Wbnpml Hkran Plipkgbn pkwnrouccy nvkdnh tbls ‒purn snnlif“ ( hmimif ) wblcn trmvncclif tbrkufb tbn blhhnicmih ko Unjmdÿ li Xl`nt“s Xsmifpk Xsmifpk Fkrfns li =60<1 ‒Vbni akurinylif tk tbnsn smgrnh pcmgns, onmr imturmccy trmisokrjs litk frnmt spcnihkur mih kin rnjmlis pnrongtcy mt nmsn. M inw splrltumc mwmrninss mrns up li kin“s strnmj ko gkisglkusinss1 m gkignptlki-ornn uilty ko `clss mih njptlinss.“

7?



76

Xbn suprnjn ykfm

Cujlinsgnitspbnrns li tbn sdy m`kvn Furufynj Jkimstnry li Vnst

Xl`nt rnngt vlslkimry pbnikjnim tbmt kggur li tbn Hzkfgbni prmgtlgn

ko Xÿfmc, kr ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc“. Li Hzkfgbni, suàngtlvn vlslkis mrn

vlnwnh ms ‒iki-humc“ mppnmrmigns tbmt lccujlimtn pnrgnptlki mih gkfiltlki. Urmgtltlkinrs pmss tbrkufb

okur vlslkimry pbmsns tbmt lhnmccy gucjlimtn li tbn mttmlijnit ko m pbktlg ‒rmli`kw ‒rmli`kw `khy“. `khy“.

Xbn gucjlimtlif pbmsn ko mcc Xl`ntmi ykfm ls gmccnh Hzkfgbni, kr Frnmt Unrongtlki mih ls upbnch ms rnvnmclif tbn uctljmtn uigkihltlkinh imturn ko bujmi gkisglkusinss, wltbkut rngkursn tk tbn trmisokrjmtlkimc rltns mih psy gbkpbyslgmc prmgtlgns tbmt gbmrmgtnrlz n jugb ko tbn Xmitrlg, kr _ _marmyčim, marmyčim, okrj ko @uhhblsj orkj wblgb Hzkfgbni njnrfnh. Vblcn gkjjkicy pnrgnlvnh, mih prnsnitnh, ms pnrtmlilif prliglpmccy tk tbn rnnxlvn ‒snco-cl`nrmtlif“ pktnitlmc pktnitlmc ko tbn jlih, tbn prmgtlgn ko Hzkfgbni ls ikintbncnss trmhltlkimccy liousnh wltb pbyslgmc nxnrglsns tbmt pusb tbn `khy `khy ‗ mih tbnrn`y gkisglkusinss mih pnrgnptlki ‗ `nykih mggustkjnh cljlts li krhnr tk omglcltmtn tbn mrlslif ko m prljkrhlmc uiltmry mwmrninss gmccnh rlfpm kr, li Wmisdrlt, vlhy. Ms hnsgrl`nh li tbls `kkd“s imc gbmptnr, ‒Urljmc rmhlmign“, pbyslgmc guctlvmtlki li Hzkfgbni rmifns orkj hnjmihlif prncljlimry prmgtlgns tk rlfkrkus ykflg nxnrglsns tbmt `mcmign mih mjpcloy psygbkskjmtlg prkgnssns. Xbnsn mrn uihnrtmdni prlkr tk Hzkfgbni“s jkrn wlhncy dikwi gkitnjpcmtlvn tngbilquns ko Dmhmd Xrndgbÿ, kr ‒guttlif tbrkufb tk prljkrhlmc purlty“, mih tbn jkrn rmrncy trmisjlttnh vlslkimry prmgtlgns ko Cbóihrup Xÿfmc, kr ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prnsnign“, livkcvlif prnglsn `khy pksturns, `rnmtblif tngbilquns mih jntbkhs ko fmzlif.

Wui`nmjs rnngtlif tbrkufb m grystmc syj`kclzns tbn Hzkfgbni vlnw ko gkisglkusinss ms m

uilty ko njptlinss mih cujlikus mppnmrmign. Li tbls hntmlc orkj m jurmc li Xl`nt“s Cudbmif tnjpcn, rmys ko clfbt rnngt koo m gkppnr vnssnc ccnh wltb mfltmtnh wmtnr mih strldn m trmispmrnit grystmc wblgb, li turi, hlspcmys lgdnrlif vn-gkckurnh rmli`kw clfbts. Xbn snqunign litrkhugns tbn imturn

ko jlih ms prljkrhlmccy njpty ynt liiltncy nxprnsslvn.

Li mcc mspngts ko Hzkfgbni prmgtlgn, tbn `khy ls guctlvmtnh mih lts imturmc prkgnssns nibmignh li krhnr krhnr tk omglcltmtn nookrtcnss m`lhlif li tbn snco-cl`nrmtnh rmhlmign ko litrlislg mwmrninss, nqumtnh li Hzkfgbni tk tbn @uhhbm Imturn

bnch tk `n tbn nssnign ko bujmi gkisglkusinss. Ms tbn rnikwinh Xl`ntmi jmstnr Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm (=675‗<2) sujjmrlznh, ‒Xbn pltb nssnign ko tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki ls tk hwncc li tbn imturmc rmhlmign ko mcc tbmt kggurs, mt kin wltb mgtlkis, ninrflns mih tbkufbts mih `nykih mcc gkitrlvnh `kuihmrlns ko vlnw mih jnhltmtlki4 mt nmsn li tbn imdnh gcmrlty ko tbn prnsnit jkjnit.“ @msnh ki prnsnit jkjnit mwmrninss ko tbn jlih“s litrlislg ornnhkj orkj hlsgurslvn tbkufbt prkgnssns mih gkihltlkinh `nbmvlkur, tbn ‒purn mih

pnrongt prnsnign“ prnsnign“ ko Hzkfgbni ls pklitnh kut ms tbn tbn liimtn bujmi pktnitlmc pktnitlmc tk clvn `nykih humclzlif `nclnos, rnmgtlvn pmttnrilif mih psygbkckflgmc hlstrnss. Vbni litnfrmtnh litk mcc mspngts ko kin“s nxpnrlnign, tbls imturmccy pnrongtnh kpniinss mih gkjpmsslki ls upbnch ms tbn gucjlimtlki ko tbn s plrltumc pmtb li wblgb jlih mih `khy, rnmski mih litultlki, litnitlki mih mppclgmtlki, gkbnrn li niclfbtninh mwmrninss mih mctrulstlg mgtlki. Mctbkufb pbyslgmc ykfm, `rnmtblif prmgtlgns mih jlihoucinss trmlilif gmi bncp tk mclfi kin wltb kin“s ouihm jnitmc imturn, Hzkfgbni clns `nykih mcc sngkihmry jntbkhs. Umhjmsmj`bmvm hnsgrl`nh Hzkfgbni ms ‒tbn jlih hlrngtcy rngkfilzlif lts kwi nssnign“, mi nookrtcnsscy hlstrlùtnh mttnitlki tk tbn snmjcnss nch ko tbn pnrgnlvnr mih tbn pnrgnlvnh mih tbn mgt ko pnrgnptlki.

72


Xbn suprnjn ykfm

7<

\kfm li Xl`nt tkhmy \kfm \kfm nxlstnh mt tbn gkrn ko Xl`ntmi lhnitlty ckif `nokrn tbn mrrlvmc ko @uhhblsj li tbn 6tb gnitury. Xbn vlslki ko tbn ouihmjnitmc uilty ko tbn lihlvlhumc mih tbn gksjks wms nqumccy pmrt ko Xl`nt“s prn-@uhhblst Wbmif Wbuif glvlclzmtlki, gnitrnh ki tbn ‒prnglkus sikw pnmd“ ko Jkuit Dmlcmsb, wbnrn prmgtltlkinrs ko vmrlkus okrjs ko ykfm mih jnhltmtlki bmvn gkivnrfnh okr jlccniilm, nxgbmif nxgbmif lif `ktb lhnms mih tngbilquns. Jugb gbmifnh li Xl`nt motnr =<>< wbni tbn Cbmsm ^prlslif mfmlist Gblinsn kggupmtlki cnh tk mi nisulif Xl`ntmi hlmspkrm mih m gkjprnbnislvn prkbl`ltlki ko rnclflkus mgtlvlty li Xl`nt okr inmrcy twk hngmhns. Xbnsn gbmifns cnh tk tbn hlssnjlimtlki ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj tbrkufbkut tbn wkrch, ùt tbn hyimjlg ‒sngrnt“ prmgtlgns ko Xl`ntmi ykfm tbmt ‒tmdn tbn `khy ms tbn pmtb“ mih okrfk jkimstlg gkivnitlki gkitliun tk rnjmli clttcn dikwi, nvni wltbli tbn trmhltlki.

Ukcltlgmc gkihltlkis li jugb ko wbmt wms blstkrlgmccy Xl`nt mrn ik ckifnr gkihuglvn tk tbn trmisjlsslki ko tbn liinr Xmitrlg tnmgblifs. Xbn sltumtlki li

nmstnri Xl`nt ls jkrn kpni, bkwnvnr, mih Xl`ntmi ykfm ls `nlif mgtlvncy rnvlvnh li rnjktn mrnms, sugb ms mt Fn`gbmd Iuiinry, wbnrn onjmcn prmgtltlkinrs ko Hzkfgbni trmli li Xujjk, kr ‒nrgn bnmt“, ms wncc ms li t bn vlslkimry prmgtlgns ko Cbóihrup Xÿfmc, ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk purn prnsnign“. Mgtlvn mrnms 85


Kppksltn mih m`kvn cnot Xnrhrkj, cnot Xnrhrkj, ‒Xrkvn ko Xrnmsurns“, Xrnmsurns“, ls msskglmtnh

wltb tbn ykflil prlignss \nsbn Xskfymc. Wbn rnmgbnh niclfbtnijnit li m gmvn inmr tbn sujjlt ko tbn

jkuitmli li tbls pbktkfrmpb mih, uitlc rngnitcy, bnr suggnsslvn njmimtlkis, tbn Hrlfuif Dbmihrkjms, clvnh li tbn bnrjltmfn vlsl`cn tk tbn rlfbt. \nsbn Xskfymc“s ykflg prmgtlgns okgusnh ki Xujjk, tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn, cnmhlif bnr tk prkgcmlj1 ‒Jy `khy bms `ngkjn tbn tbn hnlty, jy spnngb spnngb jmitrm,

mih jy jlih @uhhbm !“ M`kvn rlfbt rlfbt Imcakrjm

Mil Plfsmif

listrugts m ykuif hlsglpcn mt bnr bnrjltmfn li Xnrhrkj. Mctbkufb rnikwinh okr lts bnmclif bkt sprlifs mih mgtlvn iuiinry, Xnrhrkj ls m tbrlvlif gnitrn okr tbn trmisjlsslki ko nsktnrlg ykflg prmgtlgns sugb

ms tbn ‒Bnmrt Nssnign ko tbn ḃčdliĤs“ (Dbmihrk Iyliftbld).

ko ykflg prmgtlgn li gnitrmc Xl`nt ligcuhn m rntrnmt gnitrn m`kvn Hrlfuif Xlc Jkimstnry mih m gkjjuilty ko ykflils li Xnrhrkj, prnslhnh kvnr `y m rnputnh

rnligmrimtlki ko tbn 2tb-gnitury onjmcn @uhhbm, \nsbn \nsbn Xskfymc. Xbnsn prmgtlgns mcsk gkitliun mgtlvncy li Inpmc, mih wltb rkymc pmtrkimfn, li tbn Bljmcmymi @uhhblst Dlifhkj ko @butmi.

îcldn jmiy rnclflkis, ykfm, mt bnmrt, bms invnr `nni m hkgtrlimc, pkcltlgm c, kr gknrglvn trmhltlki, ùt rnprnsnits mi litnfrmc psygbkckfy mih prmfjmtlg jnmis okr mwmdnilif m suàngtlvn nxpnrlnign ko snco-trmisgnihnign mih uilty wltb `ktb ikujnimc mih pbnikjnimc rnmclty. Xmitrlg ykfm bms tbus rnjmlinh, ms kin gki tnjpkrmry cmjm bms hnsgrl`nh lt, tbn ‒blhhni trnmsurn“ mt tbn bnmrt ko tbn Bljmcmymi @uhhblst trmhltlki. Lt litnrsngts wltb tbn pkst-jkhnri Vnstnri qunst okr splrltumc jnmilif `nykih rnclflkus hkfjm ms wncc ms wltb okrjmtlvn pblckskpblgmc gurrnits ( pblcnk jnmilif ‒ckvn“ mih skpblm ‒wlshkj“) ko Vnstnri glvlclzmtlki. Xbn pnrniilmc lihlvlhumc mih gkccngtlvn gbmccnifn ko nj`khylif wlshkj mih ckvn wltbli mcc mspngts ko kur litnrgkiingtnh clvns gmi kicy `n rnmclznh wbni tbn pursult ko lislfbt ls uihnrtmdni wltb kin“s nitlrn `nlif, wltb moong tlkimtn mih nookrtcnss mttnitlki tk tbn jliutlmn ko jkjnit tk jkjnit kggurrnign. Li tbn blhhni rmvlins ko Xnrhrkj li Gnitrmc Xl`nt, m rnikwinh cmjm tkkd rnoufn li m gmvn li =<><, wbni Gkjjuilst mrjlns wnrn kvnrruiilif tbn imtlki. \kfm li Xl`nt tkhmy

8=

Kppksltn mih `nckw M rnjktn tnjpcn ki tbn plcfrljmfn glrgult

mrkuih Xnrhrkj, li gnitrmc Xl`nt, clns mjlhst gmvns mih cljnstkin gcloos. Lts okrjnr gmrntmdnr hmigns mt tbn tbrnsbkch li orkit ko m wkvni ymd wkkc gurtmli nj`ncclsbnh wltb okur ‒nihcnss dikts“, @uhhblst syj`kcs ko tbn litnrwnmvlif ko tljncnssinss mih tljn ms wncc ms tbn gkitliuuj ko niclfbtninh mwmrninss.

80


Cmjm Ck`smif Dmrjm rnjmlinh li tbn gmvn okr jkrn tbmi twnity ynmrs, litni-

sloylif bls prmgtlgn mih clvlif cmrfncy ki clgbni mih kwnrs. Bn njnrfnh ckif motnr tbn Gucturmc Pnvkcutlki wms kvnr mih hlsgkvnrnh tbmt bls jkimstnry bmh `nni hnstrkynh hnstrkynh ‗ ùt ikt bls splrlt. Ms bn rngkuitnh, rngkuitnh, ‒Xbn ‒Xbn @uhhbm rnvnmcs bkw ckvn mih uihnrstmihlif kvnrgkjn mcc k`stmgcns. Xbn blfbnst ykfm ls ikt tk slt slcnitcy ki kin“s ùttkgds, ùt tk hmign, tk cnt tbn @uhhbm“s wlshkj kw tbrkufb ykur jlih mih `khy mih litk tbn wkrch.“ L cnmrinh tbmt Ck`smif Dmrjm bmh kign `nni tbn hmign jmstnr ko tbn rnjktn mih pmrtcy rnstkrnh bnrjltmfn wbnrn wn bmh jnt mih, ms wn spkdn, bn hnjkistrmtnh tbn swlrclif jkvnjnits ko tbn smgrnh Gbmj hmigns li tbn stkin gkurtymrh, clt wltb blfb-mctltuhn clfbt. Vbmt wms tbn sngrnt, L msdnh blj, tk bls k`vlkus vltmclty mih rmhlmign motnr in mrcy m qumrtnr gnitury li m gmvn. ‒L hmign h nvnry hmy“, bn smlh, mih tbni qulgdcy qumclnh `y smylif tbmt lt wmsi“t bn wbk hmignh, ùt tbn hnltlns wbk hmignh tbrkufb blj, rnonrrlif tk tbn okuihmtlkimc Xl`ntmi ‒hnlty ykfm“ li wblgb tbn mhnpt ljmflimtlvncy lhnitlns wltb m gkiaurnh hlvlilty li krhnr tk trmisgnih cljltlif `nclnos li mi lihnpnihnit mih mutkikjkus snco1 tbn uctljmtn purpksn ko mcc okrjs ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst jnhltmtlki.

\kfm li Xl`nt tkhmy

87

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj Xbn vmrlntlns ko jnhltmtlvn nxpnrlnign Lo Niclfbtnijnit nxlsts mpmrt orkj jnhltmtlki, bkw gmi jnhltmtlki rnvnmc lt; Lo lt ls linoom`cn, bkw jmy lt `n hlsgussnh; … Xbn wbkcn wkrch ls niscmvnh `y gkignpts, Mih ik kin rngkfilzns rngkfilzns tbnlr tbnlr nssnitlmc imturn. imturn. Jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm, 2tb gnitury

Xbn mrt ko gkitnjpcmtlki Xbn Xl`ntmi wkrh okr jnhltmtlki ls fkj ls fkj, mih lionrs ‒omjlclmrlzmtlki“ kr jlihoucKppksltn Gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgns li Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj rmifn orkj rlfkrkus msgntlglsj tk ngstmtlg rmpturn mih sbmrn m gkjjki mlj ko nxpmihlif tbn gmpmgltlns ko jlih mih

`khy mih guctlvmtlif njpmtby wltb mcc nxlstnign, ms lihlgmtnh li tbnsn hntmlcs orkj m jurmc li tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn li Cbmsm, Xl`nt. ykfli mt @nckw M hrnmh-ckgdnh ykfli mt tbn

Cudbmif tnjpcn okrjs syj`kclg bmih fnsturns gmccnh juhrs tk sblot bls stmtn ko mwmrninss.

inss ko kin“s libnrnit @uhhbm Imturn, m trmispnrskimc stmtn ko njpmtby, lislfbt mih spkitminkus mctrulsj. Nmrcy @uhhblst sgrlpturns rnonr tk jnhltmtlki ms m prkgnss ko prkfrnsslvncy mwmdnilif mwmdnilif tk hnnpnilif hnnpnilif stmtns ko Liiltuhn (mimitym), gucjlimtlif li nxmctnh snco-trmisgnihnit mwmrninss liousnh wltb gcmrlty mih gkjpmsslki. Wugb hnsgrlptlkis liunignh tbn hnvnckpjnit ko gcmsslgmc ykfm, ms nvlhnignh li Umtmamcl“s \kfm Wutrs, Wutrs, wblgb `krrkw orkj @uhhblst hkgtrlin tk hnin ykfm ms mi nlfbt-okch pmtb cnmhlif tk tbn gn ssmtlki ko molgtlvn jnitmc stmtns mih tbn mttmlijnit ko nxlstnitlmc ornnhkj. Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj nigkjpmssns m vmst rmifn ko gkitnjpcmtlvn tngbilquns tbmt trmhltlkimccy `nfli wltb jnhltmtlki ki tbn ‒Okur Ljjnmsurm`cns“ (mprmjṆm ) ko ckvlif dlihinss, gkjpmsslki, syjpmtbntlg aky mih ornnhkj orkj mtt mgbjnit mih mvnrslki. Nj`rmglif tbnsn su`cljn mttltuhns ls tbn `msls okr mcc su`snqunit jnhltmtlki prmgtlgns li t bn Xl`ntmi trmhltlki ‗ orkj tbn jlihoucinss-`msnh hlsglpclins ko okgusnh mttnitlki mih uigniskrnh mwmrninss tbmt bmvn `nni mhmptnh li gkitnjpkrmry gclilgmc gkitnxts tk mccnvlmtn strnss, mixlnty mih hnprnsslki tk tbn hyimjlg jntbkhs ko Xmitrlg ykfm tbmt stljucmtn, rmtbnr tbmi rncmx, tbn gnitrmc inrvkus systnj sk ms tk mrkusn hkrjmit gmpmgltlns ko tbn jlih mih `khy. Li Xl`nt“s _marmyčim _marmyčim okrj ko @uhhblsj, jnhltmtlvn prmgtlgns prkfrnss orkj prnpmrmtkry rnngtlkis ki tbn imturn ko nxlstnign mih tbn guctlvmtlki ko uigkihltlkimc gkjpmsslki tk grnmtlvn rnkrlnitmtlkis ko suàngtlvn nxpnrlnign (Dynrlj kr Grnmtlki Ubmsn), tk trmisokrjmtlvn nifmfnjnit wltb tbn kws ko ninrfy tbrkufb tbn `khy“s su`tcn litnrstltlmc glrgucmtkry systnj (Hzkfrlj kr Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn). Xbn rnsuctmit nxpnrlnigns ko `clss, gcmrlty mih gkignptlki-ornn lislfbt gucjlimtn li Hzkfgbni, tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki, mcsk dikwi ms Mtl \kfm, li wblgb gkisglkusinss mwmdnis tk lts s pkitminkuscy prnsnit @uhhbm Imturn. 8>

Xbn ncnjnits ko nxpnrlnign

Xbn Olvn Ncnjnits @nckw cnot Xbn

gkjprlslif pbnikjnimc rnmclty mrn hnplgtnh li tbls snjlimc `lam jmṆḊmcm ms gkckurnh kr`s wltbli mi mcc-nigkjpmsslif spbnrn ko rmli`kw clfbt. Xbn gkitnjpcmtlvn hlmfrmj rnprnsnits tbn niclfbtninh qumcltlns ko Olvn Xrmisgnihnitmc @uhhbms, slfiloylif tbn spngtruj ko ouccy mwmdninh trmispnrskimc mwmrninss. @nckw rlfbt M rlfbt M ykfli pklits tk m grystmc tbmt slfilns tbn purn, uigkihltlkinh imturn ko

gkisglkusinss. Xbn Olvn Ncnjnits jmilonst mrkuih blj ms rkgd, wmtnr, rn, mlr mih m cujlikus sui hlsd rnprnsnitlif tbn jlih“s rmhlmit, mcc-nigkjpmsslif gcmrlty.

@y trmhltlkimc mggkuits, tbn @uhhbm“s niclfbtnijnit wms prnglpltmtnh `y bls rngkccngtlki ko m jkjnit li gblchbkkh wbni bn rnstnh li pnrongt rnpksn uihnr m rksn-mppcn trnn. Ms rngkuitnh li @uhhblst sgrlpturn, rngmcclif tbmt jkjnit ko prljmc bmrjkiy mjlhst tbn ncnjnits ko imturn cnh hlrngtcy hlrngtcy tk Urlign Fmutmjm“s uctljmtn mttmlijnit ko IlrvčṆm. Gkitnjpcmtlki ko tbn gygcns ko imturn ls okuihmtlkimc tk @uhhblst jnhltmtlki, mih tbn ncnjnits ko tbn imturmc wkrch nitrmli gkisglkusinss tkwmrhs jkrn uiltmry stmtns ko mwmrninss. Ckif `nokrn tbn njnrfnign ko pmcmtlmc jkimstnrlns, @uhhblst prmgtlgn gnitrnh ki pnrlpmtntlg okrjs ko gkitnjpcmtlki li wblgb prkgnssns li tbn imturmc wkrch pmrmccncnh pmrmccncnh lislfbt litk tbn sbljjnrlif trmislnign ko jnitmc stmtns, uctljmtncy rnvnmclif mi njmiglpmtkry gkitliuuj ko `nlif `nykih njktlkimc rnmgtlvlty. rnmgtlvlty. Okuihmtlkimc @uhhblst jnhltmtlki prmgtlgns kotni livkcvn gkitnjpcmtlki ko Nmrtb, Vmtnr, Olrn, Mlr mih Wpmgn ms uilvnrsmc prkgnssns gkrrncmtnh wltb `khy, `rnmtb mih gkisglkusinss. Ms hnsgrl`nh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Niclfbtninh ‒Niclfbtninh mimtkjy“, mimtkjy“, tbnsn ncnjnitmc pbmsns mrn nigkhnh li tbn `khy ms m systnj ko `lkninrfntlg ikhns (gmdrms (gmdrms) tbmt prkvlhn m `msls okr Xmitrlg gkitnjpcmtlvn tngbilquns tbmt bmrjkilzn gkbnslki (Nmrtb), ulhlty (Vmtnr), grnmtlvlty (Olrn), jktlclty (Mlr) mih mwmrninss (Wpmgn) `ktb wltbli mih `nykih tbn bujmi `khyjlih. Xbn Olvn Ncnjnits mrn ourtbnr gkrrncmtnh li @uhhblst gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgns wltb vn litnrrncmtnh litnrrncmtnh gkistltunits ko pbyslgmc mih jnitmc jnitmc nxlstnign ‗ imjncy okrj, snismtlki, pnrgnptlki, vkcltlki mih gkisglkusinss. Li @uhhblst tnrjs, ikin ko tbnsn omgtkrs gkistltutn mi lihnpnihnitcy nxlstlif ‒snco“, mih rnngtlki ki tbnsn vn litnrgkiingtnh pbmsns tbus cnmhs, li @uhhblst mimcysls, tk tbn njnrfnign ko Olvn Vlshkjs li wblgb tbkufbts mih njktlkis mrn

Mr`krnmc syj`kclsj liousns syj`kclsj liousns

nxpnrlnignh ms litnrmgtlvn prkgnssns m`snit ko miy m`lhlif rnmclty. Mt tbn cnvnc

@uhhblst tbkufbt. Mi nmrcy @uhhblst sgrlpturn gkjpmrns splrltumc prmgtlgn tk m trnn, ‒tbn `rns ko wblgb mrn pmtlnign, tbn kwnrs vlrtun, tbn `kufbs mwmrninss mwmrninss mih wlshkj,

mih tbn orults tnmgblifs“. Mctbkufb tbn @uhhbm mttmlinh niclfbtnijnit sbnctnrnh `y m gus trnn, jkimstnrlns kotni gut hkwi okrnsts tk ùlch vlrtumc rnpclgms ko tbn pmcmgn tbmt Urlign Fmutmjm m`mihkinh,

suppcmitlif ‒tbn rkkts ko trnns, jkuitmlis, fcnis, gmvns, gnjntnrlns, mih okrnst frkvns“ tbmt tbn @uhhbm lihlgmtnh ms `nlif tbn jkst gkihuglvn nivlrkijnits okr jnhltmtlki, ms

hnplgtnh li tbls wmcc pmlitlif li Xkclif Jkimstnry li wnstnri Xl`nt.

8?

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

ko Hzkfgbni, kr Frnmt Unrongtlki, tbn Olvn Vlshkjs mrn prnsnitnh mimckflgmccy ms Olvn Cmjps, wblgb ‗ gknxtnislvn wltb tbn ncnjnit ko Wpmgn ‗ syj`kclzn tbn rmhlmit juctlhljnislkimclty ko niclfbtninh mwmrninss. Ms tbn ==tbgnitury jmbčslhhbm JmltrĤpm stmtnh li bls nssnitlmc listrugtlkis ki Jmbčjuhrm1 ‒Pngkfilzlif nvnrytblif ms spmgn, cldn m jmflgmc mppmrltlki, inltbnr jnhltmtlif ikr ikt jnhltmtlif, inltbnr mttmgbnh ikr ikt mttmgbnh, sugb ls m ykfli“s rnmclzmtlki … Vbk tbni innhs tk rui tk m jkimstnry tk jnhltmtn;“ Ms JmltrĤpm“s wkrhs jmdn gcnmr, jnhltmtlki li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj ls cnss m`kut spnglg tngbilquns tbmi snco-trmisgnihnit lhnitlgmtlki wltb uilvnrsmc prkgnssns, sugb sugb ms tbn tbn @uhhbm @uhhbm nxpnrlnignh nxpnrlnignh mt tbn mfn ko ilin ilin `ninmtb tbn `kufbs `kufbs

ko m rksn-mppcn trnn. Wugb sblots li mwmrninss, bkwnvnr tbny mrn kggmslkinh, rnprnsnit njnrfnign orkj nfkgnitrlg litk ngkgnitrlg nxlstnign ‗ m uiltmry nch ko `khy, jlih mih imturn li wblgb tbn dikwi mih uidikwi gkistltunits ko rnmclty nxprnss tbnjsncvns nvnr jkrn gkisglkuscy, akykuscy mih listrugtlvncy tbrkufb tbn vnblgcn ko tbn bujmi `khyjlih.

Xbn ncnjnits ko nxpnrlnign

86

Xbn wlshkj ko njptlinss

Kppksltn m`kvn Xbn prljkrhlmc @uhhbm Wmjmitm`bmhrm njmimtlif

ms m rmhlmit spbnrn ko clfbt rnprnsnits tbn purn mih pnrongt prnsnign ko

litrlislg niclfbtnijnit, ms nspkusnh li Hzkfgbni. Wmjmitm`bmhrm, tbn

‒Mcc Fkkh“, ls livmrlm`cy hnplgtnh ms `cun tk slfiloy tbn mcc-nigkjpmsslif spmglkusinss ko purn mwmrninss. Kppksltn `nckw Okur jnhltmtlif ykfls wltb spbnrns ko ncnjnitmc clfbt

rmhlmtlif m`kvn tbnlr bnmhs lccustrmtn okur ko tbn Olvn Cmjps ko litrlislg

wlshkj tbmt lccujlimtn li-hwncclif @uhhbm Imturn. Nxpnrlnignh wltbli m iujlikus stmtn ko njptlinss, tbn Cmjps ko tbn Olvn Vlshkjs slfiloy

tbn spkitminkus cl`nrmtlki ko libl`ltlif njktlkimc gkrkccmrlns ko tbn Olvn Ncnjnits.

Xbn ncnjnit ko Wpmgn, ms mi mimckfun ko niclfbtninh mwmrninss, l s ouihmjnitmc tk mcc okrjs ko Xl`ntmi ykfm mih jnhltmtlki. Li nmrcy Lihlmi mih Xl`ntmi tbkufbt, Wpmgn slfilns tbn cljltcnss, uirnlnh imturn ko rnmclt y ms wncc ms tbn gkisglkusinss tbmt pnrgnlvns tbmt rnmclty. Jmbčyčim mih _marmyčim @uhhblsj `ktb rnonr tk tbls kpni lihntnrjlimtn pktnitlmclty ms őŤiymtč, kr ‒njptlinss“, mih mcc okrjs ko Xl`ntmi jnhltmtlki mrn `msnh ki nxpnrlnitlmccy rnmclzlif tbls litmifl`cn liokr jmtlkimc hljnislki. Aust ms qumituj nch tbnkry pklits kut tbmt wbmt mppnmrs ms njpty spmgn ls li mgtumclty m ux ko ncnjnitmry pmrtlgcns, Jmbčyčim @uhhblsj hnsgrl`ns őŤiymtč ms `nlif gknxtnislvn wltb tbn rnmcj ko okrj, rnngtlif qumituj pbyslgs“ vlnw ko rnmclty ms nxlstlif kicy wbni lt ls pnrgnlvnh. @uhhblsj“s hkgtrlin ko uilvnrsmc njptlinss jmlitmlis tbn m`snign ko miy snco-nxlstlif rnmclty mih, slign mcc mppmrnit su`stmigns, ligcuhlif tbn snco, mrn tbus purncy rncmtlkimc, nmrcy sgbkkcs ko @uhhblsj prnsnit njptlinss ms m `msls okr hntmgbjnit. @ut aust ms gkitnjpkrmry sglnign rnvnmcs tbn pbnikjnimc wkrch, ligcuhlif tbn gnccs ko kur `khlns, tk `n npbnjnrmc pbktkilg trmismgtlkis ko su`-mtkjlg pmrtlgcns, njptlinss ls nqumccy m gmusn okr wkihnr mih hnclfbt. Xbls pnrspngtlvn ls nj`khlnh li Frnmt Unrongtlki gkitnjpcmtlvn tngbilquns, hnsgrl`nh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Urljmc rmhlmign“, li wblgb `nlif ltsnco ls nxpnrlnignh ms mcc-pnrvmhlif cujlinsgnign mih tbn vn ncnjnitmc pbmsns ms mi litnrpcmy ko liokrjmtlkimc pbktkis mih skjmtlg clfbt. Hzkfgbni“s rnprnsnitmtlki ko njptlinss ms m prljkrhlmc gkiauigtlki ko cujlikslty mih mwmrninss rnngts tbn ‒njpty okrjs“ tbmt snrvn ms kàngts ko gkitnjpcmtlki li jkrn ncm`krmtnh okrjs ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, lccujlimtlif tbn sljuctminlty ko m`snign mih mppnmrmign nxprnssnh nqumccy li qumituj pbyslgs“ rngkfiltlki tbmt kicy wbni mi kàngt“s wmvn ouigtlki gkccmpsns ms m rnsuct ko k`snrvmtlki hkns lt mssujn m pmrtlgucmr pcmgn kr jktlki, mih tbus prkvlslkimc nxlstnign. Xbls iujlikus mj`lfulty li wblgb tblifs mrn ikt ms tbny mppnmr ls

rnngtnh li _marmyčim @uhhblsj“s grnmtlvn okrjs ko jnhltmtlki livkcvlif vlsumclzmtlki, jmitrm mih mjpclnh stmtns ko mwmrninss tbmt mrn hnsgrl`nh jkrn nxtnislvncy li tbn okcckwlif gbmptnr, ‒Ljjmgucmtn pnrgnptlki“. @ut okr sugb prmgtlgns tk `n `n uihnrtmdni wltbkut hncuslki ‗ kr omcsncy gkigcuhlif tbmt `ngmusn tblifs mrn lccuskry tbny hki“t mgtumccy nxlst ‗ ingnssltmtns prlkr rnmclzmtlki ko tbn ui`kuihnh cujlinsgnit imturn ko nxlstnign, mttmlinh tbrkufb m hlvnrsn rmifn ko okuihmtlkimc jnhltmtlvn nxnrglsns.

Mi livnrtnh ykfl ki m jurmc Cnot Mi li Xl`nt“s wnstnri rnflki ko Ifmrl

lccustrmtns tbn rnvnrsmc ko bm`ltumc pmttnris ko gkisglkusinss gkisglkusinss litrlislg litrlislg

tk gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgn. 82

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj


8<

Kppksltn M =0tb-gnitury jmṆḊmcm

ko Gmdrmsmvmrm mih _marmvčrčbĤ li uilki prnsnits mi ljpclgmtn krhnr

ko `clss mih njptlinss, slfilnh `y tbn jmṆḊmcm“s kutnr rlif ko gbmrinc frkuihs li wblgb mhnpts gkisujn

litkxlgmits mih nifmfn li snxumc rltns li krhnr tk trmisgnih libl`ltkry

tbkufbts mih njktlkis. Wugb jnitmc nvnits k`sgurn tbn jmṆḊmcm“s pmcmtlmc litnrlkr, wbnrn tbn hnltlns“ nrktlg

hlspcmy slfilns tbn iki-humclty ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign, njptlinss

mih `clss, mih njptlinss mih mcclccujlimtlif gcmrlty. Jntrkpkcltmi Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd.

M`kvn Gkitnjpcmtlki ko ljpnrjminign ls okuihmtlkimc tk

li tbn wkrhs ko tbn pknt Vmccmgn Wtnvnis, ls sljuctminkuscy ‒m iktblif

mcc okrjs ko @uhhblst jnhltmtlki mih ls hrmjmtlgmccy lccustrmtnh li tbls jurmc hntmlc ko m ykfli fmzlif litk tbn nyns ko m amgdmc wbk ls hnvkurlif

tbmt ls ikt tbnrn mih tbn iktblif

m bujmi gkrpsn. Xbn nitrkpy ko

mcc rncmtlvn pbnikjnim suppkrts tbn pblckskpblgmc vlnw ko őŤiymtč, ligcuhlif tbn njptlinss ko tbkufbts, njktlkis, mih snco-gkignptlkis. \nt, őŤiymtč ltsnco ls mcsk njpty mih, >5

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

tbmt ls“. Mwmdnilif nxpnrlnitlmccy tk tbls pmrmhkxlgmc rnmclty ls hnsgrl`nh ms mgtumclzlif kin“s libnrnit @uhhbm Imturn, ms vlvlhcy nxprnssnh li Xmitrlg @uhhblst mrt.


>=

Jkvlif liwmrhs

ikhns (gmdrm (gmdrm) tbmt pmrmccnc tbn splin. Li tbn otb pbmsn ko ‒rngkccngtlki“ ( miusjṔtl), miusjṔtl), tbnsn guctlvmtnh nssnigns flvn rlsn tk okur suggnsslvn stmtns ko jnhltmtlvn `clss wltbli tbn gkrn ko tbn `khy, ngbklif nmrcy @uhhblst mggkuits ko okur abims, abims, kr snqunitlmc stmfns ko prk prlkgnptlvn rmpturn. Xbn Vbnnc ko Xljn“s Xljn“s slx-okch _marm \kfm gkmcnsgns li smjhbl, kr suprnjn m`skrptlki li tbn gkiaklinh `clss mih njptlinss rnprnsnitnh `y tbn hnlty Dčcmgmdrm ms tbn liimtn ornnhkj, spkitminlty mih ui`kuihnh gkisglkusinss libnrnit wltbli mcc `nlifs mih mttmlim`cn tbrkufb prkfrnsslvn ‒omjlclmrlzmtlki“. ‒omjlclmrlzmtlki“.

Vltbhrmwlif Vltbhrmwlif sniskry mwmrninss orkj nxtnrimc kàngts ( prmtybrm) ls hnsgrl`nh li Umtmamcl“s \kfm Wutrs ms Wutrs ms tbn okuihmtlkimc stmfn li jnhltmtlvn prmgtlgns cnmhlif tk hnnpnilif stmtns ko gkignitrmtlki (hbrmṆ ), gkitnjpcmtlki (hbyim ) mih uiltmry m`skrptlki ( smjhbl). Wniskry wltbhrmwmc ls okuihmtlkimc tk jnh ltmtlki prmgtlgns mgrkss trmhltlkis, cnssnilif hlstrmgtlif njktlkis, prkjktlif jnitmc trmiqulclty mih lislfbt, mih bnlfbtnilif mwmrninss ko litnrimc skurgns ko snismtlki, pnrgnptlki mih mwmrninss. @nckw cnot Litrkvnrslki cnot Litrkvnrslki ko tbn snisns, ms lccustrmtnh li tbls

jurmc hntmlc, mwmdnis hkrjmit psygbkpbyslgmc gmpmgltlns. Hnsgrl`nh ms tbn ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnit ko tbn cl`nrmtlif clki“ (Wnifn Imjhrkc Xrucdbkr), tbn pksturn ls gkj`linh wltb bkchlif tbn `rnmtb `ninmtb tbn imvnc. Xbn nyns mrn gkvnrnh wltb tbn twk lihnx ifnrs, tbn nmrs mrn `ckgdnh wltb tbn tbuj`s, tbn ikstrlcs wltb tbn twk jlhhcn ifnrs, tbn clps wltb tbn rlif mih clttcn ifnrs, wblcn tbn bnmh ls glrgcnh tbrnn tljns tk tbn rlfbt mih tbrnn tljns tk tbn

cnot. Motnrwmrhs, tbn `khy mih clj`s mrn vlfkrkuscy sbmdni wblcn nxbmclif okrgnouccy.

Li @uhhblst Xmitrms, sugb ms tbn Dčcmgmdrm, kr ‒Vbnnc ko Xljn“, prmtybrm rnonrs tk tbn trmisokrjmtlki ko tbn vn snisn omguctlns ko slfbt, bnmrlif, sjncc, tmstn mih tkugb litk tbn jnitmccy fninrmtnh sniskrluj ko mi niclfbtninh hnlty tbmt ls sljuctminkuscy vlnwnh ms mi lisu`stmitlmc jmilonstmtlki ko uilvnrsmc njptlinss. Xbn Dčcmgmdrm“s nxpksltlki ko sniskry litnrlkrlzmtlki gcksncy pmrmccncs tbn pbmsn ko pbyslgmc lskcmtlki lskcmtlki (dymvlvndm (dymvlvndm)) li tbn Fubymsmjčam, tbn Xmitrm ko tbn Wngrnt Mssnj`cy, mih ls uihnrtmdni li tktmc hmrdinss uitlc iki-gkignptumclznh ‒njpty okrjs“ mrlsn li kin“s nch ko vlslki. Xbnsn vlslkis, wblgb li @uhhblst mimcysls mrn inltbnr nxlstn it ikr iki-nxlstnit, prkvlhn tbn `msls okr tbn nisulif jnhltmtlvn stmfn ko hbyim, hbyim, kr gkitnjpcmtlki, tbrkufb wblgb gkisglkusinss ls stm`lclznh prlkr tk `nlif ninrflznh tbrkufb hyimjlg `rnmtblif nxnrglsns ( prṆyjm) prṆyjm) tbmt, li tbn gkitnxt ko tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm, gkignitrmtn vltmc ninrfy li tbn pncvlg gmvlty `nckw tbn imvnc. Xbls hnnpcy nj`khlnh mpprkmgb tk jnhltmtlki gkitliuns wltb tbn su`snqunit pbmsn ko hbrmṆ, li wblgb su`tcn ncnjnitmc su`stmigns (`lihu, `lihu, Xl`. tlfcì) mrn guctlvmtnh wltbli psygbk-ninrfntlg

Jnhltmtlki pksturns vmry hnpnihlif ki tbnlr spn-

glg litnitlki, ùt wbntbnr okgusnh liwmrhs li m grkugblif pksn tk mwmdni tbn bnmrt gmdrm kr vnrtlgmccy mclfinh li tbn gcmsslg cktus pksltlki, tbnlr gkjjki kàngtlvn ls tk `rlif jlih mih `khy litk m imturmc stmtn ko uilty, nmslif tnislkis mih, ms nxprnssnh li nmrcy @uhhblst Wutrčs, mcckwlif mwmrninss tk jnrfn imturmccy wltb Liiltuhn. Li jkst pksturns, tbn splin ls cniftbninh tk nxpmih tbn cuifs, rnhugn wmihnrlif tbkufbts, mih omglcltmtn tbn ornn kw ko skjmtlg ninrfy. Xbn bnmh typlgmccy rnsts nookrtcnsscy ki tkp ko tbn snvni gnrvlgmc vnrtn`rmn wblcn tbn pncvls hrkps mih mttnitlki ls gkignitrmtnh `nckw tbn imvnc wbnrn, mggkrhlif mggkrhlif tk Xmitrlg pbyslkckfy, pbyslkckfy, tbn `khy“s tbrnn prliglpmc ninrfntlg gbmiincs akli tkfntbnr. @uhhblst tnxts hnsgrl`n tbn lhnmc jnhltmtlki pksturn ms kin tbmt `mc migns tbn vn ncnjnitmry qumcltlns ko Nmrtb, Vmtnr, Olrn, Mlr mih Wpmgn, ms nxprnssnh wltbli tbn bujmi `khy, lts sniskry nxtnislkis, mih tbn kutnr nivl-

rkijnit ko jlinrmcs, wmtnr, suiclfbt mih ntbnrnmc wlihs.

Kppksltn rlfbt M rlfbt M grkugblif pksturn msslsts li wltbhrmwlif tbn snisns

Wuprnjn Niclfbtnijnit ‗ livkcvns grksslif kin“s cnfs li cktus pksturn

orkj nxtnrimc kàngts mih mttmlilif mi litnrlkr stmtn ko jnitmc gkignitrmtlki

mih turilif kin“s onnt upwmrhs ki

okgusnh mt tbn bnmrt gmdrm, gmdrm , tbus

mclfilif gkisglkusinss wltb lts liimtn iujlikslty mih ornnlif lt orkj wbmt

inurksglnign hnsgrl`ns ms lts hnomuct jkhn intwkrd. @nlalif Umcmgn Jusnuj. M`kvn Xbn gcmsslg snvni-pklitnh jnhltmtlki pksturn ko pksturn ko tbn @uhhbm _mlrkgmim ‗ tbn nj`khljnit ko

>0

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

rlfbt bmih ls pcmgnh kvnr tbn cnot.

Xbn splin ls bnch nrngt, cldn m stmgd ko fkchni gklis. Xbn sbkuchnrs mrn kpninh, cldn mi nmfcn hrylif lts wlifs li tbn sui. Xbn bnmh `mcmigns nookrtcnsscy ki tkp ko tbn splin, cldn m cktus ùh ki lts stmcd. Xbn nyns rnst ki tbn frkuih mi kxni ykdn“s cniftb li orkit ko tbn `khy. Xbn `rnmtb ls mcckwnh tk gkjn mih fk wltbkut jmilpucmtlki. Xbn clps, tnntb mih tkifun rnst gkjokrtm`cy, wltb tbn tlp ko tbn tkifun clfbtcy tkugblif

Lo mffrnsslki ls prnhkjlimit, tbn

tbn rkko ko tbn jkutb.

kin“s tblfbs. Xbn mrjs mrn rncmxnh wltb kin bmih bnch ki tkp ko tbn ktbnr okur ifnr-wlhtbs `ninmtb tbn imvnc wltb tbn pmcjs upwmrhs mih tbn tbuj`s fnitcy tkugblif li m fnsturn ko nqulpklsn. (Mggkrhlif tk skjn trmhltlkis, lo hnslrn ls prnhkjlimit prnhkjlimit li kin“s kin“s jlih, tbn

cnot bmih ls pcmgnh kvnr tbn rlfbt.) Jkvlif liwmrhs

>7

Nitnrlif tbn ockw Li Xl`ntmi ykfm, nmgb ko tbn Olvn Ncnjnits prkvlhns m jnhltmtlvn jnmis okr mwmdnilif tk tbn jlih“s cljltcnss imturn mih tbn cmrfnr kw ko clon. Xurilif liwmrhs, `nykih tbn pnrskim, mih mttuilif tk tbn liinr mrgbntypn ko Vmtnr,

prmgtltlkinrs nitnr nitnr furmtlvncy litk tbn ulh hnptbs ko skjmtlg gkisglkusinss, gkisglkusinss, trmisgnihlif bm`ltumc `kuihmrlns ko pnrgnptlki mih hlsgkvnrlif mi nxpmihnh, prkgnssumc rnmclty. Li tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki Xmitrm ko tbn Lccujlimtlif Cmjp , mhnpts mrn listrugtnh tk grkugb m`kvn m turùcnit wmtnromcc mih, wltb ‒tbn fmzn ko mi ncnpbmit“, tk pnintrmtn tbn nssnign ko wmt nr. ‒Vbni yku clstni uilitnrruptnhcy tk tbn skuih ko wmtnr“, tbn Xmitrm Xmitrm stmtns, ‒tbn suprnjn ui`kri nssnign wlcc ouccy njnrfn … \ku wlcc gkjn tk uihnrstmih tbn kw ko gkisglkusinss li outurn, prnsnit, mih pmst.“

Kppksltn mih rlfbt Xbn \kfm ko tbn Olvn Ncnjnits gkislsts Ncnjnits gkislsts

ko jnhltmtlif suggnsslvncy ki tbn prljmc skuihs ko Nmrtb, Vmtnr, Olrn, Vlih mih Wpmgn mih mcckwlif tbnlr rnskimigns tk pnrjnmtn kin“s

gkisglkusinss. @y guctlvmtlif jkrn ligcuslvn okrjs ko sniskry mwmrninss, prmgtltlkinrs rngkfilzn tbn

rnvnr`nrmtlkis ko tbn Olvn Ncnjnits ms mimckfuns ko tbnlr psygbkpbyslgmc mffrnfmtns. Mwmdnilif tk kin“s @uhhbm Imturn li tbn rkmr ko omcclif wmtnr, tbn jlih ik ckifnr frmsps mt nltbnr nxtnrimc kr litnrimc pbnikjnim4 mih tbkufbts mih njktlkis pmss tbrkufb gkisglkusinss uiljpnhnh

li m kw ko purn mih pnrongt prnsnign. >8

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

Nitnrlif tbn ockw

>>

Hyimjlg stlccinss Xbn Nifclsb wkrh jnhltmtlki stnjs orkj tbn Cmtl i jnhltmtuj, jnhltmtuj, ‒tk pkihnr“, ùt rnonrs jkrn fninrmccy tk gkitnjpcmtlvn tngbilquns okr `rliflif tbn jlih tk m stmtn ko sustmlinh mttnitlki, ornnlif gkisglkusinss orkj hlstur`lif tbkufbts

M jkid li Gbujpbuf, Gbujpbuf, m smgrnh

vmccny li @butmi, slts li kpni-nynh prnsnign. Jnhltmtlki guctlvmtns njktlkimc gcmrlty mih gkitnitjnit mih ls kotni hnsgrl`nh li imturmc sljlcns. Ms tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm stmtns1 ‒Cldn tbn gkitliukus kw ko wmtnr mih tbn mjlif tlp ko mi klc cmjp, hmy mih ilfbt tbn prmgtltlkinr mcwmys rnjmlis li jnhltmtlvn nqulpklsn.“

mih njktlkis, mih guctlvmtlif unit prnsnign mih nxpmihnh gmpmgl tlns ko jlih mih `khy. Xbn uctljmtn mlj ko tbn pbyslgmc mih jnitmc hlsglpclins ko Xl`ntmi ykfm ls tk trmisgnih tbn humclstlg bm`lts ko krhlimry gkisglkusinss tbmt k`strugt mwmrninss ko wbmt ls rnonrrnh tk li Hzkfgbni ms tbn Imturmc Wtmtn ( incuf ), ), tbn snco-cl`nrmtnh uilty ko prljkrhlmc njptlinss mih rmhlmit mwmrninss. Xrmlilif kotni `nflis wltb jnhltmtlvn gkignitrmtlki ki tbn `rnmtb li krhnr tk stm`lclzn gkisglkusinss mih prkfrnssns tk jkrn nxpmislvn okrjs ko jnhltmtlki li wblgb tbn jlih trmisgnihs hlsqulntlif tbkufbts mih njktlkis tbrkufb kpni prnsnign

mwmrninss. Lislfbt hnvnckps imturmccy wltb tbn pmglgmtlki ko hlsgurslvn jnitmc mgtlvlty mih tbn frmhumc njnrfnign ko cuglh, tbkufbt-ornn prnsnign. Inurmc ljmflif ko `rmli mgtlvlty hurlif vmrlkus okrjs ko jnhltmtlki ligrnmslifcy rnvnmcs jnhltmtlki“s jnhltmtlki“s pksltlvn liunign ki tbn bujmi ljjuin systnj, bnmclif

Xbn gcloo-slhn ḊčdliĤ tnjpcn

ko

Dbmihrk Cbmdbmif mt Duizmifhrmd li @butmi nxnjpclns tbn lskcmtnh snttlifs tbmt cnssni hlstrmgtlkis mih suppkrt mwmrninss ko tbn cujlikus gkitliuuj ko jlih mih pbnikjnimc rnmclty. Duizmifhrmd wms tbn prliglpmc snmt ko tbn rnikwinh =>tbgnitury @butminsn trnmsurn-rnvnmcnr Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm.

mih psygbkpbyslgmc wncc`nlif. Li Xl`ntmi trmhltlki, tbn jlih“s prkfrnsslki orkj su`cljlimc turùcnign tk ligrnmslif cuglhlty mih hyimjlg stlccinss ls kotni hnsgrl`nh mimckflgmccy ms lts trmisokrjmtlki orkj m wmtnromcc tk m omst-kwlif strnmj tk m gmcj rlvnr tbmt jnrfns wltb m `kuihcnss kgnmi. Xbn ==tb-gnitury jmbčslhhbm Umhmjpm Wmifyn hninh jnhltmtlki suggligtcy ms ‒tbn hkkr litk tbn liinrjkst trnmsury ko tbn bnmrt.“ >?

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

Hyimjlg stlccinss

>6

Pnturi tk tbn skurgn

@nckw mih kppksltn kppksltn Gkitnjpcmtlvn li m`snign ko miy skglmc lskcmtlki, li gkitnxt, mgtlvmtns tbn uigkisglkus mih nxpmihs liinr mwmrninss,

rnsuctlif li nirlgblif okrjs ko gkfiltlki. Xl`nt“s blhhnicmih ko Unjmdÿ, plgturnh `nckw cnot, ls gkislhnrnh mi kptljmc ckgmtlki okr jnhltmtlvn rntrnmt, ms mrn gmvns li tbn liinr smigtumry ko Jkuit

Dmlcmsb, sbkwi kppksltn.

>2

Xbn Unmrc Fmrcmih Xmitrm stmtns, ‒L bmvn ik pmtb tk trmvnc. L bmvn fkin tk tbn ktbnr sbkrn … L mj mcc mckin, ùt L mj gkiingtnh tk nvnrytblif.“ Xbls pmssmfn orkj mi nmrcy Hzkfgbni tnxt nxprnssns tbn grnmtlvn pkwnr ko tmgtl gmc wltbhrmwmc wltbli tbn Xl`ntmi @uhhblst trmhltlki ko jnhltmtlvn rntrnmt. Mctbkufb jnhltmtlki jktlvmtnh `y gkjpmsslki uctljmtncy ljpclns grnmtlvn nifmfnjnit wltb mcc ko clon, lt ls kotni prmgtlsnh liltlmccy li rnjktn snttlifs tk mttuin tk wbmt krhlimrlcy ncuhns mttnitlki. Wkcltmry rntrnmt mcckws kin tk tnjpkrmrlcy hlslhnitloy wltb skglmc rkcns mih k`clfmtlkis, sk tbmt kin“s liinr imturn jmy jkrn rnmhlcy sblin okrtb. Li tbls snisn, skcltuhn `ngkjns mi ligu`mtlkimc spmgn li wblgb wkrch mih snco gkbnrn li jkrn litnfrmc stmtns ko gkisglkusinss, mckin mih mt kin wltb mcc tblifs. \nt ms nxprnssnh li Xl`ntmi mimckflns, tbn uctljmtn jnhltmtlki gmvns mrn tbn gmvltlns ko tbn `khy wltbli wblgb liinr pnrgnptlki mrlsns ms gcmrlty mih `clss. Kutnr rntrnmt gmi omglcltmtn sugb njnrfnign, ` ut sk gmi snmjcnss mih uigkihltlkimc ljjnrslki li tbn wkrch. Ms tbn =2tb-gnitury Hzkfgbni jmstnr Alfjn Clifpm stmtnh, ‒Lo tbn jnhltmtkr usns wbmtnvnr kggurs li clon ms tbn pmtb Ttk rnmclzmtlkiZ, tbn `khy ltsnco `ngkjns m rntrnmt but“, ljpcylif tbmt tbnrn ls uctljmtncy ik innh tk snnd kin ncsnwbnrn.

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

Jnhltmtlif ki tbn sngrnt krmc listrugtlkis L bmh ik usn okr hlhmgtlg `kkds. Bmvlif hlsgkvnrnh m smigtumry wltbli jy kwi `khy L bmh ik innh okr m jkimstnry. Bmvlif nj`rmgnh tbn splrlt rmtbnr tbmi tbn wkrhs ko tbn sgrlpturns L m`mihkinh mcc jlscnmhlif gkignpts. Jlcmrnpm, ==tb gnitury

Pnturi tk tbn skurgn

><

M @butminsn ykflil rnsts li kpni prnsnign jnhltmtlki. Gkrn jnhltmtlki jnhltmtlki listrugtlkis wltbli Hzkfgbni

mhvlsn jmlitmlilif tbn `khy cldn m jkuitmli, tbn jlih cldn tbn sdy mih tbn `rnmtb mih nyns cldn m `kuihcnss kgnmi, hlsnifmflif orkj tbn kw ko tbkufbts mih sustmlilif mi kpni,

rngnptlvn mih imturmccy rmhlmit stmtn ko mwmrninss.

Kpni prnsnign Okgusnh jnhltmtlki hlsnifmfns tbn jlih orkj jnitmc mih pbyslgmc prkgnssns mih omglcltmtns m imturmc stmtn ko gcmrlty mih nmsn. Kpni prnsnign jnhltmtlki ourtbnrs tbls stmtn ko gmcj m`lhlif wblcn hnnpnilif tbn jlih“s pnrgnptumc rmifn mih nxpmihlif jnitmc qumcltlns ko trmiqulclty mih iki-rnonrnitlmc aky, ms m `msls okr lislfbt litk tbn imturn ko rnmclty mih gkisglkusinss. Li tbn trmhltlki ko Frnmt Unrongtlki, tbls jnrflif ko kin-pklitnh mttnitlki mih glrgujonrnitlmc mwmrninss ls hnsgrl`nh ms tbn litnfrmc uilki ko Ŕmjmtbm mih Ŕmjmtbm mih vlpmŔymi tbmt mrlsns li okrjmc jnhltmtlki prmgtlgn ms wncc ms wltbli mcc glrgujstmigns tbmt mrn nifmfnh wltb kpni mttnitlki. Xbn =
gkisglkusinss mih lts nch ko mwmrninss. Ms tbn frnmt 05tb-gnitury onjmcn mhnpt Wnrm Dbmihrk nxprnssnh lt, ‒Li jy lskcmtnh jkuitmli rntrnmt ko snco-cujlikus hntmgbjnit, rnstlif li cujlikslty wltbkut xmtlki, L sustmlinh tbn nssnitlmc imturn ko snco-njnrfnit sljpclglty. sljpclglty. Fmzlif upki jy krlflimc omgn ko gmrnornn kpniinss, L nj`khy tbn trutb ko tbn snco-cl`nrmtlki ko hlvlslvn njktlkis.“ Noongtlvn jnhltmtlki ls kotni gkitrmstnh wltb stmtns ko gkignptumc mih njktlkimc hlstrmgtlki. @ut orkj tbn pklit ko vlnw ko Hzkfgbni, hlstrmgtlki ls ikt m hnongt ko tbn jlih, ùt m imturmc rn-prlkrltlzlif ko mttnitlki. Xl`ntmi tnmgbnrs pklit kut tbmt lo kur jnhltmtlkis, mih clvns, mrn bm`ltumccy ‒hlstrmgtnh“, lt jmy sljpcy `n tbmt wn mrni“t hnvktlif kursncvns tk wbmt jmttnrs jkst. Li

trmhltlki jmlitmlis, tbmt gkisglkusinss ls jkrn tbmi mi njnrfnit prkpnrty ko

ktbnr bmih, wbni vlnwnh wltb hlsgnrijnit, hlstrmgtlkis gmi `ngkjn prmgtltlki-

nrs“ jkst pkwnrouc mcclns li mssnsslif wbntbnr kr ikt tbny mrn mclfinh wltb tbnlr

mttmgbjnits.

inurkncngtrlgmc mgtlvlty. Ms mi litnfrmc nxpmislki ko mwmrninss, jnhltmtlki wltbli tbn trmhl tlki ko Frnmt Unrongtlki ls `msnh ki rngkfiltlki ko tbn ouihmjnitmc uilty ko

`ngkjn, ms Ilntzsgbn Ilntzsgbn livkdnh tbnj, ‒hlvlin hlstrmgtlkis“. hlstrmgtlkis“.

?5

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

Kpni prnsnign

Clki“s Gmvn b nrjltmfn li @butmi ls rnikwinh ms tbn pcmgn wbnrn tbn 2tbgnitury onjmcn Xl`ntmi mhnpt \nsbn Xskfymc prmgtlsnh mhvmignh Xmitrlg jnhltmtlki wltb bnr Inpmcnsn gkiskrt Mtsmrm Wmbcn. Xrmhltlkimccy, prmgtlgns ko ikntlg `clss mrn kicy nifmfnh kign m prmgtltlkinr bms ouccy rngkfilznh tbn sncnss imturn ko mcc pbnikjnim, tbus ornnlif tbn jlih orkj hn`lcltmtlif

jmttnrs ko snx mih hnmtb, okgus ls spkitminkus (tbus tbn lgkikfrmpby ko Xmitrlg

hnltlns) mih hlstrmgtlkis mrn rmrn. Vbni kur kggupmtlkimc mih splrltumc pursults mrn m`snit ko aky mih pmsslki, molgtlvn njktlkis rnmhlcy tmdn us koo gkursn mih k`sgurn tbn mgtlvn nxprnsslki ko liimtn wlshkj mih gkjpmsslki. Ki tbn

blfbnst litnitlkis mih tbn jkst noongtlvn jnmis okr mgblnvlif tbnj. Xbny tbni

?=

@nykih @nykih jnhltmtlki Xbn dikwcnhfn mih nxpnrlnign tbmt hnrlvn orkj jnhltmtlki mrn kotni hnsgrl`nh ms `nlif ligkignlvm`cn `y tbn jlih. Xbn jmbčslhhbm Xlckpč gkivnynh tbls trutb tk bls hlsglpcn Ičrkpč li slx ykflg prliglpcns tbmt, li ncm`krmtnh okrj, uihnrcln mcc prmgtlgns ko Xl`ntmi ykfm. Xlckpč pklitnh kut tbmt tbn wlshkj tbmt rnsucts orkj gkitnjpcmtlvn nxpnrlnign ls uctljmtncy snco-hlsgckslif. Bn ikintbncnss ljpmrtnh tk Ičrkpč m gucjlimtlif slx-pklit tnmgblif ki iki-humc rnmclzmtlki `nykih okrjmc jnhltmtlki, ms tbn nssnign ko iki-gkignptumc mwmrninss. Ms Xlckpč listrugtnh, ‒Hki“t ljmflin4 hki“t tblid4 hki“t hncl`nrmtn4 hki“t jnhltmtn4 mih hki“t mimcysn. Pnjmli li tbn jlih“s imturmc stmtn.“ Xbn sgbkcmr mih jnhl tmtlki jmstnr Fymcwm \mifÿipm (=0=7‗26) gcmrlnh tbn jnmilif ko tbnsn slx listrugtlkis li bls Blhhni bls Blhhni Hnsgrlptlki ko tbn _marm @khy1 ‒Xbkufbts rncmtnh tk suàngt mih kàngt mrn jnitmc prkangtlkis. Xbn nssnign ko jlih ls iki-kàngtlnh imturmc gcmrlty. gcmrlty. Xbn imturn ko tbmt gcmrlty ls njptlinss, tbn rmhlmign ko wblgb ls `kuihcnss. Xbn jlih“s jlih“s uctljmtn uctljmtn nssnign ls tktmccy tktmccy `nykih mcc gkignpts!“ gkignpts!“

Xbn iki-gkignptumc rmhlmit gcmrlty tbmt ls tbn nssnign ko jlih ls tbn `msn, pmtb mih rnsuct ko mcc okrjs ko Xl`ntmi ykfm. Xbn prmgtlgmc jntbkhs tbrkufb wblgb tbmt imturmc nihkwjnit ls rnmclznh mrn ncm`krmtnh li tbn Wlx \kfms tbmt Xlckpč trmisjlttnh tk Ičrkpč ki tbn `mids ko tbn Fmifns Plvnr li Lihlm mih wblgb su`snqunitcy `ngmjn tbn okuihmtlki ko Xl`nt“s Liinr Xmitrlg trmhltlki. Xk sujjmrlzn wbmt wlcc `n gkvnrnh li hntmlc li su`snqunit gbmptnrs, tbn slx litnr gkiingtnh ykflg prmgtlgns gkislst ko pnrgnlvlif tbn `khy ms ‒njpty“, mih tbus

jutm`cn4 guctlvmtlif ligmihnsgnit vltmclty4 m`lhlif li litrlislg cujlinsgnign4 mpprkmgblif mcc nxpnrlnigns ms infktlm`cn hrnmjs4 mih rngkfilzlif tbn trluin jmṆḊmcm ko `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih ms wbmt tbn Xmitrm ko tbn Wngrnt Mssnj`cy rnonrs tk ms m ‒uilki ko sngrnts“, mih wblg b \mifÿipm \mifÿipm livkdnh ms m ‒pcm yfrkuih ko niclfbtninh `nlifs … sbljjnrlif li `cmzlif spcnihkur“.

Kppksltn M Xl`ntmi cmjm pnrokrjs cmjm pnrokrjs

m rltumc koonrlif tk ckgmc splrlts wblcn gclj`lif tk tbn niclfbtnijnit gmvn ko \nsbn Xskfymc, tbn 2tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi prlignss wbk rnikuignh

gkurtcy clon tk jnhltmtn li rnjktn jkuitmlis wltb bnr tnmgbnr mih gkiskrt Umhjmsmj`bmvm, tbn Xmitrlg

jmstnr grnhltnh wltb nstm`clsblif _marmyčim @uhhblsj tbrkufbkut tbn Bljmcmyms. Plfbt \nsbn Plfbt \nsbn Xskfymc“s niclfbtnijnit gmvn ls ckgmtnh =6,56> ot (>,055 j)

m`kvn snm cnvnc ki m jkuitmli rlhfn li Xnrhrkj, li gnitrmc Xl`nt. Xbn lskcmtnh gmvnri ls rnmgbnh `y m prnglpltkus trmgd mgrkss gcloos gcloos mih gmsgmhlif sgrnn sckpns. \nsbn Xskfymc mih Umhjmsmj`bmvm okuih rnoufn

bnrn motnr `nlif pnrsngutnh `y bkstlcn jlilstnrs kppksnh tk tbn litrkhugtlki ko @uhhblsj li Xl`nt.

?0

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

@nykih jnhltmtlki

?7

Li uctljmtn trutb, tbnrn mrn inltbnr blihrmigns ikr @uhhbms. Xbnrn ls ik jnhltmtkr kr jnhltmtlki. Xbnrn ls ik prmgtlgn kr nxpnrlnign. Inltbnr ls tbnrn miy @uhhbm @khy kr @uhhbm Jlih Xbnrnokrn Xbnrnokrn tbnrn ls ik Ilrvči. m. Mcc sugb tnrjs mrn aust imjns mih gkignpts. Jlcmrnpm, ==tb gnitury M`kvn Imcakrjm Xsnymif ßsnc

bkchs up m grljski rbkhkhnihrki kwnr motnr gkjpcntlif twk gkisngutlvn tbrnn-ynmr jnhltmtlki rntrnmts li tbn jkuitmlis ko @butmi.

Cmjm Cbuihrup Hkran, mi Plfbt Cmjm mhnpt orkj nmstnri Xl`nt, jnhltmtns li Dbmihrk Wmifpud, ‒Wngrnt Gmvn ko tbn ḃčdliĤs“, wbnrn \nsbn Xskfymc mttmlinh niclfbtnijnit prmgtlslif Xujjk, tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn. Xbn gmvn ls mggnssnh vlm twk snts

ko wkkhni cmhhnrs cmsbnh tkfntbnr wltb ymd blhn, mih lts glrgultkus pmssmfnwmys mrn cldninh tk tbn ninrfy gbmiincs ko tbn su`tcn `khy. Kppksltn Xbn Xl`ntmi ykfl Jlcmrnpm wms Jlcmrnpm wms rnikwinh okr bls

jmstnry ko tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn. Li tbls =2tb-gnitury sgucpturn ko gcmy, wkkh mih plfjnit, bn jnhltmtns li m jkuitmli gmvn, surrkuihnh `y

miljmcs sugb ms tlfnrs, hnnr mih sikw clkis. Bn bkchs bls bmih tk bls nmr, slfiloylif bls omjn okr bmvlif

gkjpksnh =55,555 skifs rnvnmclif tbn akys mih gbmccnifns ko tbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst pmtb. Inwmrd Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw Anrsny.

?8

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

@nykih jnhltmtlki

?>

Kppksltn Cmjm Cbuihrup Hkran

Hki“t slt mt bkjn Hki“t jnhltmtn li tbn okrnst, @ut rngkfilzn tbn nssnign ko jlih Vbnrnvnr yku olih ykursnco. Vbni kin m`lhns li gkjpcntn mih pnrongt niclfbtnijnit, Vbnrn tbni ls Wmj. sčrm mih wbnrn ls Ilrvči. m; … Nvnrytblif ls @uhhbm wltbkut nxgnptlki … Gkisglkusinss ls purn li lts krlflimc imturn. Jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm, HkbčdkŔm, 2tb gnitury

bkchs kut tbn nihs ko bls rnh mih wbltn rk`n li m sljucmtlki ko ykflg lfbt, wblcn stmihlif `nckw tbn cljnstkin gmvn wbnrn \nsbn Xskfymc mttmlinh niclfbtnijnit. Li m trnmsurn tnxt nitltcnh Pninh nitltcnh Pninh Nssnign ko Krmc Listrugtlkis , Umhjmsmj`bmvm

listrugts \nsbn Xskfymc tk ‒Pnst ornncy mih rncmxnh. Nvnrytblif ls ligcuhnh li tbls!“ Li rnfmrh tk tbn dny pklits ko spnngb, bn hlsjlssnh jmitrm rngltmtlki mih `rnmtb gkitrkc mih njpbmslznh rnjmlilif slcnit cldn m jutn. Pnfmrhlif tbn jlih, bls imc mhvlgn wms tk rnst gkisglkusinss ‒li lts imturmc stmtn, ornn, nmsy mih wltbkut om`rlgmtlki … `nykih gkignitrmtlki, rncmxmtlki, prkangtlif, hlsskcvlif mih liwmrh okgus.“ Plfbt M Plfbt M glrgucmr rmli`kw okrjs rmli`kw okrjs mrkuih tbn sui li Xnrhrkj. Ms stmtnh li tbn =0tb-gnitury Xbn Xurquklsn

Bnmrt Nssnign1 Nssnign1 ‒Xbnrn ls iktblif li Wmṇsčrm mih IlrvčṆm tbmt lsi“t nigmpsucmtnh `y kutnr, liinr, mih sngrnt mspngts ko tbn Olvn Ncnjnits … Li tbn smjn wmy, nvnrytblif ls wbkccy mih gkjpcntncy gkitmlinh li tbn ykfli“s `khy.“

??

Ncnjnitmc wlshkj

@nykih jnhltmtlki

?6

Ljjmgucmtn pnrgnptlki Ornnlif tbn ljmflimtlki Ms ckif ms yku hk ikt ikt rngkfilzn tbn tbn suprnjn @uhhbm @uhhbm wltbli ykursnco, bkw gmi yku mttmli ykur trun okrj; … Vbni omcsn pnrgnptlkis pnrgnptlkis gnmsn, yku wlcc dikw dikw ykursnco ms yku trucy mrn. Jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm, 2tb gnitury

Nitnrlif tbn jmi. h. mcm Kppksltn mih `nckw Xbn jnhltmtlkimc hnlty Hkran Hrkck rnprnsnits kin ko nlfbt jmilonstmtlkis ko Umhjmsmj`bmvm, nmgb ko wblgb

nxprnssns mi nxlstnitlmc krlnitmtlki rmiflif orkj sgbkcmr, dlif mih msgntlg tk Xmitrlg ckvnr. Wlfiloylif tbn juctlhljnislkimclty ko `nlif nspkusnh li _marmyčim @uhhblsj, Hkran Hrkck ‗ rlhlif ki m prnfimit tlfrnss mih wltb nyns ùcflif li mcc hlrngtlkis ‗ nj`khlns tbn mgtlvlty

ko ‒grmzy wlshkj“, m vlm`cn stmign wbni ckflg mih rnmski omlc tk ylnch smtlsomgtkry rnsucts. Hkran Hrkck“s fmzn rngmccs tbn wkrhs ko Vmccmgn Wtnvnis wbk wrktn ko tbn ‒vlsl`lclty ko tbkufbt / Li wblgb buihrnhs ko nyns, li kin jlih, snn mt kign.“

\kfm \kfm prmgtlgns wltbli _marmyčim @uhhblsj hnvnckpnh wltbli tbn cmrfnr gkitnxt ko Lihlmi Xmitrlsj, mih nspnglmccy wltbli tbn \kfliĤ Xmitrm Xmitrm gcmss ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst tnxts tbmt njnrfnh li Lihlm `ntwnni tbn 2tb mih =5tb gniturlns. Xbn grkwilif cltnrmry hnvnckpjnit ko Lihlmi @uhhblsj“s _marmyčim, kr ‒Mhmjmitlin Vmy“, tbn \kfliĤ, kr ‒Jktbnr“ Xmitrms sbmrn gkjjki onmturns wltb Xmitrlg őmlvlsj mih livkcvn ljmflimtlvn lhnitlgmtlki wltb ngstmtlg, juctl-clj`nh Xmitrlg hnltlns tbmt slfiloy tbn hyimjlg uilty ko njptlinss, `clss mih rmhlmit gkjpmsslki mt tbn bnmrt ko niclfbtninh nxlstnign. Xrmisokrjlif nmrcy @uhhblsj“s msgntlg hlspksltlki litk pmsslkimtn nifmfnjnit, _marmyčim _marmyčim nxtnihnh @uhhblsj“s @uhhblsj“s liunign mih mppclgm`lclty `nykih gkisnrvmtlvn jkimstlg listltutlkis. Ms tbn 2tb-gnitury Bnvmarm Xmitrm Xmitrm omjkuscy prkgcmljs, ‒Kin just rlsn `y tbmt `y wblgb kin omccs … @y wbmtnvnr `lihs tbn wkrch, `y tbmt lt just `n ornnh.“ Gnitrmc tk tbls nihnmvkur wms m rnvmckrlzmtlki ko `ktb tbn `khy mih tbn ljmflimtlki ms nssnitlmc vnblgcns, rmtbnr tbmi k`stmgcns, tk nxlstnitlmc mih splrltumc ornnhkj. \kflg prmgtlgn li _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj trmhltlkimccy `nflis wltb liltl mtlki litk kin ko snvnrmc @uhhblst jmṆḊmcms, vlslkimry rnmcjs prnslhnh kvnr `y nrktlgmccy nitwlinh Xmitrlg hlvliltlns syj`kclzlif tbn iujlikus pcmy mih nxpmihnh pnrgnptlki ko snco-trmisgnihnit mwmrninss. Li mggkrhmign wltb tbn @uhhblst vlnw ko rnmclty ms m prkangtlki ko gkisglkusinss, mctnrlif pnrgnptlki ko snnjlifcy kàngtlvn pbnikjnim gbmifns rnmclty“s jmilonstmtlkis4 aust ms pnrgnptlki li qumituj pbyslgs libnrnitcy hntnrjlins wbmt ls k`s nrvnh. Xk kvnrgkjn stmtlg, snco-cljltlif `nclnos mih gkignptlkis, tbn liltlmc Grnmtlki Ubmsn (utpmttldrmjm , Xl`. Dynrlj Xl`. Dynrlj) ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn livkcvns ljmflimtlvncy trmisokrjlif kinsnco litk m rmhlmit, kjilsglnit hnlty li m rmhlgmc okrj ko ljltmtlk Hnl li wblgb kin njucmtns hlvlilty li krhnr tk `ngkjn tbn kàngt ko kin“s mttnitlki mih moongtlki. @msnh ki tbn vlnw tbmt mcc `nlifs mrn libnrnitcy @uhhbms ‗ njmimtlkis ko wlshkj, wlshkj, pkwnr mih gkjpmsslki gkjpmsslki ‗ Hnlty \kfm \kfm (hnvmtm ykfm) uihnrclns mcc su`snqunit okrjs ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblst ykfm. ?<

Wnnlif tbn ùhhbm wltbli Li tbn nmrclnst @uhhblst Wutrčs, tbn Umcl wkrh smhhbm, gkjjkicy trmiscmtnh ms omltb, rnonrs jkrn prnglsncy tk ‒gkihnign“, li rnonrnign tk mi liinr qumclty ko `nlif rmtbnr tbmi hnvktlki tkwmrhs miy nxtnrimccy prkangtnh skurgn ko smcvmtlki. Hnlty \kfm, ms prmgtlsnh li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, mgtlvncy guctlvmtns tbls mttltuhn ko onmrcnss bujlclty `y nivlslkilif kinsnco ms m wrmtbouc, pnmgnouc kr ngstmtlg Xmitrlg hnlty, gkrrnspkihlif wltb kin“s dmrjlg moilty mih ms hntnrjlinh okrjmccy tbrkufb rltumc liltlmtlki litk tbn hnlty“s jmṆḊmcm, kr smgrnh m`khn. Lo nifmfnh wltb kpniinss mih uihnrstmihlif ko tbn rncmtlvlty ko mcc pbnikjnim, Hnlty \kfm nifnihnrs nxl`lclty ko jlih mih rnliokrgns tbn rngkfiltlki tbmt pnrgnptlkis ko snco mih rnmclty mrn, li nssnign, mctnrm`cn jnitmc om`rlgmtlkis. Xbn prkgnss ls lhnkckflgmccy rncmtnh tk Xbnksls, kr ‒hnlgmtlki“ ms tmufbt li Nmstnri Krtbkhkx Gbrlstlmilty, m trmisokrjmtlvn prkgnss okr mttmlilif uilki wltb tbn

Fkhbnmh. Li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, uctljmtn rnmclty mssujns liiujnrm`cn prkvl slkimc okrjs, njpkwnrlif m vlnw ko snco mih rnmclty tbmt, rkktnh li njptlinss, ls nvnr jutm`cn mih uigkiinh `y miy slifcn jkhn ko nxlstnign. Xbl s pnrspngtlvn ls ikt uicldn Cuhwlf Vlttfnistnli“s pblckskpblgmc hlgtuj tbmt ‒mcc gkuch `n ktbnrwlsn … tbn nyns smy kicy nltbnr.“ nltbnr.“ M`kvn mih kppksltn Hnltlns kppksltn Hnltlns li mjkrkus nj`rmgn slfiloy nj`rmgn slfiloy liinr

qumcltlns tbmt tbn prmgtltlkinr guctlvmtns tbrkufb vlsumclzmtlki mih ljmflimtlvn lhnitlgmtlki. Xbn sgrkcc pmlitlif kppksltn ko m hmiglif okrj ko MvmckdltnŔvmrm, tbn @khblsmttvm ko uilvnrsmc gkjpmsslki, snrvns ms mi

lgkikfrmpblgmc suppkrt okr tbn ngstmtlg, snco-trmisgnihnit stmtn ko @uhhbmbkkh. Plfbt M Plfbt M prmgtltlkinr ko Hnlty \kfm gkitnjpcmtns vn wlshkj jmilonstmtlkis ko tbn @khblsmttvm

_marmsmttvm tbmt slfiloy trmisfurnh nxprnsslkis ko tbn vn molgtlvn bujmi njktlkis ko lfikrmign,

frnnh, mffrnsslki, anmckusy mih prlhn. Xmitrlg @uhhblsj“s @uhhblsj“s pmitbnki

ko jnhltmtlkimc hnltlns suppkrts snco-trmisokrjmtlki, wblcn omltb ls hnsgrl`nh ms m sdlcouc jnmis okr ornnlif tbn jlih orkj su`gkisglkus

gkihltlkilif mih kàngtloylif `nclnos.

65


Wnnlif tbn ùhhbm wltbli

6=

Xbn `clss tbmt mrlsns orkj Hnlty \kfm Ls m @uhhbm tbmt ls inltbnr tmifl`cn ikr litmifl`cn … Lts clj`s mih omgns slfiloy tbn suprnjn ljjutm`cn `clss Xbmt hwnccs wltbli mcc `nlifs. Bnvmarm Xmitrm, 2tb gnitury

Plfbt M Gmryč hmignr mt tbn Wmidbu

_marmykfliĤ tnjpcn li Inpmc livkdns tbn Xmitrlg jnhltmtlkimc hnlty _marmvčrčbĤ wltb tbn suppkrt ko rltumc mggkutrnjnits tbmt ligcuhn m flchnh grkwi, m ingdcmgn ko lvkry sduccs mih m slcvnr-clinh bujmi grmiluj. Xbn Gmryč hmign okrj hnvnckpnh wltbli tbn Inwmr trmhltlki ko Xmitrlg

@uhhblsj ms m ouccy nj`khlnh mpprkmgb tk Hnlty \kfm li wblgb hlvlilty ls nimgtnh tbrkufb hyimjlg gbkrnkfrmpby mih gkisngrmtnh stmtns

ko rltumc pkssnsslki ( vnŔm). vnŔm). Kppksltn JmṆḊmcms mrn pkrtmcs litk Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn.

Gkitnjpcmtlif kr vlsumclzlif tbnlr ormgtmc syjjntrlns mih gkjpcnx syj`kclsj suppkrts m trmisfurnh, juctl-hljnislkimc nxpnrlnign ko rnmclty mih bujmi imturn, ms rnvnmcnh li tbls Xl`ntmi jmṆḊmcm ko _marmykfliĤ mih lts gnitrmc gkifurmtlki ko vn litnrsngtlif trlmifcns syj`kclzlif tbn vn ncnjnitmc prkgnssns ouihmjnitmc tk Xmitrlg @uhhblst psygbkckfy mih prmgtlgn, =
60

Urljmc syitmx _lsumclzlif kinsnco ms mi niclfbtninh @uhhbm li tbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj ls trmhltlkimccy suppkrtnh tbrkufb tbn rngltmtlki ko m gkrrnspkihlif jmitrm, m Wmisdrlt wkrh kr pbrmsn tbmt nitrmlis tbn jlih tkwmrhs lts kàngt ko gkignitrmtlki. Mcc jmitrms mrlsn orkj ‒snnh-syccm`cns“ ko tbn Wmisdrlt mcpbm`nt . Xmitrlg tnxts prkgcmlj tbnsn kin-syccm`cn `lam jmitrms ms tbn gmusmc skurgn ko jmtnrlmc pbnikjnim, mih hnsgrl`n tbnj ms pnrvmhlif tbn bujmi `khy ms syccm`lg strnmjs ko vkwncs mih gkiskimits. Li Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn, tbnsn skjmtlg pbkinjns, kr jliljmc jliljmc uilts ko skuih, rnonrnign tbn jmstnry jmstnry ko frmjjmr tbmt tbmt wms m prnrnqulsltn okr uihnrtmdlif miy mhvmignh hlsglpclin hnsgrl`nh li Wmisdrlt tnxts. Li tbn prmgtlgn ko Hnlty \kfm, nj`rykilg snnh-syccm`cns gkistltutn m frmjjmr ko mwmdnilif mih mrn nivlslkinh mih litkinh tk nifnihnr Xmitrlg hnltlns,

tbrkufb wblgb prmgtltlkinrs syj`kclgmccy lhnitloy wltb m snco-trmisgnihnit rnmclty. rnmclty. Grnmtlki Ubmsn prkgnssns ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj trmis-

okrj gkistrmlilif `nclnos li m s lifcn mih libnrnitcy nxlstlif snco litk m pmitbnki ko nxpmihnh pkssl`lcltlns, mdli tk tbn k`snrvmtlki ko pknt mih pblckskpbnr Onrimihk Unsskm tbmt, ‒Nmgb ko us ls snvnrmc, ls jmiy, m prkouslki ko sncvns.“ Hnlty \kfm \kfm `nflis mih nihs, bkwnvnr, wltb jnhltmtlki ki őŤiymtč, li wblgb mcc prkvlslkimc okrjs mih lhnitltlns, ms wncc ms cmifumfn ltsnco, mrlsn orkj mih hlsskcvn litk prljkrhlmc njptlinss, m hyimjlg nch ko rncmtlkimc kggurrnigns mih

Kppksltn m`kvn Xbn slxtnni vkwncs ko tbn Wmisdrlt cmifumfn `nfli cmifumfn `nfli wltb tbn pbkinjn cl mih gkrrnspkih

wltb kws ko su`tcn ninrfy wltbli tbn bujmi `khy. Hnlty \kfm nifmfns tbnsn onjmcn vl`rmtlkis sk ms tk ljmflimtlvncy trmisokrj kinsnco litk mi mrgbntypmc Xmitrlg hlvlilty. Xbn slxtnni vkwncs, bnrn hnplgtnh li m pmlitlif `y Pk`nrt Ukwncc, mrn msskglmtnh gksjkckflgmccy wltb tbn slxtnni pbmsns ko tbn cuimr gygcn. Li uilki wltb ‒skcmr“ gkiskimits, msskglmtnh wltb tbn jmcn prliglpcn, tbny slfiloy m prljmc syitmx tbrkufb wblgb skjmtlg ninrfy gkjjuilgmtns ms gkisglkus tbkufbt mih mwmrninss. Kppksltn `nckw Wmisdrlt“s `nckw Wmisdrlt“s tblrty-slx gkiskimits ‗ gkiskimits ‗ `nfliilif `nfliilif wltb tbn tbn pbkinjn dcl ‗ gkrrnspkih wltb ninrfy gurrnits li tbn bujmi `khy,

slfiloylif mi litnrimc frmjjmr ko nxpnrlnign tbmt ngbkns tbn vlnw

ko Uytbmfkrms tbmt cmifumfn mih iuj`nrs bkch swmy kvnr uilvnrsmc ux. Li tbls gkitnjpkrmry pmlitlif `y Pkco Dcunitnr, skuih jmilonsts jmilonsts ms vlsl`cn syccm`cns tbmt rnskimtn wltbli tbn nj`khlnh gksjks ko tbn ykflg `khy.

litnrmgtlvn nvnits. Li gkitnjpkrmry tnrjs, tbn prkonssnh

jutm`lclty ko njptlinss mih okrj rnngts qumituj pbyslgs“ vlnw ko tbn uctljmtn lhnitlty ko ninrfy mih jmttnr. Pngkfiltlki ko tbn ouihmjnitmc nqulvmcnign ko njptlinss mih mppmrnit okrj ‗ kr uctljmtn mih rncmtlvn rnmclty ‗ ls tbn stmrtlif pklit ko mcc Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn. Ms tbn Dlif ko Njpkwnrjnit Xmitrm stmtns, ‒Lo yku hlh ikt mcrnmhy pkssnss tbn suprnjn pkwnr ko rnmclty wltbli ykursnco, bkw gkuch yku k`tmli lt tbrkufb mi nxtnrimc rltn ko njpkwnrjnit;“

Wnnh-syccm`cns pnrvmhn tbn Cnot Wnnh-syccm`cns bujmi `khy ms vl`rmtkry pbkinjns,

M`kvn _marmyčim @uhhblsj vlnws litnrimc nxpnrlnign ms m cmifumfn

ms lccustrmtnh li tbls hntmlc orkj mi =2tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi jmiusgrlpt. Jmitrms nvkcvn orkj tbnsn

li wblgb vl`rmtlif syccm`cns slfiloy liokrjmtlkimc strnmjs wltbli tbn

nj`khlnh skuihs mih, gkj`linh

jmiusgrlpt okclk, tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm msskglmtns vkwncs wltb tbn jkki

wltb vlsumclzmtlki, suppkrt tbn trmisokrjmtlki ko bm`ltumc jnitmc pmttnrilif litk rnmclzmtlki ko trmispnrskimc hlvlilty. Xbn

68


mhnpt“s `khy. Ms hnplgtnh li tbls

mih wlshkj mih gkiskimits wltb tbn

sui mih sdlcouc jnmis. Xbn ikvnclst ^rsucm CnFuli wrktn mimckfkuscy li

Fubymfmr`bm Xmitrm hnsgrl`ns

Vmvn li tbn Jlih tbmt, Jlih tbmt, ‒Xbmt gkistmit,

niclfbtnijnit ms cl-dcl, tbn uilki ko tbn `khy“s li-hwncclif onjmcn mih jmcn syccm`cns.

hnclgmtn, gkjpcnx tbrk``lif ls tbn prkgnss ko clon jmhn vlsl`cn.“@nlalif Umcmgn Jusnuj. 6>

Ngstmtlg gkitnjpcmtlki

Xmitrlg @uhhblsj hnins @uhhbmbkkh ms m stmtn ko ornnhkj orkj hncuhnh tbkufbts rnfmrhlif tbn imturn ko rnmclty. Ms nxprnsslkis ko bujmi imturn ui`kuih `y gkivnitlkimc cljlts, Xmitrlg @uhhblst hnltlns koonr mitbrkpkjkrpblg mitbrkpkjkrpblg suppkrt okr snco-trmisgnihnign. Hnlty \kfm ls prnfurnh li tbn \kfm WŤtrms ko Umtmamcl, li wblgb gkitnjpcmtlki ko ġŔvmrm, mi kjilsglnit `nlif livkdnh `y tbn snnh-syccm`cn Kṇ, ls lihlgmtnh ms kin ko vn prkvlslkimc jnmis okr mttmli lif tbn cl`nrmtnh stmtn ko ykfm. Ms stmtnh li vnrsns 0188‗8> ko tbn \kfm WŤtrms, ‒Orkj rngltmtlki mrlsns uilki wltb kin“s gbksni hnlty. Orkj gkitnjpcmtlki ko ġŔvmrm gkjns pnrongtlki ko smjhbl.“ Vbntbnr vlsumclznh ms pnmgnouc, wrmtbouc, kr ngstmtlg, hlvlin okrjs nivl slkinh li tbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn ko Hnlty \kfm rnngt tbn litrlislg jutm`lclty ko snco-pnrgnptlki, ms kppksnh tk mi lhnmcl znh mctnr nfk. Xl`ntmi \kfm `nflis wltb mi nssnitlmc m`mihkijnit ko slifucmrlzlif lhnitlty mih gkrrnspkihlif xmtlkis. Mrlslif ms kin“s ‒gbksni hnlty“ (lṧṪmhnvmt, Xl`. ylhmj Xl`. ylhmj), tbn prmgtltlkinr ko

Xbn Unrongt @uhhbm gmiikt `n okuih Li miy ko tbn tni hlrngtlkis kr tbn okur tljns. Ktbnr tbmi tbn pnrongt @uhhbm Xbmt ls tbn jlih“s liinr rmhlmign Hk ikt snnd tbn @uhhbm ncsnwbnrn. Fubymfmr`bm Xmitrm, 2tb gnitury

Kppksltn Xmitrlg hnltlns li nrktlg nj`rmgn omglcltmtn litnrimc stmtns ko

syjpmtbntlg `clss wbni gkitnjpcmtnh tbrkufb Hnlty \kfm. Vbni nxpmislvncy nifmfnh, tbn bujmi ljmflimtlki `ngkjns m pkwnrouc okrgn tbmt gmi cl`nrmtn juihmin pnrgnptlki pnrgnptlki mih trmisokrj trmisokrj `ktb `ktb liinr mih kutnr pbnikjnim, ms hnplgtnh li

tbls ljmfn orkj tbn wmccs ko Hnvldktm tnjpcn li Xl`nt“s blhhnicmih ko Unjmdÿ. Plfbt Xbn clki-omgnh ḊčdliĤ Wljbmjudbm, fmrcmihnh li sduccs,

nj`khlns tbn nvnr-prnsnit jutm`lclty ko gkisglkusinss ms wncc ms m hyimjlg jnmis okr hlsgmrhlif

cljltlif snco-pnrgnptlkis. @y nj`rmglif tbn ngstmtlg pktnitlmc ko tbn bujmi ljmflimtlki, prmgtltlkinrs

ko Hnlty \kfm fmli lislfbt litk tbn wmys li wblgb tbn jlih gkitliukuscy rn-grnmtns ltsnco mggkrhlif tk `ktb gkisglkuscy mih su`gkisglkuscy bnch mttltuhns mih `nclnos. 6?



66

Xbn onjmcn @uhhbm Xčrč ls hnplgtnh snisukuscy tk njpbmslzn bnr ljjminign wltbli tbn bujmi

onjmcn okrj. Li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, lt ls ikt m suprnjn, trmisgnihnit Hnlty wltb wblgb m prmgtltlkinr

lhnitlns, ùt rmtbnr wltb miy iuj`nr ko `nmtlg, nrgn kr ngstmtlg hlvliltlns rnprnsnitlif pktnitlmcltlns

Hnlty \kfm rngkfilzns tbmt, li Vlttfnistnli“s Vlttfnistnli“s tnrjs, ‒mcc gmi `n ktbnrwlsn.“ Hnlty \kfm tbus mgtlvncy guctlvmtns m grnmtlvn rnvlslkilif ko krhlimry nxpnrl nign ms wncc ms rmhlgmc trmisgnihnign ko libl`ltlif snco-gkignptlkis. Ms Gbÿfymj Xruifpm Xruifpm gmutlkinh, bkwnvnr, ms tbn uctljmt n hnlty ls kin“s kwi jlih, tbnrn ls ik innh tk gkiaurn kin wltb juctlpcn bn mhs mih mrjs. ‒Xrutb“ li Xmitrm, Xmitrm, ms li mcgbnjy mih jmflg, ls tbn bmrinssnh pkwnr ko tbn ljmflimtlki, rmtbnr tbmi tbn kàngts kr lhnms tk wblgb tbn ljmflimtlki flvns sbmpn.

ko tbn bujmi jlih. Ljmflimtlki

ls ouihmjnitmc tk rnclflkus prmgtlgn. Ms Vmccmgn Wtnvnis wrktn li Kpus Ukstbujkus , ‒Fkh mih tbn ljmflimtlki mrn kin. Xbn tblif ljmflinh ls tbn ljmflinr. Bnign, L suppksn, tbn ljmflinr ls Fkh.“ Kppksltn Xčrč rnprnsnits tbn mgtlvn pkwnr ko tbn @uhhbms, mih sbn jmilonsts li vmrylif okrjs. Li

tbls hntmlc ko m ornsgk li tbn Ulymif gmvns li wnstnri Xl`nt, bnr cnot bmih bkchs m `cksskjlif utpmcm cktus. Bnr rlfbt bmih okrjs dmrmim juhr, m fnsturn ko hlspncclif infm tlvlty. Xbn ljmfn rngmccs tbn prljnvmc DbmhlrmvmṆl Xčrč, kr ‒Wmvlkurnss ko tbn Mgmglm Okrnst“, wbk mppnmrnh

li Wkutb Lihlm tk tbn slhhbm-mcgbnjlst Ičfčrauim. Xbn Mgmglm Okrnst wbnrn Xčrč rst mppnmrnh ls mcsk rnonrrnh tk ms ‒Xbn Bkcy Pnmcj ko Xurquklsn Cnmvns“. Xbn cnmvns mih `mrd ko vmrlkus spnglns ko mgmglm gkitmli strkif gkignitrmtlkis

ko Hljnitbyctryptmjlin (HJX), m pkwnrouc bmccuglikfni tbmt bms `nni hnsgrl`nh ms ‒clotlif gkisglkusinss litk ktbnr wkrchs“ mih wblgb jmy bmvn `nni mi nmrcy lifrnhlnit li mjṔtm, tbn ingtmr ko ljjkrtmclty. Mpbrkhlslmgmc noongts ko mgmglm gmtngbu prnpmrmtlkis mrn

mcsk hnsgrl`nh li tbn Dčjm WŤtrm.

62



6<

jnitmc prkfrmjjlif mih rnmclzlif m cl`nrmtnh, snco-trmisgnihnit stmtn. Wbn stmtnh tbmt Gbÿh ‒ls ikt hnlty

ko Hnlty \kfm mrn mcsk nxprnssnh li tbn 8tb-gnitury _marmggbnhldč, _marmggbnhldč, kr ‒Hlmjkih Guttnr“, WŤtrm1 ‒Xbksn wbk pnrgnlvn jn ms okrj, tbksn wbk pnrgnlvn jn ms skuih, tbksn gkjjlttnh tk omcsn pmtbs, hk ikt pnrgnlvn jn. Xbn trun `khy ko tbn @uhhbm ls tbn liiltn nxpmisn ko rnmclty (Hbmrjmdčym).“ Hnlty \kfm hkns ikt gkislst skcncy li n ivlslkilif kin“s `khy mih jlih ms m Xmitrlg @uhhbm. Xbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj, tk wblgb Hnlty \kfm ls gnitrmc, ls ourtbnr hlst lifulsbnh `y gkignlvlif ko kin“s nivlrkijnit ms tbn hnlty“s jmṆḊmcm, kr lhnmclznh m`khn, mih pnrgnlvlif

njpkwnrjnit `nstkwnh ki tbn `khy4

kin“s niakyjnits ms tbn hnlty“s litrlislg, uigkihl-

Plfbt Xbn Xbn onjmcn Xl`ntmi mhnpt Jmgbld Cm`hrki ls plgturnh bnrn li bnr gustkjmry ngstmtlg hmign

pksturn wltb bmih `ncc mih hruj. Jmgbld Cm`hrki okrjucmtnh Gbÿh, kr ‒snvnrmign“, li tbn ==tb gnitury ms m jnmis ko su`vnrtlif su`gkisglkus

lt ls tbn uctljmtn njpkwnrjnit `nstkwnh ki tbn jlih“. jlih“.

Xrmisokrjlif mppnmrmigns Xbn Xl`ntmi prmgtlgn ko Gbÿh, Gbÿh,

kr ‒snvnrlif“, gkislsts ko rltumccy ljmflilif kin“s kwi hnmtb mih hlsjnj`nrjnit, tbnrn`y livnrtlif

tbn jlih“s ikrjmtlvn, ùt uctljmtncy snco-cljltlif, listligts okr snco prnsnrvmtlki. Xrmhltlkimccy Xrmhltlkimccy uihnrtmdni li wlch mih orlfbtnilif snttlifs, Gbÿh livkdns tbn tnrrkr ko sncomiilblcmtlki li krhnr tk mttmli m snco-trmisgnihnit, uiltmry stmtn ko

Urmgtltlkinrs ko Hnlty \kfm vlsumclzn `ktb Xmitrlg hnltlns mih tbnjsncvns ms uiltlns ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign. Xbn uc tljmtncy okrjcnss imturn ko Xmitrlg hnltlns ls mitlglpmtnh li tbn JmltrĤ ^pmilṧmh (81>), wblgb stmtns tbmt hnltlns sbkuch `n jnhltmtnh ki, ùt uctljmtncy hnilnh, sk ms tk mttmli ‒uctljmtn uilki wltbli kin“s liinrjkst `nlif.“ Li Hnlty \kfm, tbn prmgtltlkinr rngkfilzns tbn jnhltmtlki hnlty ms mi litrlislg nxprnsslki ko tbnlr liimtn @uhhbm Imturn mih

Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr.

uctljmtncy hlsskcvns tbnlr snco-vlsumclzmtlki litk `kuihcnss cujlikslty. Wkjn Xmitrlg tnxts strkifcy stmtn, bkwnvnr, tbmt prmgtlgns `msnh skcncy ki rltumccy mctnrlif pnrgnptlki mrn lisuoglnit okr rnmclzlif m hlvlilznh stmtn. Xbn _marm @bmlrmvm Xmitrm, okr nxmjpcn, njpbmslzns tbn cljltmtlkis ko jnhltmtlif upki gkiaurnh hnltlns1 ‒Xbn nj`khlnh okrjs ko tbn Hlvlin ms t mufbt li tbn sgrlpturns mrn ikt tbn trun nssnign … tbny mrn cldn scnlfbts ko bmih, hrnmjs mih lccuslkis, mih pmcmgns li tbn sdy. Wugb prmgtlgns mrn tmufbt tk suppkrt tbn jnhltmtlkis ko tbksn ljpmlrnh `y humclstlg tbkufbt, wbksn jlihs mrn gkiousnh mih nitmifcnh li tbn hntmlcs ko rltumc prkgnhurns … Xbny mrn tmufbt tk bncp uimwmdninh pnkpcn jmdn prkfrnss ki tbn pmtb.“ Xbn tnxt ourtbnr lihlgmtns mutbnitlg hlvlilty ms m akykus stmtn ko pcnitltuhn, ‒`nykih spmgn mih tljn, wltbkut wltbkut hlrngtlki kr ckgmclty mih uctljmtncy lihnsgrl`m`cn … Vbni tbls ls tbn uctljmtn rnmclty, wbmt ls tbnrn tk `n wkrsblppnh kr prkpltlmtnh;“ M sljlcmr milgkilg vlnw ls nxprnssnh l i tbn Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Nclxlr , wblgb tnmgbns tbmt vlsumclzlif kinsnco ms m hnlty ls linoongtlvn okr prkhuglif niclfbtnijnit, cldnilif tbn prmgtlgn tk ‒hncuhnhcy gbnwlif ki m rkgd mih, wbni tblrsty, hrlidlif tbn sdy.“ Wljlcmr gmutlkis rnfmrhlif cltnrmc gkignptlkis

25


gkisglkusinss, ms hnjkistrmtnh `y

tbls Gbÿh prmgtltlkinr li Xl`nt“s Xsmifpk Fkrfns. Kppksltn `nckw M `nckw M Gbÿh prmgtltlkinr livkdns gbtbkilg okrgns ko okrgns ko tbn su`gkisglkus jlih, ms hnplgtnh li

tbls ljmfn ko m ykfli li m simdnlionstnh gbmrinc frkuih. Xbn prmgtlgn rncmtns tk Gbÿfymj Xruifpm“s gkjjnit tbmt, ‒Lt ls wltb kur njktlkis tbmt wn grnmtn hnjkis mih fkhs. Xbksn tblifs wn hki“t

wmit li kur clvns mih wkrch mrn tbn hnjkis4 tbksn tblifs tbmt wn

wkuch hrmw tk us mrn tbn fkhs mih fkhhnssns. Xbn rnst ls aust sgninry.“

tlkimc `clss. Xbn okurtb gkjpkinit ko Grnmtlki Ubmsn Hnlty \kfm ls pnrokrjlif mcc mgtlkis wltb tbn mctrulstlg hlspksltlki ko m @khblsmttvm, okr tbn `nint ko mcc `nlifs. Xbls snco-trmisgni hnit krlnitmtlki ls rmhlgmccy nxprnssnh li rltumc nimgtjnits ko hnmtb mih snco-smgrlgn uihnrtmdni li tbn Xl`ntmi @uhhblst prmgtlgn ko Gbÿh, kr ‒snvnrlif“ mttmgbjnit tk jlih mih `khy, m juctl-sniskrlmc okrj ko Hnlty \kfm tbmt ousns Grnmtlki Ubmsn mih Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns li snco-trmisgnihnit, ngstmtlg mwmrninss.

Xrmisokrjlif mppnmrmigns

2=

Wnvnrlif blihrmigns

@nckw M rltumc tblfb-`kin trujpnt

mih m hku`cn-bnmhnh, simdn-sdli hruj mrn prliglpmc suppkrts okr tbn prmgtlgn ko Gbÿh. Kppksltn M gmvn-hwncclif Xl`ntmi ykfli hlspcmys rltumc kàngts gnitrmc

tk tbn trmisokrjmtlkimc rltn ko Gbÿh tbmt snvnrs tbn nfk“s bkch ki bujmi nxpnrlnign. Xbn onjmcn mhnpt Jmgbld Cm`hrki sprnmh tbn tnmgblifs ko Gbÿh tbrkufbkut Xl`nt li tbn ==tb mih =0tb gniturlns. Bnr tnmgblifs gkj`linh litnrimclznh rltns ko sbmjmilg hlsjnj`nrjnit wltb tbn @uhhblst vlnw ko tbn

libnrnit njptlinss ko jmtnrlmc rnmclty, ligcuhlif tbn pbyslgmc `khy.

\kfm rnprnsnits mi nj`khlnh liqulry litk tbn skurgns ko nxlstnign mih ls tbus hnnpcy clidnh wltb tbn pbyslgmc mih litmifl`cn prkgnssns ko tbn imturmc wkrch. Xbn Xl`ntmi @uhhblst prmgtlgn ko Gbÿh, kr ‒snvnrlif“ ko tbn gkignptumc jlih, gkj`lins lihlfnikus sbmjmilstlg rltumc wltb tbn nxlstnitlmc mih kitkckflgmc krlnitmtlki ko @uhhblsj sk ms tk hlsskcvn hlstligtlkis `ntwnni clon mih hnmtb. Li tbn splrlt ko uilvnrsmc njptlinss, tbn prmgtltlkinr ko Gbÿh gkiaurns nitltlns ko tbn uisnni wkrch mih nimgts m syj`kclg rltn ko hnmtb mih rninwmc tbmt ornns tbn jlih orkj pbyslgmc mih jnitmc mttmgbjnits mih hlrngtcy lihugns m stmtn ko cuglh, gkignpt-ornn mwmrninss, lhnitlnh ms tbn jlih“s krlflimc imturn. Kotni `nfui wltb m rltumc hmign hmign tk suàufmtn suàufmtn nfklg hlstrmgtlkis ko bkpn mih onmr onmr mih tk tmjn tbn frkuih wbnrn tbn rltn ls tk `n pnrokrjnh, Gbÿh prkfrnssns tk m rmhlgmc okrj ko Hnlty \kfm li wblgb tbn prmgtltlkinr prkangts tbnlr gkisglkus inss ms m wrmtbouc mih cujlikus fkhhnss wbk guts koo tbnlr bnmh wl tb m mylif dilon mih stnws tbnlr hlsjnj`nrnh `khy pmrts li m gmuchrki ms koonrlifs tk ckgmc splrlts. Wuppkrtnh `y tbn rbytbjlg pkuihlif ko m simdnsdli hruj mih tbn plnrglif wmlcs ko mi listrujnit omsblkinh orkj m bujmi tblfb`kin, tbn jnhltmtlvn rltumc ko Gbÿh snvnrs k`stmgcns tk snco-trmisgnihnit mwmrninss `y guttlif tbrkufb blihnrlif mttmgbjnits tk pbyslgmc mppnmrmigns. Gbÿh hrmws ki ouinrnmc prmgtlgns hnsgrl`nh li tbn cmtn 8tb-gnitury CmṎdčvmtčrm WŤtrm tbmt rnonrs tk @uhhblst msgntlgs hwncclif mjlhst gbmrinc frkuihs mih trmisgnihlif gkivnitlkimc `kuihmrlns ko tbn smgrnh mih prkomin. Ms tbn CmṎdčvmtčrm WŤtrm stmtns, ‒Ms mcc tblifs mrn uirnmc, tbnrn ls inltbnr hncnjnit ikr purlty.“ Xbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm sljlcmrcy mhvkgmtns jnhltmtlki li gnjntnrlns wbnrn ‒bmvlif koonrnh tbn `khy ms m flot tk tbn ‒onmrouc jktbnr“ ( jtr ), ), tbn ykfli gmi `nfli tk prmgtlgn.“ Gbmptnr slx ko tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm ourtbnr gcmljs tbmt tbn nxpnrlnitlmc gkisnqunign ko sugb hlrngt nifmfnjnit wltb tbn su`gki sglkus hnptbs ko tbn psygbn gkionrs ‒gkurmfn nqumc tk tbmt ko m clki.“ Jmgbld Cm`hrki, Gbÿh“s ==tb-gnitury onjmcn okuihnr, nvkgmtlvncy hnsgrl`nh tbn prmgtlgn ko Gbÿh ms ‒^ttnr Jystnry! Lt gmi“t `n imjnh. Wuppcn mih ornn4 mcc snisn ko –L‚ ls fkin! Xktmccy trmispmrnit4 trmispmrnit4 njktlkimc rnmgtlkis gmi“t tmdn bkch. Pmhlmitcy gcnmr mwmrninss, ornn orkj miy xmtlki, lislhn kr kut. _lvlhcy prnsnit, hlrngt dikwlif, pnrongtcy uiniguj`nrnh.“ uiniguj`nrnh.“Li lts vmrlkus vmrlkus okrjs, okrjs, Gbÿh rnprnsnits tbn tktmc nifmfnjnit ko tbn bujmi ljmflimtlki li snrvlgn ko m

rmhlgmccy trmisokrjnh nxpnrlnign ko bujmi nj`khljnit li wblgb ‒mhvnrsltlns mrn tmdni ms tbn pmtb“ tk suprnjn splrltumc mwmdnilif.

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Ljmflilif niclfbtnijnit niclfbtnijnit Xbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj rnvnmcs tbn jnitmccy gkistrugtnh imturn ko pbnikjnimc rnmclty tbrkufb ncm`krmtn tngbilquns ko grnmtlvn ljmflimtlki okgusnh ki lhnitlgmtlki wltb tbn hlvlin okrj mih nj`khlnh wlshkj ko m gbksni Xmitrlg hnlty, rnprnsnitlif kin“s nssnitlmc imturn. Xbn wkrh ‒ljmflin“ hnrlvns orkj tbn Cmtli ljmflimrn, ljmflimrn, ‒tk okrj mi ljmfn ko“ mih ljmflimrl, ljmflimrl, ‒tk

M strnmj ko inurkis li tbn bujmi `rmli rnngts tbn bnlfbtninh mgtlvlty

li tbn gnrn`rmc gkrtnx `rkufbt m`kut `y jnitmc vlsumclzmtlki. Jnitmccy ljmflinh ljmfnry mgtlvmtns tbn smjn

mrnms ko tbn `rmli ms vlsumc pnrgnptlki mih gmi prkokuihcy liunign inurmc prkgnssns mih ouigtlkis, ms wncc ms tbkufbts mih njktlkis. Wglnign Ubktk Cl`rmry, Ckihki.

plgturn tk kinsnco“. Li tbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn, tbn juihmin wkrch ls ljmflimtlvncy kvnrrlhhni mih rnpcmgnh `y m hlvlin rnmclty, plgturnh ms mi mcc-nigkjpmsslif jmṆḊmcm ko gkignitrlgmccy nxpmihlif pnrgnptlki, prnslhnh kvnr `y m Xmitrlg hnlty. Xbn gucjlimtlki ko Hnlty \kfm, bkwnvnr, bkwnvnr, ls tk nj`khy tbn qumcltlns ko tbn hnlty wltbli tbn jmṆḊmcm ko kin“s psygblg mimtkjy. Xbls sngkih pbmsn ko Hnlty \kfm ls rnonrrnh tk ms tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn li wblgb kin hlsskcvns kin“s vlsumclzmtlki ko tbn hnlty li tbn hlrngt rnmclzm tlki ko őŤiymtč, kr uilvnrsmc njptlinss, li wblgb mcc mppnmrmigns mrlsn ms tbn rmhlmign ko m cujlikus lisu` stmitlmc rnmclty. Xbn prkgnss ko litnrimc hlvlilzmtlki gnitrmc tk tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ls tbn `msls okr tbn su`tcn `khy ninrfy prmgtlgns ko tbn Wlx \kfms tbmt ‒tmdn tbn `khy ms tbn pmtb“. Xbn ykfms `msnh ki tbn `khy“s ninrfy gbmiincs ik ckifnr rncy ki jnitmc trmisokrjmtlki litk mi ljmflimry ktbnr, ùt ki tbn hlrngt rnmclzmtlki ko kin“s litrlislg @uhhbm Imturn.

M ‒ymd nyn“ jmilonsts wltbli pnccuglh spmgn li spmgn li rnspkisn tk m rngurslvn Hzkfgbni fmzlif tngbilqun

gmccnh Cbóihrup Xÿfmc, ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prnsnign“, ms lccustrmtnh li mi ljmfn orkj tbn uppnr gbmj`nr ko tbn

Cudbmif tnjpcn li Cbmsm, Xl`nt. Li tbn gucjlimtlif pbmsns ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn, jnitmc ljmfnry ls ik ckifnr gkisglkuscy prkhugnh, ùt spkitminkuscy mih vlvlhcy pnrgnlvnh.

_marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj mhhrnssns w bmt tbn pblckskpbnr ko sglnign Mcornh Ikrtb Vbltnbnmh rnonrrnh tk ms tbn ‒omccmgy ko jlspcmgnh gkigrntninss“, tbus nicmrf lif tbn sgkpn mih gmpmglty ko bujmi gkisglkusinss mih pnrgnptlki. Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj rnonrs tk tbls prkgnss ms ‒kvnrtbrkwlif tbn tyrmiiy ko krhlimry

mppnmrmigns“, ms wncc ms ktbnr cljltmtlkis tk m gkjprnbnislvn pnrgnptlki ko snco mih rnmclty. Xbn ykflg pbmsns li tbls prkgnss gkislst, snqunitlmccy, ko hlsskcv lif tbn krhlimry snisn ko snco tbrkufb jnhltmtlki ki njptlinss4 su`stltutlif hlvlin okr krhlimry mppnmrmigns tbrkufb tbn Grnmtlki U bmsn prmgtlgns ko Hnlty

\kfm4 mih litnrimclzlif tbn qumcltlns ko tbn hnlty tbrkufb Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns `msnh ki tbn trmispnrskimc mimtkjy ko tbn ykflg `khy, tbn suàngt ko tbn okcckwlif gbmptnr.

Ms stmtnh li tbn Fubymfmr`bm Xmitrm, ‒Orkj miy ko tbn okur tljns mih tni hlrngtlkis tbn pnrongt @uhhbm

wlcc ikt `n okuih. Jlih, li lts nssnign, ls tbn pnrongt @uhhbm. Hk ikt snmrgb okr tbn @uhhbm ncsnwbnrn.“ Xl`ntmi @uhhblst mih rncmtnh ykflg prmgtlgns `msnh ki litnrimccy fninr mtnh jnitmc ljmfnry bmvn `nni livnstlfmtnh sglnitlgmccy, cnmhlif tk rngkfiltlki ko tbn grnmtlvn ljmflimtlki ms m tkkc okr pksltlvncy liuniglif tbn su`gkisglkus jlih, `nykih tbn j ngbmilgs ko lj mfn ok rjmtlki mih

jnjkry rntrlnvmc. Xbn prmgtlgn ko jmṆḊmcm vlsu mclzmtlki, li pmrtlgucmr, bms `nni sbkwi tk guctlvmtn wbmt ls dikwi ms nlhntlg ljmflimtlki, tbn m`lclty tk nxtnrimccy prkangt litnrimc vlsumc ljprnsslkis ms prnglsncy rnihnrnh vlsumc rnpclgms. Hnrlvlif orkj tbn Frnnd wkrh nlhks, m ‒cuglhcy vlsl`cn okrj“, nlhntlg ljmfns rnonr tk vlvlh jnitmc ljmfnry tbmt ls ikt hnrlvmtlvn ko jnjkry kr nxtnrimc nvnits mih wblgb, gkj`linh wltb gkignitrmtlvn jnhltmtlvn m`skrptlki,

gmi cnmh tk nxpmihnh pnrgnptlki mih gkfiltlki. Li lts su`stltutlki ko trmispnrskimc ljmfnry li pcmgn ko krhlimry mppnmrmigns, tbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn ko 28


Ljmflilif niclfbtnijnit

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Niclfbtninh mimtkjy Xbn ykfm ko gbmiincs, wlihs mih nssnigns Jmstnrlif tbn pmtb ko gbmiincs mih wlihs, Xbn @uhhbm wms li tbn pmcj ko jy bmihs. Jmrpm Gbÿdyl Ckhrÿ, ==tb gnitury

Mwmdnilif tbn tbrnn `khlns

Kppksltn Mi ==tb-gnitury jnhltmtlki hlmfrmj `msnh hlmfrmj `msnh ki tbn

onjmcn hnlty _marmvčrčbĤ litnfrmtns @uhhblst, Blihu mih @ÿi gkignptlkis ko tbn ykflg `khy ms m intwkrd ko litnrgkiingtnh ninrfy gbmiincs gkignitrmtnh mt spnglg okgmc pklits, gmccnh gmdrms , mckif tbn `khy“s gnitrmc mxls. Xbn fkchni simdn rlslif orkj tbn furn“s pncvls syj`kclzns tbn mwmdnilif ko duṆḊmcliĤ , tbn ‒snrpnit pkwnr“ msskglmtnh wltb

snco-trmisgnihnit mwmdnilif. Xbn furn bkchs m swmstldm, m uilvnrsmc syj`kc ko grnmtlvn gbmifn. Urltzdnr Gkccngtlki. M`kvn M furn orkj m Xl`ntmi jnhlgmc gbmrt rnvnmcs tbn vmarmiḊl, tbn liinrjkst ninrfy gurrnit mt tbn

jlhclin ko tbn ykflg `khy.

Vblcn tbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns ko _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj mgtlvncy nifmfn ljmflimtlki, litnccngt mih njktlki li cl`nrmtlif rnlnh pnrgnptlkis ko rnmclty, rnmclty, su`tcnr ykflg prmgtlgns ko tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ( smṇpmiimdrmjm ( smṇpmiimdrmjm,, Hzkfrlj) nxtnih tbn prkgnss tbrkufb mi nivlslkinh jntmpbyslgmc mimtkjy mgtlvmtnh tbrkufb jnitmc okgus, `rnmtb gkitrkc mih hyimjlg pbyslgmc hlsglpclins. Ms tbn onjmcn mhnpt WlhhbmrčaĤ prkgcmljnh, ‒Hki“t ckkd okr miktbnr skurgn ko rnoufn. Xbn `khy ltsnco ls m smgrnh jmṆḊmcm. Hki“t ckkd ncsnwbnrn okr tbn hnlty. Xbn jlih ltsnco, ui`kri mih uipnrlsblif, ls tbn uctljmtn @uhhbm mih tnmgbnr.“ Xbn sk-gmccnh Wlx \kfms ko tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn nitrmli imturmc psygbk pbyslkckflgmc prkgnssns prkgnssns tkwmrhs rnmclzmtlki ko mi lccujlimtnh gkihltlki ko `khy, spnngb mih jlih. Xbn rnsuctmit Gkmcnsgnit Wnmc (Jmbčjuhrm) kr Frnmt Unrongtlki ( jmbsmitl, Xl`. Hzkfgbni) rnprnsnits mi nj`khlnh rnmclzmtlki ko tbn @uhhblst \kfčgčrm hkgtrlin ko tbn ‒tbrnn `khlns“ (Xrldčymvčhm), gkislstlif ko tbn IlrjčṆmdčym, kr ‒njmimtlki `khy“, tbn Wmṇ`bkfmdčym, kr ‒`nmtlg `khy“, mih tbn prljkrhlmc Hbmrjmdčym, kr hljnislki ko tktmc rnmclty. Mctbkufb hnsgrl`nh ms tbrnn lisnpmrm`cn ‒`khlns“ (dym) ko prkfrnsslvn su`tcnty, tbn tnrjs uctljmtncy trmisgnih miy skjmtlg rnonrnign wblcn snrvlif ms ‒suppkrts“ (Ŕrmym) okr litnrimc ykflg nxpnrlnign. Li kin nxprnsslvn jntmpbkr, tbn Hbmrjmdčym ls cldninh tk mi liiltn, wmvncnss kgnmi, orkj wblgb mrlsn jlsts mih rmli`kws, syj`kclzlif tbn Wmṇ`bkfmdčym. Nibmcknh gckuhs gkihnisn mih omcc ms rmli, syj`kclzlif tbn imturmccy jmilonstlif IlrjčṆmdčym. Xbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, ki wblgb tbn prmgtlgns ko tbn Wlx \kfms mrn `msnh, spn glgmccy rnonrs tk ‒tmdlif tbn tbrnn dyms ms tbn pmtb“ ( du suj cmj dbynr ) ms m prkgnss ko trmisokrjmtlki li li wblgb tbn tbn `khyjlih ls uctljmtncy uctljmtncy nxpnrlnignh nxpnrlnignh ms gk-nxtnislvn wltb tbn uilvnrsn mt mcc stmfns ko wmdlif, hrnmjlif, scnnplif mih hylif. Li bls Blhhni bls Blhhni Hnsgrlptlki ko tbn _marm @khy, tbn Xl`ntmi mhnpt Fymcwm \mifÿipm rnonrs tk tbn gkivnitlkimccy nxpnrlnignh `khy, spnngb mih jlih ms fmtnwmys okr rnmclzlif tbn tbrnn `khlns ( trldym) trldym) ko m`skcutn rnmclty ms kin“s kwi liinrjkst, snco-trmisgnihnit mimtkjy. 26

Xbn mimtkjy ko `clss Xmitrlg @uhhblst mggkuits ko tbn bujmi `khy ms nigkhlif uilvnrsmc, su`m tkjlg prkgnssns prn-furn tbn k`snrvmtlkis ko qumituj pbyslgs tbmt jmttnr ls uctljmtncy ninrfy. ninrfy. Vblcn Grnmtlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns mgtlvncy nifmfn ljmflinh Xmitrlg hnltlns tk trmisfurn gkivnitlkimc pnrgnptlkis ko snco mih rnmclty, Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns jmfiloy liimtn psygbk-ninrfntlg prkgnssns li krhnr tk rnvnmc trmispnrskimc hljnislkis ko jlih mih `khy. Li ykflg prmgtlgn, tbn `khy“s liinrjkst strugturn ls hnsgrl`nh ms m in twkrd ko 60,555 su`stmitlvn mih litmifl`cn pmtbwmys rnonrrnh tk li Wmisdrlt ms iḊl, kr li Xl`ntmi ms tsm. tsm. Xbls pmrm-pbyslkckflgmc glrgucmtkry systnj nigkjpmssns tbn kw ko `ckkh mih prn-cyjpbmtlg ulhs ms wncc ms su`tcn ninrfy ‒wlihs“ dikwi ms prṆm, kr li Xl`ntmi cuif , tbmt, wbni gkisglkuscy nifmfnh, ouigtlki ms vnblgcns ko mjpcl nh mwmrninss mih liokrjmtlki. Xl`ntmi trmhltlki cldnis tbn litnfrmtlki ko gkisglkusinss wltb tbnsn su`tcn ninrfy gurrnits tk m rlhnr jmstnrlif mi ktbnrwlsn uirucy ‒wlih bkrsn“, cnmhlif tk tbn rnmclzmtlki ko iki-rnonrnitlmc aky, rnprnsnitnh ms tbn Jmbčsudbmdčym, kr ‒`khy ko frnmt `clss“, mi nxpnrlnitlmc nxtnislki ko tbn trlilty ko Hbmrjmdčym, Wmṇ`bkfmdčym mih IlrjčṆmdčym. Li Xmitrlg @uhhblst trmhltlki, jnhltmtlki l istrugtlki ki tbn `khy“s litnrimc jmṆḊmcm ko ninrfy gbmiincs, wlihs mih su`tcn nssnigns ls trmhltlkimccy

Xbn gnitrmc gbmiinc @nckw cnot cnot Xbn (jmhbymiḊl, Xl`. tsm ujm) ko tbn ykflg `khy, hnplgtnh li tbls Xl`ntmi

hlmfrmj, ls mcsk rnonrrnh tk ms tbn suṧuji kr mvmhŤtl iḊl. Xmitrlg tnxts hnsgrl`n tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc ms krlflimtlif li tbn jucmhbmrm gmdrm mt tbn `msn ko tbn splin mih msgnihlif

tbn `khy“s gnitrmc mxls tk tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh. Xbn gnitrmc gbmiinc jmy `n ninrfntlgmccy rncmtnh tk tbn nj`rykilg iktkgbkrh, m nxl`cn jnskhnrjmc strugturn tbmt hnvnckps hurlif bujmi fnstmtlki mih ls cmtnr rnpcmgnh `y tbn vnrtn`rmc gkcuji. Mcc okrjs ko Xmitrlg

ykfm livkcvn hrmwlif vltmc ninrflns litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc mt tbn

Xmitrlg tnxts hnsgrl`n mi liiltn iuj`nr ko gbmiincs, mcc ko wblgb

ninrflns tbmt mrn uilnh wltbli tbn uctljmtncy hljnislkicnss gnitrmc gbmiinc tbrkufb ykflg prmgtlgn. Xmitrlg őmlvlsj rnonrs tk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc ms tbn ‒gbmiinc gliiiḊl) mih ko gkisglkusinss“ ( gliiiḊl) cldnis lt tk ‒m clin wltbkut tblgdinss“, syj`kclzlif `ktb liilty mih iki-humclty. Lt ls ourtbnr hnsgrl`nh ms ‒`nmutlouc cldn m gbmli ko clfbtnilif mih in cldn m cktus `rn“. Xbn snnh-syccm`cn Ḯ Ḯ hnplgtnh hnplgtnh ki m cktus

krlflimtn orkj tbnsn tbrnn prljmry

mt tbn gnitrn ko tbn ykfli“s `khy

iḊls. iḊls. Xbn rnh mih wbltn slhn gbmiincs rnprnsnit pkcmrlznh psygbkskjmtlg

slfilns trmispnrskimc, bnmrt-gnitrnh

liinrjkst gkrn ko tbn bujmi `khy. @nckw rlfbt Xbrnn Xbrnn prliglpmc ninrfy gbmiincs ko gbmiincs ko tbn ykflg `khy, ms

sbkwi li tbls jurmc hntmlc orkj Xl`nt“s Cudbmif tnjpcn, pmrmccnc tbn bypktbmcmjlg (pltultmry) fkimhmc mxls ko tbn bujmi nihkgrlin systnj.

mwmrninss, kr Frnmt Unrongtlki.

gkionrrnh li gkiauigtlki wltb tbn sngkih ko okur suggnsslvn njpkwnrjnits (m`blṧndm), m`blṧndm), gucjlimtlif li tbn rnmclzmtlki ko tbn liimtn

niclfbtnijnit ko bujmi nj`khljnit. Ms hnsgrl`nh li tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm, tbn `khy ls m ‒sbljjnrlif anwnc“ nihkwnh wltb mj`rkslmc ingtmrs. Jmbčslhhbm _lrŤpč“s liunitlmc _marm Clins ourtbnr Clins ourtbnr hnslfimtns tbn `khy ms m Xmitrlg tnxt

tbmt, wbni ouccy gkjprnbnihnh, purlns ljpnhljnits tk tbn rnmclzmtlki ko Frnmt @clss ( jmbsudbm), jmbsudbm), m syikiyj okr niclfbtninh nxlstnign. Xbn bujmi `khy ms m jmṆḊmcm ko ninrfy gbmiincs, wlihs mih vltmc nssnigns rmhlmtlif orkj m cujlikus gnitrmc mxls (jmhbymj (jmhbymj)) ls hnplgtnh li tbls Wbmifpm Dmfyu hlmfrmj. M

`cun gkcuji midnh `y wbltn mih rnh gbmiincs ‗ tbn cmcmi (Xl`. dymifjm ) mih rmsmi (Xl`. rkjm) ‗ mih trmisngtnh `y ninrfntlg okgmc pklits gmccnh gmdrms (Xl`. dkrck ) ls grkwinh `y m `cun vmarm , nxtnihlif `nykih tbn tkp ko tbn bnmh mih syj`kclzlif tbn snco-trmisgnihnit, lihnstrugtl`cn vmarmdym). imturn ko tbn ‒vmarm `khy“ ( vmarmdym). Hrmwlif `y Cmjm Xlicny. 22

Xbn mimtkjy ko `clss

2<

Mi =2tb-gnitury gksjkckflgmc sgrkcc lccustrmtns gkrrnspkihnigns `ntwnni tbn tbn uilvnrsn uilvnrsn mih tbn bujmi

`khy, ms hnsgrl`nh li tbn =5tb-gnitury Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm. Xbn gnitrmc furn hlspcmys slx jlgrkgksjlg ninrfy ikhns (gmdrm ( gmdrm ) wltbli tbn bujmi `khy, plgturnh ms gkckurnh spbnrns tbmt gkrrnspkih wltb litnrsngtlif

mstrkikjlgmc jkhncs ko tbn uilvnrsn sbkwi mt tbn rlfbt. Pnh mih wbltn

gnitrmc gbmiinc mt tbn `khy“s mxls, m gkihult okr ‒uimctnrlif prnsnit

Ki tbn `msls ko tbn bujmi `khy, mcc pbnikjnim ko Wmj. sčrm

jkjnit mwmrninss“ ( mdsmrmdsmimj ).

mih Ilrvči. m mrn ouccy rnvnmcnh.

Li bls =?tb-gnitury gkjjnitmry ki tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm, tbn Xl`ntmi mhnpt Xčrmičtbm wrktn tbmt, ‒Xbn imturn ko jlih, ornn orkj mrtlgn, m`lhns ms frnmt `clss mih njptlinss, pkssnssnh ko mcc uctljmtn qumcltlns.“ Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd. (Ltnj Ik. ?=05=).

Fymcwm \mifÿipm, Blhhni Hnsgrlptlki ko tbn _marm @khy, =7tb gnitury

slhn gbmiincs pmrmccnc m `cun-frnni

<5

<=

Vbnncs ko ninrfy

Plfbt mih `nckw Olvn prljmry gmdrms wltbli tbn bujmi `khy

Xbn su`tcn gbmiincs tbmt okrj tbn ninrfntlg su`strugturn ko tbn ykflg `khy litnrsngt mt gmdrms, kr ‒wbnncs“ mckif tbn `khy“s gnitrmc jnrlhlmi, wblgb nxtnihs hkwiwmrhs ms wncc ms upwmrhs orkj tbn imvnc, kr ‒gmdrm ko njmimtlki“. Gmdrms vmry li iuj`nr `ntwnni trmhltlkis. Xbn Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrm Xmitrm hniktns vn gmdrms, ligcuhlif tbn ‒ gmdrm tbmt sustmlis `clss“ li tbn fniltmc rnflki. Xbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm niujnrmtns slx gmdrms, ligcuhlif tbn ‒ gmdrm ko ljjkrtmclty“ mt tbn okrnbnmh tbmt gkrrncmtns wltb inurknihkgrlimc prkgnssns li tbn `rmli. Xbn Wmdym Cmjhrì, kr ‒Orultlkimc Umtb“, gkiingtnh tk tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm, hnclin mtns nlfbtnni gmdrms, ligcuhlif twncvn mt tbn `khy“s prliglpmc aklits. Ktbnr Xmitrlg trmhltlkis trmhltlkis hnsgrl`n tbn wblrcs ko ninrfy mt tbn litnrstlgns ko tbn `khy ms Ḋčdms mih ḊčdliĤs, tbn miljmtlif ninrflns ko niclfbtninh gkisglkusinss. Gmdrms mrn mcsk ouihmjnitmc tk DuṆḊmcliĤ ykfm, wblgb gbmiincs psygblg ninrfy tbrkufb m systnj ko snvni ninrfy pcnxusns mckif tbn `khy“s gnitrmc mxls. Li gmdrms mrn hniktnh mt tbn bnmh, tbrkmt, bnmrt, @uhhblst Xmitrm, vn prliglpmc gmdrms mrn imvnc mih fniltmcs. Xbn gmdrms mrn typlgmccy rnprnsnitnh ms cktusns wltb vmry lif iuj`nrs ko pntmcs slfiloylif rmhlmtlif ninrfy gbmiincs gmccnh îcnss yku dikw tbn blhhni imturn ko tbn `khy, gmdrm ls ourtbnr iḊls . Nmgb gmdrm msskglmtnh wltb m Wmisdrlt snnhikin ko tbn 28,555 jntbkhs ( ko ko tbn Xmitrms ) syccm`cn mih kotni wltb m Xmitrlg

wlcc ylnch miy orult.

Wmjputč Xmitrm, =5tb gnitury

gkrrncmtn wltb Nmrtb, Vmtnr, Olrn, Mlr mih Wpmgn ms ligrnmslifcy su`tcn, gkistltunit ncnjnits ko jmttnr mih gkisglkusinss, ms sbkwi li m Xl`ntmi

jnhlgmc gbmrt mih, `nckw, li m hntmlc orkj m jurmc li tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn. Mctbkufb vmrylif li iuj`nr `ntwnni trmhltlkis, trmhltlkis, gmdrms slfiloy

okgmc pklits ko psygbkpbyslgmc ninrfy mckif tbn `khy“s gnitrmc mxls wltbli m cmrfnr systnj ko su`tcn ninrfy jnhlmtlif `ntwnni jlih mih `khy.

Xbny mrn clidnh `y tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc, wblgb rnprnsnits m sncotrmisgnihnit hljnislki ko tbn bujmi

`khy, nxpnrlnignh suàngtlvncy ms njptlinss, gcmrlty mih snismtlki. Jnhlgmc gbmrt `y stuhlk ko Pkjlk Wbrnstbm motnr m =6tb-gnitury krlflimc. Mjnrlgmi Jusnuj ko Imturmc Blstkry, Inw \krd. Kppksltn Okur gmdrms mt tbn grkwi, tbrkmt, imvnc mih bnmrt, bnmrt,

ms lccustrmtnh orkj cnot tk rlfbt ki tbnsn listrugtlkimc okclks, rnprnsnit

hnlty wltbli mi nigkjpmsslif

ninrfntlg trmismgtlkis wltbli tbn

jmṆḊmcm glrgcn. Ms syj`kcs ko su`tcn psygbkpbyslgmc prkgnssns gkiingtnh wltb tbn kw ko ninrfy

`khyjlih. Mctbkufb tbn Plfvnhm rnonrs tk gmdrms ms ‒spkdnh wbnncs“ mih su`snqunit ^pmilṧmhs hnsgrl`n iḊls ms iḊls ms ‒gbmiincs ko `rnmtb“, gmdrms

mih gkisglkusinss tbrkufb tbn bujmi `khy, gmdrms gmdrms suppkrt tbn mttmlijnit ko @uhhbmbkkh

ms m blnrmrgby ko ninrfntlg gnitrns

tbrkufb rnmclzmtlki ko nj`khlnh

wltbli tbn ykflg `khy rst mppnmr li @uhhblst Xmitrms li tbn 2tb-gnitury Bnvmarm Xmitrm, wblgb niujnrmtns okur sugb gnitrns.

nxlstnign ms m uilty ko njptlinss,

`clss, mih gkjpmsslki gkjpmsslki ‗ tbn su` angtlvncy nxpnrlnignh nxpnrlnignh nssnign ko `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih.

<0

Niclfbtninh mimtkjy

Vbnncs ko ninrfy

<7

Plfbt Dmrjm Dmrjm Cbmtruc Plipkgbn slts li tbn jnhltmtlki pksturn ko tbn fmruhm,

kr gncnstlmc nmfcn, ms trmisjlttnh wltbli tbn Hzkfgbni clinmfn ko Ubmfjk Qmptrl, tbn ‒Urkokuih

Listrugtlkis ko _marmvčrčbĤ“. Ucmglif tbn skcns ko tbn onnt tkfntbnr mih strntgblif tbn dinns hkwiwmrhs wltb m strmlfbt `mgd kpnis su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs mt tbn `msn ko tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc mih mwmdnis mhhltlkimc psygbkninrfntlg gnitrns mt tbn imvnc, bnmrt, tbrkmt mih bnmh. Kppksltn Xbn `khy“s liinr jmṆḊmcm

ko ninrfy pcnxusns, gbmiincs mih su`tcn nssnigns litnrimclzns tbn prktngtlvn glrgcn, gbmrinc frkuihs, pmcmgns mih hnltlns tbmt mrn vlsumclznh wbni fninrmtlif m jmṆḊmcm nxtnrimccy. Ms rnvnmcnh li tbls Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif, hlvlin okrjs okrjs rnprnsnit rnprnsnit

tbn kutnr mppnmrmigns ko litnrimc prkgnssns wltbli tbn bujmi

`khyjlih. Ms hnsgrl`nh li tbn =>tb gnitury `y Wmgbni Duifm Iylifpk,

‒Xbn jlih ls rnmclznh mih jmstnrnh tbrkufb tbn mclfijnit ko tbn hnpnihnitcy mrlsni gkiingtlkis li tbn `khy, wblgb ls tbn mfnit ko rnmclzmtlki, rnmclzmtlki, mih tbus tbn nxpcmimtkry gkitliuuj.“ Unmgnouc/Vrmtbouc Hnltlns Hnltlns (Wbltrk), =2tb‗=? (BMP 055576). Plfbt Gmdrms mrn tbn `msls okr Xmitrlg prmgtlgn mih prmgtlgn mih rnprnsnit

gkivnrfnigns ko psygbk-pbyslkckflgmc psygbk-pbyslkckflgmc prkgnssns li tbn fniltmcs, ckwnr m`hkjni, bnmrt, tbrkmt, prnorkitmc gkrtnx mih tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh. Ms sbkwi li tbls hrmwlif orkj tbn Wbmifpm Dmfyu trmhltlki, gmdrms

mrn gkjpksnh ko m jmli gbmiinc surrkuihnh `y hloonrlif iuj`nrs

ko `rmigb gbmiincs tbmt gkccngtlvncy okrj tbn liinr jmṆḊmcm ko tbn bujmi `khy. Hrmwlif `y Cmjm Xlicny. Xlicny.

<8

Niclfbtninh mimtkjy

<>

tbn pmtb tk rnmclzlif @uhhbmbkkh. Ms jntmpbkrlgmccy hnsgrl`nh wltbli tbn trmhltlki, jlih kr gkisglkusinss rlhns tbn bkrsn ko prṆm mckif prṆm mckif tbn pmtbwmys ko tbn iḊls, iḊls, prkpnccnh `y `lihu, tbn liinrjkst vltmclzlif su`stmigns ko tbn bujmi `khy.

Xsmcuif, kr Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn jnhltmtlki ki tbn ninrfntlg pmtbwmys ko tbn vmarm `khy, typlgmccy okcckws Grnmtlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns ko Hnlty \kfm. Nivlslkilif `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih ms liimtn nxprns-

slkis ko niclfbtninh mwmrninss, prmgtltlkinrs ko Xsmcuif nifmfn li okgusnh `rnmtblif nxnrglsns tbmt jk`lclzn tbn `khy“s `khy“s li-hwncclif jmṆḊmcm ko gbmiincs, ninrfy wlihs mih su`tcn nssnigns. Xbls rmrlnh nxprnsslki ko bujmi pbyslkckfy ls bnch tk rnprnsnit tbn uctljmtn nssnign, imturn mih gmpmglty ko tbn `khyjlih, tbnrn`y cnmhlif tk rnmclzmtlki ko kin“s liinrjkst `nlif ms m Xmitrlg hnlty. Xbn rnikwinh Wmdympm sgbkcmr Ifkrgbni Duifm Qmifpk (=720‗=8>?) gcmrl nh bkw tbn prmgtlgn ko Xsmcuif litnrimclzns tbn gksjlg strugturn ko tbn jmṆḊmcm, trmisokrjlif m prmgtltlkinr“s vlnw ko bls kr bnr kwi `khy mih rnvnmclif lts lhnitlty wltb tbn wlhnr gksjks. Li tbn kutnr

Njpkwnrnh `rnmtblif Ms tbn @uhhbm stmtns li tbn Jmaabljm Ildym Wutr, ‒Lo tbn `khy ls ikt jmstnrnh, tbn jlih gmiikt `n jmstnrnh. Lo tbn `khy ls jmstnrnh4 jlih ls jm stnrnh.“

Pnmclzmtlki ko tbn `khy“s liinr

jmṆḊmcm ko ninrfy gbmiincs, psygbkskjmtlg wlihs mih su`tcn nssnigns typlgmccy `nflis wltb mctnrimtn ikstrlc `rnmtblif tk `mcmign tbn su`tcn ninrflns ko tbn rlfbt mih cnot gbmiincs ko tbn ykflg `khy mih bmrinss tbnlr psygbkskjmtlg pktnitlmc.
_marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblst prmgtlgns `msnh ki m jntmpbyslgmc mimtkjy ko gbmiincs, ninrfy gurrnits mih su`tcn nssnigns mrn dikwi li Xl`ntmi ms Xsm Cuif Xlfcì (Wdt. iḊl, prṆm, `lihu), rnprnsnitlif tbn suàngtlvn qulitnssnign ko `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih. jlih. Xsmcuif Xsmcuif prmgtlgns mrn mrn kotni gkj`linh gkj`linh wltb strniukus pbysl gmc nxnrglsns gmccnh Xrucdbkr, tbn ‒jmflgmc wbnnc ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“ tbmt rnvnmc tbn `khy ms mi ninrfntlg kw ko cujlikus mwmrninss. Mctbkufb Xmitrlg Xmitrlg @uhhblsj“s Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn uctljmtncy gkjprlsns m`lhlif li tbn litrlislg imturn ko jlih wltbkut muxlclmry suppkrt, Xsmcuif rnprnsnits mi litnrimclzmtlki ko Grnmtlki Ubmsn Hnlty \kfm mih ls kotni upbnch ms tbn ‒liinrjkst nxpnhlnit jnmis“ okr rnmclzlif tbn liimtn niclfbtnijnit ko `khy, spnngb mih jlih. Ms Fymcwm \mifÿipm \mifÿipm stmtnh, ‒Lo yku hk ikt uihnrstmih tbn ouihmjnitmc imturn ko tbn `khy, yku wlcc ikt uihnrstmih tbn nssnitlmc pklit ko jnhltmtlki.“\mifÿipm ourtbnr lihlgmtnh tbn bujmi `khy ltsnco ms tbn ‒jntbkh tbmt gcmrlns mcc tbn tnmgblifs.“ Xsmcuif prmgtlgns tbus tmdn tbn `khy“s liinrjkst su`tcn mimtkjy ms Niclfbtninh mimtkjy

Xsmcuif `rnmtblif prmgtlgns

stljucmtn gkrn prkgnssns wltbli tbn `khy“s jykomsglm, kr gkiingtlvn

tlssun. @rnmtb-gkitrkccnh jkvnjnits msskglmtnh wltb Xsmcuif bmvn `nni sbkwi tk mgtlvmtn tbn rncnmsn ko jnsnigbyjmc stnj gnccs (JWG) msskglmtnh wltb gnccucmr rnfninrmtlki mih ligrnmsnh ckifnvlty ms wncc ms ligrnmsnh prkhugtlki ko `rmli-

hnrlvnh inurktrkpblg omgtkr (@HIO), m prktnli nssnitlmc okr grnmtlif mih jmlitmlilif bnmctby inurkis.

jmṆḊmcm tbn gnitrmc hnlty ls vlsumclznh li uilki wltb m gkiskrt. Li liinr jmṆḊmcm prmgtlgn, tbn g nitrmc hnlty ls gkignlvnh mt tbn bnmrt, wblcn tbn gkiskrt, li tbn gmsn ko m jmcn prmgtltlkinr, prmgtltlkinr, ls pcmgnh mt tbn ‒vmarm hkkr“ mt tbn fniltmcs. Ifkrgbni hnsgrl`ns bkw @uhhblst jkids jlsuihnrstmih tbn prmgtlgn1 ‒Vbmt ls tbls ùt mi mvnrslki tkwmrhs pbnikjnim mih pnrskis;“ pnrskis;“ Ms jmiy gkitnjpkrmry Xl`ntmi cmjms bmvn nxpcmlinh, jmstnrlif tbn su`tcn ncnjnits ko tbn jlih mih `khy koonrs mi mggncnrmtnh pmtb tk @uhhbmbkkh, ùt lo prmgtlsnh ligkrrngtcy gmi lj`mcmign tbn inrvkus systnj mih cnmh tk pbyslgmc mih jnitmc hlstrnss rmtbnr tbmi tk tbn litnihnh rnmclzmtlki ko liinr bnmt, trmispnrskimc `clss mih psygbkpbyslgmc lccujlimtlki. Xsmcuif“s njpkwnrnh `rnmtblif tngbilquns mrn tbus trmhltlkimccy hnsgrl`nh hnsgrl`nh uslif tbn nxmjpcn ko m simdn li m bkcckw `mj`kk tu`n, slfiloylif tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc ko tbn ykflg `khy. Urmgtlsnh ligkrrngtcy, ligkrrngtcy, kr li m`snign ko mctrulstlg jktlvmtlki, jktlvmtlki, Xsmcuif gmi cnmh hkwiwmrhs tk tbn ‒vmarm bnccs“ ko nfk limtlki. Mctnrimtlvncy, Mctnrimtlvncy, rmpturkus lhnitlgmtlki wltb tbn `clss mih njptlinss ko kin“s nssnitlmc `nlif gmi trmispkrt kin upwmrhs tk trmispnrskimc ‒@uhhbm rnmcjs“, wblcn hlsskcvlif ljpnhljnits tk niclfbtninh mwmrninss.

Njpkwnrnh`rnmtblif

<6

Kppksltn M @butminsn ykflil uilns bnr mwmrninss wltb mcc-nigkjpmsslif spmgn li mggkrhmign wltb tbn Hzkfgbni trmisjlsslki ko Ubmfjk Qmptrl, tbn ‒Urkokuih Listrugtlkis

ko _marmvčrčbĤ“.

M`kvn M =8tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi jmiusgrlpt hnplgts tbn glrgucmtlki ko ninrfy mih mwmrninss wltbli tbn ykflg `khy li gkiingtlki wltb Hzkfgbni, tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki tnmgblifs trmisjlttnh li `ktb

_marmyčim @uhhblsj mih @ÿi, Xl`nt“s lihlfnikus ykflg trmhltlki. Xbn rnh

rmsmi gbmiinc rmsmi gbmiinc mih tbn wbltn cmcmi gbmiinc tbmt mid tbn `khy“s gnitrmc `cun gbmiinc mrn sbkwi sblotlif pksltlkis mt tbn ikstrlcs mih uiloylif mt tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh, wblcn tbn msskglmtnh snnh-syccm`cn Ḯ Ḯ slfilns slfilns prljkrhlmc, iki-humc mwmrninss. @ÿipk Jnhltmtlki Jmiumc. Urlvmtn gkccngtlki.

<2

Niclfbtninh mimtkjy

<<

Nxpmihlif tbn clon okrgn Kin ko tbn nmrclnst _marmyčim tnxts tk mrtl gucmtn ykflg jnhltm tlki ki tbn `khy“s litnrimc jmṆḊmcm ko gbmiincs, wlihs mih vltmc nssnigns ls nitltcnh MjṔtmslhhbl, tbn ‒Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Ingtmr“. Hlssnjlimtnh li Xl`nt orkj tbn =0tb gnitury, tbn MjṔtmslhhbl mhvmignh nmrclnr _marmyčim mggkuits ko ykflg prmgtlgn `y njpbmslzlif tbn trmisokrjmtlvn pkwnr ko ‒skcmr rn“ li tbn pncvlg gmvlty. gmvlty. Ms tbn tnxt stmtns, tbn rmhlmit ‒spbnrn ko tbn sui mt tbn `msn ko tbn gnitrmc gbmi inc … gkisujns tbn cuimr sngrntlki“ mt tbn mpnx ko tbn `khy“s jnhlmc mxls, tbus cnmhlif tk m hlvlilznh stmtn li wblgb tbn ‒ykfli ls jmhn ko nvnrytblif, gkjpksnh ko mcc ncnjnits, mcwmys hwncclif li kjilsglnign … Hnclfbtnh, bn cl`nrmtns tbn wkrch.“ Gnitrmc tk tbls prkgnss ko snco-trmisokrjmtlki livkcvlif jntmpbkrs ko sui, jkki mih rn mrn psygbkpbyslgmc tngbilquns tbmt gmusn tbn `khy“s liinrjkst vltmc vltmc nssnigns, kr `lihu, tk liousn kin“s mxlmc gkrn, tbnrn`y lihuglif m rmhlmit stmtn ko tljncnss mwmrninss. Xbn wkrh `lihu, `lihu, kr tlfcì li Xl`ntmi, bms juctlpcn jnmilifs hnpnihlif ki gkitnxt. Vltbli Xmitrlg prmgtlgn `lihu gustkjmrlcy rnonrs tk tbn ninrfntlg pktnigy ko jmcn mih onjmcn snxumc sngrntlkis. Ms tbn litnromgn `ntwnni gkisglkusinss mih jmttnr wltbli tbn bujmi `khy, `lihu jmy mcsk rncmtn tk liokrjmtlki-`nmrlif inurkpnptlhn jkcngucns, ligcuhlif nihkrpblis, gkignitrmtnh ki cmtnrmc slhns ko tbn splimc gkrh mih msskglmtnh wltb suàngtlvn stmtns ko pbyslkckflgmc mih

Mi mggkjpclsbnh ykflil hnjkistrmtns `rnmtb-gkkrhlimtnh jkvnjnits tbmt kpni pmtbwmys

ko su`tcn ninrfy wltbli tbn `k hy“s liinrjkst mimtkjy. Li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, tbn liinr koonrlif ko

tbn jmṆḊmcm ls jmhn uslif tbn kw ko ninrflns wltbli tbn vmarm `khy,

wblcn tbn liinrjkst koonrlif ko tbn jmṆḊmcm rnonrs tk m`lhlif li tbn snco-nxlstlif wmdnoucinss ko kin“s uctljmtn imturn.

psygbkckflgmc wncc`nlif. Ms pbyslkckflgmc pbyslkckflgmc gkrrncmtns gkrrncmtns ko njktlki, njktlki, pnptlhn pnptlhn su` strmtn li tbn bujmi `khy bms mcsk `nni msskglmtnh wltb tbn bnmctb-prkjktlif noongts ko gkisglkuscy gkitrkccnh `rnmtblif pmttnris1 tbn okuihmtlki ko Xmitrlg Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns livkcvlif gbmiincs, wlihs mih su`tcn nssnigns. Nssnitlmccy, Nssnitlmccy, Xsmcuif prmgtlgn livkcvns gkisglkuscy nifmflif tbn bujmi rnsplrmtkry systnj sk ms tk kptljlzn tbn kw ko ninrfy mih mwmrninss wltbli tbn `khy“s litnrimc intwkrd ko `lk-ninrfntlg `lk-ninrfntlg gbmiincs, kr ihl, ihl , tbnrn`y rnjkvlif su`tcn pbyslkckflgmc, psygbkckflgmc mih ninrfntlg `ckgdmfns, gmccnh frmitbl, frmitbl, mckif tbn `khy“s gnitrmc mxls. Vbni prmgtlsnh gkrrngtcy, Xsmcuif Xsmcuif rngmcl`rmtns gkisglkusinss `y jk`lclzlif tbn psygbkninrfntlg rnskurgns ko tbn uppnr mih gmdrms mih uiloylif gkisglkusinss mt tbn bnmrt gnitrn, tbn inxus ko tbn ckwnr gmdrms mih `khy“s nstljmtnh nstljmtnh snvnity-vn trlcclki trlcclki gnccs. Li tbn lccujlimtnh bnmrt, bnmrt, lccuslkis ko snpmrmtlki vmilsb mih, wbmt tbn @uhhbm gmccnh mvlhym, kr ikt dikwlif, trmisokrjs litk rmhlmit rnmclzmtlki ko tbn hyimjlg litnrgkiingtlvlty tbmt uil ns mih njpkwnrs mcc clon. Nmrcy Xmitrlg @uhhblst tnxts hnsgrl`n tbn mgtlvmtnh ninrflns ko tbn ckwnr gmdrms ms rlslif cldn skcmr mjns tbrkufb tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc mih ‒jnctlif“ tbn cujlikus, cuimr sngrntlkis ( `lihu) li tbn `rmli, wblgb, li turi, strnmj hkwi cldn ingtmr ( mjṔtm) mjṔtm) mih flvn rlsn tk ligrnmslifcy su`tcn stmtns ko gkisglkusinss, mih uctljmtncy tk tbn rnmclzmtlki ko tbn iki-humc nxpmisn ko njptlinss mih cujlikslty, tbn Gcnmr Clfbt bnch t k `n tbn jlih“s liinrjkst nssnign.

M`kvn M Xl`ntmi clin hrmwlif lccustrmtns m bnch nxbmcmtlki ( `bmlrm duj`bmdm ) tbmt okgusns mttnitlki mt tbn rkkt, imvnc mih tbrkmt gmdrms

sk ms tk mwmdni prṆm mwmdni prṆm li li tbn pncvlg gmvlty mih hrmw lt upwmrhs tbrkufb

tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc, cnmhlif tk nxpmihnh stmtns ko mwmrninss. Plfbt M Plfbt M okrjnr jkid jnhltmtlif `ninmtb m wmtnromcc wmtnromcc hnjkistrmtns

jmb`mihbm, jmb`mihbm, m tbrnn-okch inurkjusgucmr ckgd tbmt snmcs ninrfy li tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc wbni gkj`linh wltb m bnch nxbmcmtlki prlkr tk mi mi nxpmihnh nxpmihnh ‒vmsn `rnmtb“ `rnmtb“ (duj`bmdm , Xl`. ùjgbni ) li wblgb rnsplrmtlki mih hlsgurslvn tbkufbt

mrn sljuctminkuscy suspnihnh sk ms tk nitnr hnnpnr stmtns ko jnhltmtlvn smjhbl). m`skrptlki ( smjhbl).

=55

Niclfbtninh mimtkjy

Nxpmihlif tbn clon okrgn

=5=

Bmrinsslif tbn wlihs

M bkrinh furn ki m rltumc `kwc orkj tbn miglnit Lihus _mccny glvlclzmtlki rnvnmcs ncnjnits tbmt cmtnr `ngmjn trkpns ko Lihk-Xl`ntmi ykfm, sugb ms rnprnsnitmtlkis ko m rmhlmit ninrfy `khy, m trl-strlpnh

jnhltmtlki `nct, mih vlsumclznh wlifs mih bnmhhrnssns. @ugdlifbmj Gkccngtlki.

Li Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj, `rnmtb ls cldninh tk m pkwnrouc stmcclki tbmt, kign tmjnh tbrkufb tbn gkisglkus gkitrkc ko rnsplrmtlki, `rlifs kin tk kin“s hnslrnh hnstl imtlki. Li tbn gkitnxt ko Xsmcuif, tbn uctljmtn nssnign ko `rnmtb, kr prṆm (Xl`. cuif ), ), ls tbn ‒lihnstrugtl`cn ninrfy wlih“ tbmt pnrjnmtns mcc nxlstnign. Vbni tbn ninrfy wlihs ko tbn bujmi `khy gkignitrmtn wltbli tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc, m uiltmry stmtn ko gkisglkusinss mrlsns, gbmrmgtnrlznh `y `clss, gcmrlty mih iki-gkignptumc mwmrninss. Guctlvmtlki ko vltmc `rnmtb ms wncc ms tngbilquns okr suspnihlif rnsplrmtlki okr nxtnihnh pnrlkhs gkistltutn Xsmcuif“s gkrn prmgtlgns tbmt ligrnmsn gkitrkc kvnr snco-rnfucmtlif prkgnssns wltbli tbn bujmi `khy, ligcuhlif ligcuhlif gkisglkusinss. Xsmcuif“s Xsmcuif“s slfimturn slfimturn ‒vmsn `rnmtb“ ( duj`bmdm, duj`bmdm, Xl`. ùjgbni) gkjprnssns tbn `rnmtb `ninmtb tbn imvnc, wbnrn tbn `khy“s tbrnn prliglpmc ninrfy ninrfy gbmiincs gbmiincs mrn smlh tk litnrsngt. Msskglmtnh Msskglmtnh jusgucmr jusgucmr gkitrmgtlkis gkitrmgtlkis nxpmih mwmrninss ko ninrfntlg prkgnssns wltbli tbn pbyslgmc `khy mih ourtbnr bnlfbtni sniskry mih nxtrmsniskry pnrgnptlki. Xsmcuif `rnmtblif prmgtlgns mrn mhhltlkimccy nibmignh `y pbyslgmccy hnjmihlif ykflg nxnrglsns gmccnh Xrucdbkr, kr ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“, tbmt ligrnmsn litnrimc rmpturn. @rnmtb li Xmitrlg ykfm rnonrs ikt kicy tk rnsplrmtlki tbrkufb tbn jkutb mih iksn, ùt mcsk tk tbn nxgbmifn ko ninrfy wltb m wlhnr uilvnrsn tbrkufb tbn pkrns ko tbn sdli. Xsmcuif“s syigbrkilzmtlki ko mwmrninss, `rnmtb mih jkvnjnit pksltl vncy ljpmgts tbn `khy“s nitnrlg, kr vlsgnrmc inrvkus systnj, cnmhlif tk nibmignh vmfmc tkin, bkrjkimc `mcmign mih wncc`nlif. Gkitnjpkrmry rnsnmrgb bms gkr rncmtnh tbn ykflg mimtkjy hnsgrl`nh li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj wltb jlgrkvmsgucmr glrgucmtlki wltbli tbn jykomsglm, tbn gkiingtlvn tlssun litnromglif jusgcns, clfmjnits mih `kins, ms wncc ms wltb tbn litnrstltluj, tbn gkitlfukus ulh-ccnh spmgn `ntwnni tbn sdli mih krfmis ko tbn bujmi `khy. Xbn litnrimc tlifclif ko prṆm msskglmtnh wltb Xsmcuif mih rncmtnh prmgtlgns bms `nni ourtbnr rncmtnh tk jngbmilsjs ko tbn rncmxmtlki rnspkisn li wblgb mgtlvmtlki ko tbn pmrmsyjpm tbntlg inrvkus systnj hlcmtns `ckkh vnssncs mih jmrdnhcy ligrnmsns `ckkh kw.

Kppksltn Xmitrlg ykflis wltb jnhltmtlki `ncts ( `ncts ( fkjtrmf fkjtrmf ) hnjkistrmtn hlvnrsn tngbilquns

ko Xsmcuif, `nfliilif wltb gcnmrlif tbn `khy“s cmtnrmc ninrfy gbmiincs tbrkufb mctnrimtn ikstrlc `rnmtblif.

=50

gbmiinc. Xbn ykfli mt tbn ckwnr rlfbt slts li m pksturn ko rnfmc nmsn ( cmcltm msmim ) mih nxtnihs bls clon okrgn `nykih tbn `khy, wblcn tbn furn mt tbn ckwnr cnot wltbhrmws `rnmtb mih

Xbn sngkih ljmfn sbkws m ykfli

sniskry mwmrninss litk tbn `khy“s litnrlkr, suppkrtnh `y m jnhltmtlki

prnsslif tbn `mgds ko bls wrlsts wrlsts litk ‒wlih pklits“ mt tbn onjkrmc mrtnrlns tk hrmw vltmc nssnigns litk tbn gnitrmc

`nct syj`kclzlif tbn gnitrmc mih cmtnrmc gbmiincs ko tbn ykflg `khy. Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr.

Niclfbtninh mimtkjy

=57

Xsmcuif prmgtltlkinrs wltb Xmitrlg jnhltmtlki `ncts gmccnh fkjtrmf , slfiloylif prkwnss li jnhltmtlki,

mrn hnplgtnh li tbls hntmlc ko m Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif. Jnhltmtlki `ncts ngbk tbn ymaýkpmvĤtmj, kr smgrnh

wnmr mgrkss tbnlr gbnsts. Xbn wkvni

Kppksltn Xbn jmbčslhhbm _lrŤpm

`ncts mrn typlgmccy wkri mrkuih tbn ckwnr `mgd mih `ninmtb tbn dinns tk flvn stm`lclty mih suppkrt hurlif

ls hnplgtnh wltb m jnhltmtlki `nct tbmt bkchs bls `khy li rkymc nmsn wblcn

snmtnh jnhltmtlki, ms hnjkistrmtnh

bls gkitrkc kvnr tbn kw ko litnrimc ninrfy. Wkckjki Omjlcy Gkccngtlki.

`y tbn furn mt tbn ckwnr rlfbt.

bn pklits tk tbn sui tk hnjkistrmtn

tbrnmh tbmt twlgn-`kri @rmbjlis

=58

=5>

Xbn ninrflznh kw ko mwmrninss mih vltmc ninrfy tbrkufb tbn ykflg `khy ls lccustrmtnh li tbn pmlitlif pmlitlif kppksltn `y Pkco Dcunitnr. Xbrkufb Xmitrlg prmgtlgn, wbltn mih rnh

nssnigns, wblgb mrn rnspngtlvncy bnch tk krlflimtn mt tbn tljn ko gkignptlki orkj tbn omtbnr“s spnrj mih tbn jktbnr“s kvuj, liousn tbn

gnitrmc gbmiinc orkj tbnlr pkcmrlznh snmts mt tbn grkwi gmdrm ko gmdrm ko frnmt

`clss mih tbn auigtlki ko tbn tbrnn prliglpmc gbmiincs `nckw tbn imvnc, ms hnplgtnh ki tbn `khy ko tbn Xmitrlg

ykfli ki tbn rlfbt, li m hntmlc orkj m jurmc li Xl`nt“s Cudbmif tnjpcn. Xbn snnh-syccm`cn Ḯ njmimtlif orkj tbn ykfli“s bnmrt gmdrm slfilns tbn iki-humc mwmrninss tbmt mrlsns wbni tbn ninrfy gurrnits nitnr tbn `khy“s

gnitrmc gbmiinc.

=5?

Bmrinsslif tbn wlihs

=56

Lccuskry @khy \kfm rnonrs, \kfm rnonrs, mt lts

blfbnst cnvnc, tk guctlvmtlki ko mi litmifl`cn hlvlin `khy orkj tbn ‒lihnstrugtl`cn ninrfy wlih“ ko lccujlimtnh gkisglkusinss, kr Gcnmr Clfbt. Xbn njnrfnit `khy, wbltn

li gkckur, typlgmccy mrlsns li tbn okrj ko kin“s gbksni jnhltmtlki

hnlty, ùt jmy mcsk mppnmr li bujmi okrj, ms sbkwi li tbls hntmlc orkj m wmcc pmlitlif li tbn Uktmcm Umcmgn li Cbmsm. Mi lccuskry `khy ( fyócu fyócu) gmi kicy `n pnrgnlvnh `y tbksn wbk tbnjsncvns bmvn mttmlinh mi lccuskry `khy mih rnprnsnits m trmisokrjmtlvn hljnislki ko `nlif tbmt, li @uhhblst tnrjs, inltbnr nxlsts ikr hknsi“t nxlst.

Nj`rmglif lccuslki

‒Nxlt strmtnflns“.

Mcc okrjs ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst ykfm `nfli wltb rngkfilzlif kin“s `khy ms m intwkrd ko ninrfntlg prkgnssns hnvklh ko m`lhlif jmtnrlmc su`stmign. Xbn gmdrms rnprnsnit tbn liinr strugturn ko tbn bujmi `khy su`tcn gbmiincs mih gmdrms rnprnsnit wblcn tbn wlihs mih vltmc nssnigns rnonr tk psygbkpbyslgmc prkpnisltlns tbmt mrn trmisokrjnh tbrkufb ykflg prmgtlgn. _marmyčim“s Grnmtlki Ubmsn ykfms gkigcuhn wltb rngkfiltlki ko tbn liimtn niclfbtnijnit ko tbn `khyjlih ms tbn uctljmtn hnlty, wblcn su`snqunit Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns `nfli wltb rnmclzmtlki ko tbn bujmi `khy ms m gkihult ko uiljpnhnh, trmispnrskimc gkisglkusinss. Vltbli tbn Wlx \kfm systnj ko tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn, tbls gkistltutns Lccuskry @khy \kfm ( fyócu imcakr ) li wblgb tbn `khy ls nxpnrlnignh ms tbn litmifl`cn, cujlinsgnit mimtkjy ko mi uctljmtncy lccuskry Xmitrlg hnlty. Lccuskry @khy \kfm \kfm tbus nivlslkis `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih ‗ tbn tbrnn ouihmjnitmc gkistltunits ko `nlif ‗ ms njptlinss, ninrfy mih `clss, mih gknxtnislvn wltb spmgn ltsnco. Pnmclzmtlki ko tbn hyimjlg pcmy ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign uihnrclns mcc okrjs ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst ykfm mih ls ourtbnr mgtumclznh tbrkufb tbn prmgtlgns ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr, tbn ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits ko tbn gbmiincs mih wlihs“, tbmt mrn nxpckrnh li tbn okcckwlif gbmptnr. Ms tbn frnmt Xl`ntmi mhnpt Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm prkikuignh, ‒îcnss tbn vltmccy ljpkrtmit `khy ls gkjpclmit mih ninrfy kwlif ornncy, tbn purn clfbt ko gkisglkusinss wlcc rnjmli k`sgurnh. Wk tmdn tbnsn pbyslgmc prmgtlgns tk bnmrt!“

=52

Niclfbtninh mimtkjy

Kppksltn Jmflgmc lfbt , ms hnplgtnh li tbls ljmfn ko mi mlr`krin

jmbčslhhbm, gkistltutns mi uctljmtn kàngtlvn ko Lccuskry @khy \kfm. Xbn prmgtlgn rmifns orkj rngkfilzlif

tbn pbyslgmc `khy ms mi ljpnrjminit, mih tbus uirnmc, jnitmc gkistrugt tk nsktnrlg rltns, wbnrn`y tbn jlih gmi `n njmimtnh orkj tbn bnmrt ms

m su`tcn `khy mih usnh tk gmrry kut hlvnrsn mgtlvltlns sugb ms rnjktn

vlnwlif mih bnmclif. Xbn ouigtlkimc snpmrmtlki ko gkisglkusinss orkj

tbn pbyslgmc `khy ls mcsk tbn kàngtlvn ko Ukwm, ms nxpckrnh li tbn gbmptnr

Xk vkymfn tbrkufb tbn sdy wltb tbls jmtnrlmc `khy, jnhltmtn ki tbn su`tcn gbmiincs mih liinr wlihs, mih fmli jmstnry kvnr ykur ninrflns mih tbkufbts. ^ctljmtn mggkjpclsbjnit mggkjpclsbjnit ls iktblif ktbnr tbmi tbls! Dbmihrk \nsbn Xskfymc, 2tb gnitury

M ykfli li m @butminsn tnjpcn

prmgtlsns Xsmcuif Xsmcuif orkj tbn Ubmfjk Qmptrl, tbn ‒Urkokuih Listrugtlkis

ko _marmvčrčbl“, tbmt okgus ninrfy mih mwmrninss li tbn bnmrt gnitrn mih

gkignlvn ko tbn `khy ms m trmiscugnit intwkrd ko su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs. Kpnilif tbn su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs mt tbn bnmrt gmdrm tbrkufb gmdrm tbrkufb tbn

prmgtlgn ko Xsmcuif ls gkislhnrnh prnrnqulsltn tk uihnrtmdlif tbn jkrn strniukus prmgtlgns ko Xrucdbkr, kr ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“, wblgb gkignitrmtn ninrfy li tbn pncvls mih skcmr pcnxus mih mwmdni hkrjmit bujmi gmpmgltlns.

Ockwlif wbkcninss Xbn ykfm ko jmflgmc jkvnjnit Xk stm`lclzn tbn jlih, olrst tmjn tbn `khy wltb jmflgmc jkvnjnits ( Xrucdbkr Xrucdbkr ) … mctbkufb yku mrn kstnisl`cy trmlilif tbn `khy, yku mrn lihlrngtcy su`hulif mih stm`lclzlif tbn jlih. Dmrjm Gbmfjì Plipkgbn, ‒Wpmglkus Jlih ko Ornnhkj“, =6tb gnitury

Nj`khylif niclfbtnijnit niclfbtnijnit

Kppksltn Xbn jmbčslhhbm

Ačcmihbmrm rnvnmcs tbn `khy ms `ktb mi listrujnit mih mfnit mfnit ko njmiglpmtlki. Bls tbrnn-prkifnh,

rn-tlppnh ykflg stmoo rngmpltucmtns bls mgtlvmtlki ko su`tcn ninrflns wltbli tbn tbrnn prliglpmc jnrlhlmis ko bls ykflg `khy tbrkufb hyimjlg

jkvnjnit. Xbn mwmdnilif ko Ŕmdtl-duṆḊmclil ls ourtbnr rnprnsnitnh `y Ačcmihbmrm“s hmign pmrtinr mih tbn mj`rkslmc wmvns rlslif orkj bnr sducc gup. Fmiftnif Jkimstnry, @butmi.

_marmyčim, _marmyčim, tbn Xmitrlg okrj ko @uhhblsj prmgtlsnh tbrkufbkut tbn Bljmcmymi wkrch, prnsnits ltsnco ms koonrlif tbn swlotnst pmtb tk splrltumc cl`nrmtlki, ùt tbn hyimjlg jlih‗`khy prmgtlgns mt tbn bnmrt ko tbn trmhltlki mrn rmrncy rnvnmcnh nvni tk mhvmignh liltlmtns. Ms m rnsuct, _marmyčim _marmyčim ls `nttnr dikwi okr lts pu`cl gmccy pnrokrjnh jkimstlg rltumcs tbmi okr tbn psygbkpbyslgmc hlsglpclins tbmt hlstlifulsb _marmyčim orkj nmrclnr okrjs ko @uhhblst prmgtl gn. Xbls gbmptnr litrkhugns tbn trmisokrjmtlvn nxnrglsns gmccnh Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr ‗ cltnrmccy ‒jmflgmc wbnnc ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“ ‗ tbmt gkj`lin vlsumclzmtlki wltb vlfkr kuscy bnch `rnmtbs, jkvnjnits mih ykflg ckgds tk mctnr tbn kw ko psygbkskjmtlg ninrfy tbrkufb tbn `khy“s jykomsglm mih m pksltnh jnt mpbyslgmc inurkvmsgucmr systnj, cnmhlif tk bnlfbtninh vltmclty mih nxpmihnh stmtns ko mwmrninss. Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns mrn gkjjkicy pnrokrjnh wblcn ljmflilif kinsnco ms mi mrkusnh kr snjl-wrmtbouc Xmitrlg hnlty wblgb, tbkufb mppnmrlif, ls ikt bnc h tk `n litrlislgmccy rnmc mih gmi tbus `n gkislhnrnh ‒jmflgmc“. Xbn nxnrglsns tbus gkistltutn m blfbcy nj`khlnh mpprkmgb tk tbn Hnlty \kfm tbmt ls okuihmtlkimc tk _marmyčim“s _marmyčim“s Grnmtlki Ubmsn. Bkwnvnr, `ngmusn tbn prmgtlgns wkrd hlrngtcy ki tbn `khy“s litnrstltlmc intwkrd ko psygblg ninrfy gbmiincs, tbny mrn ikr jmccy tmufbt ms prncljlimrlns tk _marmyčim“s _marmyčim“s Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn, mih tbus bmvn trmhltlkimccy `nni k`sgurnh `y gkivnitlkis ko sngrngy. Xbn rkkt tnxts ko 2tb-gnitury \kfliĤ \kfliĤ Xmitrms sugb ms tbn Bnvmarm mih tbn Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrm hnsgrl`n litnrimc ykflg prmgtlgns gkiingtnh tk t bn `khy“s intwkrd ko ninrfy gbmiincs, ùt mggkuits ko msskglmtnh pbyslgmc nxnrglsns kicy mppnmr li cmtnr gkjjnitmrlns. Bkwnvnr, tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm jmdns rnpnmtnh rnonrnign tk tbn ljpkrtmign ko rltumc hmign jkvnjnits okr purloylif tblrty-twk spnglnh ninrfy gbmiincs wltbli tbn ykflg `khy mih nimgtlif tbn qumcltlns ko tbn juctl-clj`nh mih juctl-omgntnh Bnvmarm hnlty. ==7

Xbls gkitnjpkrmry sgrkcc pmlitlif

Ms Mdmrpm Plipkgbn nxpcmlis,

grnmtnh `y Mdmrpm Ck`smif

tbn nrktlg ljmfn ko @uhhbm

Plipkgbn gkhlns Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr

Wmjmitm`bmhrm, ‒Mwmdninh îlvnrsmc Fkkhinss“, sbkwi mt tbn tkp gnitrn ko tbn pmlitlif slfilns tbn rmhlmit, ikntlg `clss tbmt ls bujmidlih“s nssnitlmc imturn, mih wblgb ls rnvnmcnh mih guctlvmtnh tbrkufb tbn prmgtlgn ko Xsmcuif

prmgtlgns wltbli tbn Dmfyu clinmfn hnrlvlif orkj tbn tnmgblifs ko

jmbčslhhbm Ičrkpč, tbn Akimifpm trmisjlsslki ko Xrucdbkr mggkrhlif tk tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm, mih tbn Xl`ntmi trmhltlki ko \uifhruif @ÿi. ==8

Xrucdbkr. Mt tbn gnitrn ko tbn pmlitlif ls tbn juctl-mrjnh Xmitrlg hnlty Dčcmgmdrm, surrkuihnh `y slx ykflils li murnmcns ko rn, slfiloylif tbn Wlx _marm \kfms \kfms ko tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn tbmt rnvnmc tbn litrlislg niclfbtnijnit

îtlc yku fmli gkitrkc kvnr tbn bkrsn-cldn wlihs, tbn jkuit ko tbn jlih, yku wlcc ikt fmli gkitrkc kvnr tbn rlhnr-cldn jlih. Wtmfns, =8tb gnitury Xskifdbmpm Ck`zmif Hrmdpm, M Cmjptk Lccujlimtn tbn Olvn Wtmfns

ko jlih mih `khy mih trmisokrj tbn bujmi gkihltlki orkj suoonrlif mih

hlsgkitnit tk aky mih cl`nrmtlki. ==>

Wmgrnh hmign

M Xmitrlg ykfli @nckw cnot mih rlfbt rlfbt M gkjjnigns m snrlns ko nxnrglsns tbmt ngbk tbn hyimjlg jkvnjnits

lccustrmtnh li m gkitnjpkrmry pmlitlif `y Pk`nrt Ukwncc, `msnh ki mi krflimc tnjpcn orlnzn li tbn okrjnr Bljmcmymi dlifhkj ko Justmif. Xbn miljmtnh ykflils rnprnsnit tbn nssnign ko nj`khlnh nxpnrlnign mih Xmitrlg

@uhhblst ykfm ms mi litnrimclzmtlki ko hnltlns hnplgtnh li Xmitrlg jmṆḊmcms.

==?

Cnot M Inwmr Gmryč hmignr

nj`khlns tbn qumcltlns ko m Xmitrlg hnlty li m rltumc ko smgrmclzmtlki mih

Xbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm stmtns tbmt, ‒Vbni aky mrlsns, tbn ykfli sbkuch hmign okr cl`nrmtlki, mssujlif tbn vmarm pksturns ko tbn hlvlin Bnrudm TBnvmarmZ wltb ouccnst mttnitlki … njmimtlif tbnj wltb mi ljpmsslkinh jlih wltbli m s tmtn ko uilitnrruptnh mttnitlki.“ Ms tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm ourtbnr gcmrlns, tbn jkvn jnits ‒rnvnmc tbn mhmjmitlin imturn ko tbn @uhhbms, \kfliĤs, mih Jktbnr Fkhhnssns…. Xbn prktngtlki ko tbn mssnj`cy mih kinsnco ls `y jnmis ko sugb skif mih hmign.“ Wugb stmtnjnits suffnst tbmt tbn krlflis ko Xrucdbkr, ms m jnmis ko nj`khylif tbn qumcltlns ko _marmyčim hnltlns mih msskglmtnh psygbkpbyslgmc prkgnssns, jmy jmy cln ikt kicy li nmrcy BmṪbm \kfm-rncmtnh \kfm-rncmtnh tngbilquns, tngbilquns, ùt mcsk li trmhltlkis ko Xmitrlg hmign, sugb ms tbn ykflg tihmvm hmign okrj trmisjlttnh wltbli Dmsbjlrl őmlvlsj mih gmryiṔtym, m gmryiṔtym, m rltumc hmign trmhltlki trmisjlttnh `y Inwmr _marmgmryčs _marmgmryčs li Inpmc mih msskglmtnh wltb wltb tbn Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrm. Xmitrm. Mimckfkus gbkrnkfrmpblns ko snco-trmisokrjmtlki mrn gnitrmc tk Xl`ntmi rltumc hmigns dikwi ms Gbmj, wblgb prlkr tk tbn =7tb gnitury wnrn pnrokrjnh kicy wltbli mssnj`clns ko gkisngrmtnh liltlmtns. Xbn =?tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi sgbkcmr mih mhnpt Xčrmičtbm (=>6>‗=?78) hnsgrl`nh Xrucdbkr ms ‒nsktnrlg listrugtlkis okr hlsskcvlif tbn ninrfy‗jlih litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc mih rncnmslif dikts li tbn gbmiincs, prljmrlcy uslif kin“s kwi `khy ms tbn jntbkh“, mih bn msslfinh tbnj `ktb jnhlg mc mih njmiglpmtkry noongts. Li bls trnmtlsn nitltcnh ‒Nlfbtnni Ubyslgmc Xrmlilifs“, Xčrmičtbm gkiskclhmtnh ykflg nxnrglsns mttrlùtnh tk tbn ==tb-gnitury Dmsbjlrl onjmcn jmbčslhhbm Ilfujm mih hlssnjlimtnh li Xl`nt `y bnr hlsglpcn Dbyuifpk Imcakr (g. =5>5‗==85). M snpmrmtn trmisjlsslki ko slx ‒rkkt“ Xrucdbkr wltb tblrty-ilin ‒`rmigbns“ ls smlh tk hnrlvn orkj Ilfujm“s gkiskrt, Ičrkpč wbk, li turi, rnputnhcy rngnlvnh tbnj orkj bls @nifmcl tnmgbnr Xlckpč, mctbkufb tbn hmtlif ko tbnsn prmgtlgns ls prk`cnjmtlg hun tk tbn m`snign ko krlflimc Wmisdrlt vnrslkis ko Xlckpč“s mih Ičrkpč“s tnxts mih tbn omgt tbmt tbny kicy `ngmjn pmrt ko tbn Dmfyu trmisjlsslki jkrn tbmi m gnitury cmtnr.

Ockwlif wbkcninss

gkisngrmtlki, li wblgb tbn bujmi

`khy ls rngkfilznh ms tbn ckgus ko nxpnrlnign mih, tbus, ko cl`nrmtlki. Xbn Inwmr trmhltlki ko Xmitrlg

@uhhblsj li Inpmc“s Dmtbjmihu _mccny prnsnrvns okrjs ko _marmyčim tbmt cmrfncy vmilsbnh li Lihlm motnr tbn =7tb gnitury. @nckw M @nckw M ykfli li m sliukus bmihstmih, hnplgtnh ki m jurmc li

wnstnri Xl`nt, lccustrmtns tbn gnitrmc rkcn ko tbn `khy li trmisokrjlif libl`ltlif bm`lts ko jlih, ms prkjktnh li Xmitrlg Xmitrlg @uhhblst @uhhblst ykfm.

Wmgrnh hmign

==6

Litnfrmtlif Litnfrmtlif `khy, `rnmtb mih gkisglkusinss Xbn nmrclnst gcnmrcy hmtm`cn hnsgrlptlkis ko nxtnrimc ykflg prmgtlgns li Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj wnrn gkjpksnh `y Ubmfjk Hrupm Hkran Fymcpk (===5‗65), (===5‗65), m =0tbgnitury Dmfyu mih Wmdym jmstnr wbksn trnmtlsn nitltcnh ‒Xbn Umtb ko Orultlki“s Xblrty-twk Musplglkus Mgtlkis“ usnh Wmisdrlt mih psnuhk-Wmisdrlt imjns tk hnsgrl`n snqunitlmc ykflg jkvnjnits gkiingtnh wltb tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm, wblgb bmh `nni trmiscmtnh orkj Wmisdrlt litk Xl`ntmi orkj =58= uitlc =58?. Ubmfjk Hrupm mcsk wrktn ‒Xbn Umtb ko Orultlki“s Olvn-@rmigb \kfm“, \kfm“, wblgb gkislsts ko `mslg listrugtlkis okr ckksnilif tbn ingd, bnmh, bmihs mih cnfs, ms wncc ms m jmiumc nitltcnh ‒Wuppcnjnitmry _nrsns ki tbn Umtb ko Jntbkh“ wblgb hnsgrl`ns slx pbyslgmc nxnrglsns okr rnjkvlif k`stmgcns mih prnpmrlif tbn `khy okr mhvmignh litnrimc ykfms, `msnh ki hrmwlif psygbkskjmtlg ‒wlihs“ litk tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc. Xrucdbkr“s trlpmrtltn purpksn ko gcnmr lif tbn `khy“s su`tcn ninrfy systnj, hrmwlif vltmc nssnigns (`lihu) litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc, mih hlstrlùtlif tbnj tbrkufbkut tbn psygbkpbyslgmc krfmilsj li prnpmrmtlki okr Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn Xmitrlg prmgtlgns, sugb ms Olnrgn Bnmt, hlstlifulsb Xrucdbkr, kr ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“, orkj Cuakif, m jkrn prncljlimry Xl`ntmi systnj ko pbyslgmc trmlilif. Mctbkufb tbn jkvnjnits ko Cuakif mrn mimckfkus tk tbksn ko Xrucdbkr, tbny mrn prljmrlcy uihnrtmdni okr pbyslgmc pbyslgmc bnmctb mih mih

tbus hk ikt ligcuhn tbn hnjmihlif bnch `rnmtbs, okrgnouc hrkps mih litnrimc vlsumclzmtlkis tbmt gbmrmgtnrlzn Xrucdbkr. Wkjn ko tbn `nttnr-dikwi Cuakif prmgtlgns (mcsk (mcsk dikwi ms Inakif, kr ‒vltmc pklit trmlilif“) trmisjlttnh trmisjlttnh li Xl`nt wnrn hnrlvnh orkj tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm ‗ wblgb bmh `nni litrkhugnh li Xl`nt li =5?8 ‗ `y @utÿi Pligbni Hrup (=0<5‗=7?8), tbn rnikwinh =8tb-gnitury m``kt ko Xl`nt“s Wbmcu Jkimstnry. @utÿi Pligbni Hrup gcmsslnh bls systnj ko Inakif ms ‒kutnr“ nxnrglsns tk `n usnh `ktb `y @uhhblst prmgtltlkinrs mih

pbyslglmis okr `mcmiglif tbn `khy“s `khy“s litnrimc ninrflns, ui`ckgdlif k`strugtlkis li tbn gbmiincs, mih pmgloylif hlsnmsns ko jlih mih `khy. @utÿi Pligbni Hrup sljuctminkuscy trmisjlttnh m systnj ko twnity-okur snqunitlmc Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns tbmt bn hnrlvnh orkj tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm okr gkignitrmtlif tbn kw ko psygbkpbyslgmc ninrfy wltbli tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc li suppkrt ko pmrmikrjmc m`lcltlns sugb ms ‒swlot wmcdlif“ tbmt purpkrtnhcy mcckwnh mhnpts mt Wbmcu tk gkvnr vmst hlstmigns ki okkt `y jkhucmtlif tbn noongts ko frmvlty. @msnh ki gkitrkcclif tbn `khy“s litnrimc ninrfy kw tbrkufb spnglmclznh `rnmtblif tngbilquns mih ykflg ckgds ( `mihbm), ‒swlot wmcdlif“ wms hnsgrl`nh li tbn nmrcy 05tb gnitury `y tbn Ornigb nxpckrnr Mcnxmihrm Hmvlh-Iìnc1 ‒Xbn jmi hlh ikt rui. Bn snnjnh tk clot bljsnco orkj tbn frkuih, prkgnnhlif `y `y cnmps. Lt ckkdnh ms lo bn bmh `nni nihkwnh wltb tbn ncmstlglty ko m `mcc mih rn`kuihnh nmgb tljn bls onnt tkugbnh tbn frkuih.“

Cnot mih kppksltn kppksltn Xmitrlg Xmitrlg @uhhblst mrt nigkhns litnrimc ykflg prkgnssns.

Xbn hrmwlif ko m `kw, ms slfilnh li tbn Xrucdbkr jkvnjnit sbkwi mt tbn rlfbt, ls mcsk hnplgtnh inmr tbn `msn ko m Xmitrlg Xmitrlg hlmfrmj tbmt

gbmrts tbn hyimjlg msgnit ko su`tcn ninrfy tbrkufb tbn `khy“s gnitrmc jnrlhlmi. Gnitrmc tk tbn prmgtlgn ls tbn gkjprnsslki ko upwmrh-rlslif mih hnsgnihlif ninrfy wlihs ( mpimvàyô prṆmvyu) li tbn ckwnr m`hkjni mih prṆmvyu)

sk tbmt tbny nitnr tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc ko tbn ykflg `khy mih plnrgn tbrkufb

mcc psygbkskjmtlg blihrmigns. Xbn jkvnjnit ls mcsk smlh tk ui`ckgd mih kpni tbn bnmrt- gnitrn, ornnlif lt orkj stmfimit ‒wlih“ mih uiprkhugtlvn

jnitmc stmtns. Urlvmtn gkccngtlki. ==2

Ockwlif wbkcninss

Litnfrmtlif `khy, `rnmtb mih gkisglkusinss

==<

Jmflgmc jkvnjnits jkvnjnits Mcc trmhltlkis ko Xrucdbkr nxtkc tbn nxnrglsns“ rnjnhlmc bnmclif noongts wblcn njpbmslzlif tbnlr jkrn prkokuih trmisokrjmtlvn liunign ki tbn `khy mih slhhbl. jlih, ligcuhlif tbn rnputnh hnvnckpjnit ko suprmikrjmc pkwnrs g mccnh slhhbl. Mctbkufb mttmlijnit ko tbn nxtrmkrhlimry gmpmgltlns msskglmtnh wltb ykflg guctlvmtlki ls rmrncy mi kpnicy mhjlrnh kr mhjlttnh fkmc wltbli _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj, prkvlslkimccy usnouc wkrchcy slhhbls sugb ms gcmlrvkymign, livlsl`lclty mih gkitrkc ko imturmc pbnikjnim mrn gcmljnh tk tbls hmy tk mrlsn spkitminkuscy ms m rnsuct ko hnhlgmtnh prmgtlgn. _marmyčim“s jkrn trmisgnihnit fkmc, bkwnvnr, rnjmlis tbn jmbslhhbl, jmbslhhbl, kr ‒frnmt mggkjpclsbjnit“ ko trmisokrjlif nfktlsj, frnnh mih mffrnsslki litk njpmtblg wlshkj mih uigkihltlkimc gkjpmsslki. Mttmlilif tbls mwmdninh hlspksltlki li tbn jkst nxpnhlnit jmiinr pkssl`cn ls vlnwnh ms tbn nssnitlmc litnit ko Wmdymjuil @uhhbm“s Nlfbtokch Umtb tk IlrvčṆm mih tbus mggkuits okr tbn ligcuslki ko BmṪbm \kfm-cldn ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“ wltbli _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj“s pmtb ko sdlcouc jnmis. Xrucdbkr prmgtlgns li Xl`nt“s lihlfnikus prn-@uhhblst trmhltlki ko @ÿi rst mppnmr li tbn @ÿi Jktbnr Xmitrm li m gbmptnr nitlt cnh ‒Ncnjnitmc Nssnigns“ wblgb kutclins vn okuihmtlkimc nxnrglsns okr `mcmiglif tbn `khy“s ouihmjnitmc

M`kvn M okclk ko m Xl`ntmi Hzkfgbni jmiusgrlpt lccustrmtns gkitnjpcmtlvn

nxnrglsns prncljlimry tk mhvmignh okrjs ko iki-humc jnhltmtlki. Pkymc Hmilsb Cl`rmry, Gkpnibmfni @nckw M @nckw M ykfli hnplgtnh li m gmvn strntgbns bls rlfbt bmih li dmrmim juhr, m gkjpmsslkimtn fnsturn tbmt

wmrhs koo infmtlvlty. Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr.

gkistltunits. Xbn prmgtlgns ko tbn @ÿi Jktbnr Xmitrm mrn trmhltlkimccy grnhltnh wltb m ckif clin ko krmc trmisjlsslki, ùt tbn omgt tbmt tbny kicy mppnmrnh li wrlttni okrj orkj tbn ==tb gnitury jmdns lt hloguct tk hntnrjlin tk wbmt hnfrnn tbny nvkcvnh lihnpnihnitcy ko @uhhblst liunign li Xl`nt. Wljlcmrcy, tbn ‒Frnmt Unrongtlki Krmc Xrmisjlsslki ko Wbmif Wbuif1 Listrugtlkis ki tbn Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko \kflg Jkvnjnits“ wltb lts kwi trmhltlki ko Xrucdbkr prmg tlgns mcsk hmtns li wrlttni okrj tk tbn cmtn ==tb kr nmrcy =0tb gnitury, mctbkufb @ÿi trmhltlki jmlitmlis tbmt tbn prmgtlgns wnrn trmisjlttnh krmccy li Xl`nt gniturlns nmrclnr.

M`kvn M M`kvn M hntmlc ko m Xl`ntmi jmiusgrlpt lccustrmtns m okuihmtlkimc

Xrucdbkr nxnrglsn okr hrmwlif tbn ninrflns ko tbn `khy“s cmtnrmc gbmiincs litk tbn gnitrmc jnrlhlmi, mi mimtkjlgmc mimckfun ko njptlinss wltbli tbn ykflg `khy. Xbn =2tbgnitury jmiusgrlpt, wrlttni li `ktb Xl`ntmi mih Gblinsn, msgrl`ns `ktb

jnhlgmc mih splrltumc `nints tk tbn snt ko tblrty-twk nxnrglsns `msnh

ki tbn Bnvmarm mih Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrms. @nlalif Umcmgn Jusnuj. M gcmy stmtun ko m grkwinh Plfbt M

jmbčslhhbm, snmtnh ki m cktus, ls kin ko snvnrmc sugb inmr clon-slzn ljmfns tbmt nisgrl`n m tbrnn-

hljnislkimc jkhnc ko tbn jmṆḊmcm pmcmgn ko tbn Xmitrlg hnlty Gmdrmsmṇvmrm li m gbmpnc li tbn Uncdbkr Gbÿhn Jkimstnry li Fymitsn, Xl`nt. Xbn pksturn ko

‒hrmwlif m `kw“ slfilns mgtlvmtlki ko tbn litnrimc ninrflns ko tbn ykflg `khy sk ms ms tk hlrngt hlrngt tbnj li tbn tbn snrvlgn ko kin“s kwi mih ktbnrs“

niclfbtnijnit.

=05

Ockwlif wbkcninss

Jmflgmc jkvnjnits

=0=

=00

=07

Xbn ljjkrtmc nclxlr

orkj tbn ‒Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko Vlshkj Bkchnrs“ (Plfhzli Xrucdbkr) li Fmhni Cbmdbmif li ^rm, @butmi. (Wnn pmfn =70 okr m hnsgrlptlki ko skjn ko tbn jkvnjnits.)

Xbn rst _marmyčim @uhhblst @uhhblst tnxt tk hnsgrl`n spnglg BmṪbm \kfm jntbkhs ls tbn MjṔtmslhhbl , , kr ‒Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Ingtmr“ wblgb hnspltn lts őmlvltn kvnr tkins wms trmisjlttnh li Xl`nt orkj tbn =0tb gnitury kiwmrhs. Xbn MjṔtmslhhbl ls wlhncy bnch tk `n tbn skurgn tnxt ko tbn Lihlmi BmṪbm \kfm trmhltlki mih jmdns tbn rst dikwi rnonrnign tk tbn BmṪbm \kfm tngbilquns ko jmbjuhr, jmb`mihbm mih jmb`mihbm mih jmbvnhbm . Vltbli tbn gkitnxt ko tbn MjṔtmslhhbl, tbnsn ykflg ‒ckgds“ wnrn usnh okr hrmwlif vltmc ninrflns litk tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc mih gkitrkcclif tbnlr upwmrhs mih hkwiwmrhs kw. Hnsgrl`nh ms m ‒Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko Tykflg jkvnjnits okr rnmclzlifZ Ljjkrtmclt y“, tbn ykflg nxnrglsns ko tbn MjṔtmslhhbl wnrn trmisjlttnh wltbli Xl`nt“s Wbmifpm Dmfyu clinmfn orkj tbn tljn ko Iynitki Gbÿdyl Wbnrmp (==6>‗=0>>), wbk bmh rnputnhcy cnmrinh tbnj orkj mi Lihlmi jmstnr. Li tbn MjṔtmslhhbl, tbn prmgtltlkinr ljmflim tlvncy trmisokrjs litk tbn Blihu hnlty őlvm, wbk ls kotni prnsnitnh wltbli _marmyčim ms bmvlif `nni gkivnrtnh litk m @uhhbm `y tbn @khblsmttvm _marmpčil. Vltbli tbn Xrldm őmlvlsj ko Dmsbjlr, őlvm ls syikiyjkus wltb ‒purn gkisglkusinss“ mih iki-humc mwmrninss.

=08

Ockwlif wbkcninss

Urngnhlif Urngnhlif pmfns Xsbnwmif pmfns Xsbnwmif Wltmr Plipkgbn pnrokrjs Plipkgbn pnrokrjs ykflg nxnrglsns

@nckw Dmrjm Cbmtruc Plipkgbn

hnjkistrmtns Xrucdbkr jkvnjnits orkj tbn Ubmfjk Qmptrl, tbn ‒Urkokuih Listrugtlkis ko

_marmvčrčbĤ“, wblgb gbmiinc vltmc ninrflns litk tbn gnitrmc jnrlhlmi ko tbn ykflg `khy. Xbn prmgtlgn wms

rnvnmcnh li tbn 05tb gnitury `y Duizmif Hngbni Clifpm, `msnh ki

m prlkr trnmsurn trmhltlki rnvnmcnh `y Plfhzli Fkhnjgbni nitltcnh tbn ‒Urkokuih Xrmisjlsslki ko

_marmvčrčbĤ“.

M =0tb-gnitury nhltlki ko tbn ‒Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Ingtmr “ gkjplcnh `y MvmhbŤtmgmihrm MvmhbŤtmgmihrm prkjktns mi lhnmc ko uirnstrlgtnh mggnss tk tbn tnmgblifs tbmt ls jmrdnhcy hlstligt orkj nmrclnr mih cmtnr Xmitrlg @uhhblst clinmfns `msnh ki sngrngy mih nxgcuslvlty. M sljlcmrcy kpni ntbks l i tbn krlflis ko BmṪbm \kfm gmi `n hlsgnrinh hlsgnrinh li miktbnr nmrcy BmṪbm BmṪbm wkrd, wkrd, tbn =7tb-gnitury =7tb-gnitury HmttčtrnymykfmŔčstr HmttčtrnymykfmŔčstrm, m, wblgb mhvkgmtns tbmt lts prmgtlgns ko ykflg snmcs ( juhrs), juhrs), ykflg ckgds ( `mih bms) mih mhhltlkimc BmṪbm \kfm hlsglpclins ko vmarkcĤ (hnsgrl`nh (hnsgrl`nh ki pmfn =65), mih smbmakcĤ `n `n prmgtlsnh ornncy, lrrnspngtlvn ko ntbilglty, gmstn kr gcmss. mjmrkcĤ mih Hun, li pmrt, tk Xmitrlg ykfm“s mssljlcmtlki wltbli gncl`mtn @uhhblst jkimstlg gkjjuiltlns, jmiy ko BmṪbm \kfm“s gkrn tngbilquns wnrn litnrprntnh, mih prmgtlsnh, furmtlvncy li Xl`nt wltbli gkitnxts ko ligrnmslif sngrngy. Xbls njpbmsls ki sngrngy, wblgb wms cnss nvlhnit li Xl`nt prlkr tk tbn =7tb gnitury, ls frmhumccy hljlilsblif li clfbt ko tbn gurrnit fck`mclzmtlki mih sngucmrlzmtlki ko BmṪbm \kfm prmgtlgns.

Xbn ljjkrtmc nclxlr

=0>

Xbn turquklsn bnmrt nssnign Xbn nmrclnst trmisjlsslki ko Xrucdbkr li Xl`nt jmy bmvn `nni Xurquklsn Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign, gkjplcnh `y Wujtÿi \nsbn Quif li ==>6, `msnh ki krlflimc wrltlifs

Kppksltn, m`kvn mih `nckw Xbn ‒pnmgkgd pksltlki“ ( pksltlki“ (jmyôrm smim) smim) ls hnsgrl`nh li tbn =>tbgnitury BmṪbm \kfm UrmhĤpldč ms ‒hnstrkylif mcc hlsnmsn“. Xbn uppnr ljmfn, orkj tbn @nlalif

Umcmgn Jusnuj, sbkws lt ms iuj`nr twnity-nlfbt li m snqunign ko

tblrty-twk Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns orkj tbn Bnvmarm ‒Umtb ko Orultlki“ ms rngkrhnh li m ]lif Hyimsty

jmiusgrlpt orkj Gblim“s Ljpnrlmc Xrnmsury. Xbn ckwnr pbktkfrmpb sbkws m gkitnjpkrmry prmgtltlkinr

pcmglif tbn pmcjs ko bls bmihs ki tbn frkuih, wltb bls imvnc ki bls nc`kws mih, tbus `mcmignh, ‒strntgblif tbn `khy `mgdwmrhs cldn m stlgd“ sk ms tk nckifmtn tbn splin.

mih tnmgblifs ko \utbkd \ÿitni Fÿipk (==0?‗=050), tbn Xl`ntmi pbyslglmi mih ykflg mhnpt grnhltnh wltb tbn rnvncmtlki ko tbn ‒Okur Jnhlgmc Xmitrms“, Xmitrms“, wblgb gkiskclhmtn Xl`ntmi jnhlglin“s jnhlglin“s mpprkmgb tk tbn prnvnitlki, hlmfiksls mih trnmtjnit ko hlsnmsn. X bn \utbkd \utbkd Iyliftbld, kr Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign, Nssnign , wms rnputnhcy gkjplcnh motnr \utbkd“s \utbkd“s sngkih ko vn trlps tk Lihlm wbnrn bn rngnlvnh hlrngt listrugtlkis orkj Lihlmi Xmitrlg jmstnrs.

Hrmwlif li pmrt ki tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm“s nxpksltlki ko ykflg pbyslkckfy, Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign kutclins Nssnign kutclins m prkfrmjjn ko splrltumc hnvnckpjnit okr iki-jkimstlg prmgtltlkinrs, gkihnislif tbn gkrn ncnjnits ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj litk okrty rkkt tnxts, tbn twnitlntb ko wblgb hnsgrl`ns m snqunign

ko nlfbtnni Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns okr rnilif tbn `khy“s su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs li prnpmrmtlki okr prmgtlgns ko Olnrgn Bnmt mih tbn \kfm ko Wnxumc îlki. Ms nxpkuihnh li tbn \utbkd Iyliftbld, tbnsn cmttnr prmgtlgns suppkrt tbn rnmclzmtlki ko Jmbčjuhrm mih Hzkfgbni mih tbn uctljmtn mttmlijnit ko m hnjmtnrlmclznh `khy ko rmli`kw clfbt. Xbn \utbkd Iyliftbld“s Iyliftbld“s gkiglsn trnmt lsn ki Xrucdbkr nitltcnh ‒Xbn PkktXnxt ko tbn Jmflgmc Jkvnjnits okr Wuprnjn Jmstnry wblgb Gcnmr tbn Hmrdinss ko Wuoonrlif“ ls suppcnjnitnh wltb m ckifnr gkjjnitmry nitltcnh ‒M Gkiglsn Wyikpsls ko tbn Wuprnjn Mggkjpclsbjnit ko tbn Urkokuih Umtb ko tbn Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko \kflg Jkvnjnits tbmt Gcnmr tbn Hmrdinss ko Wuoonrlif“, wbl gb ncuglhmtns tbn tbnrmpnutlg mih ykflg mppclgmtlkis ko Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign“s Xrucdbkr tnmgblifs. Xbn rst twk ko tbn nlfbtnni nxnrglsns mrn smlh tk gcnmr k`sgurlif dmrjlg ljprlits orkj tbn su`tcn mimtkjy ko tbn `khy, wblcn tbn okcckwlif vn msslst li fninrmtlif tbn trmisokrjmtlvn rn ko Xujjk, kr Olnrgn Bnmt. Xbn su`snqunit ncnvni nxnrglsns hlrngtcy prnpmrn tbn `khy okr tbn \kfm ko Wnxumc îlki, bnch `y iki-jkimstlg Iylifjm mih Dmfyu trmhltlkis tk `n tbn jkst nogmglkus jnmis okr mgblnvlif tbn suprnjn rnmclzmtlki ko Hzkfgbni kr Jmbčjuhrm, ms prnfurnh li nmrcy _marmyčim wkrds sugb ms tbn Fubymsmjčam Xmitrm. Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign“s Nssnign“s nxpksltlki ko mi nlfbtnni-snt Xrucdbkr ls rkufbcy gkitnjpkrmry wltb Ubmfjk Hrupm Hkran Fymcpk“s hnsgrlptlki ko snts ko slx mih tblrty-twk ykflg nxnrglsns gkiingtnh wltb tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm“s Xmitrm“s Umtb

ko Orultlki, wblgb bn gkjpcntnh `nokrn bls hnmtb li ==65. @ktb \utbkd“s mih Ubmfjk Hrupm“s wkrds prnhmtn Iynitki Gbÿdyl Wbnrmp“s gkhlgmtlki ko tbn ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“ msskglmtnh wltb ‒Xbn Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Ingtmr“ (MjṔtmslhhbl) mih tbus, tmdni tkfntbnr, gmi prkvlslkimccy `n gkislhnrnh tbn nmrclnst hmtm`cn nvlhnign ko BmṪbm \kfm-cldn prmgtlgns wltbli Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj.

=0?

Ockwlif wbkcninss

Xbn turquklsn bnmrt nssnign

=06

Xbn pmtb ko orultlki Ubmfjk Hrupm Hkran Fymcpk“s =0tb-gnitury ncuglhmtlkis ko Xrucdbkr prmgtlgn wltbli tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm“s Umtb ko Orultlki wnrn ncm`krmtnh `y Hrmdpm Fymctsni (==86‗=0=?) (==86‗=0=?) li bls ‒Jmflgmc Gbmiinc Vbnnc ko Xblrty-twk Musplglkus Mgtlkis“, Mgtlkis“, wblgb bn hnsgrl`nh ms rnjkvlif k`stmgcns tk Xmitrlg prmgtlgn. Hrmdpm Fymctsni nxpmihnh ki tbn jnhlgmc `nints ko tbn tblrt y-twk nxnrglsns ms wncc ms ki tbnl r suppkrtlif ouigtlki wltbli tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ko tbn Bnvmarm mih Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrms. Xmitrms. Cldn Ubmfjk Hrupm `nokrn blj, bn msslfinh Wmisdrlthnrlvnh imjns tk tbn vmrlkus ykflg jkvnjnits ‗ cldnilif tbnj tk miljmcs, musplglkus kàngts mih rnvnrnh Lihlmi Xmitrlg jmstnrs ‗ mih njpbmslznh tbnlr

ljpkrtmign li guctlvmtlif tbn ykflg pkwnr ko Olnrgn Bnmt mih ktbnr Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns. Ms wms mcsk tbn gmsn wltb tbn ‒Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Ingtmr“, Hrmdpm Fymctsni prnsnitnh tbn ykflg nxnrglsns wltbkut rnstrlgtlkis, lihlgmtlif li bls gkckpbki tbmt tbn jkvnjnits rnjkvn k`stmgcns tk splrltumc prmgtlgn mih ‒mrn sultm`cn okr `nfliinrs ms wncc ms mhvmignh stuhnits“. Hrmdpm Fymctsni mcsk mhvkgmtnh prmgtlslif tbn snt ko tblrty-twk nxnrglsns kign li m okrwmrh hlrngtlki,

M`kvn Xbn BmṪbm \kfm prmgtlgn ko tbn ‒frnmt plnrgnr“ (jmbvnhbm), jmbvnhbm),

li wblgb tbn ùttkgds mrn fnitcy hrkppnh mfmlist tbn frkuih tk

mwmdni duṆḊmcliĤ , ls lccustrmtnh ki m jurmc li tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn ms tbn twnitlntb ko twnity-tbrnn jkvnjnits

hnsgrl`nh `y Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm li bls =>tb-gnitury trnmtlsn nitltcnh ‒Wngrnt Dny tk tbn Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“. Ms tbn mggkjpmiylif wmcc lisgrlptlki stmtns, ‒Wlt li vmarm pksturn

mih clot up tbn `khy T`y prnsslif hkwi ki tbn bmihsZ, tbni hrkp tbn `khy mfmlist mfmlist tbn frkuih. frkuih. Hk tbls tbls

tbrnn tljns, sbmdlif tbn `khy litk wmdnoucinss.“

kign li rnvnrsn, mih kign li rmihkj krhnr tk jmdn m prnsgrl`nh snt ko ilinty-slx jkvnjnits. Ms Hrmdpm Fymctsni mssurns bls muhlnign1 ‒Lo kin trmlis kinsnco Tli tbn ykflg nxnrglsnsZ ms jugb ms kin gmi, kin wlcc mgblnvn @uhhbmbkkh.“ Hrmdpm Hrmdpm Fymctsni ourtbnr gcmljs tbmt prmgtlslif tbn tblrty-twk nxnrglsns wlcc rnsuct li mgqulrlif tbn tblrty-twk jmakr `khy gbmrmgtnrlstlgs ( cmdṧmṆm) cmdṧmṆm) ko m @uhhbm. Ubmfjk Hrupm“s liltlmc nxpksltlki ko ykflg nxnrglsns liunignh cmtnr Xl`ntmi jmstnrs sugb ms Cmjm Hmjpm Wÿimj Fymctsni Uncsmifpk (=7=0‗6>) Pnh _kcujn _kcujn ligcuhns mih Jugbni Dkigbkd Fymctsni (=722‗=86=), wbksn Clttcn Pnh m gbmptnr nitltcnh ‒Xblrty-twk Musplglkus \kflg Jkvnjnits“. Xskifdbmpm Ck`zmif Hrmdpm (=7>6‗=8=<), tbn okuihnr ko tbn rnokrjnh Fncuf krhnr ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj, mcsk ncm`krmtnh ki Ubmfjk Hrupm“s =0tb-gnitury ykflg nxnrglsns li bls ‒@kkd ko Xbrnn Gnrtmlitlns1 M Xrnmtlsn ki tbn Wtmfns ko Xrmlilif li tbn Urkokuih Umtb ko Ičrkpč“s Wlx \kfms“ mih li ‒M @rlno Xrnmtlsn okr Urmgtlsl if tbn Wtmfns ko Jnhltmtlki li Ičrkpč“s Wlx \kfms, gkjplcnh orkj tbn tnmgblifs ko Any Plipkgbn `y Wnjm Gbnipk Duizmifpm“. Any Wbnrm` Fymtsk (=257‗6>), li bls gkjjnitmry tk tbn ‒@kkd ko Xbrnn Gnrtmlitlns“, rnjmrds tbmt nvni tbkufb

îcnss ninrfy ockws ornncy tbrkufb tbn `khy, tbn purn clfbt ko gkisglkusinss wlcc rnjmli k`sgurnh. Wk tmdn tbnsn pbyslgmc prmgtlgns tk bnmrt! Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm, =2tb gnitury

tbnrn mrn mi ljprnsslvn vmrlnty ko nxnrglsns, ‒tbnrn snnjs tk `n ik frnmt mhvmi-

tmfn li hklif jkrn tbmi tbn slx rngkjjnihnh `y Ubmfjk Hrupm Tms tmufbt `y XskifdbmpmZ okr mggkjpclsblif tbn \kfm ko Olnrgn Bnmt.“ Bn ourtbnr iktn s tbmt ‒wbni stm`lclty ls mgblnvnh li tbnsn prmgtlgns, m su`tcn snisn ko aky pnrvmhns tbn `khy“.

=02

Ockwlif wbkcninss

=0<

Nvkcvlif trmhltlkis

Urnvlkus pmfn (m`kvn (m`kvn ) Xkcčsmim ls mi mrj-`mcmiglif vmrlmtlki ko cktus pksn, pksn , kr pmhjmsmim kr pmhjmsmim,, mih ls prmgtlsnh tkfntbnr wltb jmb`mihbm

(m gkj`limtlki ko rkkt ckgd, upwmrhs m`hkjlimc ckgd mih tbrkmt ckgd) mih jmbvnhbm juhr li `ktb Msbtmifm _liymsm \kfm mih Xl`ntmi ykfm tk hrmw ninrflns litk tbn `khy“s

gnitrmc gbmiinc. Xbn prmgtlgn livkcvns rntmlilif (kr mctnrimtlvncy nxbmclif) tbn `rnmtb, prnsslif hkwi wltb tbn

pmcjs, gkitrmgtlif tbn m`hkjlimc mih pnrlinmc jusgcns, clotlif tbn cnfs mih ùttkgds, mih tbni, motnr bkchlif tbn pksltlki wltbkut strmli mih wltb tbn gbli prnssnh litk tbn iktgb

ko tbn cmryix, fnitcy mih rnpnmtnhcy hrkpplif tbn ùttkgds kitk tbn frkuih. Mggkrhlif tk BmṪbm \kfm tnxts, tbls gmusns tbn ‒wlihs“ li tbn

`khy“s slhn gbmiincs tk nitnr tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc mih gkionrs ckifnvlty mih splrltumc pkwnrs. Urnvlkus pmfn (`nckw) (`nckw) Duddutčsmim, kr ‒rkkstnr pksn“, pksn“, ls m vmrlmit ko

Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr Xrucdbkr mih vnrslkis ko tbn msskglmtnh Wlx \kfms hnvnckpnh wltbli mcc sgbkkcs ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj li `ktb jkimstlg gkjjuiltlns mih mjkif ikigncl`mtn jmcn mih onjmcn ykflis. Ubmfjk Hrupm“s prliglpmc hlsglpcn Aldtni Fkipk Pligbni Unc (==87‗=0=6) okuihnh tbn Hrlfuif Dmfyu sgbkkc ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj, wblgb trmisjlttnh ncm`krmtnh Xrucdbkr prmgtlgns `msnh ki ‒Gmdrmsmṇvmrm“s Krmc Xrmisjlsslki ko tbn Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“ mih ‒Xbn Mcc-Lccujlimtlif Jlrrkr1 Krmc Listrugtlkis ki tbn Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko \kflg Jkvnjnits okr Xrmlilif tbn @khy tk Urkfrnss li tbn Urmgtlgn ko Olnrgn Bnmt orkj tbn Wlx \kfms ko Ičrkpč“. Xbn Hrlfuif Dmfyu mcsk gkitliuns tk trmisjlt m gygcn ko tblrty-snvni Xrucdbkr jkvnjnits rnvnmcnh `y tbn Wngkih Dmrjmpm, Dmrjm Umdsbl (=058/?‗27). Xbn Hrlfuif Dmfyu“s ncm`krmtn mih gkjpcnx systnjs ko Xrucdbkr wnrn pnrlkhlgmccy gkihnisnh, njpbmslzlif vn gkrn jkvnjnits gkj`linh wltb rntmlinh ‒vmsn `rnmtbs“, vlsumclz mtlki mih litnrimc inurkjusgucmr ‒snmcs“ okr mgtlvmtlif mih bmrjkilzlif tbn `khy“s vn ncnjnitmc wlihs. Vltbli Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s Iylifjm trmhltlki, tbn trmisjlsslki ko Xrucdbkr mih tbn Wlx \kfms ko tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn gcksncy pmrmccncnh njnrfnit prmgtlgns li tbn inw trmiscmtlki sgbkkcs, ùt tbny wnrn nxpnhlnitcy prnsnitnh li tbn okrj ko rnvnmcnh ‒trnmsurn tnxts“ mttrlùtnh tk Iylifjm“s lgkilg 2tb-gnitury pmtrki smlit Umhjmsmj`bmvm. Mctbkufb ik hnsgrlptlkis ko Xrucdbkr gmi `n okuih li krlflimc tnxts msskglmtnh wltb Xl`nt“s nmrclnst _marmyčim clinmfn, nmrcy Iylifjm jmstnrs sugb ms Pkifzkj Gbÿdyl Qmifpk (=5=0‗22) mih Iymif Pmc Iyljm ßznr (==08‗<0) wnrn gcksncy msskglmtnh wltb nmrcy ‒Inw Wgbkkc“ prkpkinits sugb ms WjṔtlačimdĤrtl mih Umhmjpm Wmifyn mih mrn cldncy tk bmvn rngnlvnh

tkcsmim mih tkcsmim mih ls pnrokrjnh `y sclpplif =>tb-gnitury @butminsn trnmsurnrnvnmcnr Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm.

tbn mrjs litk tbn grnmsns `ntwnni tbn

tblfbs mih gmcvns mih, ms li tkcsmim, clotlif tbn tkrsk mih cnfs m`kvn tbn frkuih wltbkut prnsslif tbn sbkuchnrs upwmrhs. Vltb tbn `rnmtb bnch kut, tbn gkggyx ls tugdnh uihnr, tbn pu`lg `kin hrkppnh `mgd tk jnnt lt, mih

Xbn tblrtnni snqunigns mrn hlvlhnh

litk tbrnn sngtlkis. Xbn rst vn jkvnjnits kpni tbn ninrfy gbmiincs ko tbn ykflg `khy. Xbn sngkih snt ko vn guctlvmtns vltmc nssnign (tlfcì),

wblcn tbn cmst tbrnn jkvnjnits hlstrlùtn tbn vltmc nssnign tbrkufbkut

tbn slttlif `kins hrmwi tkfntbnr li

mi litnislnh rkkt ckgd (jucm `mihbm ).

tbn `khy.

Xbn m`hkjni ls hrmwi upwmrhs li uhhlymim `mihbm mih tbn gbli tugdnh liwmrhs li amcmihbmrm `mihbm.

M`kvn Umhjmsmj`bmvm M`kvn Umhjmsmj`bmvm niglrgcnh `y Nlfbt Vlshkj Bkchnrs, Bkchnrs , ms sbkwi

Xbn smjn snqunigns mrn mppclnh

ki m jurmc li Fmhni Cbmdbmif li ^rm, @butmi. Xbn nlfbt tlfnr-pnctnh, hmiglif vlhyhbmrms mrn msskglmtnh wltb m twnity-kin jkvnjnit Xrucdbkr gygcn gmccnh tbn ‒Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko Vlshkj Bkchnrs“ (Plfhzli Xrucdbkr) rnvnmcnh `y Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm. Clifpm.

li Xl`ntmi ykfm. Plfbt Dmrjm Dmrjm Cbmtruc Plipkgbn

pnrokrjs Xsmcuif Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr jkvnjnits orkj tbn ‒Urkokuih

Listrugtlkis ko _marmvčrčbĤ“ (Ubmfjk Qmptrl), wblgb ls mttrlùtnh tk tbn =75

Ockwlif wbkcninss

Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr trmisjlsslkis orkj tbnj, tbus frmhumccy litrkhuglif gkhlnh prmgtlgns ko ko `rnmtb mih jkvnjnit jkvnjnit litk tbn Iylifjm gkrpus. Xbn Xbn inw jmtnrlmc nitnrnh tbn Iylifjm trmhltlki ms rnvnmcnh ‒trnmsurn tnxts“, ‒jlih trnmsurns“ mih ‒purn vlslkis“ tbmt mcckwnh Xrucdbkr tk `n rngkitnxtumclznh wlt bli Hzkfgbni“s vlnw ko s nco-nxlstlif niclfbtnijnit. Motnr tbn gygcn ko nlfbtnni ykflg nxnrglsns hnsgrl`nh li tbn =0tb-gnitury Xbn Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign, Nssnign , Xrucdbkr ourtbnr nitnrnh tbn Iylifjm trmhltlki tbrkufb tbn cltnrmry wkrds ko tbn =8tb-gnitury Hzkfgbni jmstnr Ckifgbni Pmàmjpm Hrljì ßznr (=752‗?8). Ckifgbnipm syitbnslznh nmrclnr Iylifjm trnmsurn tnxts li bls juctl-vkcujn Iyliftbld \m`sbl tbmt quktns wlhncy orkj tbn okuihmtlkimc Wnvnitnni Hzkfgbni Xmitrms. @ut tbn rst listmign ko Xrucdbkr prmgtlgn li Ckifgbnipm“s wrltlifs wrltlifs kggurs wltbli bls bls su`snqunit Vlsbouccclif Xrnmsury , cmtnr gmtmckfunh ms kin ko bls ‒Wnvni Xrnmsurlns“. Xbn `kkd ncuglhmtns @uhhblst gksjkckfy mih pblckskpblgmc systnjs, ùt tbn gkigcuhlif sngtlki ko lts imc gbmptnr, ‒Xbn Orultlki tbmt ls tbn Gucjlimtlki ko Jnhltmtlki“, hnsgrl`ns twnity ykflg jkvnjnits okr gcnmrlif k`stmgcns mggkrhlif tk tbn ‒prkokuih Nvkcvlif trmhltlkis

=7=

@butminsn Cmjm Xsbnwmif Wltmr

jnmilif ko tbn vmarm nssnign, tbn uctljmtn listrugtlki ko tbn Vlsbouccclif

@nckw M @nckw M rmhlmit `kmr-bnmhnh ykflil

Plipkgbn pnrokrjs Plipkgbn pnrokrjs mi ‒mhmjmitlin hrkp“ (hkran ( hkran dylctruif `n` ) orkj

Xrnmsury “. Xbnsn nxnrglsns ligcuhn snqunignh strntgblif jkvnjnits l i suppkrt

stmihlif ki m jkki hlsd rnprnsnits

tbn Plfhzli Xrucdbkr gygcn ko tbn ‒Bnmrt Nssnign ko tbn _mst Nxpmisn“

(Ckifgbni Iyliftbld) li Fmhni Cbmdbmif li ^rm, @butmi. Xbn okrgnouc jkvnjnits mrn m Xl`ntmi ncm`krmtlki ko tbn nmrclnr mih jkrn su`tcn BmṪbm \kfm prmgtlgn ko jmbvnhbm, ‒tbn frnmt plnrgnr“, ms sbkwi ki pmfns =02 mih =0<.

ko tbn Hzkfgbni gkitnjpcmtlvn tngbilqun ko Dmhmd Xrndgbÿ, kr ‒guttlif tbrkufb Thlsgurslvn jnitmc mgtlvltyZ tk prljkrhlmc purlty“. îcldn prngnhlif okrjs ko Xrucdbkr prnsnitnh wltbli Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj, Ckifgbnipm“s Ckifgbnipm“s rnihltlki ls ikt `msnh ki vlsumclzlif kinsnco ms m Xmitrlg hnlty, hnlty, ùt ki vl`rmit mwmrninss ko kin“s liimtn @uhhbm Imturn, ki tbn `msls tbmt, orkj tbn pnrspngtlvn ko Hzkfgbni,

mcc hlvlin okrjs mrlsn orkj tbn cujlikus nxpmisn ko tbn bnmrt tbmt ls tbn uctljmtn hnlty.

Xbn Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns hnsgrl`nh li tbn twnity-sngkih gbmptnr ko m tnjpcmtn okr cmtnr mih jkrn ncm`krmtn Bnmrt Nssnign prnsnitmtlkis ko Xrucdbkr. Xbn twnity jkvnjnits ligcuhn litnrckgdlif tbn ifnrs mfmlist tbn gbnst mih strntgblif tbnj kutwmrhs (ik. 7), twlstlif tbn sbkuchnrs hkwi tk tbn bmihs mih dinns (ik. 8), pusblif kutwmrhs orkj tbn gbnst wltb tbn bmihs bnch ms sts (ik. >), twlstlif tbn `khy wltb tbn mrjs grkssnh mih tbn bmihs ki tbn sbkuchnrs (ik. ?), hrmwlif tbn bmihs mckif tbn mrjs ms lo sbkktlif m `kw (ik. 2), pusblif tbn sts kutwmrhs ms lo mfmlist m jkuitmli (ik. <), `nihlif okrwmrhs mih `mgdwmrhs (ik. =5), mih aklilif tbn clttcn ifnrs ko tbn bmihs mih okrjlif m juhr ki tbn tkp ko tbn bnmh (ik. ==). Ckifgbnipm“s Vlsbouccclif Xrnmsury okrjnh Xrnmsury okrjnh

=70

Ockwlif wbkcninss

tbn trmisokrjnh vlslki mih nxpnrlnign

rnsuctlif orkj Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn. Xrucdbkr livkcvns jmstnry jmstnry ko tbn `khy“s litnrimc ninrfy systnj mih ls typlgmccy uihnrtmdni wblcn nivlslkilif kinsnco ms m Xmitrlg hnlty.

Wu`snqunit rnvnmcnh trnmsurn tnxts gkiingtnh tk tbn Hzkfgbni Iyliftbld, kr ‒Bnmrt Nssnign ko Frnmt Unrongtlki“ trmisjlsslki, cmrfncy mcc l igcuhn Xrucdbkr prmgtlgns. Okr nxmjpcn, li li =7??, twk ynmrs motnr Ckifgbnipm“s Ckifgbnipm“s hnmtb, Plfhzli Plfhzli Fkhnjgbni (=776‗=852) rnvnmcnh bls blfbcy liunitlmc ‒Ikrtbnri Xrnmsurn“ wltb m Xrucdbkr gygcn `msnh ki tbn jnhltmtlkimc hnlty _marmvčrčbĤ. Xbnsn tnmgblifs wnrn nxpmihnh upki `y tbn trnmsurn rnvnmcnr Xniyl Xniyl Clifpm (=825‗=>7>), wbksn wrltlifs ncm`krmtnh ki tbn jkvnjnit ko ninrfy tbrkufb tbn gbmiincs hurlif snxumc uilki mih tbn hlsglpclin ko vmarkcĤ ko vmarkcĤ , li wblgb snxumc ulhs mrn glrgucmtnh tbrkufb tbn `khy“s ykflg mimtkjy. Xniyl Clifpm“s ncm`krmtlki ko Plfhzli Fkhnjgbni“s Xrucdbkr, ms rst rnvnmcnh li tbn Fkifpm Qmiftbmc ‗ tbn blfbnst Hzkfgbni tnmgblifs ko tbn Ikrtbnri Xrnmsurn clinmfn ‗ gkislsts ko twncvn prnpmrmtkry nxnrglsns, tblrtnni prliglpmc jkvnjnits mih twncvn gki gcuhlif jkvnjnits. Mcc systnjs ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr typlgmccy ligcuhn snqunigns ko okrgnouc ‒hrkps“ (`n` (`n`), ms hnsgrl`nh li frnmtnr hntmlc cmtnr li tbls gbmptnr. Ms lccustrmtnh m`kvn, tbn prmgtlgn purpkrtnhcy hrlvns su`tcn ninrflns litk tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc tk prkjktn nxpmihnh stmtns ko mwmrninss.

Nvkcvlif trmhltlkis

=77

Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm“s =>tb-gnitury ‒Wngrnt Dny tk tbn Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“ hnsgrl`ns Vlihs“ hnsgrl`ns m snqunign ko twnity-tbrnn ykflg jkvnjnits

tbmt wnrn lccustrmtnh mrkuih =655 ki tbn wmccs ko tbn prlvmtn jnhltmtlki gbmj`nr ko Xl`nt“s Wlxtb Hmcml Cmjm, Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm“s hlrngt `ckkh hnsgnihnit. Xbn jkvnjnits mrn pnrokrjnh wltb bnch ‒vmsn `rnmtbs“ wltb snco-vlsumclzmtlki snco-vlsumclzmtlki ms tbn Xmitrlg hnlty BmymfrĤvm li uilki wltb _marmvčrčbĤ. Xbn snqunitlmc jkvnjnits `nfli li tbn uppnr rlfbt

gkrinr, gkitliun orkj cnot tk rlfbt li tbn sngkih rnflstnr, mih orkj

rlfbt tk cnot li tbn tblrh rnflstnr. Xbny gucjlimtn wltb mi lccustrmtlki ko m ykfl slttlif li tbn snvni-pklit jnhltmtlki pksturn ko _mlrkgmim, ms

hnsgrl`nh ki pmfn >7. Xbn snrlns ko jkvnjnits ls smlh tk gcnmr blihrmigns tk gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgn wblcn mcsk nisurlif pbyslgmc mih jnitmc bnmctb. =78

Ockwlif wbkcninss

trnmsurn tnxt rnvnmcnh `y Plfhzli Amtski Iylifpk (=>2>‗=?>?), mih tbn mpprkxl jmtncy gkitnjpkrminkus ‒Mggkjpclsblif tbn Clon Okrgn ko tbn Vlshkj Bkchnrs“ rnvnmcnh `y Cbmtsui Imjdbm Alfjn (=><6‗=?>5/>7). Xbn Hzkfgbni mhnpt Imjgbÿ Jlifyur Jlifyur Hkran Hkran (=?8>‗?6) (=?8>‗?6) su`snqunitcy rnvnmcnh m ‒Wdy Xnmgblif“wltb m Xrucdbkr gygcn ko jkrn tbmi slxty jkvnjnits `msnh ki tbn @uhhblst hnlty _marmdĤcmym, _marmdĤcmym, ‒Vlnchnr ko tbn Mhmjmitlin Hmffnr“, wblgb gkigcuhns wltb mi ‒musplglkus glrgcn ko hrkps“ li wblgb tbn mhnpt pnrokrjs m gckgdwlsn snrlns ko ykflg omccs mih mc sk aujps wltb bls kr bnr cnfs li cktus pksturn orkj kin pmhhnh ykflg snmt (`n` hni ) tk miktbnr. Xrucdbkr“s Xrucdbkr“s pcmgn wltbli tbn Iylifjm Bnmrt Nssnign trmhltlki wms ourtbnr nstm`clsbnh wltb tbn vlslkimry trnmsurn rnvncmtlki ko Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm wbksn ‒Bnmrt Nssnign ko tbn _mst Nxpmisn“ ligcuhns tbn ‒Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko Vlshkj Bkchnrs“, m Xrucdbkr gygcn ko twnity-kin jkvnjnits ncm`krmtlif ki Ckifgbnipm“s Vlsbouccclif Xrnmsurn. Xrnmsurn . Xbn Plfhzli Xrucdbkr prmg tlgn `nflis wltb vn liltlmc nxnrglsns okr gcnmrlif tbn `khy“s ncnjnitmc ncnjnitmc wlihs okcckwnh `y nlfbt jkvnjnits tbmt nj`khy tbn qumcltlns ko nlfbt Lihlmi ‒wlshkj bkchnrs“, mggcmljnh ms niclfbtninh gkitnjpkrmrlns ko

M Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbm , twlrclif m hku`cn-bnmhnh sducc hruj mih rliflif m vmarm-tkppnh bmih `ncc, nj`khlns tbn nxlstnitlmc krlnitmtlki ko tbn ‒jmflgmc wbnnc ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“ tbmt mrn `msnh ki tbn uilty ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign.

Mctbkufb Xmitrms sugb ms tbn Bnvmarm hk ikt jni tlki Xrucdbkr, ‒`rnmtb ykfm“ li tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm ls msskglmtnh wltb tbn Xmitrlg mgtlvltlns

ko ‒kvnrtbrkwlif“ (nxbmclif), ‒gkitrkcclif“ (libmclif), ‒mttrmgtlif“ (cclif) mih ‒pmrmcyzlif“ (bkchlif). Xbnsn `rnmtblif prmgtlgns mrn,

li turi, rncmtnh wltb msskglmtnh fmzlif tngbilquns. Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr.

Umhjmsmj`bmvm. Xbnsn mih su`snqunit nxnrglsns li

prmgtlgn ko prnsslif ki tbn gmrktlh mrtnrlns mt tbn slhns ko tbn ingd tk lihugn mctnrnh stmtns ko mwmrninss (snn pmfn =28). Xbnsn wnrn m hhnh `y Ckifgbnipm“s kstnisl`cn =>tb-gnitury @butminsn rnligmrimtlki, Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm (=8>5‗ =>0=), wbk rnvnmcnh m tnxt nitltcnh ‒Wngrnt Dny tk tbn Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“, wblgb kutclins twnity-tbrnn snqunitlmc jkvnjnits prnpmrmtkry tk tbn Hzkfgbni“s Hzkfgbni“s vlslkimry prmgtlgn ko ‒Cnmplif kvnr tbn Wducc“ (Xÿfmc). Xbn prmgtlgns mrn pnrokrjnh wltb tbn `rnmtb rntmlinh li m ‒vmsn“ li tbn ckwnr m`hkjni, li gkj`limtlki wltb jŤcmhbmrm `mihbm , mih mrn hnsgrl`nh ms ‒gcnmrlif blihrmigns“ tk gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgn wblcn mcsk nisurlif kptljmc bnmctb. Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm rnvnmcnh m ckifnr systnj ko Xrucdbkr li bls ‒Cmjm Anwnc Kgnmi“ mih mi m`rlhfnh vnrslki ko kicy snvni nxnrglsns li bls rnvnmcnh trnmsurn ‒Mhmjmitlin Ingdcmgn ko Litrkhugtlkis Litrkhugtlkis ki Ckifnvlty“. Okcckwlif Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm“s ‒Wngrnt Dny tk tbn Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“, ourtbnr gygcns ko Xrucdbkr njnrfnh wltbli tbn Iylifjm Bnmrt Nssnign trmhltlki tbrkufb ‒Xbn îlvnrsmc Nj`khljnit ko tbn Urnglkus Kins“, m =6tb-gnitury

tbn snrlns ligcuhn vnstlfns ko rltumc hmign ms wncc ms okrgnouc jkvnjnits rnjlilsgnit ko Gblinsn systnjs ko Vnl Fkif mih \mif-stycn Xmlalqumi. Wkjn cmtnr Bnmrt Nssnign trnmsurn wkrds sugb ms tbn Gbntsói Iyliftbld rnvnmcnh `y Amjymif Dbnitsn Vmifpk (=205‗<0) jmdn ik jnitlki ko Xrucdbkr, wbnrnms tbn ‒Mcc-Unrongt Bnmrt Nssnign“ rnvnmcnh `y Gbkdfyur Hngbni Clifpm (=20<‗65) gkitmlis m Xrucdbkr snrlns `msnh ki tbn Xmitrlg @uhhbm ągmcm GmṆḊmjmbčrkṧmṆm. Xbn cmtnr ‒Bnmrt Nssnign ko tbn Wdy Hmignrs“, rnvnmcnh `y Huhakj Aldhrmc \nsbn Hkran (=<58‗26) li =<02, gkitmlis m wlhncy prmgtlsnh Xrucdbkr gygcn ko slxtnni jkvnjnits wblgb hrmws orkj tbn ‒Urkokuih Xrmisjlsslki ko _marmvčrčbĤ“ rnvnmcnh `y Plfhzli Fkhnjgbni. Wljlcmrcy, tbn ‒Urkokuih Listrugtlkis ko _marmvčrčbĤ“ rnvnmcnh `y Duizmif Hngbni Clifpm (=<02‗055?) gkitmlis mi nxtnislvn Xrucdbkr gygcn wltb ncm`krmtn ‒hrkps“, mctbkufb Hngbni Clifpm jkhlnh tbn prmgtlgn li rngkfiltlki tbmt ‒hrkps“ gkuch `n bmrjouc lo ikt gkjjnignh mt m suoglnitcy nmrcy mfn.

Ockwlif wbkcninss

Kpnilif tbn bnmrt jlih

Kpnilif tbn bnmrt jlih Xbn twnity-twk ykflg jkvnjnits hnsgrl`nh `y Ckifgbnipm li bls Vlsbouccclif Xrnmsury hk ikt ligcuhn nltbnr okrgnouc ‒hrkps“ (`n`) ikr tbn ‒mhmjmitlin wmvn“ Kppksltn m`kvn Cmjm Xmsbl Xnizli ko Xbljpbu, @butmi, hnjkistrmtns

Xrucdbkr jkvnjnits orkj tbn ‒Wdy Xnmgblifs“ (Imj Gbÿh) wblgb gkigcuhn wltb mi ‒musplglkus glrgcn ko hrkps“ li wblgb tbn mhnpt pnrokrjs

m gckgdwlsn snrlns ko ykflg omccs. Kppksltn `nckw Xrucdbkr“s `nckw Xrucdbkr“s ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“, jkvnjnits“, wbni prmgtlsnh orkj m Hzkfgbni pnrspngtlvn, mrn kotni prnsnitnh ms hlrngt nxprnsslkis nxprnsslkis ko

niclfbtnijnit rmtbnr tbmi m jnmis ko mttmlijnit. Urmgtltlkinrs ko

Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr typlgmccy wnmr sbkrt, pcnmtnh dlcts gmccnh mifrmd , mifrmd , tbn gkckurs ko wblgb syj`kclzn tbn ncnjnitmc ninrflns ko spmgn , mlr, rn mih wmtnr. =7?

=76

Omcclif ornn Kppksltn m`kvn M prmgtltlkinr li @butmi hnjkistrmtns @butmi hnjkistrmtns m ‒ykflg hrkp“ (`n`) gnitrmc tk tbn prmgtlgn ko

Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr. Ms m jntbkh ko snco-gkisngrmtlki gkj`lilif tbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn mih Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ko _marmyčim @uhhblst prmgtlgn, tbn ‒jmflgmc wbnnc ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“ gkignitrmtns vltmc nssnign mih mwmrninss li tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc mih ls trmhltlkimccy prmgtlsnh li prnpmrmtlki okr Xujjk, tbn

\kfm ko Liinr Olrn. Cldn Gbmj mih Gmryč hmign ‗ wblgb wnrn krlflimccy prmgtlsnh li sngrnt mih mrn ikw ikw

pnrokrjnh kpnicy ‗ Xrucdbkr ls mcsk ligrnmslifcy `nlif rnvnmcnh ms mi lgkilg prmgtlgn ko tbn _marmyčim @uhhblst trmhltlki. Xbn jmṆḊmcm-cldn jmts tbmt gusblki tbn omccs mrn trmhltlkimccy ccnh wltb nltbnr gkjprnssnh ymd wkkc kr tbn bkcckw bmlrs ko jusd hnnr. Kppksltn `nckw M 7H sgmi ko tbn pncvls mih tbn cuj`mr splin, splin, tbn

pbyslgmc okuihmtlkis ko tbn `khy“s liinrjkst ninrfy gbmiinc, tbn vmarmiḊl. Wglnign Ubktk Cl`rmry, Ckihki. @nckw M @nckw M Xl`ntmi jmiusgrlpt okclk hnplgts ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“

ms prmgtlsnh wltbli tbn Dmfyu clinmfn ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj. Xbn ykflg nxnrglsns kpni su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs mih nibmign tbn kw ko vltmclty mih mwmrninss.

Xrucdbkr gustkjmrlcy ligcuhns litnrjlttnit okrgnouc ‒hrkps“ (`n`) ko ligrnmslif gkjpcnxlty tbmt purpkrtnhcy hlrngt tbn `khy“s su`tcn ninrflns litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc tk lihugn nxpmihnh stmtns ko mwmrninss. Xbn jkst hnjmihlif, mih pktnitlmccy liaurlkus, ‒hrkps“ ‒hrkps“ livkcvn livkcvn cnmplif cnmplif litk tbn mlr orkj m stmihlif pksl tlki mih cmihlif grkss-cnffnh ki tbn frkuih li tbn c ktus pksturn wltb tbn `rnmtb bnch li m ‒vmsn“ li tbn ckwnr m`hkjni. Okrgnouc ‒hrkps“ mrn gmtnfkrlznh ms ‒sjmcc“ ( `n` gbuif ), ), ‒jnhluj“ ( `mr `n`), ‒`lf“ ( `n` gbni) mih ‒mhmjmitlin“ (hkran `n`), hurlif wblgb tbn cnfs mrn grkssnh li tbn vmarm pksturn li jlh mlr. `n` li wblgb tbn mhnpt nxtnihs tbnlr `khy mih hrkps ki Xbnrn mrn mcsk dymif `n` li tk tbnlr slhn (snn pmfns =85‗8= mih =88), gbu `n` tbmt mrn pnrokrjnh motnr rst spliilif li m glrgcn, mih ‒krimjnitmc“ fyni `n` pnrokrjnh `n` pnrokrjnh mt tbn nih ko m Xrucdbkr snrlns. Lt ls cldncy tbmt `n` nvkcvnh orkj krlflimccy fnitcnr BmṪbm \kfm prmgtlgns sugb ms jmbvnhbm juhr, juhr, wblgb ls gnitrmc tk Xrucdbkr prmgtlgn li tbn MjṔtmslhhbl mih \utbkd Iyliftbld. Jmbčvnhbm, tbn ‒frnmt plnrgnr“, ls ikrjmccy pnrokrjnh wltb tbn cnfs grkssnh li pmhjsmim, pmhjsmim, kr cktus pksturn, tbn pmcjs prnssnh mfmlist tbn frkuih, mih tbn tbrkmt puccnh liwmrhs liwmrhs li acmihbmrm juhr wblcn rntmlilif tbn `rnmtb `nckw tbn imvnc mih suggnsslvncy hrkpplif tbn `mgds ko tbn tblfbs mih ùttkgds ki tk tbn frkuih tk gmusn prṆmvyu tk cnmvn tbn twk slhn gbmiincs (lḊ mih plṎfmc) mih nitnr tbn suṧuji, kr gnitrmc gbmiinc. Bkwnvnr, jmbvnhbm juhr ms juhr ms prmgtlsnh li tbn MjṔtmslhhbl hloonrs orkj tbn jnhlnvmc BmṪbm \kfm nxpksltlki mih hkns ikt livkcvn hrkpplif kitk tbn tblfbs mih ùttkgds ùt slttlif ki tbn bnncs ko tbn onnt, wblgb mrn aklinh mih pklitnh hkwiwmrhs. Mi mimckfkus nxnrglsn tk jmbvnhbm gmccnh jmbvnhbm gmccnh tḊmim drly, kr ‒`nmtlif mgtlki“, ls pnrokrjnh li Drlyč \kfm wltb tbn nyns gkignitrmtnh mt tbn pklit `ntwnni tbn nyn`rkws li Ŕj`bmvĤ juhr juhr, mih ls mcsk smlh tk gmusn vltmc ninrfy tk msgnih tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc. @nykih tbn okrgnouc ‒hrkps“ tbmt puigtumtn tbn jkvnjnits ko Xrucdbkr, mi nvni jkrn livmslvn nxnrglsn okr kpnilif tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc kotni gkigcuhns m Xrucdbkr snsslki. Xbn ‒vmarm wmvn“ ( hkran `mcmp) livkcvns prnsslif ki tbn gmrktlh mrtnrlns mt tbn slhns ko tbn ingd tk rnglprkgmccy ligrnmsn `ckkh kw tbrkufb tbn grmilmc mrtnrlns li tbn `rmli stnj, nifnihnrlif m iki-gkignptumc nxpnrl nign ko tbn lihlvlsl`lclty ko Wmṇsčrm mih IlrvčṆm. Xbls tngbilqun, wblgb ls mcsk usnh li iki-humc őmlvlsj tk ‒mstkilsb“ tbn jlih, ls flvni ms tbn

slxtb ko Ubmfjk Hrupm“s okuihmtlkimc tblrty-twk Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns, wltb tbn lhlksyigrmtlg mppnccmtlki ‒tsmrmif fmfmim“, fmfmim“, ljpcylif mi litnitlkimc `ckgd lif ( fmf ) ko tbn vltmc gbmiincs ( tsm). =72

Ockwlif wbkcninss

=7<

M @butminsn ykfl, gkignmcnh `nblih m jmsd ko Jlcmrnpm, hnjkistrmtns snqunitlmc ‒ykflg omccs“ (`n`) tbmt mrn litnfrmc tk Xrucdbkr prmgtlgn li li tbn trmhltlki trmhltlki ko tbn tbn Wlx

\kfms ko Ičrkpč. Xbn ‒_marm _nrsns

=85

ko Krmc Xrmisjlsslki“ msgrl`nh tk Ičrkpč rnonr tk slx ‒rkkt“ Xrucdbkr wltb tblrty-ilin ‒`rmigbns“. Wnqunitlmc ykflg nxnrglsns bmvn `nni prmgtlsnh li tbn Bljmcmymi wkrch orkj mt cnmst tbn =0tb gnitury,

ms nvlhnignh `y tnxts sugb ms

Ubmfjk Hrupm Hkran Fymcpk“s ‒Xbn Umtb ko Orultlki“s Xblrty-twk Musplglkus Mgtlkis“.

=8=

\mitrm ykfm

M Xl`ntmi ykflil stmihs li vmarm pksturn, m ouihmjnitmc pksn li

\mitrm \kfm \kfm ms wncc ms m hyimjlg lskjntrlg nxnrglsn li tbn trmisjlsslki

ko Hzkfgbni. \mitrm \kfm trmiscmtns tbn Wmisdrlt tnrj iḊlvyuymitrm, kr ‒listrujnit ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“, wblgb rnonrs tk m trmisokrjmtlvn

tngbikckfy, li tbn gmsn ko Xmitrlg ykfm, okr rngkifurlif bujmi nxpnrlnign. \mitrm \kfm, ms tmufbt `y Gbÿfymc Imjdbml Ikrù, cmrfncy kjlts okrgnouc ‒hrkps“ ( `n`) ms wncc ms snco-vlsumclzmtlki ms m Xmitrlg hnlty. Lt hkns, bkwnvnr, nivlslki tbn `khy

ms m cujlikuscy trmispmrnit intwkrd ko ninrfy gbmiincs.

Xbn jkst fck`mccy rngkfilznh okrj ko Xrucdbkr ls tbn gkitnjpkrmry rnvnmcnh tnmgblif ko tbn cmtn Xl`ntmi sgbkcmr mih Hzkfgbni jmstnr Gbÿfymc Imjdbml Ikrù dikwi ms ‒\mitrm ‒\mitrm \kfm“, \kfm“, wblgb ls `msnh `msnh ki bls =<6? gkjjnitmry gkjjnitmry tk m Xrucdbkr tnxt nitltcnh ‒Jmflgmc Vbnnc Tko \kflg \kflg JkvnjnitsZ îltlif Wui mih Jkki“ wblgb bn mttrlùtns tk tbn 2tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi trmiscmtkr _mlrkgmim, _mlrkgmim, m gkitnjpkrmry ko Umhjmsmj`bmvm. Mggkrhlif tk Imjdbml Ikrù, _mlrkgmim“s krlflimc tnxt ls pmrt ko _mlrkgmim“s _mlrkgmim“s gkccngtnh wkrds tbmt wnrn gkjplcnh li tbn =0tb gnitury, tbus jmdlif lt spngucmtlvn tk hmtn tbn ‒Jmflgmc Vbnnc îltlif Wui mih Jkki“ tk tbn 2tb gnitury.

Imjdbml Ikrù“s gkjjnitmry, gkjjnitmry, ‒M Wtmlicnss Jlrrkr ko Anwncs“, nxtnihs _mlrkgmim“s systnj ko pksns mih `rnmtblif prmgtlgns litk kin buihrnh mih

nlfbt litnrgkiingtnh jkvnjnits. Jmiy ko tbn pksltlkis mrn wnc c dikwi wltbli jkhnri pksturmc ykfm, flvlif ourtbnr nvlhnign ko tbn bnurlstlg imturn ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr wblgb, cldn BmṪbm \kfm, gkitliuns tk nvkcvn tbrkufb lts litnrmgtlkis mih nxgbmifns wltb mimckfkus trmhltlkis. Mggkrhlif tk Imjdbml Ikrù, _mlrkgmim _mlrkgmim ls smlh tk bmvn rngnlvnh tbn trmisjlsslki ko \mitrm \kfm \kfm hlrngtcy orkj Umhjmsmj`bmvm wbk, li turi, ls smlh tk bmvn cnmrinh tbn prmgtlgns orkj m Inpmcnsn jmbčslhhbm imjnh BŤṇdčrm wbk bljsnco rnputnhcy cnmrinh tbnj orkj őrĤ Wlṇbm, mi nmrcy Hzkfgbni jmstnr wbk clvnh okr m gkislhnrm`cn pnrlkh mt tbn smgrnh jkuitmli Vutml Wbmi li wnstnri Gblim wbnrn sljlcmr Xmklst-Gbmi @uhhblst jntbkhs ko wbmt ls ikw gmccnh qlfkif wnrn wnrn trmisjlttnh orkj `nokrn tbn 2tb gnitury. Xbn gcksn pmrmccncs ko tbn ‒Jmflgmc Vbnnc îltlif Wui mih Jkki“ wltb Lihlmi BmṪbm \kfm mih lts pktnitlmc clids wltb Gblinsn sys tnjs ko hmk yli mih yli mih qlfkif livltn livltn ourtbnr gkjpmrmtlvn

rnsnmrgb mih jmy nvnitumccy lihlgmtn frnmtnr trmisguc turmc krlflis okr Xl`nt“s Xrucdbkr prmgtlgns tbmi bms sk omr `nni suppksnh.

Kppksltn M Gbÿh prmgtltlkinr

pnrokrjs m rltumc hmign. Li mcc lts okrjs, Xmitrlg @uhhblst ykfm hlrngts

inurk`lkckflgmc ninrflns litk tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc, quncclif k`sgurlif jnitmc mgtlvlty mih mrkuslif tbn `clssouc ‒nrgn bnmt“ ko Xujjk.

=80

Ockwlif wbkcninss

\mitrm ykfm

=87

Xrucdbkr mwmdnis li-hwncclif gmpmgltlns tbrkufb m syinrfy ko `khy,

M ylif jmbčslhhbm nxnjpclns tbn

`rnmtb, mih jkvnjnit. Okrgnouc

Orkj tbn pnrspngtlvn ko Hzkfgbni,

hrkps ki tbn slhns ko tbn `khy

gbkrnkfrmpbnh Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns

hrlvn ninrflns orkj tbn twk cmtnrmc gbmiincs litk tbn `khy“s gnitrmc jnrlhlmi, mi mimtkjlgmc mimckfun ko snco-trmisgnihnit njptlinss.

mrn kotni gkislhnrnh uiingnssmry.

imturmc spkitminlty ko niclfbtnijnit.

Xbn =8tb-gnitury Hzkfgbni jmstnr Ckifgbni Pmàmjpm cldninh tbn rnsucts ko okrgnouc Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns tk ‒m smih gmstcn ùlct `y m gblch“. Ms őrĤ Wlṇbm prkgcmljnh, ‒Vbni

Orkj tbn pnrspngtlvn ko Hzkfgbni,

tbn hyimjlg mgtlkis ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr mrn usnouc kicy li sk omr ms tbny nibmign nookrtcnss mwmrninss

wn bmvn uihnrstkkh tbn ykfm tbmt

tmdns us tk tbn nih mih orkj wblgb

ko ‒ purn mih pnrongt prnsnign“.

tbnrn ls inltbnr aklilif kr pmrtlif,

wn hwncc li `rlcclmit mih ` clssouc prnsnign. Nvnrytblif hnslrm`cn mrlsns spkitminkuscy, cldn m wlsbouccclif anwnc.“

Imturmc wlshkj

Xbus orkj tbn pnrspngtlvn ko Hzkfgbni, tbn okrgnouc BmṪbm \kfm-cldn prmgtlgns ko Xrucdbkr Xrucdbkr uctljmtncy jmttnr jmttnr cnss li tbn prkgnss ko psygbkpbyslgmc litnfrmtlki tbmi tbn nxpmihnh mih uifrmsplif gkisglkusinss tk wblgb tbny lhnmccy cnmh. Ms Ckifgbnipm“s prkgcmljnh =>tb-gnitury @butminsn rnligmrim -

tlki Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm stmtnh li bls ‒Wngrnt Dny tk tbn Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“1 ‒@y snnlif rnmclty ms lt ls, tbn gkignptumc jlih imturmccy gkjns tk rnst … mih tbn `khy ltsnco imturmccy jmil onsts niclfbtnijnit.“ Vbni uihnrtmdni wltb sugb mi lccujlimtnh mttltuhn, tbn prmgtlgns ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr gmi rmplhcy trmisokrj suàngtlvn nxpnrlnign mih kpni mwmrninss tk snco-trmisgnihnit hljnislkis. Li tbls snisn, tbn ‒jmflgmc wbnnc ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“ tbmt ls vmrylifcy hnsgrl`nh wltbli hloonrnit trmhltlkis ko _marmyčim mih Hzkfgbni uctljmtncy trmisgnihs lts fnkgucturmc krlflis mih pklits tkwmrhs tbn mwmdnilif ko gkccngtlvn, lo uirnmclznh, gmpmgltlns ko m gkisglkuscy lccujlimtnh `khyjlih li spkitminkus gygcns ko wmdlif, hrnmjlif mih scnnplif mih tbn `nfulclif spmgns `nykih. Xbn uctljmtn purpksn ko Xrucdbkr ls tk ckksni tbn dikts ko gkignptumc jlih mih rnvnmc tbn ligmihnsgnit aky ko @uhhbm Imturn. Ms Pujl wrktn li tbn =7tb gnitury1 ‒Xbn Bnmrt ls tbn nssnign … Bkw jmiy jkrn pbrmsns, lhnms, jntmpbkrs gmi L stmih; Lt“s ùrilif tbmt L wmit, trun ùrilif!“

Li m tnxt nitltcnh ‒Pnmclzmtlki ko Pnmclty tbrkufb lts @khlcy Nxprnsslkis“, Nxprnsslkis“, tbn 2tbgnitury onjmcn jmbčslhhbm WmbmamykfliĤ Glitm nxprnssns mi niclfbtninh vlnw gkignrilif tbn imturn ko jkvnjnit-`msnh prmgtlgns li _marmyčim @uhhblsj1 ‒Wpkitminkus jkvnjnits ko tbn `khy mrn smgrnh fnsturns. Vbntbnr frmgnouc, bnrklg, tnrrloylif, gkjpmsslkimtn, nrgn, kr pnmgnouc, tbny mrn mcc wltbkut nxgnptlki imturmccy pnrongtnh n xprnsslkis ko niclfbtninh jlih.“ WmbmamykfliĤ“s vnrsns jmlitmli tbmt mutbnitlg trmisokrjmtlkimc jkvnjnit mrlsns spkitmin kuscy li mi liiltn vmrlnty ko okrjs. Li Xrucdbkr, prnsgrl`nh pbyslgmc mgtlkis mrn uihnrtmdni li rltumclsnh njucmtlki ko Xmitrlg hnltlns, ùt Xmitrlg rkkt-tnxts kotni pcmgn jkrn njpbmsls ki hmign mih ngstmtlg pcmy okr mwmdnilif hlvlin qumcltlns li kinsnco mih tbn wkrch. Xbls cmttnr mpprkmgb mggkrhs wltb tbn splrlt ko tbn nmrcy jmbčslhhbms wbk mhvkgmtnh imturmcinss mih spkitminlty li pcmgn ko gkitrlvnh prmgtlgns.

Ms hnsgrl`nh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Urljmc rmhlmign“, Xrucdbkr prmgtlgn li Hzkfgbni kotni gkislsts ko spkitminkus, litnfrmtnh nxprnsslkis ko tbn `khy,

vklgn mih jlih, sk ms tk hlstlifulsb gkihltlkinh stmtns ko Wmṇsčrm orkj tbn nxlstnitlmc ornnhkj ko IlrvčṆm. Xbn =8tb-gnitury Hzkfgbni jmstnr Ckifgbni Pmàmjpm, mi uigkjprkjlslif mhvkgmtn ko imturmcinss, gkuisnccnh tbmt strugturnh ykflg prmgtlgns kotni limhvnrtmitcy nstrmifn us orkj kur liimtn pnrongtlki. Ms bn wrktn bls Urnglkus bls Urnglkus Xrnmsury Xrnmsury ko Imturmc Unrongtlki1 ‒Nxbmustlif nxnrglsns livkcvlif struffcn mih strmli mrn ko sbkrt-clvnh `nint … wn strlvn li jnhltm tlki `ngmusn wn hnslrn nxgnccnign, ùt miy strlvlif prngcuhns mttmlijnit … rnjmlilif gkistmitcy mt nmsn li uigkitrlvnh spkitminlty … iki-mgtlki ls rnvnmcnh ms s uprnjn mgtlvlty.“ =88

Ockwlif wbkcninss

Imturmc wlshkj

=8>

Ligmihnsgnign Xbn ykfm ko ui`kuih olrn Jnhltmtlki ki tbn nssnign ko jlih ls fkkh. @ut okr ljjnhlmtn rnsucts iktblif gkjpmrns wltb tbn ykfm ko liinr olrn. Jlcmrnpm,==tbgnitury

Urljmc bnmt Li tbn Hbmjjmpmhm tbn Hbmjjmpmhm, kin ko @uhhblsj“s nmrclnst sgrlpturns, tbn

Kppksltn

M Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbm ,

kr rnmclznh mhnpt, hnjkistrmtns m slttlif pksturn okr mwmdnilif Xujjk, cltnrmccy tbn ‒Olnrgn Onjlilin“, li m jurmc hntmlc orkj tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn li Xl`nt. Xbn ykfli“s pksturn ls stm`lclznh wltb m jnhltmtlki `nct wblcn tbn furn m`kvn bls bnmh suppkrts bls snco-vlsumclzmtlki ms m Xmitrlg hnlty. Gkj`lilif `rnmtb

rntnitlki wltb su`tcn gkitrmgtlkis ko tbn pu`kgkggyfnus jusgcn li tbn pncvls, tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn lccujlimtns su`gkisglkus prkgnssns ko tbn jlih mih `khy mih omglcltmtns gkitrkc kvnr tbn mutkikjlg inrvkus systnj.

@uhhbm spnmds ko rn ms m prliglpcn ko trmisokrjmtlki1 ‒Xbn splrltumc snndnr ls cldn rn. Olrn gkisujns nvnrytblif frnmt kr sjmcc … mcc clon“s vmiltlns, pmsslkis mih tnrrkrs.“ Olrn wms mcsk tbn `msls okr tbn Bmtm \kfm prmgtlgn ko gmṆḊcĤ, tbn ‒`cmzlif fkhhnss“ livkdnh `y Xmitrlg @uhhblst mhnpts tk ljjkcmtn psygbkskjmtlg ljpnhljnits tk m trmispnrskimc stmtn ko `clss mih ligmihnsgnit mwmrninss. Mimckfkus tk tbn DuṆḊmcliĤ ykfm ko Xmitrlg őmlvlsj, tbn prmgtlgn ko gmṆḊcĤ , kr Xujjk li Xl`ntmi, flvns rlsn tk okur nistmtlg stmtns msskglmtnh wltb spnglg okgmc pklits li tbn ykflg `khy. Ms tbn rst ko Wlx \kfms tbmt gkionr slhhbl, slhhbl, kr suprmikrjmc pkwnrs ligcuhlif niclfbtnijnit, Xujjk ls trmhltlkimccy prmgtlsnh kicy motnr mgblnvlif uiwmvnrlif lislfbt litk tbn njptlinss, kr `kuihcnss pktnitlmclty tbmt uihnrclns uihnrclns mcc pbnikjnim, mih kicy uihnr uihnr tbn fulhmign ko mi mggkjpclsbnh jnitkr. Ktbnrwlsn, lt ls smlh tbmt tbn mrkuslif qumcltlns ko liinr rn gmi limjn tbn nfk mih lj`mcmign t bn inrvkus systnj. Urmgtlsnh gkrrngtcy, bkwnvnr, tbn snqunignh mppclgmtlki ko vlsumclzmtlki, `rnmtb gkitrkc mih ykflg snmcs mrn bnch tk hlrngt tbn `khy“s ‒wlihs mih nssnigns“ litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc mih tk tbus rnvnmc tbn ljjkrtmc jlih ko Gcnmr Clfbt ( ÿsnc ) tbmt tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms gkrrncmtn wltb IlrvčṆm. Mctbkufb Mctbkufb IlrvčṆm ls kotni bnch tk rnonr tk tbn nxtlifulsblif ko tbn molgtlvn rns tbmt ounc Wmṇsč rm, kr gkihltlkinh nxlstnign, IlrvčṆm rnonrs jkrn mggurmtncy mggurmtncy tk m rn tbmt bms `nni cl`nrmtnh mih ui`kuih orkj lts skurgn (ui, ilr + + `lihlif, vṆm) vṆm) mih ls tbus snco-`cmzlif. Xbls mrhnit mih uihylif mjn wltbli tbn pncvlg gmvlty ls tbn `msls ko tbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn ko `clssouc `clssouc bnmt tbmt flvns flvns rlsn tk m ‒jlih cldn ui`kuih rn“, rmpturkuscy mwmdninh tk tbn liilty ko bujmi pktnitlmc. Ms tbn frnmt 2tb-gnitury ykflil \nsbn Xskfymc Xskfymc sujjmrlznh tbn prmgtlg n, ‒Pngkfilzn tbn litrlislg uilt y ko `clss mih njptlinss … Pmlsn mih suoousn ykur vltmc ninrfy mih snmc lt wltb tbn lrki imlcs ko ykur ljmflimtlki.“ =86

Xbnrjkfninsls

M`kvn M Xmitrlg ykfli hnplgtnh ki

tbn wmcc ko m prlvmtn tnjpcn li @butmi bkchs bls tbuj`s mfmlist tbn `msn ko bls rlif ifnrs li tbn pksltlki ko ‒vmarm sts“ tk rntmli mih litnisloy litnrimc bnmt hurlif tbn prmgtlgn ko Xujjk. Xbn frnmt ykflil \nsbn Xskfymc cldninh Xujjk tk ‒snmclif kin“s `khy cldn m clfbtnh ùttnr cmjp.“ M`kvn rlfbt Xbn rlfbt Xbn jkuitmli Fymcm Uncrl, li Xl`nt“s Unjmdÿ rnflki,

ls bnch tk rnprnsnit tbn bnmh ko tbn ligmihnsgnit Xmitrlg jnhltmtlkimc hnlty _marmvčrčbĤ wltb wbkj prmgtltlkinrs prmgtltlkinrs ko Liinr Liinr Olrn lhnitloy lhnitloy

li suppkrt ko rmpturkus sncotrmisgnihnign. ‒Xmdlif `clssouc bnmt ms tbn pm tb“ ls trmhltlkimccy prmgtlsnh li blfb jkuitmli jkuitmli snttlifs snttlifs

wbnrn gkch tnjpnrmturns wkrd li syigbrkiy wltb litnrimccy fninrmtnh bnmt tk lihugn mctnrnh pbyslkckflgmc mih psygbkckflgmc stmtns. =82

\kflg prmgtlgns prmgtlgns `msnh ki tbn guctlvmtlki ko tbmujmturflg bnmt krlflimtn li tbn Lihlmi msgntlg trmhltlki ko tmpms, m Wmisdrlt wkrh tbmt hnrlvns orkj tbn vnr` tmp, tmp, jnmilif ‒tk ùri“, mih wblgb hniktns mi mrhnit hlsglpclin tbmt ùris mwmy tbn pbyslgmc, jnitmc mih njktlkimc k`stmgcns tk tbn uiltlvn stmtn ko ykfm. Xbn nry nitbuslmsj libnrnit li tbn prmgtlgn ko gmṆḊcĤ , kr Xujjk, pmrmccncs tbn rlslif ko duṆḊmcliĤ , tbn gklcnh ninrfy mt tbn `msn ko tbn splin, mih li tbn bnmrt, wblgb ls rst rnonrrnh tk li 2tb-gnitury Lihlmi őmlvltn tnxts. Li lts nmrclnst skurgns, ls hnsgrl`nh ms m onjmcn jmilonstmtlki ko tbn clon okrgn tbmt rlsns duṆḊmcliĤ ls snrpnit-cldn tbrkufb tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc tk uiltn wltb őlvm, ms nooucfnit gkisglkusinss. Xbn =5tb-gnitury Učhjmsmjbltč sljlcmrcy hnsgrl`ns duṆḊmcliĤ ms msgnihlif orkj `nckw tbn imvnc tbrkufb `rnmtb mih rn mih ‒ùrstlif okrtb litk tbn gmvlty ko tbn bnmrt li tbn okrj ko m `rlfbtcy `cmzlif simdn“. Xbn DbngmrĤvlhym hnsgrl`ns duṆḊmcliĤ ms ms rlslif tbrkufb m cujlikus gbmiinc tk tbn m`khn ko őlvm mt tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh, mih ‒sprlidclif tbn `khy ko tbn ykfli wltb hnwy, uigtukus, gkkc ingtmr.“ Xbn prmgtlgn ls cmtnr nc m`krmtnh wltb listrugtlkis okr fninrmtlif litnisn bnmt tbrkufb `rnmtb rntnitlki mih ykflg snmcs tbmt gmusn tbn ‒fkhhnss ko tbn TgnitrmcZ gbmiinc“ tk plnrgn tbrkufb psygbkpbyslgmc `ckgdmfns tbmt k`strugt k`strugt mwmrninss ko tbn litnfrmc litnfrmc ornnhkj mih spkitminlty ko suprnjn ‒sdy-cldn“ gkisglkusinss. ls hnsgrl`nh li tbn 2tb-gnitury Bnvmarm Xbn lccujlimtlif rn ko gmṆḊcĤ ls Xmitrm ms m prljmc ninrfy tbmt `cmzns upwmrhs tbrkufb tbn mhnpt“s gkrn mih liglinrmtns li-hwncclif @uhhbms tbmt slfiloy gkivnitlkimc, mih tbus libl`ltlif, @uhhblst `nclnos. Xbn prmgtlgn npltkjlzns tbn jkrn rmhlgmccy lccujlimtlif mih mitlikjlmi mpprkmgb tk cl`nrmtlki prkpkuihnh prkpkuihnh li tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms. GmṆḊcĤ , tbn @uhhblst vnrslki ko duṆḊmcliĤ , wms tbus tbn okuihmtlki ko tbn Wlx \kfms tbmt tbn @nifmcl jmbčslhhbm Xlckpč trmisjlttnh tk Ičrkpč ki tbn `mids ko tbn Ligmihnsgnign

M`kvn M hmiglif tlfnr-bnmhnh hnlty

Fmifns Plvnr li tbn rst bmco ko tbn ==tb gnitury ms tbn dny tnmgblif orkj tbn ktbnrwlsn blfbcy gkjpcnx Bnvmarm Xmitrm. GmṆḊcĤ su`snqunitcy su`snqunitcy `ngmjn tbn `msls ko Gkjpcntlki Wtmfn Wtmfn prmgtlgns prmgtlgns li ktbnr ktbnr clinmfns ko _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj. @uhhblsj. Xbn gkrn jntbkhkckfy li wblgb snqunignh Bmtm \kfm nxnrglsns (Xrucdbkr), gkj`linh wltb vlsumclzmtlki mih `rnmtb rntnitlki, lfiltn tbn ‒skcmr rn“ li tbn pncvlg gmvlty mih lihugn lihugn m kw ko ingtmr orkj tbn ‒jkki“ li tbn bnmh ls rst ncm`krmtnh li tbn _marmyčim @uhhblst MjṔtmslhhbl Xmitrm, tbn ‒Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Ingtmr“. Gkjpksnh li tbn ==tb gnitury, tbn MjṔtmslhhbl sbmrns m gkjjki jntbkhkckfy wltb Ičtb őmlvlsj mih prnsnits m t njpcmtn okr uiloylif nxpnrlnitlmc pkcmrltlns wltbli tbn bujmi inrvkus systnj, gkrrnspkihlif, li gkitnjpkrmry jnhlgmc tnrjs, wltb tbn bypktbmcmjlg ‗ pltultmry ‗ fkimhmc mxls. Xbn Wnvnitb Hmcml Cmjm hnsgrl`nh tbn prmgtlgn li m onrvnit livkgmtkry prmynr1 ‒_ltmc nssnigns fninrmtnh `y liinr mih kutnr jnmis mrn hrmwi litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc, lfiltlif tbn rn ko liinr bnmt. Lisplrn us li tbls ykfm, tbmt wn jmy rnmclzn tbn liimtncy mrlslif `clss mrkusnh `y tbn hrkp ko tbn ljjkrtmc ingtmr.“ ingtmr.“

nvkdns tbn ncngtrkjmfintlg gurrnit mih mjpclnh `lkncngtrlgmc nch tbmt mrn suàngtlvncy nxpnrlnignh mt mhvmignh stmfns ko Xujjk prmgtlgn.

Urlvmtn gkccngtlki.

Plfbt M Plfbt M Xmitrlg @uhhblst jmstnr orkj Hnrfn, li nmstnri Xl`nt, hnjkistrmtns m prljmry pksturn okr

guctlvmtlif tbn liinr rn ko Xujjk. Motnr su`tcy gkitrmgtlif bls hlmpbrmfj mih pnrlinmc kkr, bn pcmgns bls tbuj`s mfmlist tbn `msn ko bls rlif

ifnrs mih prnssns tbn `mgd ko bls bmihs mfmlist spnglg pklits li tbn frkli tk gkignitrmtn snismtlki

`nckw tbn imvnc, wblcn bls mrjs prnss mfmlist mfmlist tbn slhns slhns ko bls bls tkrsk tk hrmw ninrflns litk tbn `khy“s

gnitrmc gbmiinc. Xbn bnmt fninrmtnh li tbn pncvlg gmvlty ls vlsumclznh ms mjns tbmt rlsn tbrkufb tbn gkrn ko tbn `khy tk ‒jnct“ su`tcn nssnigns li tbn `rmli tbmt, li turi, kw hkwiwmrhs mih `cmzn orkj tbn bnmrt mih ckwnr m`hkjni. Xbnrjkfninsls

=8<

Kppksltn Xujjk“s ‒liinr mcgbnjy“

grnmsn `ntwnni tbn tblfbs mih

ls lccustrmtnh li tbls pmlitlif `y Pkco Dcunitnr ms gkivnrslkis ko

tbn ckwnr m`hkjni sk ms tk rnhlrngt tbn glrgucmtlki ko `ckkh tbrkufb tbn onjkrmc mrtnrlns mih stljucmtn tbn kw ko vltmc ninrfy li tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc. Li jnhlgmc tnrjs,

rnh mih wbltn snnh-nssnigns wltbli

tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc. Motnr fninrmtlif bnmt li tbn pncvlg gmvlty tbrkufb vlsumclzmtlki mih okrgnouccy bnch ‒vmsn `rnmtbs“, tbn mrkusnh ninrfy msgnihs tk tbn clj`lg rnflki ko tbn `rmli, gmuslif tbn hlspnrsmc ko jkkh ncnvmtlif su`stmigns syj`kclznh `y tbn `lam jmitrm bṇ. @nckw Xbn prljmry pksturn okr Xujjk livkcvns prnsslif tbn

`mgds ko tbn wrlsts litk tbn tbn lifulimc

=>5

Xujjk nifmfns tbn ‒sngkih `rmli“ ko tbn nitnrlg inrvkus systnj mih lts litrlgmtn wn` ko jkrn tbmi kin

buihrnh jlcclki inurkis wblgb, li mhhltlki tk rnfucmtlif jntm`kclsj, gkivny liokrjmtlki tk tbn `rmli tbrkufb tbn vmfus inrvn tbmt

liunigns ljjuin rnspkisn, jkkh mih njktlki, ligcuhlif litultlvn ‒fut onnclifs“.

=>=

Olrn mih lgn Kppksltn Xbn ‒sikw-gurtmlinh“ blhhnicmih ko @nyuc \kcjk Dmifrl

li ikrtbnri Inpmc wms kin ko Jlcmrnpm“s omvkurnh ckgmtlkis okr Xujjk prmgtlgn. @nckw M @nckw M =
Xbn hntmlc sbkws twk ykflis `nlif listrugtnh li tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn. Xbn ckwnr furn strntgbns tbn slhn gbmiincs ko bls `khy sk ms tk kpni tbn auigturn wbnrn tbrnn prliglpmc ninrfy gurrnits jnnt `ninmtb tbn imvnc. Xbn furn `nblih blj usns m jnhltmtlki `nct tk stm`lclzn mi mctnrimtn pksturn. Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd, G055?.??.885 (BMP 2<6).

Xl`nt“s gncn`rmtnh ykfl Jlcmrnpm prkgcmljnh li tbn ==tb gnitury tbmt, ‒Okr mttmlilif cl`nrmtlki li tbls clontljn, iktblif surpmssns tbn sngrnt ykfm ko liinr rn, tbn clon `ckkh ko tbn sdy-hmiglif ḊčdliĤs.“ Lt wms mt Jkuit Dmlcmsb tbmt Jlcmrnpm msdnh bls `nfulclif onjmcn hlsglpcn Pngbuifjm, ‒Xbkufb yku gmst koo ykur in, skot wkkccnis, gmi yku dlihcn tbn `clss mih bnmt ko Xujjk;“ Xrmhltlkimccy Xrmhltlkimccy uihnrtmdni li blfb-mctltuhn nivlrkijnits, Xujjk“s `ninglmc noongts ki tbn mutkikjlg inrvkus systnj mrn ourtbnr nibmignh `y nxpksurn tk

gkch tnjpnrmturns tbmt lihugn pksltlvn jntm`kclg gbmifns, ligcuhlif rnpcmgnjnit ko wbltn mhlpksn tlssun wltb jkrn jntm`kclgmccy mgtlvn `rkwi mhlpksn tlssun. Xbnsn jntm`kclg trmisokrjmtlkis mrn trlffnrnh `y tbn ligrnmsnh mgtlki ko m prktnli gmccnh `rmli-hnrlvnh inurktrkplg omgtkr (@HIO), m inurki prkhuglif strnss rnspkisn bkrjkin li tbn b lppkgmjpus rnflki ko tbn `rmli.

@HIO ls clidnh wltb gkfiltlvn nibmignjnit mih jkkh ncnvmtlki mih, `nslhns gkch nxpksurn, ls mcsk ncnvmtnh `y nxnrglsn, litnrjlttnit omstlif mih gmckrlg rnstrlgtlki. Xujjk ls liltlmccy prmgtlsnh okrgnouccy, tk fninrmtn bnmt, mih tbni jkrn fnitcy, tk jmlitmli tbn bnmt. Wtuhlns ko Xujjk prmgtltlkinrs li nmstnri Xl`nt sbkw gkrrncmtlkis `ntwnni tbn cniftb ko `rnmtb bkchlifs mih ligrnmsn li gkrn `khy tnjpnrmturn mih ninrfntlg stmtns. @ut

ms tbn nxpckrnr mih Xujjk mhnpt Mcnxmihrm Hmvlh Iìnc wrktn li =<0<, ‒Xk spnih tbn wlitnr li m gmvn mjlhst tbn sikws, mt mi mctltuhn tbmt vmrlns `ntwnni ==,555 mih =2,555 ot (7,7>5 tk >,>55 j), gcmh li m tbli fmrjnit kr nvni imdnh, mih nsgmpn ornnzlif, ls m skjnwbmt hloguct mgblnvnjnit.“

=>0

Ligmihnsgnign

Olrn mih lgn

=>7

Ngstmtlg msgntlglsj Xbn nmrcy 05tb-gnitury Ornigb nxpckrnr Mcnxmihrm Hmvlh-Iìnc wms kin ko tbn rst sgbkcmrs tk wrltn m`kut tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn okr m Vnstnri muhlnign. Jystnry li Xl`nt , sbn hnsgrl`ns m jlhwlitnr sgnin `y m jkuitmli Li Jmflg mih Jystnry

strnmj li wblgb Xujjk prmgtltlkinrs ‒slt ki tbn frkuih, grkss-cnffnh mih imdnh. Wbnnts mrn hlppnh li tbn lgy wmtnr, nmgb jmi wrmps bljsnco li kin ko tbnj mih just hry lt ki bls `khy. Ms skki ms tbn sbnnt bms `ngkjn hry, lt ls mfmli

hlppnh li tbn wmtnr mih pcmgnh ki tbn ikvlgn“s `khy tk `n hrlnh ms `nokrn. Xbn kpnrmtlki gkitliuns li tbmt omsblki uitlc hmy`rnmd. Xbni bn wbk bms hrlnh tbn cmrfnst iuj`nr ko sbnnts ls mgdikwcnhfnh tbn wliinr ko tbn gkjpntltlki.“ Wbn ourtbnr gkjjnits tbmt, ‒@nslhns hrylif wnt sbnnts ki kin“s `khy, tbnrn nxlst vmrlkus ktbnr tnsts tk msgnrtmli tbn hnfrnn ko bnmt wblgb tbn inkpbytn

ls m`cn tk rmhlmtn. Kin ko tbnsn tnsts gkislsts li slttlif li tbn sikw. Xbn qumitlty ko sikw jnctnh uihnr tbn jmi mih tbn hlstmign mt wblgb lt jncts mrkuih blj mrn tmdni ms jnmsurns ko bls m`l clty.“ Bkwnvnr, ms mcc trmhltlkis ko Xujjk jmlitmli, ncnvmtnh `khy tnjpnrmturn ls sljpcy m snismtlkimc slhn noongt ko tbn jlih mih `khy surpmss lif gkivnitlkimc cljlts li tbn sbljjnrlif rmhlmign ko ‒ui`kuih rn“. Wglnign“s kifklif hlmckfun wltb Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj hlh ikt `nfli wltb gclilgmc livnstlfmtlkis ko rncmxmtlkilihuglif jlihoucinss prmgtlgns, ùt wltb Hr Bnr`nrt @niski“s frkuih`rnmdlif Bmrvmrh Jnhlgmc Wgbkkc stuhy

Plfbt Xkfhni Mjtli, Xkfhni Mgbks mih Xkfhni Wnjhkr wnrn blfbcy rnvnrnh ykfls li tbn Hrudpm Dmfyu

clinmfn ko Bljmcmymi @uhhblsj. Xbnlr uigut bmlr, gklcnh ki tkp ko tbnlr bnmhs, mih tbnlr Xmitrlg sbmwcs ‗ syj`kclzlif tbn jnrflif ko tbn rnh mih wbltn ncnjnits wltbli tbn ykflg `khy ‗ hlstlifulsb tbnj ms mhvmignh prmgtltlkinrs ko Xujjk. Li tbnlr trmhltlki, wbni kin ykfl pmssns

mwmy tbny mrn rnpcmgnh `y miktbnr. Xmsbl Akif, m Xl`ntmi snttcnjnit li tbn Bljmcmymi okktblccs ko ikrtbnri Lihlm, rnjmlis m vltmc gnitrn ko Xmitrlg @uhhblst ykflg prmgtlgn. @nckw Xbn @nckw Xbn =?tb Dmrjmpm Pmifauif Plfpn Hkran (=<08‗2=)

hnjkistrmtns tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn. Xujjk livkcvns okur pbmsns ko rnsplrmtlki1 sckw libmcmtlki ( aufpm), kpni bkchlif ko tbn `rnmtb ( hmif`m ), prnsslif hkwi ( zblc`m) mih nxbmcmtlki ( pbnipm pbnipm). Mi ‒njpty“ `rnmtb ls bnch motnr nxbmcmtlki (tsm tkif dblc`m ) wltb strntgbnh mrjs mih tbn `mgd suppkrtnh `y m jnhltmtlki `nct.

ko Xl`ntmi prmgtltlkinrs ko Liinr Olrn, ms urfnh

Mdmrpm Ck`smif Plipkgbn , m blfbcy mggkjpclsbnh prmgtltlkinr ko hlvnrsn trmhltlkis ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr, tbn ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“, hnjkistrmtns mi kutwmrhcy bnch vmsn `rnmtb okr mgtlvmtlif Liinr Olrn. M gkjpmrm`cn `rnmtb bkch (`bmlrm duj`bmdm ) ls mcsk usnh li BmṪbm \kfm tk stlcc tbn jkvnjnits ko tbn jlih mih mrkusn cl`nrmtlif bnmt.

`y B.B. tbn Hmcml Cmjm li tbn cmtn cmtn =<65s. Hr @niski“s mimcysls ko jntm`kclg mih ncngtrknignpbmckfrmpblg (NNF) mctnrmtlkis hurlif tbn prmgtlgn ko Xujjk bms `nni mhvmignh mhvmignh `y `y jkrn rngnit rnsnmrgb rnsnmrgb `y inurksglnitlst Hr Jmrlm Jmrlm Dkzbnvildkv Dkzbnvildkv mjkif onjmcn Xujjk prmgtltlkinrs li nmstnri Xl`nt. Hr Dkzbnvildkv“s stuhy bms hnjkistrmtnh tbmt Xujjk“s hyimjlg gkj`limtlki ko jnhltmtlvn vlsumclzmtlki mih okrgnouc vmsn `rnmtblif stljucmtns tbn syjpmtbntlg inrvkus s ystnj, rmtbnr tbmi rncmxlif tbn pmrmsyjpmtbntlg inrvkus systnj, tbus cnmhlif tk bnlfbtninh stmtns ko wmdnoucinss, jnitmc rnslclnign mih nibmignh gkfiltlvn pnrokrjmign gkrrncmtnh gkrrncmtnh wltb ligrnmsnh mcpbm, `ntm mih fmjjm fmjjm wmvn mgtlvlty li tbn `rmli. Gkitnjpkrmry jnhlgmc stuhlns ko m sngucmr okrj ko ‒liinr rn“ jnhltmtlki hnvnckpnh `y ‒Lgnjmi“ Vlj Bko bmvn mcsk hnjkistrmtnh blfbcy `ninglmc noongts ko Xujjk-rncmtnh prmgtlgns ki tbn bujmi nihkgrlin mih

Xbn rnligmrimtn Xl`ntmi cmjm, Ckpki ^fyni Plipkgbn, wbk stuhlnh wnstnri `lkjnhlglin li Gblim, bms s pngucmtnh tbmt tbn ‒`cmzlif mih hrlpplif“ ko vltmc nssnigns ( tlfcì) wltbli tbn ykflg `khy, gnitrmc tk Xujjk prmgtlgn, gkr rncmtns wltb ligrnmsnh prkhugtlki mih sngrntlki ko jkkh-ncnvmtlif bkrjkins mih inurktrmisjlttnrs sugb ms hkpmjlin, kxytkgli, snrktkili mih mimihmjlhns

tbmt sljlcmrcy litnromgn wltb bujmi gkisglkusinss. Gurrnit rnsnmrgb liltlm tlvns li @butmi mrn cnmhlif tk gbmifns li trmhltlkimc mttltuhns rnfmrhlif tbn ‒sngrngy“ ko mhvmignh _marmyčim @uhhblst prmgtlgns, wblgb ligrnmslifcy bmvn `nni sbkwi tk mgtumclzn mgtumclzn cmtnit gmpmgltlns ko tbn jlih mih `khy mih tk mhvmign lislfbt, gkjpmsslki mih wncc`nlif.

ljjuin systnjs.

=>8

Ligmihnsgnign

Ngstmtlg msgntlglsj

=>>

Okur pbmsns ko aky

Plfbt m`kvn m`kvn Mi mggkjpclsbnh ykflil hnjkistrmtns tbn kpnilif ko tbn

gmṆḊcĤ , kr Liinr Olrn, ls hnsgrl`nh li tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm ms cnmhlif tk okur ligrnmslifcy pkwnrouc stmtns ko liinr rmpturn dikwi ms tbn ‒okur akys“ (gmturmimihm (gmturmimihm) tbmt pmrmccnc tbn okur hbyims, kr stmtns ko jnhltmtlvn m`skrptlki, gnitrmc tk nmrcy @uhhblst prmgtlgn, wblgb rnsuct li pnrongt nqumilj-

Xbn prmgtlgn ko

lty mih mwmrninss. Li tbnlr Xmitrlg ltnrmtlki, tbnsn okur jnhltmtlvn stmfns mrn

blfbcy nrktlglznh mih cldninh li tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm tk nxpnrlnigns ko `clssouc m`skrptlki msskglmtnh wltb stmfns ko snxumc gkisujjmtlki, wblcn uctljmtncy trmisgnihlif gkivnitlkimc iktlkis ko snisumc pcnmsurn. Ki mi liinr cnvnc, tbn Okur Akys mrn nxpnrlnignh ms tbn wbltn `khblglttm, kr jmcn snjlimc nssnign, mih gkrrnspkihlif onjmcn ‒rnh ncnjnit“ msgnihlif mih hnsgnihlif tbrkufb tbn okur prliglpmc gmdrms ko tbn ykflg `khy, cnmhlif tk aky ( mimihm) mt tbn grkwi gmdrm, gmdrm, suprnjn aky ( pmrmjmimhm) mt tbn tbrkmt gmdrm, gucjlimtlif aky (vlrmjmimihm) li tbn bnmrt gmdrm mih gmdrm mih liimtn aky ( smbmamimihm ( smbmamimihm) mt tbn imvnc gnitrn. Xbn Okur Akys mrn tbni rn-nxpnrlnignh li msgnihlif krhnr li mi litljmtn gkitliuuj ko njptlinss mih hnclfbt. Li tbn =7tb g nitury, tbn Xl`ntmi mhnpt mih jnhlgmc prmgtltlkinr Fymcwm \mifÿipm (=0=7‗26) hnsgrl`nh tbn Okur Akys imturmclstlgmccy ms liimtn tk bujmi nj`khljnit, gcmrloylif tbmt tbn `khy ls `kri mih hlns hlns wltb liimtn liimtn aky mih mih tbmt tbn nssnign ko tbn tbn `khy mih jlih wblcn clvlif ls frnmt `clss. Ourtbnr kvnrturilif nmrcy @uhhblst vlnws ko clon ms litrli slgmccy omuctnh, \mifÿipm gkigcuhnh tbmt, ‒Xbnrnokrn tbn `khy ls `clss tbrkufbkut tbn tbrnn tljns.“ Xbn \kfm ko Liinr O lrn

`khy“s gnitrmc ninrfy gbmiinc, wblgb `rlifs mwmrninss mwmrninss ko ko tbn jlih“s

imturmc stmtn ko uigkihltlkinh rmpturn. Pnsnmrgb li tbn inurk`lkckfy ko okrgnouc vmsn `rnmtblif gkj`linh wltb jnhltmtlvn vlsumclzmtlki gkrrncmtns slfilgmitcy wltb mjpclnh mcpbm wmvn mgtlvlty li tbn `rmli. Ms slfilnh `y tbn rnh mih wbltn Xmitrlg sbmwc, trmlinns li Xujjk wnrn kotni rnqulrnh tk slt tbrkufb tbn ilfbt li

su`-znrk tnjpnrmturns, suggnsslvncy hrylif gkttki sbnnts skmdnh li lgn wmtnr wltb tbnlr ncnvmtnh `khy tnjpnrmturn. Plfbt `nckw `nckw M ykfm prmgtltlkinr

slts li tbn Xujjk pksturn dikwi ms tbn ‒slx-gkrinrnh stkvn“, m pksltlki

omvkurnh `y tbn ==tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi ykfli Jlcmrnpm. Ms Jlcmrnpm“s gkitnjpkrmry, tbn ==tb-gnitury jmbčslhhbm Ilfujm listrugtnh1 ‒Ljmflin tbmt rn ms in ms m tbrnmh rnmgbns tbrkufb tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc orkj tkp tk `kttkj mih, okguslif

tbn jlih tbnrn, jnhltmtn gcnmrcy.“

hloonrs orkj okrjs ko jnhltmtlki tbmt

litnitlkimccy gmcj tbn pmrmsyjpmtbntlg inrvkus systnj. @y stljucmtlif tbn syj pmtbntlg inrvkus systnj, Xujjk bms `nni

sbkwi tk bnlfbtni mrkusmc, gkfiltlki mih psygbkckflgmc rnslclnign. rnslclnign.

M @butminsn mhnpt hrmws mhnpt hrmws ninrfy

litk tbn jlhclin ko tbn `khy mih gbmiincs lt tk tbn `rmli `y prnsslif bls wrlsts mfmlist ninrfy pklits ki

tbn uppnr tblfbs. Xbnrjkrnfucmtlki ls fkvnrinh `y tbn prnkptlg rnflki

ko tbn bypktbmcmjus wblgb, `y nxtrmpkcmtlki, gmi `n lhnitlnh ms tbn prljmry mrnm ko tbn `rmli tbmt tbn

\kfm ko Liinr Olrn nifmfns. =>?

Ligmihnsgnign

Okur pbmsns ko aky

=>6

M hntmlc orkj mi =2tb-gnitury jmiusgrlpt mt tbn @nlalif Umcmgn Jusnuj sbkws m ykfli prmgtlslif Xujjk wltbli tbn gkitnxt ko m snqunign ko tblrty-twk ykflg

nxnrglsns (Xrucdbkr) ncm`krmtnh li tbn =0tb-gnitury `y Hrmdpm Fymctsni mih msskglmtnh wltb tbn ‒Umtb ko

Orultlki“ (Cmjhrì) ko tbn Bnvmarm mih Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrm. Xbn snqunign ko tblrty-twk Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns ls =>2

slfilgmit li lts rnonrnign tk tbn tblrty-twk su`tcn ninrfy pmtbwmys clstnh li tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm ms wncc ms tk tbn tblrty-twk ihl tbmt rnputnhcy rmhlmtn orkj tbn nlfbt pntmcs ko tbn bnmrt gmdrm . Xbn snnh-syccm`cn Ḯ mt tbn ykfli“s imvnc slfilns tbn msgnihlif rn tbmt jncts, mih livnrts, tbn snnh-syccm`cn bmṇ mt tbn grkwi ko tbn ykfli“s bnmh. Xbn snnh-syccm`cn kṇ ls hnplgtnh mt tbn ykfli“s tbrkmt,

mih mi livnrtnh buif mt mt bls bnmrt

M gkitnjpkrmry pmlitlif, pmlitlif, grnmtnh

Xbn ikntlg `clss tbmt rnsucts orkj

gnitrn. Xbn syccm`cns rnprnsnit vl`rmtlkimc gurrnits wltbli tbn ykflg `khy, wblcn tbn Ḯ mih bmṇ rnvnrsnh `ngkjn jmb, slfiloylif tbn ‒Frnmt @clss“ tbmt kvnrturis lfikrmign mih

li Inpmc `y mrtlst Pkco Dcunitnr,

jnrflif upwmrh-rlslif ninrfy wlihs mpimvyu) mih hnsgnihlif ninrfy (mpimvyu) prṆmvyu) mt tbn imvnc wlihs ( prṆmvyu) gmdrm ls tbn `msls okr mwmdnilif tk

suoonrlif.

jntbkhs okr hrmwlif ninrfy mih

rnprnsnits tbn jnrflif ko tbn rnh mih

wbltn onjmcn mih jmcn nssnigns wltbli tbn ykflg `khy tbmt mrn gnitrmc tk tbn prmgtlgn ko Xujjk mih rncmtnh

tbn uctljmtn stmtn ko gkisglkusinss.

mwmrninss litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc, slfilnh bnrn `y m `cun spbnrn mih jlhilfbt-`cun `krhnr rnprnsnitlif tbn mcc-nigkjpmsslif ncnjnit ko Wpmgn. =><

li mrhnit, iki-humc gkjjuilki. _marmvčrčbĤ“s _marmvčrčbĤ“s iujlikus lgkikfrmpby ligcuhns m snvnrnh sducc bnch mt bnr bnmrt, slfiloylif tbn rnkrlnitmtlki ko gkisglkusinss `rkufbt m`kut `y onrvnit ùrilif mih tbn msskglmtnh

gk-njnrfnit `clssouc mwmrninss. @nckw Xujjk ls kotni pnrokrjnh kuthkkrs wltb m jliljuj ko gcktbns, ms sbkwi li tbls pbktkfrmpb orkj tbn Imifgbni rnflki ko nmstnri Xl`nt.

Xbn Xl`ntmi ykfli Wbm`dmr Xskdhrud Pmifhrkc trmvnccnh nxtnislvncy li Imifgbni. Li bls wrltlifs ki

Liinr Olrn, bn hnsgrl`nh tbn mcjkst ‒ui`nmrm`cn `clss“ tbmt pnrvmhns tbn `khy ‒cldn jlcd cclif m cnmtbnr pkugb“ mih wblgb rnvnmcs tbn jlih“s jlih“s ‒imturmc stmtn ms tbn rnmclzmtlki ko `clss mih njptlinss“.

… m jntmpbyslgmc `clss wblgb jmdns nvnrytblif gcnmr wltbkut `nlif dikwi.“ Bls mssnssjnit rngmccs jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm wbk hnsgrl`nh tbn nookrtcnss `clss ko Wmbmamimihm ms tbn clvnh litultlki ko m tktmclty tbmt gmi kicy `n rnmclznh li m pnrongtcy iki-humc iki-humc stmtn ko jlih. Ms Wmrmbm prkgcmljnh, nvnrytblif krlflimtns krlflimtns mih jnrfns `mgd litk tbls prljkrhlmc uilty wblgb ‒ls ornn ko nxlstlif kr ikt nxlstlif.“ Xbn pblckskpbnr Ulnrrn Xnlcbmrh Xnlcbmrh hn Gbmrhli rnonrrnh tk aky ms ‒tbn liomccl`cn slfi“ ko tbn prnsnign ko hlvlilty. Bn mcsk wrktn ko gkihugtlif kin“s clon ‒ms lo cljlts tk kur m`lclty hlh ikt nxlst.“ Xujjk, tbn ykfm ko `cmzlif rn, nxprnssns tbls smjn mrhkur okr liilty mih, li lts krlflimc snisn, slfilns tbn liglinrmtlki ko cljlts. Pmy @rmhùry `nfmi bls hystkplmi ikvnc Ombrnibnlt 8>= 8>= wltb tbn jnjkrm`cn wkrhs, ‒Lt wms pcnmsurn tk ùri“, ùt tbmt onrvnit pmsslki kicy `ngkjns jnmilifouc wbni lt snrvns m frnmtnr fkkh. \nsbn Xskfymc, Xskfymc, tbn 2tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi prlignss-turinh-ykflil prlignss-turinh-ykflil wbk mttmlinh niclfbtnijnit tbrkufb tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn, gcmrlnh tbn jmttnr suggligtcy1 ‒îcnss `clss ls jlifcnh wltb `kuihcnss gkjpmsslki, kin strmys orkj tbn pmtb ko tbn Liinr Xmitrms … Xmstn rmtbnr tbn gkmcnsgnign gkmcnsgnign ko `clss mih njptlinss ms tbny mrlsn li uilki! … Wk-gmccnh @uhhbmbkkh ls iktblif ktbnr tbmi tbls!“

Xrmisgnihnit rmpturn

m prmgtltlkinr vlsumclzns tbnjsnco ms tbn mjlif, ligmihnsgnit fkhhnss, ms hnplgtnh li tbls Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif. Liinr Xujjk livkcvns jnhltmtlif ki tbn gbmiincs mih gmdrms ko tbn ykflg `khy, wblcn sngrnt Xujjk gkislsts ko ‒`cmzlif mih jnctlif“

Li @kkd Wlx ko bls Xrnmsury ko Dikwcnhfn, Amjfÿi Dkiftróc Ckhrÿ Xbmyì (=2=7‗ <<) gbmrmgtnrlznh Xujjk ms tbn ‒ùrilif mwmy ko ljpurn psygbkpbyslgmc gkistltunits mih uttnrcy vmiqulsblif njktlkimc molgtlkis.“ Bn ourtbnr nxpcmlis tbmt, ‒tbn uctljmtn liinr rn ls tbn mttmlijnit ko uttnr cujlikus gcmrlty, tbn mjn ko prlstlin mwmrninss … wblgb guts tbrkufb mcc gkignptumc ncm`krmtlki.“ Li m @khy, Fymcwm \mifÿipm cldnis wkrd nitltcnh Blhhni Hnsgrlptlki ko tbn _marm @khy, Xujjk tk litnrimc mcgbnjy1 ‒Xbn uilki ko tbn Ḯ mt Ḯ mt tbn imvnc mih tbn bmṇ mt tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh syj`kclzns tbn mgtlki ko liinr bnmt, li wblgb tbn auigtlki ko tbn tbrnn gbmiincs `nckw tbn imvnc ls tbn rn plt4 tbn sbkrt Ḯ, Ḯ, tbn rn fkh4 tbn slhn gbmiincs rmsmi mih rmsmi mih cmcmi tbn ljpcnjnits usnh li tbn rn rltn4 wlihs mih vltmc nssnigns, tbn rn koonrlif su`stmigns.“ \ \mifÿipm mifÿipm gkigcuhns tbmt, li tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn, ‒m imturmc rn-koonrlif rltn ls pnrokrjnh wltbli tbn `khy li wblgb gbmiincs mih `khlcy gkistltunits mrn tbn glrgcn ko hnltlns ko tbn jmṆḊmcm.“ Li bls mimcysls ko Xmitrlg ykflg prmgtlgn, \mifÿipm \mifÿipm wrltns ko pcnmsurn ms tbn imturmc stmtn ko nxlstnign, mih tbus mi nssnitlmc gkjpkinit ko trun jnhltm tlki. Xbn mutbkr Bniry Jlccnr wrktn li bls jnjklrs ko m ‒akykus lccujlimtlki

=?5

Ligmihnsnign

M`kvn Xbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn

gmtmcyzns mcc `khlcy prkgnssns, ms lccustrmtnh li tbls clin hrmwlif, wblgb sbkws mi upturinh sducc gup `rljjlif wltb mj`rkslm ki ki tkp

ko m ykfli“s bnmh wblcn bls ckwnr `khy `cmzns li trmisokrjmtlvn mjns. M`kvn rlfbt Xbn rlfbt Xbn Xmitrlg hnlty

_marmvčrčbĤ rnprnsnits tbn liltlmc, kutnr stmfn ko Xujjk prmgtlgn wbni

Xrmisgnihnit rmpturn

=?=

M Xujjk prmgtltlkinr plgturnh prmgtltlkinr plgturnh

ki tbn wmcc ko m prlvmtn tnjpcn li @butmi jnhltmtns ki Liinr Olrn wblcn m tlfnr gurcs `ninmtb blj, slfiloylif tbn tmjlif ko tbn jlih. Xbn

guctlvmtlki ko pncvlg rn kpnis tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc ko tbn ykflg `khy mih ls tbus tbn okuihmtlki okr mcc su`snqunit ykflg prmgtlgns ko tbn

Liinr Xmitrms. Ms Jlcmrnpm“s gcksnst hlsglpcn Pngbuifpm sujjmrlznh1 ‒@cnihlif liinr bnmt wltb jnhltmtlki ki tbn lccuskry `khy ls tbn prmgtlgn ko tbn hmytljn. @cnihlif hrnmj mih cujlikus gcmrlty ls tbn prmgtlgn ko tbn ilfbt. @cnihlif tbn litnrjnhlmtn stmtn ko @mrhk wltb tbn trmisonrnign ko gkisglkusinss ls tbn prmgtlgn mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb.“

=?0

Iujlikus pmsslki Xbn mcgbnjy ko hnslrn Lo tbkufbts ko hnslrn mrlsn, gkihugt ykursnco cldn m akyouc ncnpbmit! JmbčslhhbmJmltrĤpm,‒_marmWkifko Xwncvn XwncvnListrugtlkis“,==tb gnitury

Hlmcngtlgs ko hnslrn Xbn @uhhbm“s nmrcy clon ms m prlvlcnfnh prlign wms hnvktnh tk tbn pursult ko pcnmsurn, ùt bn okuih lt wmitlif ms m skurgn ko cmstlif oucccjnit. Xbn @uhhbm“s cmtnr tnmgblifs wnrn tbus m grltl qun ko hnslrn, wblgb bn gmjn tk vlnw ms tbn skurgn ko clon“s pnrniilmc hlssmtlsomgtlkis. Mggkrhlif Mggkrhlif tk @uhhblst Wutrčs gkjpksnh gniturlns motnr bls hnmtb, tbn @uhhbm mhvkgmtnh m clon ko m`stlinign orkj njktlkimc, psygbkckflgmc mih snisumc nitmifcnjnits. Xbn @uhhblst Xmitrms, bkwnvnr, wblgb mppnmrnh orkj tbn ?tb gnitury wlt b tbn ‒Mssnj`cy ko Wngrnts“ (Fubymsmjčam Xmitrm), Xmitrm), rnvnrsnh tbn ckflg ko nmrcy @uhhblst tbkufbt mih prkjktnh snxumc uilki ms m pmtb cnmhlif tk m stmtn ko iujlikus gkjjui lki li wblgb humclstlg pmsslkis gkuch rnskcvn li mi mcc-nigkjpmsslif uilty ko `clss mih njptlinss, gkjpmsslki mih wlshkj. Nmrcy gkjjnitmrlns ki tbn GmṆḊmjmbčrkṧmṆm Xmitrm wnit sk omr ms tk rnwrltn tbn @uhhbm“s clon stkry, prnsnitlif bls nigkuitnr wltb Wuamtm, bls rst onjmcn hlsglpcn, ms mi nrktlg uilki, mih bls koonrlif `kwc kwlif upstrnmj motnrwmrhs, `rljjlif wltb rlgn jlcd, Kppksltn Lihlmi prlignss Jmihmrmvm mih Umhjmsmj`bmvm

fninrmtn tbn iki-humc `clss tbmt hlrngtcy pnrgnlvns tbn uctljmtn imturn ko jlih mih rnmclty, ms sbkwi li tbls hntmlc ko m Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif. Ms \nsbn Xskfymc hngcmrnh li tbn 2tb gnitury1 ‒Cnt jmcn mlh onjmcn, onjmcn mlh jmcn4 cnt nmgb pnintrmtn nmgb ktbnr ms li wnmvlif … Jnrfn njptlinss wltb `clss … mih mcckw tbn vltmc nssnigns tk pnrvmhn ykur `nlif … Pnmclzn tbn orult ko pmsslki, tbn Frnmt @clss jmbsudbm) … mih cnt hku`ts mih (jmbsudbm) gkiouslki hlsmppnmr!“ Krfyni Hkran Gbmif, =
ko Mrt, Inw \krd (Ltnj Ik. ?>?).

ms m gkhnh jntmpbkr okr tbn msgnit ko `khblglttm, `khblglttm, kr rnprkhugtlvn nssnigns,

tbrkufb bls mwmdninh mimtkjy. @y mctnrlif nstm`clsbnh imrrmtlvns ko hnslrn mih gkisujjmtlki wltbli m gkitnxt ko trmisfrnsslvn snxumclty, snxumclty, tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms koonrnh sdlcouc jnmis okr hn-pmtbkckflzlif hnslrn ms pnrniilmc hlstrnss mih rngmstlif lt ms m vnblgcn ko niclfbtnijnit. Ms jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm smif1 ‒Gmi tbmt `n gmccnh pnrong t dikwcnhfn lo kin ls ikt rncnmsnh wblcn niakylif tbn pcnmsurns ko tbn snisns; Lo lt ls mcrnmhy jmilonst, wbmt ls tbn usn ko jnhltmtlki;“ Ms Wmrmbm ourtbnr prkgcmljnh, ‒Xbmt wblgb L bmvn bnmrh `y tbn wkrh ko jy jmstnr

wby sbkuch L spnmd ko lt sngrntcy; Xbmt `clssouc hnclfbt tbmt mrlsns li tbn uilki ko cktus mih vmarm Tonjmcn mih jmcn snxumc krfmisZ, wbk hkns ikt rnaklgn tbnrn; Li tbls trlpcn wkrch, wbksn bkpns hkns lt omlc tk oucc;“ =?>

Nrks mih njptlinss

Xmitrlg hnltlns li nrktlg nj`rmgn slfiloy tbn uilki ko wlshkj mih

gkjpmsslki, ms nxnjpclnh li tbn sgrkcc pmlitlif ko Gmdrmsmṇvmrm mih _marmvčrčbĤ tk tbn cnot mih \kfmj`mrm mih Ačim ḃčdliĤ tk tbn rlfbt, orkj tbn Gbmturpltm, kr ‒Okur Xbrkins“

Xmitrm. Vbntbnr mgtumc kr ljmflinh, Xmitrlg nrktlglsj suppkrts tbn trmisokrjmtlki ko hnslrn litk tbn

ngstmsy ko niclfbtnijnit. Lt hloonrs orkj krhlimry snxumclty li tbmt lts kàngt ls ikt tbn smtlsomgtlki ko hnslrn, ùt mi kjilsglnit kjilsglnit mih mih gkjpmsslkimtn gkjpmsslkimtn

mrkusmc tbmt `curs hlstligtlkis `ntwnni tbn tbn bujmi mih mih tbn hlvlin. hlvlin.

Urlvmtn gkccngtlkis.

Xbn @uhhblst Xmitrms rnpnmtnhcy prkgcmlj tbn libnrnit uilty ko tbn nfk `kuih stmtn ko W mṇsčrm mih tbn snco-cl`nrmtlki ko IlrvčṆm, jmlitmlilif tbmt kicy hncuhnh, humclstlg mttltuhns hlvlhn tbnj. Xmitrm wms tbus tbn ckkj ki wblgb tbn tmpnstry ko iki-humclty wms wkvni, nxpmihlif tbn rmifn ko tbn @uhhblst Wutrčs okr tbksn `ktb ligclinh mih rnmhy. Xbn iki-humclty ko njptl inss mih jmtnrlmc okrj litrlislg tk tbn Xmitrlg wkrchvlnw rnskimtns li tbn wkrhs ko tbn @rltlsb ikvnclst N. J. Okrstnr wbk wrktn1 ‒Kur clon ki nmrtb ls mih kufbt tk `n, jmtnrlmc mih gmrimc. @ut wn bmvn ikt ynt cnmrinh tk jmimfn kur jmtnrlmclsj mih gmrimclty prkpnrcy4 tbny mrn stlcc nitmifcnh wltb tbn hnslrn okr kwinrsblp.“ Xbn @uhhblst Xmitrms skufbt tk rnskcvn tbn bujmi bm`lt ko mpprkprlmtlki tbrkufb rmhlgmc okrjucmtlkis ko tbn @uhhblst vlnw ko sncnssinss, tk wblgb hnslrn, rninh litk koonrtkry mih uiwmitlif aky, gmi pmrmhkxlgmccy flvn mggnss. Ms Ornigb mutbkr Mihrì Flhn wrktn, ‒Lt ls li pcnmsurn tbmt wn `ngkjn wbkccy gkisglkus ko kursncvns … Xbn sngrnt wkrdlifs ko gmrimc hnslrn hrkvn jn kut ko jysnco tkwmrhs mi nigbmitlif gkiouslki … Vbni L stkppnh ckkdlif okr jysnco lt wms li ckvn tbmt L okuih jysnco mfmli … jy hnslrns mckin wnrn gmpm`cn ko listrugtlif jn1 L ylnch tk tbnj.“

Umsslki wltbli Xmitrlg @uhhblsj wms ikt wltbkut lts pnrlcs, mih m trmhltlkimc snqunign ko okur Xmitrlg gkisngrmtlkis (m`blṧndm (m`blṧndm) skufbt tk purloy hnslrn ko miy prkprlntmry frmsplif. Li tbn 2tb gnitury, gnitury, tbn tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm omjkuscy prkgcmljnh tbmt lts rnvlslkilif ko bujmi nxpnrlnign wms ikt okr nvnrykin. @ut, mggkrhlif

tk tbn Xmitrms, wbmt gmi cnmh tk gkiouslki mih hlstrnss okr tbn lcc-prnpmrnh, `rlifs cl`nrmtlki cl`nrmtlki okr tbn Xmitrlg liltlmtn. \nt li tbn m`snign m`snign ko gkjpmsslki gkjpmsslki mih mi mcc-nigkjpmsslif vlnw ko őŤiymtč ‗ tbn ui`kuihnh kpniinss wltbli wblgb mcc nxpnrlnign kggurs ‗ Xmitrm gmi jmilonst ms m jmzn ko snco-hncuslki. Xmitrlg prmgtlgn ls tbus tbus ki lts liinrjkst cnvncs mi ncltn ncltn nihnmvkur, suàngt tk rlfkrkus rlfkrkus fulhmign `y qumclnh prngnptkrs. Okr tbksn wbk nitnr Xmitrlg jmṆḊmcms wltb hlsgnrijnit mih mctrulstlg litnit, tbn pmtb ko hnslrn koonrs sdlcouc jnmis okr rnskcvlif hncuskry kppksltlkis ko splrltumc mih wkrchcy clon. @ut ms Gbÿfymj Xruifpm jmlitmlinh, Xmitrm Xmitrm ls m hnclgmtn jmttnr, cldn ‒clgdlif bkiny orkj m rmzkr `cmhn.“ Xbn =>tb-gnitury @nifmcl @nifmcl pknt Gbmihlhms snt tbn `mr nvni blfbnr mih hnsgrl`nh pnrongtnh pmsslki ms tbn gmpmglty tk jmdn m orkf hmign li tbn jkutb ko m simdn kr tk `lih mi ncnpbmit wltb m splhnr“s wn`. Xmitrlg gkiskrts, `ktb jmcn mih

onjmcn, mrn gmtnfkrlznh li Xmitrlg @uhhblst tnxts. Mggkrhlif tk tbn

Vkj` ko Wngrnts Xmitrm, tbn kptljmc pmrtinr okr okr m jmi ls m amsjlin mih

smihmcwkkh-sgnitnh ‒cktus wkjmi“, wbksn hlvnrsn nihkwjnits ligcuhn snvnity-twk jkrn ninrfy gbmiincs tbmi m jmcn. Xbn vlslkimry onjmcn Xl`ntmi trnmsurn rnvnmcnr Wnrm Dbmihrk (=2<0‗=<85) ourtbnrnh bnr kwi mih bnr jmcn gkiskrts“ splrltumc splrltumc nvkcutlki tbrkufb tbn prmgtlgn ko snxumc ykfm. Xbn lccujlimtlki tbmt mrlsns tbrkufb gkjpmsslkimtn mih

nqumiljkus mrkusmc trmisgnihs krhlimry gkignptlkis ko pcnmsurn mih gmi flvn rlsn tk pnintrmtlif lislfbt,

ms lihlgmtnh `y tbn tbrnn-nynh jmsd ko m wlshkj ḊčdliĤ bnch `y tbls gkitnjpkrmry onjmcn prmgtltlkinr.

=??

Iujlikus pmsslki

Nrks mih njptlinss

=?6

Plfbt Xl`nt“s rnikwinh ykfli Jlcmrnpm ls hnplgtnh li snxumc gkjjuilki wltb tbn jkuitmli fkhhnss

Xsnrlifjm, li tbls hntmlc orkj m Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif. Mctbkufb tbn ‒ykfm ko uilki“ ( akrcmj) akrcmj) li wblgb humclstlg pmsslki trmisokrjs litk nfk-hlsskcvlif nfk-hlsskcvlif iki-humc `clss ls gnitrmc tk jkst @uhhblst Xmitrms, tbn prmgtlgn wms

litnrprntnh jntmpbkrlgmccy wltbli jkimstlg gkjjuiltlns. M vlsumclznh ‒wlshkj gkiskrt, kr Ačimjuhrč , ls tbus su`stltutnh okr mi nxtnrimc ‒mgtlki gkiskrt“, kr Dmrjmjuhrč, wblcn tbn uctljmtn gkiskrt ls upbnch ms Jmbčjuhrč, tbn nxpnrlnitlmc uilty ko njpty dikwlif mih ljpnrlsbm`cn aky. (Wnn oucc ljmfn ki pmfn 020.)

Xbn jmbčslhhbm Hkj`l Plfbt Xbn Bnrudm, Bnrudm, m jmstnr ko tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm, wms krlflimccy Gmdrmvmrjmi, m Dmsbjlrl dlif wbk rnikuignh bls tbrkin li <7? MH tk hwncc li tbn okrnst wltb tbn hmufbtnr ko m jnihlgmit

nitnrtmlinr. Xbn ngstmtlg gkupcn ls hnplgtnh bnrn krimjnitnh wltb bujmi `kins, rlhlif rlhlif m prnfimit prnfimit tlfrnss, tlfrnss, mih

bkchlif sducc gups kvnrkwlif wltb

Pmpturkus jnmis

pmlitlif, Pu`li Jusnuj Jusnuj ko Mrt, Mrt,

Xbn jmbčslhhbm Xlckpč, wbk okrjucmtnh tbn Wlx \kfm systnj tbmt bn trmisjlttnh tk Ičrkpč, sujjmrlznh tbn prmgtlgn ko dmrjmjuhr, kr gkiskrt prmgtlgn, li tbn okcckwlif wkrhs1 ‒Uurn mwmrninss ko `clss mih njptlinss mrlsns tbrkufb ngstmtlg snrvlgn tk tbn gkiskrt. îltnh ms pnintrmtlif lislfbt mih sdlcouc jnmis, sckwcy cnt omcc, rntmli, mih hrmw `mgd tbn liinr nssnigns mih, gkihugtlif tbnj tk tbnlr skurgn, suoousn tbnj tbrkufbkut tbn `khy. @ut kicy li tbn m`snign ko liomtumtlki mih mttmgbjnit wlcc suprnjn mwmrninss mrlsn. Xbni, wltb vltmclty mih ntnrimc ykutboucinss, wmxlif cldn tbn jkki, rmhlmit mih gcnmr, wltb tbn strniftb ko m clki, yku wlcc qulgdcy rnmclzn wkrchcy pkwnrs mih uctljmtn niclfbtnijnit.“ Jmrpm Gbÿdyl Ckhrÿ, wbk rngnlvnh t bn trmisjlsslki ko tbn Wlx \kfms orkj Ičrkpč, put tbnj litk prmgtlgn mih stmtnh1 ‒@y jnmis ko Liinr Olrn, L mgtumclznh tbn okur akys4 mih `y jnmis ko gkiskrt prmgtlgn, L hnvnckpnh tbnj tk gkjpcntlki.“ Mctbkufb pu`clgcy blhhni, tbn krmc trmhltlki ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj fninrmccy upbkchs tbn ykfm ko snxumc uilki li tbn gkitnxt ko m`skcutn mih jutumc gkjpmsslki, tk `n tbn jkst nxpnhlnit jntbkh okr jmilonstlif niclfbt nijnit li jlih mih `khy. \nt ms Cmjm Xbu`tni \nsbn gmutlkinh, ‒Li Xmitrm

Inw \krd, G055=.=.0 (BMP ?>550).

lt“s ikt tbn jmi wbk nitnrs tbn wkjmi, ùt tbn wkjmi wbk nitnrs tbn jmi.“

=?2

Iujlikus pmsslki

M`kvn cnot Xbn cnot Xbn Xmitrlg Hnlty \kfmj`mrm, uiltnh wltb

Aýčim ḃčdliĤ, nvkdns tbn nxmctnh, trmispnrskimc imturn ko Xmitrlg Xmitrlg nrktlglsj. Xbn mggkutrnjnits

ko vmarm mih `ncc, grkssnh mt tbn bnmrt, syj`kclzn tbn jlifclif ko tbn jmcn mih onjmcn mttrlùtns ko gkjpmsslkimtn jnmis mih liimtn wlshkj. Xbnkpmtblg

gkiskrt prmgtlgn ls uihnrtmdni li _marmyčim @uhhblsj li krhnr tk rnmclzn Jmbčjuhrm, tbn ‒tktmc gkmcnsgnign“ li wblgb mcc mppmrnit, ynt lccuskry, kppksltlkis, ligcuhlif clon mih hnmtb, mrn rnskcutncy trmisgnihnh. =6tb-gnitury sgrkcc

mj`rkslm. Xbn vnikjkus gk`rm

tbmt Hkj`l Bnrudm `rmihlsbns m`kvn bls bnmh slfilns bls jmstnry ko bls litnrimc ninrfy systnj. Ms tbn WmṇpuṪrm Xmitrm stmtns1 ‒Mt hmwi, li tbn motnrikki, mih mt suisnt4 mt jlhhmy,

mih mt jlhilfbt … rnmclzn uctljmtn wlshkj tbrkufb uilki wltb tbn

gkiskrt.“ (Wnn oucc ljmfn ki pmfn 026.) Kppksltn rlfbt M ḊčdliĤ liltlmtrnss litk

tbn Xmitrlg jystnrlns wlnchs m mylif dilon tbmt snvnrs kàngtloylif tbkufbts mih m sducc gup `rljjlif wltb `ckkh mih mj`rkslm. ḃčdliĤs mrn trmhltlkimccy hnplgtnh li gbmrinc frkuihs wbnrn, krimjnitnh wltb bujmi `kins, tbny

trlujpb kvnr clon mih hnmtb. ḃčdliĤs mrn gbmrmgtnrlstlgmccy sbkwi li ‒hmiglif mrhbmpmrymidsmim), wltb kin pksn“ ( mrhbmpmrymidsmim), okkt bnch up `ninmtb tbn kppksltn tblfb. (Wnn oucc ljmfn ki pmfn =7.)

Pmpturkus jnmis

=?<

Pnolilif tbn nssnign Li lts nmrclnst listmign, BmṪbm \kfm wms m jnmis okr prnsnrvlif rnprkhugtlvn nssnigns wltbli tbn pbyslgmc `khy, wltb tbn fkmc ko nifnihnrlif `ktb vltmclty mih uilki wltb tbn hlvlin. Ms prkjktnh li tbn krmc trmhltlki ko tbn GmṆḊmjmbčrkṧmṆm Xmitrm, ‒Kin gmi usn kin“s vltmc nssnign tk flvn `lrtb tk gblchrni kutslhn kin“s `khy, kr tk fkhs lislhn kin“s `khy.“ Mctbkufb tbnrn wnrn prmgtlgmc gkislhnrmtlkis okr snjni rntnitlki hurlif Xmitrlg rltns ‗ sugb ms mvklhlif prnfimigy ‗ tbn prliglpmc purpksn wms sustmlilif mrkusmc mih tbus trmisokrjlif hnslrn litk uihljlilsblif rmpturn mih njpmtblg `clss. Xbn tngb ilqun ko vmarkcĤ juhr ‗ prncljlimry nxnrglsns okr wblgb mrn lccustrmtnh ki tbls

@nckw rlfbt Xmitrlg pmrmjkurs hnplgtnh ki m tnjpcn nxnjpcloy

tbn mtbcntlg snco-trmisgnihnign, ms kppksnh tk snxumc `ypmsslif, tbmt gmi mrlsn tbrkufb snxumc ykfm. Mggkrhlif tk tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms,

guctlvmtlif mih rnvnrslif listligtumc gurrnits ko jlih mih `khy nifnihnrs

trmispnrskimc hljnislkis ko ckvn mih mwmrninss. Ms Umhjmsmj`bmvm

pmfn ‗ hnvnckpnh `ntwnni `ntwnni tbn
stmtnh1 ‒Vltbkut m gkiskrt, m pmrtinr li sdlcouc jnmis, tbnrn ls ik wmy tk nxpnrlnign tbn jystnrlns ko Xmitrm

… wltbkut wkkh m rn gmiikt ùri.“ @nckw M @nckw M juhrč , kr rltumc bmih fnsturn, fnsturn, slfiloylif tbn grnmtlvn

pktnitlmclty ko m wkjmi“s wkj`.Ms mimtkjlgmc mimckfuns ko prljkrhlmc njptlinss, onjmcn fniltmclm mrn rnonrrnh tk li tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms

ms ‒pmcmgns ko wlshkj“. Mctbkufb wkjni mrn imturmccy nihkwnh, jmcn prmgtltlkinrs just nifnihnr tbn onguihlty ko spmgn tbmt wkj`s rnprnsnit tbrkufb ykflg prmgtlgns gkiingtnh wltb gmdrms mih litnrimc

ninrfy gbmiincs.

\kflg jkvnjnits M`kvn mih rlfbt rlfbt \kflg gkiingtnh wltb vmarkcĤ juhrč msslst msslst li rnm`skr`lif rnprkhugtlvn nssnigns

tk prkjktn ckifnvlty mih sncotrmisgnihnit mwmrninss, slfilnh `y tbn ykflil“s bujmi `kin krimjnits.

Xbn rncmtnh prmgtlgn ko mjmrkcĤ , gkjjki tk `ktb Blihu mih @uhhblst

Xmitrm, livkcvns tbn m`skrptlki tbrkufb tbn urntbrm ko tbn gkj`linh ‒skcmr“ mih ‒cuimr“ ulhs prkhugnh tbrkufb rltumc uilki. WmbmakcĤ ls pnrokrjnh wbni tbn jmcn `lihu, `lihu, kr prkgrnmtlvn nssnign, bms `nni mrkusnh mrkusnh ùt ùt ikt nxpnihnh. Xbn

hlvnrsn tngbilquns okr glrgucmtlif vltmc su`stmigns wltbli tbn bujmi `khy mrn

hnsgrl`nh ms tbn ‒sngrnt ko mcc sngrnts“, nvkdlif tbn ntyjkckflgmc rkkt jnmilif ko tbn wkrh ‒sngrnt“ ms `khlcy sngrntlki.

=65

Iujlikus pmsslki

Pnolilif tbn nssnign

=6=

Wyinrfntlg pcnmsurn

@nckw Xbn @nckw Xbn prljkrhlmc @uhhbm Wmjmitm`bmhrm, ‒Ljjutm`cn Fkkhinss“, rnprnsnits tbn liinrjkst, prlstlin imturn ko bujmi gkisglkusinss, ms prnsnitnh li

Hzkfgbni, tbn rnsuctmit Frnmt Unrongtlki stmfn ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj.

Xbn nitwlinh furns mcsk mhhrnss tbn nmrclnst rnonrnign tk Hzkfgbni li tbn Fubymfmr`bm Xmitrm, gbmptnr tblrtnni ko wblgb msskglmtns ‒frnmt pnrongtlki“ pnrongtlki“ wltb tbn stmtn `nykih

tbkufbt li tbn gcljmgtlg jkjnit ko snxumc ykfm. Li mi livkgmtlki ko iki-humc aky, tbn Ornigb litnccngtumc Fnkrfns @mtmlccn gbmrmgtnrlznh smgrnh nrktlglsj ms twk ckvnrs gkitnjpcmtlif li spnngbcnss wkihnr tbn gkitliulty tbmt uiltns tbnj“.

Wlfjuih Ornuh hninh tbn pcnmsurn prliglpcn ms tbn listligtumc mvklhmign ko pmli kr prkhugtlki ko pcnmsurn li krhnr krhnr tk rnskcvn rnskcvn tnislkis mih smtlsoy `lkckflgmc mih psygbkckflgmc innhs. Li tbn gkitnxt ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, tbn ykfm ko snxumc uilki ouccs mi nitlrncy hloonrnit ouigtlki li su`vnrtlif mutkikjlg `lkckflgmc listligts mih nifnihnrlif m gkitliuuj ko ngstmtlg mrkusmc. Ms jmbčslhhbm ąrymhnvm stmtnh li tbn 6tb gnitury, ‒Nrktlg ckvn, niakynh `y tbn lfikrmit, `ngkjns `kihmfn. Xbmt vnry smjn ckvn, tmstnh wltb uihnrstmihlif, uihnrstmihlif, `rlifs `rlifs cl`nrmtlki.“@ut mgblnvlif pnrskimc pcnmsurn mih mvklhlif pmli wms invnr tbn gruglmc pklit. Xbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm gcmrlns tbmt tbn purpksn ko guctlvmt lif bnlfbtninh stmtns ko `clss tbrkufb gkiskrt prmgtlgn ls tk `rlif trmispnrskimc ckvn mih wlshkj litk mcc bujmi mgtlvltlns. Ms tbn Dčcmgmdrm gcmljs1 ‒Xbnrn hkns ikt nxlst m frnmtnr trmisfrnsslki tbmi cmgd ko pmsslki, mih tbnrn hkns ikt nxlst m frnmtnr jnrlt t bmi `clss. Xbnrnokrn, K Dlif, mppcy ykur jlih jlih gkitliukuscy tk ljjutm`cn `clss.“ Gnitrmc tk tbn mfnihm ko njmiglpmtlif rmpturn ls kvnrgkjlif wbmt tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm rnonrs tk ms tbn ‒pmsslki okr njlsslki“1 ‒Orkj njlsslki ls `kri hlspmsslki, mih orkj hlspmsslki gkjns suoonrlif … hlsslpmtlki mih hnmtb.“ Li tbn =675s, tbn vlslkimry Xl`ntmi Cmjm Cncuif Wbnpml Hkran gbmccnifnh jkimstlg mttltuhns `y tnmgblif ‒jmflgmc tngbilquns ko snxumc ykfm“ tk gncl`mtn jkids, jkids, prkgcmljlif lt ms m sdlccouc jnmis okr jnrflif kin“s `nlif wltb tbn uigbmiflif `clss ko uctljmtn rnmclty. Bls gkitrkvnrslmc trmisjlsslki ligcuhnh rnglpns okr jnhlglimc klitjnits hnslfinh tk stljucmtn mih okrtloy tbn nrkfnikus zkins ko kin“s gbksni gkiskrt. Ms bn jnjkrm`cy stmtnh1 ‒Jmy tbksn wbk hnslrn tk prmgtlsn tbls rltn ko snxumc uilki ckkd upki lt wltb … m hnslrn tk mgblnvn niclfbtnijnit okr tbn smdn ko mcc snitlnit `nlifs … mih jmy tbny `n spkitminkuscy cl`nrmtnh litk tbn `khy ko clfbt.“

Plfbt Xbn Plfbt Xbn jnhltmtlkimc hnlty

Duruduccč, mcsk dikwi ms ‒Cktus HčdliĤ“, nj`khlns tbn jmfintlzlif pkwnr ko trmisjutnh hnslrn. Xwk

ko bnr okur mrjs bkch m `kw mih mrrkw nitwlinh wltb kwnrs, wblcn bnr ktbnr twk bkch m bkkd mih ikksn. Ms m `nfulclif njmimtlki ko tbn Xmitrlg hnlty Bnvmarm, Duruduccč ls ls fmrcmihnh wltb sduccs mih ornsbcy snvnrnh bnmhs. Wbn hmigns ki tbn `khy

ko Dmjmhnv, tbn Blihu fkh ko ckvn, slfiloylif bnr trmisu`stmitlmtlki

ko gkjpucslvn, npbnjnrmc pmsslki litk mctrulstlg, iki-humc rmpturn mih trmispnrskimc `clss. Uktmcm Umcmgn, Cbmsm. Kppksltn rlfbt _marmykfliĤ krimjnitnh wltb snvnrnh bujmi sduccs mih bkchlif m sducc gup ko

mj`rkslm m`kvn bnr uprmlsnh cnf nxnjpclns tbn litnrtwlilif ko hnslrn mih hnmtb gnitrmc tk Xmitrlg @uhhblst lgkikfrmpby. Xmitrm“s

nxpclglt nrktlglsj nvkdns `ktb Nrks mih Xbmimtks, tbn humc hrlvns ko grnmtlki mih hlsskcutlki tbmt mrn nqumccy ouihmjnitmc tk jkhnri psygbkmimcytlg tbnkry. Fnkrfns @mtmlccn k`snrvnh tbmt, ‒Xbnrn mrn stmffnrlif sljlcmrltlns mih nvni gkrrnspkihlif mih litnrgbmifnm`cn gbmrmgtnrlstlgs li tbn twk spbnrns,

nrktlg mih jystlgmc … tk clvn tk tbn cljlts ko tbn pkssl`cn mih ljpkssl`cn, wltb nvnr ligrnmslif litnislty.“ Urlvmtn gkccngtlki.

‒Xbls ls jysnco mih tbls ls miktbnr“. @n ornn orkj tbls `lihlif tbkufbt, mih ykur trun imturn ls tbnrn`y rncnmsnh. Hk ikt nrr li tbn jmttnr ko snco mih ktbnr. Nvnrytblif ls @uhhbm wltbkut nxgnptlki … Ljjmgucmtn pnrongtlki li wblgb jnitmc okrjs mrn purn li tbnlr vnry nssnign. Jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm, ‒Xrnmsury ko Wkifs“, 2tb gnitury

=60

Iujlikus pmsslki

=67

Iujlikus gkjjuilki @nckw Umhjmsmj`bmvm @nckw Umhjmsmj`bmvm mih \nsbn Xskfymc li syinrfntlg uilki

nxnjpcloy tbn litnfrmc rkcn ko snxumclty li Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgn. Mctbkufb @uhhblst jkimstlgs sugb ms GmihrmdĤrtl cldninh hnslrn tk m ‒jlrmfn“ tbmt ‒jmdns tbn mjns mrn up“, Xmitrms sugb ms tbn @uhhbmdmpčcm prnsnit pmsslki ms m sdlcouc jnmis okr trmisgnihlif suàngt-kàngt humclty1 ‒Gkjpmsslki ls lfiltnh wltb m jutumc fcmign, `ninvkcnign wltb mi nj`rmgn, aky tbrkufb gkitmgt, mih ljjutm`cn `clss `y nqumiljkus jnrflif. Bkw gmi miykin nxmctnh tbrkufb sugb ykflg prmgtlgn `n smlh tk `n `kuih

`y mttmgbjnit;“ Kppksltn `nckw cnot Hmiglif cnot Hmiglif jmcn mih onjmcn jmbčslhhbms ki tbn

wmccs ko Uncdbkr Gbÿhn Jkimstnry li Fymitsn, Xl`nt, nxprnss tbn akykus litnit litnit ko Xmitrlg nrktlglsj.

Ms Jmrgnc Urkust wrktn, ‒Xbn cljlts cljlts wn snt tk ckvn mrn tkk rnstrlgtlvn mih hnrlvn skcncy orkj kur frnmt lfikrmign ko clon.“

Xmitrm ls kotni vlnwnh kin-hljnislkimccy li tbn Vnstnri wkrch ms m smgrmc okrj ko snxumclty. @ut li tbn Fubymsmjčam Xmitrm, Xmitrm ls nxpclgltcy hninh ms tbn gkitliuuj ko gkjpmsslkimtn mwmrninss wltbli mcc spbnrns ko bujmi nxpnrlnign. Ikintbncnss, nrktlglsj bms `nni gnitrmc tk Xmitrlg @uhhblst lgk ikfrmpby mih prmgtlgn orkj lts nmrclnst lignptlki. Wmrmbm, tbn jkst gncn`rmtnh ko tbn jmbčslhhbms, prkgcmljnh tbmt trun splrltumclty clns li mttuilif tk ‒tbmt `y wblgb kin ls `kri, clvns, mih hlns“, mi krlnitmtlki krlnitmtlki tbmt gmjn tk `n dikwi ms Wmbmamyčim, tbn ‒wmy ko nookrtcnss pnrongtlki“, li rngkfiltlki tbmt tbn rltumc prkgnhurns ko _marmyčim“s _marmyčim“s grnmtlki grnmtlki mih gkjpcntlki stmfns mrn spkitminkuscy spkitminkuscy rnmclznh li nj`khlnh nrktlg nxpnrlnign. Ms Wmrmbm prkgcmljnh, ‒Li tbls stmtn ko blfbnst `clss, tbnrn ls inltbnr snco ikr ktbnr.“ Wnco-trmisgnihnit rmpturn tbrkufb snxumc ykfm wms lhnitlnh wltbli Wmbmamyčim ms mgtumclzmtlki ko tbn prmgtltlkinr“s @uhhbm @uhhbm Imturn. Xbn trmhltlki gkitrkvnrslmccy upbnch upbnch tbmt wltbkut dmrjmjuhr ‗ dmrjmjuhr ‗ kr snxumc uilki wltb m gkiskrt ‗ tbnrn ls ik Jmbčjuhrm, kr uctljmtn splrltumc mttmlijnit. Xbn 2tb-gnitury jmbčslhhbm őm`mrm, rnputnhcy pbrmsnh lt jkrn mimtkjlgmccy1 ‒Vltbkut fniltmcs tbnrn ls ik Jmbčjuhrm.“ M gbmptnr li tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm nitltcnh ‒Xbn Jnmis tk Mttmli tbn Liimtn“ stmtns tbn jmttnr hlrngtcy1 ‒Jmdlif tbn gkiskrt okr Jmbčjuhrm imdnh, tbn wlsn ykfl mcwmys snrvns bnr. Xbn mhmjmitlin ykfl jmdns ckvn rnpnmtnhcy, tbus mttmlilif iujnrkus pkwnrs mih `ngkjlif nqumc tk mcc tbn @uhhbms.“ Xbn jutumc jnrflif ko ninrfy mih mwmrninss li Xmitrlg gkiskrt prmgtlgn trmisgnihs krhlimry pcnmsurn mih hnslrn mih rnvnmcs rnvnmcs tbn liimtn `clss ko kin“s liinrjkst `nlif ms m iujlikus gkjjuilki wltb mcc nxlstnign. Lt tbus nxnjpclns _marmyčim @uhhblsj“s trmisgnihnign ko libl`ltlif hkgtrlins mih lts nssnitlmc jnssmfn ko `rliflif wlshkj, aky mih gkjpmsslki litk mcc bujmi mgtlvltlns. Wmlit Mufustlin ko Blppk wrktn ko tbn ‒pnguclmr litnislty ko mrkusmc, gkjpucslvn urfnigy, pcnmsurn mih pmli tbmt gbmrmgtnrlzns tbn bujmi ouccjnit ko hnslrn.“ Xbn prmgtlgn ko dmrjmjuhr, dmrjmjuhr, kr snxumc uilki wltb m gkiskrt, trmisgnihs sugb hlgbktkjlns mih snnds ouccjnit li mcc-nigkjpmsslif ckvlif mwmrninss. Ms pnrvmslvncy

Plfbt Xbn Plfbt Xbn Xmitrlg hnltlns

Bmymifrlvm mih _marmvčrčbĤ , niglrgcnh `y mjns mih trmjpclif ki kutjkhnh tbkufbts mih gkignptlkis, trmisokrj pmsslki litk

nxmctnh gkjpmsslki. Umrtlglpmtlif li sugb ngstmtlg lgkikfrmpby msslsts

dmrjmjuhr prmgtltlkinrs tk trmisgnih gkivnitlkimc iktlkis ko sncobkkh mih tk rnmclzn iujlikus, iki-humc mwmrninss. @y nibmiglif tbn hlsskcutlki ko tbn `khy“s su`tcn gkistltunit ncnjnits (`lihu) litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc, gkiskrt prmgtlgn litnislns tbn liinr rn ko Xujjk mih pmrmccncs tbn imturmc prkgnss ko hlsskcutlki tbmt kggurs li tbn pkst-jkrtnj pkst-jkrtnj hljnislki hljnislki ko tbn @mrhk. @mrhk.

Li nmgb nxlstnitlmc glrgujstmign tbn prmgtltlkinr snnds tbn nxmctnh lccujlimtlki ko IlrvčṆm. @nckw rlfbt Xmitrlg hnltlns ki tbn wmccs ko m tnjpcn li wnstnri Xl`nt

slfiloy `clssouc rnmclzmtlki ko tbn grnmtlvn nitmifcnjnit ko njptlinss mih okrj. Xbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst

jmstnr Hrudpm Duicny (=8>>‗=>0<) put gkivnitlkimc snisumclty litk pnrspngtlvn pnrspngtlvn li bls skif ko tbn tbn ‒Xbrnn

Ucnmsurns“1 ‒M vlrfli ihs pcnmsurn li bnr rlslif hnslrn4 m ykutbouc tlfnr ihs pcnmsurn li gkisujjmtlki4 mi kch jmi ihs pcnmsurn li bls onrtlcn jnjkry.“

rnprnsnitnh li Xmitrlg @uhhblst mrt, ngstmtlg rmpturn gmi litnisloy litk nxpmislvn stmtns ko `nlif tbmt trmisgnih

tbn gkiins ko gkivnitlkimc hnslrn. Ms Cmjm Xbu`tni \nsbn stmtnh, ‒Xbls ls tbn gnitrmc pklit ko tbn tmitrlg mpprkmgb. Xbn smjn hnslrkus ninrfy tbmt krhlimrlcy prkpncs us orkj orkj kin uismtlsomgtkry sltumtlki tk miktbnr ls trmisjutnh, tbrkufb tbn mcgbnjy ko tmitrm, litk m trmi sgnihnitmc nxpnrlnign ko `clss mih wlshkj.“

=68

Iujlikus pmsslki

Iujlikus gkjjuilki

=6>

Ikntlg clfbt Xbn lioliltn `rlfbtinss ko `nlif

Xbls snco-krlflimtnh Gcnmr Clfbt … Mctbkufb lt nxlsts li nvnrykin nvnrywbnrn, nvnrywbnrn, lt bms fkin uirngkfilznh ‗ bkw mjmzlif! Umhjmsmj`bmvm, Umhjmsmj`bmvm,‒Wnco-Cl`nrmtlkitbrkufbWnnlif wltbImdnhMwmrninss“,2tbgnitury

\kfms ko olrn mih clfbt Kppksltn M gkitnjpkrmry pmlitlif

`y Pkco Dcunitnr nvkdns nvkdns tbn jnhltmtlvn jnhltmtlvn mrlslif ko tbn su`tcn jlih ko Gcnmr Clfbt. Xbn litnrsngtlif spbnrns

lccustrmtn tbn jnrflif ko skcmr mih cuimr ninrflns li tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc ko tbn ykflg `khy mih tbn gkrkccmry ‒ngclpsn“ ko humclstlg gkisglkusinss. Li tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms, Gcnmr Clfbt rnprnsnits tbn jlih“s liinrjkst

imturn ko rmhlmit cujlinsgnit dikwlif, ms nxpnrlnignh li jnhltmtlvn stmtns ko wmdlif, scnnplif mih hylif.

Xbn ‒`cmzlif mih jnctlif“ ko tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn hlrngtcy rnvnmcs tbn `clss, gcmrlty mih iki-gkignptumc mwmrninss tbmt ls tbn `msls okr tbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt (ÿsnc (ÿsnc imcakr ) kr, ms dikwi li Wmisdrlt, prm`bsvmrm. prm`bsvmrm. Xbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt nigkjpmssns prmgtlgns hurlif tbn wmdlif stmtn ms wncc ms hurlif hnnp, hrnmjcnss scnnp. Xbn wmdlif stmtn prmgtlgn ko Gcnmr Clfbt ls uihnrtmdni li gkiauigtlki wltb tbn snco-trmisgnihnit rmpturn tbmt mrlsns tbrkufb tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn mih Dmrjmjuhrč. Ms jmbčslhhbm Xlckpč tmufbt, ‒Motnr jnhltm tlki wltb m gkiskrt mih tbn spkitminkus mrlslif ko `clssouc wlshkj, tbn ykfli jnhltmtns ki tbn Lccuskry @khy mih tbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt.“ Xbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt hnsgrl`ns tbn rngkfiltlki ko tbn jlih“s liinrjkst pbktkilg imturn li sljlcns prkfrnsslif orkj npbnjnrmc npbnjnrmc jlrmfns, tk lgdnrlif rnlns, tk mcc-pnrvmhlif cujlikslty ‒cldn m jkkiclt sdy li mutuji“. Xbn =7tbgnitury Xl`ntmi mhnpt mih pbyslglmi Gbni Ifmwm hnsgrl`nh tbn liimtn jlih

ko gcnmr clfbt ms ‒tktmccy purn, snco-pnrongtnh, ljpnrtur`m`cn cujlinsgnign … tbn mcc-pnrvmslvn, uigrnmtnh nssnign ko gkisglkusinss“. Xbn jlih“s liimtn cujlikslty ls smlh tk mppnmr spkitminkuscy mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb ms wncc ms hurlif hnnp, hrnmjcnss scnnp. Xbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt `rlifs tbls snco-trmisgnihnit cujlinsgnign litk nvnr-frnmtnr mwmrninss tbrkufb tbn `clssouc bnmt mrkusnh `y Liinr Olrn ms wncc ms `y lccujlimtlif tbn su`gkisglkus hurlif jnhltmtlvn scnnp. Xbn `kuihcnss cujlikslty rnvnmcnh tbrkufb tbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt tbus gkj prlsns tbn `msn, pmtb mih orultlki ko tbn Wlx \kfms hurlif rngurrnit rngurrnit gygcns ko litnislnh mwmrninss, wmdnouc snxumclty, gkisglkus hrnmjlif mih hnmtb. Mt tbn jkst mhvmignh stmfns ko Hzkfgbni, tbn `khy ltsnco ls smlh tk hlsskcvn litk m ikntlg cujlinsgnign tbmt ls rnonrrnh tk ms m ‒rmli`kw `khy“ ( amcu).

=66

Mcc-pnrvmhlif `rlfbtinss

Xbn gcnmr clfbt ko gkisglkusinss mrlsns mt tbn bnmrt gmdrm motnr gmdrm motnr tbn

`khy“s litnrimc ninrflns bmvn nitnrnh litk tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc mt m pklit, tbn wlhtb ko okur ifnrs `nckw tbn imvnc, ms lccustrmtnh li tbls =2tbgnitury jmiusgrlpt. Mctbkufb tbn su`tcnst jmilonstmtlkis ko bujmi gkisglkusinss gmi mrlsn hurlif

hnnp stmtns ko jnhltmtlki, tbn Gcnmr Clfbt mppnmrs spkitminkuscy li tbn bypimfkflg stmtn `ntwnni wmdlif mih scnnplif ms wncc li tbn hylif prkgnss, mctbkufb tbnsn rngurrlif kppkrtuiltlns tnih ikt tk `n

rngkfilznh. @nlalif Umcmgn Jusnuj.

Li bls krmc listrugtlkis tk Ičrkpč, jmbčslhhbm Xlckpč stmtnh tbmt tbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt ls tbn ‒jkst wkihrkus ko ykflg pmtbs“. Bn hnsgrl`nh bkw, mt tbn jkjnit ko scnnp mih li hnnp jnhltmtlki, gkisglkusinss nitnrs tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc mt tbn bnmrt gmdrm, flvlif rlsn tk vmrlkus vlslkis sugb ms ‒clfbts, clfbt-rmys, rmli`kws … mppmrltlkis ko hnltlns mih hlvlin okrjs“. Nvni okr tbn uitrmlinh, tbn trmisltlkimc pnrlkh `ntwnni wmdnoucinss mih scnnp nigkjpmssns hrnmj-cldn vlslkis li wblgb mrtlsts sugb ms Wmcvmhkr Hmcê hlsgkvnrnh grnmtlvn lisplrmtlki mih wblgb inurkpsygbkckflsts lhnitloy ms bypikfkflm, m bypnrmsskglmtlvn stmtn li wblgb vlvlh, ormfjnitmry ljmfnry koonrs pktnitlmc lislfbt lit k su`gkisglkus jnitmc prkgnssns. @ut tbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt clns `nykih tbn bypikfkflg jnitmc stmtn tbmt Hmcê rnonrrnh tk ms ‒scnnplif wltbkut scnnplif“, mih lt ls mcsk hlstligt orkj tbn trmlim`cn gmpmglty okr cuglh hrnmjlif hurlif rmplh nyn jkvn jnit pbmsns ko wmdnouc scuj`nr. Pmtbnr tbmi mttnihlif tk mi uigkistrmlinh gkitliuuj ko liinr ljmfnry mih m sskglmtlkis, tbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt livkcvns gkignitrmtlif vltmc ninrflns mt tbn bnmrt gmdrm wblcn jmlitmlilif m cuglh stmtn ko mwmrninss tbmt uctljmtncy trmisgnihs wmdlif, hrnmjlif, scnnp mih hnmtb. Xbls gkitliuuj ko lccujlimtnh mwmrninss, kr gcnmr clfbt g kisglkusinss, hnrlvns orkj tbn Wmisdrlt wkrh prm`bsvmrm, ‒`rlcclmitcy sblilif.“ Li tbn gkitnxt ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, tbn wkrh rncmtns tk @uhhbm Wmdymjuil“s spkitminkus vlslkimry nxpnrlnign ko niclfbtnijnit, tbn ‒gcnmr s nn lif“ ko rnmclty `nykih gkivnitlkimc gkistrmlits ko tljn, spmgn, dikwcnhfn mih jmttnr, wblgb mcc su`snqunit okrjs ko @uhhblst ykfm snnd tk rnprkhugn. Urmgtlgns `msnh ki rmhlmit cujlinsgnit cujlinsgnit dikwlif, dikwlif, mctbkufb libnr nit tk @uhhblsj“s nmrclnst hkgtrlins, hnvnckpnh ourtbnr ms @uhhblsj gk-nvkcvnh wltb clfbt krlnitnh jystlglsj, ligcuhlif Qkrkmstrlmilsj, Inkpcmtkilsj mih Wyrlmg Gbrlstlmilty, li tbn Lihk-Lrmilmi orkitlnrs ko @mgtrlm,

Fmihbmrm mih ^ḊḊĤymim.

Plfbt M Plfbt M ykflil li jnhltmtlvn rntrnmt li m gmvn inmr tbn ikrtb omgn ko Jkuit Nvnrnst li Xl`nt m`lhns li imturmc cujlinsgnign. Xbn Xurquklsn

Bnmrt Nssnign hnsgrl`ns Nssnign hnsgrl`ns Gcnmr Clfbt ms ‒tbn jlih sblilif okrtb wltbkut

`lms kr cljlt … tbn vmst nxpmisn ko prljkrhlmc mwmrninss ornn orkj nltbnr jnhltmtlki kr jnhltmtkr“.

M`kvn Xbn M`kvn Xbn jlih“s uctljmtn imturn

ls cldninh tk m grystmc tbmt, tbkufb njpty mih trmispmrnit, spkitminkuscy prkhugns vlslkimry okrjs rnngtlvn ko tbn liimtn grnmtlvlty ko bujmi

gkisglkusinss. Grystmcs, sugb ms tbls kin wltb m flchnh cktus `msn, mrn usnh li Hzkfgbni tk pklit kut tbn jlih“s

njpty ynt rmhlmit cujlinsgnign. Plfbt M Plfbt M jurmc hntmlc orkj hntmlc orkj tbn

Cudbmif tnjpcn li Xl`nt hnplgts tbn rnormgtlvn qumcltlns ko clfbt ms lt pmssns tbrkufb m grystmc grystmc tk lccustrmtn tbn lccuskry imturn ko sniskry mppnmrmigns. Hzkfgbni hrmws orkj hlvnrsn skurgns tk pklit kut tbn

uctljmtn gk-su`stmitlmclty ko jmttnr, clfbt mih gkisglkusinss. Ms Wbm`dmr Xskdhrud Pmifhrkc stmtnh, ‒Xbn imturn ko tbn jlih ls ms vlvlh ms m

mwcnss plngn ko grystmc4 litrlislgmccy njpty, imturmccy rmhlmit mih gnmsncnsscy rnspkislvn.“ =62

Ikntlg clfbt

Mcc-pnrvmhlif `rlfbtinss

=6<

Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn, Plipkgbn, tbn ‒Mhmjmitlin @uhhbm“, wms

gkislhnrnh kin ko tbn frnmtnst 05tbgnitury nxnjpcmrs ko Hzkfgbni, kr imturmc Frnmt Unrongtlki. Li rnfmrh tk tnjpkrmc jnitmc stmtns tbmt k`sgurn prlstlin, bnmrt-gnitrnh bnmrt-gnitrnh mwmrninss, mwmrninss, bn mhvkgmtnh prmgtlslif mggkrhlif

tk kin“s lihlvlhumc gmpmglty, ‒wbntbnr `y mvklhlif Tmolgtlvn stmtnsZ, trmisokrjlif tbnj, tmdlif tbnj ms tbn pmtb, kr snnlif litk tbnlr vnry nssnign.“ Bls gkrn tnmgblifs

gnitrnh ki tbn cujlikus gkitliuuj ko gkjpmsslki mih prlstlin mwmrninss

wltbli mcc nxpnrlnign.

Xljncnss prnsnign

tbn prnsnit, mih m trmisgnihnit ‒okurtb stmtn“ ko gkisglkusinss gbmrmgtnrlznh gbmrmgtnrlznh ms

cujlinsgnit mwmrninss, `nykih gkivnitlkimc cljlts ko tljn mih spmgn. Mctbkufb tbn pktnitlmclty ko gcnmr clfbt gkisglkusinss ls jkst ouccy hnvnckpnh li tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki tnmgblifs ko Hzkfgbni, nmrcy @uhhblst cujlimrlns sugb ms tbn Lihlmi sgbkcmr GmihrmdĤrtl (>65‗?>5) wrktn li bls gkjjnitmry tk tbn Fubymsmjčam Xmitrm tbmt, ‒Cujlikslty ls uctljmtn trutb“ mih tbn nssnign ko splrltumc prmgtlgn. Ms tbn ljjminit, mcc-pnrvmslvn `rlfbtinss ko purn gkisglkusinss ls ‒`nykih tbn tbrnn tljns“ ko pmst, prnsnit mih outurn, lt ls ourtbnr gbmrmgtnrlznh ms sncnss, tljncnss, nookrtcnss mih rmhlmit. Ms GmihrmdĤrtl wrktn ko tbls ljpnrlsbm`cn `rlfbtinss, ‒Xbnrn ls ik vlnw mih iktblif tk jnhltmtn ki. Xbnrn ls ik spnglnh gkihugt mih ik rnsuct. Xbn jlih ls tbn jnhltmtlki4 ornn ko gkignpts mih imturmccy mt nmsn. Xbnrn ls iktblif tbmt rngkfilzns Ttbls liimtn gcnmr clfbt gkisglkusinssZ mih iktblif tbmt hkns ikt.“ Wnvnrmc gniturlns cmtnr, jmbčslhhbm Xlckpč, wbk systnjmtlznh t bn Wlx \kfms ms nssnitlmc nxtrmgts ko tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms, ourtbnr ourtbnr hlstlccnh hlstlccnh tbnj litk ‒slx wkrhs ko mhvlgn“ okr m`lhlif li tbn iki-humc gkitliuuj ko Gcnmr Clfbt. Ms bn listrugtnh Ičrkpč1 ‒Cnt fk ko wbmt bms pmssnh4 Cnt fk ko wbmt jmy gkjn4 Cnt fk ko wbmt l s bmppnilif ikw4 Hk ikt try tk furn miytblif kut4 Hk ikt try tk gkitrkc miytblif4 Pncmx, rlfbt ikw, mih rnst“, li tbn rmhlmit, cujlinsgnit gkmcnsgnign ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign.

Vblcn tbn su`tcnst cnvncs ko bujmi gkisglkusinss rnjmli uisusgnptl`cn tk pbyslgmc jnmsurnjnit, jnmsurnjnit, inurksglnitlsts inurksglnitlsts bmvn msskglmtnh bypikfkflm, bypikfkflm, tbn trmi sltlkimc stmtn litk hnnp scnnp, wltb tbn ktbnrwlsn rmrn gkivnrfnign ko mcpbm `rmli wmvns ‗ tbn hkjlimit wmvn pmttnri msskglmtnh wltb rncmxnh wmdnoucinss ‗ mih tbntm `rmli wmvns, wblgb mrlsn wbni hrnmjlif. Xbn bypikfkflg stmtn

mppnmrmigns ms tbn pmtb“.

mcsk rnvnmcs rnhugnh mgtlvlty li tbn prnorkitmc gkrtnx, mi mrnm ko tbn `rmli livkcvnh li hnglslki-jmdlif mih nvmcumtlvn tbkufbt. Mttuilif tk tbn ikigkignptumc cujlikslty ko tbn bnmrt gnitrn hurlif tbn trmisltlki litk hnnp scnnp tbus kpnis pnrgnptumc gbmiincs `ntwnni tbn gkisglkus mih su`gkisglkus jlih, mih litljmtns tbn uctljmtn gcnmr clfbt mwmrninss tbmt tbn Xl`ntmi ykfl mih pknt Wbm`dmr Xskdhrud Pmifhrkc (=62=‗=2>=) gbmrmgtnrlznh ms mi litmifl`cn mih linoom`cn njptlinss. Lo yku gbmsn motnr tbn jlih, Wbm`dmr mrfunh, ‒lt vmilsbns mih hlsskcvns … ynt lt nxpnrlnigns uitkch suoonrlif mih aky“. Xbn uctljmtn jlih imturn, bkwnvnr, clns `nykih mcc sugb ugtumtlkis. Mggnsslif mih m`lhlif mt tbmt su`tcnst cnvnc ko gkisglkusinss ls tbn prliglpmc kàngtlvn ko tbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt. Ms tbn =>tb-gnitury @butminsn trnmsurn-rnvnmcnr Xnrtÿi Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm listrugtnh, ‒Jnhltmtn ki gcmrlty mih njptlinss ornn ko frmsplif sk tbmt scnnp imturmccy mrlsns ms uiljpnhnh Gcnmr Clfbt. Jnhltmtn li tbls wmy rnpnmt nhcy mih tbn jkvnjnits ko kutnr mih liinr tbkufbts wlcc hlsskcvn litk mcc-pnrvmslvn cujlikslty.“ Xmitrlg @uhhblsj hnsgrl`ns okur ouihmjnitmc gkihltlkis ko gkisglkus inss1 rnngtlif ki tbn pmst, spngucmtlif m`kut tbn outurn, prnkggupmtlki wltb

=25

Ikntlg clfbt

Livnrtnh ljmfns ko sdy mih jkuitmlis rnngtnh li Fkdyk Cmdn

li Inpmc lccustrmtn tbn lccuskry imturn ko pnrgnlvnh rnmclty. Xbn @uhhblst Xmitrms rnonr tk mppnmrmigns ms

bm`lts ko pnrgnptlki tbmt `nmr kicy m tmifnitlmc rncmtlkisblp wltb rnmclty ltsnco. Xbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt guctlvmtns nxpnrlnitlmc mwmrninss ko tbn su`tcnst cnvncs ko gkisglkusinss mih ls kotni hnsgrl`nh ms ‒tmdlif

Xljncnss prnsnign

=2=

M`kvn Mi M`kvn Mi Lihlmi jmstnr , lhnitlnh `y tbn lisgrlptlki ms _marmbčsym, _marmbčsym, ‒Wjlclif _marm“, slts ki m cktus mih jkki hlsg ki m wmcc jurmc li tbn

Kppksltn @uhhbm Imturn, tbn liimtn pnrongtlki pnrongtlki ko bujmi bujmi gkisglkusinss, gkisglkusinss,

Ulymif gmvns li wnstnri Xl`nt. M gkitnjpkrmry ko Umhjmsmj`bmvm,

jnhltmtlki gbmj`nr ko Xl`nt“s Wlxtb

_marmbčsym gkjpksnh m gkjjnitmry tk tbn Fubymsmjčam Xmitrm, tbn ‒Mssnj`cy ko Wngrnts“, wblgb livkdns tbn trmisokrjmtlvn pkwnr ko cmufbtnr li rnmclzlif tbn cujlikus jlih ko Gcnmr Clfbt.

=20

ls lccustrmtnh li tbls hntmlc ko m cmtn =6tb-gnitury jurmc li tbn prlvmtn Hmcml Cmjm. M strnmj ko vn-gkckurnh rmli`kw clfbt clids tbn gnitrmc furn

Vlshkj Wutrč“, ‒Xbn imturn ko jlih ls cujlikus gcnmr clfbt, ynt lt ls bm`ltumccy k`sgurnh `y mhvnitltlkus hncnjnits.“

Bmvlif nstm`clsbnh tbmt mcc pnrgnlvnh pbnikjnim mrlsn wltbli gkisglkusinss, rngkfilzn tbmt njptlinss ltsnco mppnmrs ms rmhlmit hlspcmys ko clfbt … @nykih mcc tbkufbt mih nxprnsslki,

wltb m rmhlmit @uhhbm, slfiloylif

ligkignlvm`cn mih linoom`cn, imdnh prljkrhlmc mwmrninss ls gcnmr

tbn prkgnss ko snco-lccujlimtlki snco-lccujlimtlki gnitrmc tk Mtl \kfm, tbn rnsuctmit Frnmt

mih `rlfbt … uigkitrlvnh, spkitminkuscy jmilonstlif mih rmhlmit.

Unrongtlki stmfn ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj. Ms stmtnh li tbn ‒Unrongtlki ko

Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign (\utbkdIyliftbld ), =0tb gnitury

=27

M Xmitrlg jmstnr prnssns ki m hlsglpcn“s gmrktlh mrtnrlns tk mrtnrlns tk

M Xl`ntmi ykflil, suppkrtnh suppkrtnh

`y m jnhltmtlki `nct ( fkjtrmf ), fkjtrmf ),

lihugn mi lccujlimtnh stmtn ko mwmrninss lhnitlnh ms tbn ‒gcnmr clfbt“ ko njptlinss mih `clss. Xbn ljmfn mppnmrs ki m jurmc li tbn

hnjkistrmtns tbn prmgtlgn ko tbn ‒vmarm wmvn“. Mggkrhlif tk tbn

krmc tnmgblifs ko tbn =0tb-gnitury Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign, tbn tngbilqun gmi `n usnh tk gcmrloy tbn iki-gkignptumc imturn ko prljkrhlmc mwmrninss tbrkufb hlrngt litrkhugtlki tk tbn Gcnmr Clfbt wblgb mcsk mrlsns spkitminkuscy li

prlvmtn jnhltmtlki jnhltmtlki gbmj`nr gbmj`nr ko Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s

Wlxtb Hmcml Cmjm mih lccustrmtns m =>tb-gnitury tnxt `y Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm nitltcnh ‒Unmrc Fmrcmih ko Litrkhugtlkis Ttk tbn Imturn ko JlihZ“. Ms stmtnh li tbn mggkjpmiylif lisgrlptlki1 ‒Li m hmrd rkkj, tbn jmstnr sbkuch suhhnicy prnss tbn pucsmtlif gbmiincs li tbn hlsglpcn“s ingd, lihuglif vlslkis … Vbni

tbn prkgnss ko hylif. @y rnjmlilif

cuglhcy prnsnit wltbli tbn mgutn strnss rnspkisn `rkufbt m`kut `y

rnhuglif kxyfni kw tk tbn `rmli, mwmrninss litnislns ko tbn jlih“s liinrjkst imturn ko snco-trmisgnihnit cujlinsgnign.

gkisglkusinss ls rnstkrnh, tbn imturn

ko tbn vlslkis ls gcmrlnh.“

Xbn wmvn ko clfbt Mctbkufb tbn litrlislg gcnmr clfbt ko gkisglkusinss jmilonsts spkitminkuscy uihnr spnglg gkihltlkis, Xmitrlg @uhhblsj mcsk ligcuhns tngbilquns okr okrgl`cy lihuglif lt. Kin ko tbn jkst nxpnhlnit jnmis ls rnonrrnh tk li Xl`ntmi ms tbn ‒vmarm wmvn“ ( hkran `mcmp ), li wblgb prnssurn ls nxnrtnh ki tbn gmrktlh mrtnrlns mt tbn ingd tk mrkusn m hlrngt nxpnrlnign ko Gcnmr Clfbt. Xbn jntbkh ls prnsnitnh li Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s Dmfyu clinmfn ms m su`stltutn okr hmrd rntrnmts rntrnmts tk nibmign nibmign rngkfiltlki ko tbn jlih“s liimtn cujlikslty. Xk stljucmtn sugb mwmrninss, tbn prngnptkr prnssns prnglsn prnglsn pklits ki tbn slhns ko tbn stuhnit“s stuhnit“s ingd mih rngltns rngltns tbn wkrhs tbmt Xlckpč rnputnhcy smlh wbni bn scmppnh Ičrkpč ki bls bnmh wltb bls smihmc tk mrkusn iki-gkignptumc mwmrninss1 ‒Xbls ls snc o-mrlslif prljkrhlmc wlshkj, `nykih wkrhs mih ljmflimtlki. L bmvn iktblif jkrn tk sbkw yku.

Ikw yku sbkuch sbkuch dikw ykursnco orkj tbls hlrngt litrkhugtlki tk tbn Gcnmr Clfbt ko Mwmrninss.“ @y cuglhcy nxpmihlif `nykih tbn rnmgtlvn pmttnrilif ko tbn fbt kr lfbt rnspkisn prkhugnh li tbn `rmlistnj tbrkufb tbn rnhlrngtlki ko `ckkh tk tbn `mslcmr mrtnry, tbn ykfli“s ykfli“s `khyjlih kws wltb iki-gkignptumc wmdnoucinss. Mi mimckfkus tngbilqun ko ikntlg inmr-mspbyxlmtlki ls prmgtlsnh =28

Ikntlg clfbt

wltbli iki-humc Dmsbjlrl őmlvlsj li gkiauigtlki wltb m ‒kmtlif vmsn `rnmtb“ hurlif wblgb tbn tnmgbnr kr mi msslstmit prnssns ki tbn slhns ko tbn hlsglpcn“s ingd tk ‒surprlsn“ kr ‒mstkilsb“ tbn jlih. Xbn wmvn-cldn pucsmtlkis tbmt sprnmh tbrkufbkut tbn `khy mrn lhnitlnh ms jmilonstmtlkis ko spmihm ko spmihm,, tbn prljmc vl`rmtlki tbrkufb wblgb gkisglkusinss rngkfilzns lts hlvlin imturn ms nooucfnit clfbt. ( pcmvlil duj`bmdm),

sdli grkssns bls mrjs li orkit ko bls gbnst tk prnss su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs mt tbn slhns ko bls ingd. Xbn tngbilqun

(Xrucdbkr) hnvlsnh `y Ubmfjk Hrupm (===5‗65) tk mrkusn tbn jlih ko tbn Xmitrlg hnlty ‒Akykus _marm“ (Bnvmarm). Xbn pklits mt tbn ingd mcsk litnrsngt wltb tbn vmfus inrvn, tbus stljucmtlif tbn pmrmsyjpmtbntlg inrvkus systnj. @nlalif Umcmgn

ls sbkwi bnrn ms tbn slxtb li m snrlns

Jusnuj.

Mi =2tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi jmiusgrlpt lccustrmtns m sncomhjlilstnrnh okrj ko tbn ‒vmarm wmvn“ li wblgb m ykfli snmtnh ki m tlfnr

ko tblrty-twk ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“ Xbn wmvn ko clfbt

=2>

Gkjjki tk tbnsn hlvnrsn trmhltlkis mrn tbn spkitminkus jmilonstmtlkis

ko Gcnmr Clfbt tbmt rnvnmc nvnry jkjnit ko pnrgnptlki ms m grnmtlvn mgt, mih tbmt mcc ls mctnrnh wbni snni orkj tbn bnmrt ‗ aust ms pbktkis, tbn ninrfy uilts ko clfbt, mrn sljuctminkuscy wmvns mih pmrtlgcns kr, li @uhhblst tnrjs, njptl inss mih okrj, gbmiflif li rnspkisn t k bkw tbny mrn vlnwnh. Mctbkufb clfbt l s tbn ouihmjnitmc imturn ko mcc rnmclty, lts su`tcn hljnislkis gmi `n nxpnrlnignh jkst vlvlhcy hurlif stmtns ko cuglh, hrnmjcnss scnnp. _mrlkus jntbkhs mrn usnh okr mwmdnilif tk tbn gcnmr clfbt ko s cnnp, ùt mcc okgus ki tbn bnmrt-gnitrn ms tbn ckgus ko mwmrninss. Xbn Xl`ntmi mhnpt mih pbyslglmi Fymcwm \mifÿipm (=0=7‗26) lhnitlnh tbn bnmrt ms tbn ‒nssnitlmc `lrtbpcmgn ko rnmclzmtlki“ mih hnsgrl`nh tbn \kfm ko Gcnmr Clfbt ms hrmwlif tbn wlihs ko gkisglkusinss litk iu, tm, tm, rm ki rm ki nmgb tbn cktus ko tbn bnmrt mih vlsumclzlif tbn snnh-syccm`cns Ḯ, iu, ko lts okur pntmcs, wltb nltbnr kṇ kr bŤṇ mt bŤṇ mt tbn gnitrn, sk ms tk clfbt up tbn litnrlkr ko tbn `khy mih ‒gmpturn tbn Gcnmr Clfbt hurlif hnnpnst scnnp“. Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s Okurtb Umigbni Cmjm Ck`smif Gbÿdyl Fymctsni (=>65‗=??0) hnsgrl`nh tbn prkgnss nvkgmtlvncy li ‒Xbn Fkchni Dny1 M Urkokuih Fulhn tk tbn Wlx \kfms \kfms ko Ičrkpč“, wblgb livkdns tbn okcckwlif listrugtlkis `y jmbčslhhbm Ičrkpč tk tbn Xl`ntmi trmiscmtkr (cktsmwm) Jmrpm Gbÿdyl Ckhrÿ1 ‒Li tbn spmgn `ntwnni scnnp mih hrnmjs clns tbn nssnign ko rnmclty, m vmst uidikwlif. Hrmw tbls litk ykur nxpnrlnign ms uiljmflim`cn mih linxprnssl`cn njptlinss. Vbmtnvnr mrlsns tbnrnmotnr ls `clss. Xbls ls tbn uigkitrlvnh prljkrhlmc imturn ko `nlif4 tbn nssnitlmc listrugtlki rnfmrhlif Gcnmr Clfbt. Bmvn yku omtbkjnh tbls ui`kri jlih, K Cktsmwm;“

Xbn lccujlimtnh bnmrt

Xbn gucjlimtlif jmilonstmtlki ko gcnmr clfbt mwmrninss ls cldninh

li tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms tk tbn oucc jkki lccujlimtlif m gckuhcnss sdy. Ms stmtnh li tbn ‒Xmitrm ko îljpnhnh Wkuih“, vlslkimry nxpnrlnigns mrlslif

kut ko tbn frkuih cujlikslty ko gkisglkusinss gkitliun tk nxpmih

mih hnvnckp ‒cldn tbn jkki li mutuji“, ms snni li tbls jkkirlsn

Li Hzkfgbni, tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki, tbn kitkckfy ko cl fbt rnonrs tk tbn pkstucmtnh pbktkilg su`strmtuj orkj wblgb mcc mppnmrmigns mrlsn, gbmrmgtnrlznh ms mi lisnpmrm`cn uilty ko prljkrhlmc purlty (dmhmd ) mih imturmc pnrongtnhinss (cbuihrup), tbn Hzkfgbni ltnrmtlkis ko njptlinss mih cujlinsgnign. Xbn Hzkfgbni Xmitrm nitltcnh ‒Ingdcmgn ko Unmrcs“ hnsgrl`ns tbls skurgn ko `nlif ms ‒`nykih miy ckgmclty, hlrngtlkimclty, hlrngtlkimclty, mih pmrtlmclty. Lt ls inltbnr `nlif ikr iktblifinss, mih … ls `nykih mcc wkrhs mih jnmsurnjnit.“ Xbls jmilonstmtlki jmilonstmtlki ko rnmclty ms ‒frkuih cujlikslty“ ls tbn `msls ko tbn Hzkfgbni prmgtlgn ko Cbóihrup Xÿfmc, ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk imturmc pnrongtlki“, li wblgb juctl-gkckurnh hlspcmys ko clfbt slfiloy stmfns ko tbn pmtb cnmhlif tk tbn `khy“s uctljmtn hlsskcutlki litk clfbt mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb, cnmvlif `nblih kicy imlcs mih bmlr. Xbn pbktkilg pbnikjnim tbmt mrlsn li tbn prmgtlgn ko Hzkfgbni Hzkfgbni rngmcc tbn tbn iljlttm, kr vlsumc slfis ko jnhltmtlvn prkfrnss hnsgrl`nh li tbn >tb gnitury `y tbn Xbnrmvmhm @uhhblst jkid @uhhbmfbksm li tbn _lsuhhbljmffm, kr ‒Umtb ko Uurlgmtlki“, wblgb ligcuhn stmrs, gcustnrs ko fnjs, gbmrlkt wbnncs mih jkki hlsds. Wljlcmr ‒njpty okrjs“ mppnmrlif li hmrdinss ms wncc ms li tbn sdy mrn hnsgrl`nh li tbn =5tb-gnitury ‒Xrnmtlsn ki Wtmlicnss Clfbt“, m gkjjnitmry ki tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm, tbn ‒Vbnnc ko Xljn“, wblgb jmy mcsk bmvn liunignh tbn cmtnr hnvnckp-

kvnr tbn Miimpurim rmifn li Inpmc.

jnit ko Hzkfgbni li Xl`nt.

=2?

Ikntlg clfbt

Mil Plfsmif, Plfsmif, m blfbcy mggkjpclsbnh Xl`ntmi ykflil, jnhltmtns `ninmtb

prmynr mfs mt tbn nhfn ko Hrmdsuj Cbmtsk cmdn li Xl`nt“s Dkifpk rnflki. Jlihoucinss li Hzkfgbni ls kotni gbmrmgtnrlznh ms njptlinss

nxpnrlniglif `clss. Xbn lccujlimtnh bnmrt

=26

Cujlikus rmpturn

@y pnrgnlvlif rnmclty aust ms lt ls, tbn gkignptumc jlih imturmccy gkjns tk rnst … Ornn ko gkioclgtlif pnrspngtlvns, nvnrytblif mrlsns li lts litrlislg cujlinsgnign … Gkihltlkinh mffrnfmtns hlsskcvn, mih tbn `khy ltsnco imturmccy jmilonsts niclfbtnijnit. Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm, Hzkfgbni Duismif Fkifhu, =>tb gnitury

Kppksltn m`kvn M Hzkfgbni jmiusgrlpt lccustrmtns jntbkhs

okr lccujlimtlif gkisglkusinss `y lihuglif nxpnrlnigns ko cujlikslty mih iki-humc prnsnign. Xbn furn tk tbn cnot guctlvmtns gcnmr clfbt

Kin ko tbn nmrclnst sgrlpturns ko Jmbčyčim @uhhblsj, tbn ‒Xbn Unrongtlki ko Vlshkj li Nlfbt Xbkusmih Clins“ ( MṧṪmsbmsrld MṧṪmsbmsrld Urmaýprmjlt WŤtrm), WŤtrm ), prkvlslkimccy hmtnh hmtnh tk tbn =st =st gnitury @G, prkvkgmtlvncy stmtns stmtns tbmt, ‒Jlih ‒Jlih ls ikt jlih. Xbn imturn ko jlih ls gcnmr clfbt.“ Mctbkufb tbn stmtnjnit suppkrts cmtnr Xl`ntmi mggkuits ko m cujlikus su`strmtuj uihnrcylif gkisglkusinss, lt rnonrs jkrn prnglsncy tk tbn ‒gcnmr clfbt m wmrninss“ bnch tk `n tbn su`tcnst cnvnc ko tbn jlih tbmt, ornn ko gkignptumc gkfiltlki, gkitliuns nvni `nykih hnmtb ms tbn `msls okr niclfbtnijnit. Xbn Hzkfgbni mhnpt Umtruc Plipkgbn (=252‗26) hnsgrl`nh tbls su`tcn frkuih ko `nlif ms ‒tbn imturn ko tbn jlih ko mcc `nlifs, purn orkj tbn `nfliilif mih liimtncy cujlikus“, mctbkufb ‒krhlimry `nlifs pnrgnlvn lt kicy ms m msb wbni wbni hylif.“ Umtruc Plipkgbn ourtbnr ourtbnr gcmrlnh tbls tbls imturmc cujlikslty ms tbn nvnr-prnsnit ‒pktnitlmclty ko @uhhbmbkkh“ tbmt gmi `n rnmclznh tbrkufb tbn prkokuih prkokuih jnhltmtlvn prmgtlgns ko tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki.

mwmrninss `y fmzlif mt rmys ko

tbn sui. Ktbnr furns ki tbn okclk `rlfbtni tbn jlih `y mctnrimtncy litnrlkrlzlif mih nxpmihlif sniskrlmc mwmrninss. Pkymc Hmilsb Cl`rmry, Gkpnibmfni. Kppksltn `nckw Inurmc pmtbwmys li tbn `rmli gmi `n jmppnh `y

jmfintlg rnskimign ljmflif (JPL), ms snni li tbls ljmfn rnvnmclif jlgrksgkplg jyncli-gkmtnh inrvn `rns gmrrylif liokrjmtlki `ntwnni inrvn gnccs li tbn gnrn`nccuj mih tbn `rmli stnj. Inurk`lkckflgmc gbmifns li tbn `rmli msskglmtnh wltb jnhltmtlki jmilonst li `rmli sgmis

ms ligrnmsnh ouigtlkimc gkiingtlvlty mih gkrrncmtn wltb nibmignh gkfiltlki, njktlkimc wncc`nlif mih suàngtlvn nxpnrlnigns ko litnrimc `rlfbtinss. Wglnign Ubktk Cl`rmry, Ckihki. Plfbt Xbn Xbn @butminsn mhnpt Mjgbl Wbnrm` Xnizli jnhltmtns

`y tbn \mifsmif \mifsmif Plvnr li Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s blhhnicmih ko Unjmdÿ. Wuppkrtnh `y m jnhltmtlki `nct, bn kpnis su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs li tbn ingd tbmt litnromgn wltb tbn nyns mih bnmrt mih nibmign nxpnrlnign ko rmhlmit

cujlinsgnign. =22

Ikntlg clfbt

Cujlikus rmpturn

=2<

Hrnmjtljn Xbn ykfm ko cuglh scnnp Cldn m hrkp ko hnw, m ù``cn li m strnmj, m ocmsb ko clfbtilif li m sujjnr gckuh, m oclgdnrlif cmjp, mi lccuslki, m pbmitkj, kr m hrnmj. Wk ls mcc gkihltlkinh nxlstnign tk `n snni. Xbn @uhhbm, _marmggbnhldč Urmaýčpčrmjltč WŤtrm, 0ih gnitury

_lslkimry scnnp

\kfm,, Kppksltn Xl`ntmi Hrnmj \kfm ms nxprnssnh li tbls gkitnjpkrmry

pmlitlif `y Pkco Dcunitnr, lsls kotni liltlmtnh `y vlsumclzlif m strnmj ko vl`rmtlif snnh-syccm`cns Ḯ ‗ syj`kclzlif tbn mwmdninh mwmdninh stmtn ko gkisglkusinss ‗ trmisltlif tbrkufb tbn

`khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc `ntwnni tbn bnmrt mih tbn fcm`nccm rnflki `ntwnni tbn nyn`rkws wblcn li m bypikfkflg stmtn `ntwnni wmdlif mih scnnp. Plfbt Xbn Plfbt Xbn rngkjjnihnh `khy pksturn okr Xl`ntmi ykfms ko scnnp

mih hrnmj ls lccustrmtnh li m hntmlc orkj m @butminsn jnhltmtlki trnmtlsn. Cylif ki bls rlfbt slhn, tbn prmgtltlkinr

vlsumclzns m fckwlif jkki hlsg mt tbn bnmrt wbnrn, ms stmtnh li tbn mggkjpmiylif Xl`ntmi lisgrlptlki, bn jnrfns bls gkisglkusinss wltb tbn

jlih ko bls splrltumc tnmgbnr (cmjm).

Vmdlif nxpnrlnign kotni bms m hrnmjcldn qumclty `ngmusn ko tbn hlspmrlty `ntwnni tbn wmy tblifs mppnmr mih tbnlr mgtumc rnmclty. rnmclty. Xl`ntmi Xl`ntmi Hrnmj \kfm \kfm (jlcmj imcakr ) gmpltmclzns ki tbls hlsgrnpmigy mih guctlvmtns mi lccujlimtnh stmtn ko gkisglkusinss `ktb hurlif rmplh nyn jkvnjnit (PNJ) scnnp mih wmdlif nxpnrlnign. Hrnmj scnnp okcckws suggnsslvn ilfbtcy pbmsns ko sckw-wmvn hnctm scnnp wbni tbn `rmli ls cnss mgtlvn mih ikrjmccy uimwmrn. Vblcn hnnp, hrnmj cnss scnnp ls pbyslgmccy mih jnitmccy rnstkrmtlvn, PNJ scnnp, wbni tbn jlih ls hrnmjlif, pcmys m vltmc rkcn li cnmrilif mih jnjkry gkiskclhmtlki. Hrnmj \kfm mhvmigns tbnsn noongts `y gkisglkuscy mctnrlif kin“s hrnmjs, ms wncc ms kin“s jnitmc prkangtlkis hurlif tbn wmdlif stmtn, `y mclfilif kinsnco wltb tbn mcc-pnrvmslvn ‒frkuih cujlikslty“ wltbli wblgb mcc nxpnrlnign kggurs. Xbn =?tbgnitury Wpmilsb jystlg mih Gmrjncltn iui Wmlit Xnrnsm ko Ívlcm hnsgrl`nh tbls stmtn ko gkisglkusinss ms ‒liousnh `rlfbtinss … m cl fbt wblgb dikws ik ilfbt.“ Li tbn Xl`ntmi @uhhblst trmhltlki, tbls gcnmr clfbt ko gkisglkusinss ls tbn `msls okr fmlilif jmstnry ko tbn mppmrltlkimc imturn ko jlih `ktb wblcn hrnmjlif mih wblcn mwmdn. Xk listlcc hntmgbjnit, Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj kotni cldnis mppmrnit pbnikjnim tk hrnmjs. Ms Gbÿylif Xbk`hni Hkraì, m =
Xrmisokrjlif nxpnrlnign Mwmdnilif Mwmdnilif hurlif tbn hrnmj stmtn tk tbn omgt tbmt kin ls hrnmjlif ls tbn nitry pklit okr `ktb cuglh hrnmjlif mih Xl`ntmi Hrnmj \kfm. \kfm. Cuglh hrnmjlif hrnmjlif ljpclns `ngkjlif ouccy gkisglkus hurlif rmplh nyn jkvnjnit jkvnjnit (PNJ) scnnp li krhnr tk rnstrugturn su`gkisglkus sgrlpts ko tbn scnnplif jlih, wbntbnr okr prk`cnj skcvlif kr sbnnr nitnrtmlijnit. Hrnmj \kfm \kfm okgusns ki rngkfilzlif tbmt wbmt mrlsns li hrnmjs ls lccuskry mih tbnrnokrn mctnrm`cn. Lccuslki hkns ikt jnmi tbmt wbmt ls nxpnrlnignh ls uirnmc, ùt kicy tbmt lt ls ikt wbmt lt mppnmrs tk `n. Li Hrnmj \kfm, tbn cujlikus frkuih orkj wblgb hrnmjs mppnmr ls tbn gcnmr cl fbt gkisglkusinss tbmt rngkfilzns hrnmjs ms npbnjnrmc hlspcmys wltbkut litrlislg rnmclty. rnmclty. Ms wltb cuglh hrnmjlif, Hrnmj \kfm `nflis `y wmdlif up wltbli tbn hrnmj stmtn `y mttnihlif tk spnglg slfis tbmt hlstlifulsb hrnmjs orkj krhlimry rnmclty, rnmclty, sugb ms tbn prnsnign ko m hngnmsnh rncmtlvn kr pbnikjnim tbmt hnoy tbn cmws ko pbyslgs, sugb ms ylif kr wmcdlif tbrkufb wmccs. Vbni tbn hrnmj stmtn ls rngkfilznh okr wbmt lt ls, lt `ngkjns m infktlm`cn lo pmrmhkxlgmccy lisu`stmitlmc rnmclty. rnmclty. Lo mixlnty kr pmilg njnrfns li m cuglh ilfbtjmrn, lt koonrs m pkwnrouc kppkrtuilty tk gkiorkit tbn snnjlif skurgn ko onmr mih mctnr tbn hrnmj“s kut gkjn, wblcn sljuctminkuscy rnmclzlif tbmt onmr kotni mrlsns li omcsncy mssujlif lccuskry nvnits mih uigkisglkus prkangtlkis tk `n rnmc. @y `rliflif mi liqulrlif mih jnhltmtlvn jlih litk tbn hrnmj stmtn, Hrnmj \kfm koonrs tbn kppkrtuilty tk gut tbrkufb su`gkisglkus jnitmc pmttnrilif mih tk hlsgkvnr mt tbn bnmrt ko nxpnrlnign mi uinxpngtnh hljnislki ko kpniinss mih pkssl`lclty tbmt ls kotni k`sgurnh li nvnryhmy wmdlif clon. Li Hzkfgbni, tbn gucjlimtlki ko tbn gkjpcntlki pbmsn prmgtlgn s ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, tbn pbnikjnimc wkrch ls pnrgnlvnh ms lisnpmrm`cn orkj prljkrhlmc Hrnmj Imrrmtlvns , ms sbkwi li tbls hntmlc orkj m Xl`ntmi pmlitlif, kotni livkcvn uiokrtuimtn, ynt invnr omtmc nvnits, sugb ms `nlif swmcckwnh `y m flmit sb kr hrkwilif li m swmjp. Li Hrnmj \kfm, m prmgtltlkinr clns ki tbnlr rlfbt slhn sk tbmt tbn bnmrt rnjmlis uirnstrlgtnh mih, mih ms m

ckgus ko gkisglkusinss, cujlikuscy mwmrn nvni hurlif hrnmjcnss scnnp, mih tbus m`cn tk mctnr tbn kutgkjn ko `ktb hrnmjs mih rnmclty.

M jkid ylif tbrkufb `mids ko gckuhs, ms lccustrmtnh li tbls

hntmlc orkj m Xl`ntmi wmcc pmlitlif, nvkdns tbn jkst mhvmignh stmfn ko Hrnmj \kfm li wblgb m prmgtltlkinr jmy mttmli mi ‒lccuskry hrnmj `k hy“ wblgb, uirnstrlgtnh `y tbn cmws ko pbyslgs, mcckws tbnj tk uihnrtmdn gkjpmsslkimtn mgtlvltlns hurlif

scnnp, ligcuhlif rnjktn vlnwlif, hlvlimtlki mih bnmclif. @nckw Vmcdlif @nckw Vmcdlif tbrkufb wmccs gmi

`n m prktm`cn uihnrtmdlif hurlif cuglh hrnmjs. Ms sbkwi li tbls hntmlc ko m Xl`ntmi jurmc, hrnmjlif mcckws okr mgtlkis tbmt mrn ikrjmccy ljpkssl`cn wblcn mwmdn, tbus guctlvmtlif ligrnmsnh jnitmc nxl`lclty. nxl`lclty.

gkisglkusinss, tbn imturn ko wblgb ls hnsgrl`nh ms rmhlmit, mcc-pnrvmslvn cujl ikslty. Ms stmtnh li tbn Fubymfmr`bm Xmitrm, tbn ‒Vkj` ko Wngrnts“1 ‒Vbni mcc mgtlkis mrn rnmclznh tk `n cldn hrnmjs wltbkut su`stmitlmc nxlstnign, kin“s pnrgnptlki `ngkjns hlvlin mih omuctcnss“, `nykih gkignptumc mttmgbjnit tk mi nxtnrimccy nxlstnit rnmclty. rnmclty. Aust ms pbktkis ko clfbt gmi `n pnrgnlvnh ms nltbnr npbnjnrmc ncnjnitmry pmrtlgcns kr wmvn slfimturns li spmgn, ‒rnmclty“ gmi `n mctnrimtncy vlnwnh ms nltbnr trutb kr lccuslki, kr tbnlr litrlislg lisnpmrm`lclty. Xbn mhvmignh prmgtltlkinr ko Hrnmj \kfm mgtumclzns tbls pnrspngtlvn hurlif ikgturimc hrnmjs sk ms tk jmilonst niclfbtninh iki-humc vlslki li hmytljn wmdlif rnmclty. Xbn @uhhbm ls bnch tk bmvn stmtnh li tbn Urmaýprmjlt) tbmt, ‒Mcc WŤtrm ki Unrongtlki ko Vlshkj ( Urmaýprmjlt pbnikjnim mrn cldn hrnmjs hrnmjs mih jmflgmc lccuslkis. lccuslkis. IlrvčṆm ls mcsk cldn m hrnmj kr jmflgmc lccuslki. Lo miytblif nxlsts `nykih IlrvčṆm, lt tkk tkk ls cldn m hrnmj kr m jmflgmc lccu slki.“ Orkj tbn pnrspngtlvn ko cl`nrmtlki ms trmisgnihnign ko lccuslki, Hrnmj \kfm koonrs m hlrngt pmtb tk niclfbtninh vlslki mih tbn rn-niflinnrlif ko nxpnrlnign `ktb wblcn hrnmjlif mih li tbn wmdlif stmtn. Xrmhltlkimc Hrnmj \kfm jnhltmtlkis okr trmisjutlif onmr ligcuhn livkdlif m hrnmj tlfnr tbmt kin gmi nltbnr rlhn kr `norlnih, cnmplif koo gcloos wltb ljpuilty, kr nitnrlif bmrjcnsscy litk rmf lif rns. Wugb lccuskry mgts pnrokrjnh li tbn hrnmjtljn gmi gmrry kvnr litk grnmtlvn mih gkurmfnkus mgtlki wbni gkiorkitlif tbrnmtnilif glrgujstmigns mih uigkisglkus

prkangtlkis li tbn wmdlif stmtn. =<0

Hrnmjtljn

Xrmisokrjlif nxpnrlnign

=<7

Jmstnrlif hmrdinss

Kppksltn M Hrnmj \kfm vlsumclzmtlki tngbilqun, tngbilqun, hnplgtnh

li m pmlitlif `y Pkco Dcunitnr, lccustrmtns m kw ko vl`rmtlif `cun mih wbltn snnh-syccm`cns rlslif orkj tbn bnmrt tk tbn okrnbnmh tbrkufb

tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc hurlif su`tcn libmcmtlkis mih hnsgnihlif `mgd litk tbn bnmrt hurlif hurlif nxbmcmtlkis. Xbn cujlikus glrgcns mt tbn ckwnr cnot slfiloy tbn msskglmtnh trmisokrjmtlki

ko tbn vn ncnjnitmc qumcltlns ko tbn `khyjlih. @nckw M clki-bnmhnh hčdliĤ ,

hnplgtnh ki m jurmc li Fmiftnif Jkimstnry li @butmi, slfilns tbn uisnttclif ljmfnry tbmt gmi mrlsn `ktb li hrnmjs mih li hnnp jnhltmtlki. M rmvnikus hrnmj tlfnr @nckw rlfbt rlfbt M

gkisujns m frliilif gkrpsn. Gbmrinc frkuih ljmfnry ls u`lqultkus li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj mih bm`ltumtns tbn

Gcnmr Clfbt \kfm ls tbn hlrngt nxpnrlnign ko tbn hlsskcutlki ko jnitmc gkignpts hurlif jnhltmtlki kr sckw-wmvn hnctm scnnp mih tbn gkigurrnit mrlslif ko cujlinsgnit mwmrninss. Hrnmj \kfm ls mppclnh wbni vlslkimry pbnikjnim mppnmr hurlif gygcns ko rmplh nyn jkvnjnit scnnp, mih livkcvns gkisglkuscy rnniflinnrlif ormfjnitmry ‒plgturn puzzcn“ imrrmtlvns ko hrnmjs sk ms tk fmli jmstnry ko tbn jlih. Xk hk sk livkcvns imvlfmtlif tbn lihlvlsl`cn tnrrmli ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign, tbn ‒frkuih cujlikslty“ tbmt uihnrclns mcc nxpnrlnign. Hrnmj \kfm \kfm tbus rnonrs tk njptlinss mih cujlikslty jmilonstlif ms mwmrninss, mih gkisnqunitcy snnlif mih mgtlif wltb nvnr-frnmtnr gcmrlty mih prnglslki uitlc gkisglkusinss mwmdnis orkj libl`ltlif humclstlg gkistrugts sugb ms snco mih ktbnr, mttmgbjnit mih mvnrslki, `lrtb mih hnmtb. Hrnmj \kfm ls kotni prngnhnh `y spnglg `rnmtblif prmgtlgns, mckif wltb nstm`clsblif m gcnmr litnitlki tk stmy mwmrn hurlif tbn hrnmj stmtn. Li m Hrnmj \kfm jntbkh prnsnitnh li Hzkfgbni, tbn prmgtltlkinr vlsumclzns m fckwlif jkki mt bnr kr bls bnmrt, orkj wblgb m pbkinjlg strnmj ko snnh-syccm`cns Ḯ, rnprnsnitlif liiltn spmgn mih pktnitlmclty, pktnitlmclty, rlsns upwmrhs tbrkufb tbn tbrkmt tk m pklit `ntwnni tbn nyn `rkws, msskglmtnh li Bmtm \kfm \kfm wltb tbn aý gmdrm mih gmdrm mih trmisgnihnit lislfbt. Mggkrhlif tk Hzkfgbni tnmgblifs, tbn vlsumclzmtlki ko kwlif syccm`cns nim`cns kin tk jmlitmli mwmrninss ko tbn frkuihcnss cujlikslty ko `nlif `ktb wblcn hrnmjlif mih wblcn hnnpcy mscnnp. M jkrn gkiglsn jntbkh livkcvns jnhltmtlif ki m pucsmtlif rnh cktus mt tbn tbrkmt. Kign cuglhlty ls nstm`clsbnh wltbli m hrnmj, m hrnmjnr gmi `nfli tk rnsbmpn tbn hrnmj“s gkitnits mih gbkrnkfrmpb

hrnmjs. Fmiftnif Jkimstnry, @butmi.

lts kutgkjn. Vltb prmgtlgn, gkisglkuscy mctnrlif nvnits wltbli m hrnmj gmrrlns kvnr tk `nlif m`cn tk sblot njktlkimc stmtns mih trmisgnih gkignptumc cljlts wblcn mwmdn.

=<8

Hrnmjtljn

jlih tk tbn iki-humclty ko clon mih hnmtb ms wncc ms wmdlif stmtns mih

Clvlif `nykih lccuslkis Mi lccustrmtnh jnhltmtlki jmiumc orkj @butmi hnplgts vlfinttns ko tbn bujmi gkihltlki, orkj tbn ljpnrjminign ko rlgbns tk

suoonrlif, hnmtb mih rn`lrtb. Mcc sugb nxpnrlnigns gmi mcsk mrlsn li tbn hrnmj stmtn mih tbus `n trmisokrjnh

tbrkufb Hrnmj \kfm. Ms stmtnh li tbn mggkjpmiylif lisgrlptlkis, inltbnr

jkids ikr gmvn-hwncclif bnrjlts gmi nsgmpn hnmtb, mih ikr ls ‒prntnihlif

tk `n m @uhhbm nitnrlif IlrvčṆm“ noongtlvn okr nsgmplif jkrtmclty, ms lccustrmtnh `y tbn furn cylif ki bls rlfbt slhn wltb bls bmih `ninmtb bls bnmh ‗ tbn stmihmrh pksturn okr

Hrnmj \kfm. Xbn furn mt tbn `kttkj, vlsumclzlif bls miilblcmtlki li m gbmrinc frkuih, slfilns tbn tnrrloylif nxpnrlnigns tbmt gmi mrlsn li hrnmjs, nvni tbkufb tbn nvnits mih stmtns ko gkisglkusinss msskglmtnh wltb tbnj bmvn ik kàngtlvn nxlstnign.

Xbn ‒mwmdnilif“ tbmt ls rnonrrnh tk li @uhhblst tnmgblifs ls ikt mwmdnilif orkj scnnp ùt orkj m stmtn ko limttnitlki mih mutkjmtlki. Xbn rkkt vnr` ùhb, ‒tk mwmdni“, rnonrs li tbn ^pmilṧmhs mih tbn Plfvnhm tk mi mcnrt mih vlflcmit gkisglkusinss. Li @uhhblsj, tbn wkrh lionrs mi nxpmislvn m`lhlif mttnitlki

tbmt snco-krlnitnh jlihoucinss gmi uilitnitlkimccy kggcuhn. Urnsnitlif clon ms m hrnmj, ms gkjjkicy stmtnh li Xl`ntmi @uhhblst tnmgblifs, ljpclns tbmt tbn hrnmjnr tkk ls kicy mi lccuslki, wltbkut miy libnrnit lhnitlty. \nt \nt lt ls kotni li hrnmjs mih lccuslkis tbmt wn pmrmhkxlgmccy mwmdni tk wbmt ls jkst trun wltbli kursncvns1 tbn ljmflimc rnmcltlns tbmt sbmpn mih hntnrjlin kur wmdlif mgtlkis. Hrnmj wkrd, orkj m psygbkmimcytlg pnrspngtlvn, ls tbus tk rnstkrn tk gkisglkusinss rnprnssnh ncnjnits ko tbn uigkisglkus jlih. Vbntbnr uihnrtmdni hurlif PNJ scnnp kr li wmdlif clon, Hrnmj \kfm ls m hnnpnr hlspksltlki tbmt gmi `n gmrrlnh litk mcc nxpnrlnign. @y vlnwlif hlsqulntlif nvnits ms ‒hrnmj cldn“, tbn strnss ko nxlstnign gmi `n slfilgmitcy m`mtnh, wltbkut rnfrnsslif litk stmtns ko hnilmc. Vltbli tbls lccujlimtlif ormjn ko jlih, hrnmj mih wmdlif stmtns mrn ik ckifnr kppksnh, ùt gkjpcnjnitmry mih litnrmgtlvn pkcmrltlns. Ms clon tmdns ki rninwnh vlvlhinss mih wkihnr, kin“s rnspkisn, li turi, gmi `ngkjn kin ko nifmfnh grnmtlvlty rmtbnr tbmi pmsslvn hntmgbjnit mih rnmgtlki.

Ms inurksglnign bms rnvnmcnh, pnrgnptlki mih rnmski hk ikt omltbouccy rnngt rnmclty, mih wn clvn jkrn mggurmtncy li m dlih ko hrnmj wkrch ko

M`kvn M M`kvn M ykfl ki m tlfnr sdli, sdli,

plgturnh ki m okclk orkj mi =2tbgnitury jmiusgrlpt, hnjkistrmtns m hrnmj ykfm pksturn okr ‒gmpturlif

cujlikslty mt tbn bnmrt“. Xbn rncmtlvlty ko okrj mih njptlinss gnitrmc tk @uhhblst tbkufbt ls `msnh ki tbn nxpnrlnitlmc lislfbt tbmt tbn purn pktnitlmclty wltbli wblgb mcc pbnikjnim mrlsn mih hlsskcvn gmi `n nxpnrlnignh suàngtlvncy ms m cujlikus gkitliuuj ko gkisglkusinss, wltbli wblgb `ktb

hrnmjs mih wmdlif nxpnrlnign mrn inltbnr rnmc ikr uirnmc. @nlalif Umcmgn Jusnuj.

=
Hrnmjtljn

nvnr-mctnrlif, litnrhnpnihnit mppnmrmigns. Xl`ntmi Xl`ntmi Hrnmj \kfm, li lts cmrfnst snisn, ls tk rngkfilzn tbmt wbni nvnrytblif ls vlnwnh ms hrnmj-cldn, nvnrytblif `ngkjns pktnitlmccy pktnitlmccy pkssl`cn. Xk Xk vlnw clon ms m cuglh hrnmj ls ikt tk snn lt ms ms m hngnptlvn lccuslki ùt ms m grnmtlvn prkgnss li wblgb kin“s mgtlkis gkitliu kuscy rnhnin clon“s uiokchlif, `ktb okr kinsnco mih ktbnrs. Nxpnrlniglif clon ms m infktlm`cn hrnmj ls gnitrmc tk mcc mspngts ko Xl`ntmi ykfm, orkj tbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn ko vlnwlif mcc mppnmrmigns ms njpty, tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ko nxpnrl niglif mcc snismtlkis ms njptlinss mih `clss, mih tbn rnsuctmit Frnmt Unrongtlki ko iki-humc rnmclzmtlki ko tbn cujlikus gkitliuuj ko mcc nxlstnign. Xbn prmgtlgn ko Hrnmj \kfm tbus uctljmtncy guctlvmtns m vlslki ko bujmi pkssl`lclty tbmt rngmccs tbn wkrhs ko Bniry Hmvlh Xbkrnmu wbk k`snrvnh, li miktbnr gkitnxt, tbmt, ‒Kur trunst clon ls wbni wn mrn li hrnmj mwmdn.“ Nvni tbkufb, wltb trmlilif, clon gmi mppnmr tk `n hrnmj cldn mih lccuskry, vlnwlif clon“s sbmpn-sblotlif kggurrnigns ms lo tbny wnrn mgtumccy rnmc koonrs m pktnitlmccy hnnpnr cnvnc ko nifmfnjnit. nifmfnjnit. Hntmgbjnit jlfbt jlfbt `n ckst, ùt litljmgy

Clvlif `nykih lccuslkis

=<6

mih vlvlh prnsnign fmlinh. Xbn =8tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi jnhltmtlki jmstnr Ckifgbni Pmàmjpm Hrljì ßznr mhvkgmtnh fklif ‒tk pcmgns tbmt jmdn tbn jlih wmvnr“, wbnrn njktlkimc mih jnitmc hlsgkjokrt niclvni kur snisl`lcltlns. @nokrn blj, tbn ==tb-gnitury Lihlmi jmbčslhhbm Umhmjpm Wmifyn smlh, ‒Fk tk pcmgns tbmt sgmrn yku mih hlsgkvnr tbn @uhhbm wltbli ykursnco.“ Xbrkufb sugb pnrspngtlvns, hlstligtlkis `ntwnni hnslrm`cn mih uihnslrm`cn nxpnrlnigns `nfli tk hlsskcvn. Xbny mhhrnss Xl`ntmi Hrnmj \kfm“s \kfm“s uctljmtn mppclgmtlki mppclgmtlki ms m prnpmrmtlki okr nih ko clon nxpnrlnigns li wblgb tbn jlih tmdns ki mi ligrnmslifcy lihnpnihnit nxlstnign orkj tbn pbyslgmc `khy, cnmhlif tk `ktb hlskrlnitlif vlslkis mih pktnitlmc mwmdnilif wltbli tbn ikntlg clfbt `nykih

mcc pbnikjnim, ligcuhlif tbn bujmi `khy. Niglrgcnh `y mjns ko ‒prlstlin mwmrninss“, tbn vl`rmitcy

trmisglnign ko nxlstnign, slfiloylif ornnhkj orkj onmr mih mttmgbjnit ko mwmrninss. Umlitnh tnrrmgkttm,

@uhhblsj ms ‒wlshkj prktngtkrs“.

nitwlinh gmhmvnrs mrn ikt m jkr`lh jnjnitk jkrl ùt jkrl ùt rmtbnr

Xbny livkdn tbn ljpnrjminign ko

m pmrmhkxlgmc gncn`rmtlki ko tbn

Fckrlkus Ckrhs ko tbn Gbmrinc Frkuih (Wbjmsbmim Mhblpmtl ).

Xbnsn jmcn mih onjmcn hmiglif sdncntkis mrn gbmrmgtnrlznh li Xmitrlg

mih livltlif jkrn ligcuslvn okrjs Xl`nt, =2tb gnitury, Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd.

tbn rmifn ko tbn hlsgurslvn, hrnmjlif jlih.

M Wducc Jmsd, Jmsd, ms usnh li Xmitrlg hmign gnrnjkilns gkiingtnh tk tbn ‒Ckrhs ko tbn Grnjmtlki Frkuihs“, prktngtkr hnltlns wbk fumrh tbn pnrlpbnrlns pnrlpbnrlns ko tbn @uhhblst @uhhblst uilvnrsn, uilvnrsn,

ms wncc ms tbn jlih, orkj infmtlvn okrgns. Xbn jmsd“s frliilif gkuitnimign mih ‒wlshkj nyn“ mt tbn okrnbnmh slfiloy tbn trmisokrjmtlki ko `nlif tbmt kggurs wltb trmisgnihnign ko onmr. Xbn rmli`kw wlifs tbmt nxtnih `nykih tbn grmiluj rnprnsnit tbn `khy“s

uctljmtn hlsskcutlki litk clfbt. =<2

Hrnmjtljn Hr

=<<

Nxlt strmtnflns Xbn ykfm ko trmisgnihnit hnmtb Vbni yku mrrlvn mt tbn nxtligtlki ko rnmclty, mcc tbmt rnjmlis ls tbn spkitminlty ko ykur purn, liimtn pktnitlmc. Kicy tbni gmi yku hmign li tbn sdy. Dbmihrkjm \nsbn Xskfymc, 2tb gnitury

Xrmisgnihlif hnmtb Kppksltn Frnmt Kppksltn Frnmt Xrmisonrnign, kr Ukwm, Ukwm, rnonrs tk nangtlif kin“s

gkisglkusinss `nykih tbn pbyslgmc `khy tk m gncnstlmc @uhhbm Pnmcj, tbnrn`y `ypmsslif tbn motnr-hnmtb stmtn ko tbn @mrhk, m vlfinttn ko wblgb ls

sbkwi mt tbn uppnr rlfbt ko tbls jurmc hntmlc orkj tbn ikrtbnri wmcc ko tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn li Xl`nt. Ms lihlgmtnh `y tbn mjn njmimtlif orkj orkj tbn tkp ko tbn ykfli“s bnmh, tbls ljmfn

mcsk lccustrmtns tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn. Gbÿh, @nckw M prmgtltlkinr ko Gbÿh,

kr ‒snvnrmign“, rltumccy sljucmtns bls kwi hnmtb mih cl`nrmtlki mt m gbmrinc frkuih mt tbn `msn ko Jkuit Dmlcmsb li Xl`nt.

Xbn @uhhbm“s clon stkry liokrjs tbn imrrmtlvn ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj mih tbn pnhmfkfy ko lts ykflg prmgtlgns. Ouihmjnitmc Ouihmjnitmc tk tbls imrrmtlvn imrrmtlvn ls tbn @uhhbm“s kwi snrlns ko nigkuitnrs wltb kch mfn, slgdinss, mih hnmtb ‗ tbn fninrmtlvn skurgn ko tbn nxlstnitlmc hlsgkitnit tbmt uctljmtncy hrkvn blj orkj bls pmcmgn tk m clon ko jnihlgmigy, jnhltmtlki mih, uctljmtncy, uctljmtncy, niclfbtnijnit. Xbn trmhl tlkimc imrrmtlvn prnsuppksns tbmt tbn gcklstnrnh prlign wbk wms tk `ngkjn tbn Mwmdninh Kin wms mcrnmhy li tbn tblrh hngmhn ko bls clon `nokrn `ngkjlif mwmrn ko tbn nxlstnign ko jkrtmclty, bmvlif bltbnrtk `nni sbnctnrnh orkj tbn pmli mih uignrtmlity ko tbn kutslhn kutslhn wkrch `y m wncc-jnmilif, wncc-jnmilif, lo kvnrcy prktng tlvn, omtbnr. Li tbn prlign“s tblrh rnvncmtkry skakuri `nykih tbn pmcmgn wmccs, tbn slfbt ko m gkrpsn `nlif `krin tkwmrhs m ouinrmc pyrn cnh blj tk qunstlki wbmt bn wms snnlif, tk wblgb bls gbmrlktnnr rnpclnh tbmt hnmtb, m stmtn li wblgb inltbnr clon ikr gkisglkusinss miljmtns kin“s `khy, mwmlts nvnry clvlif `nlif. Bls hrlvnr mcsk tkch blj tbmt wbmt bmppnis tk gkisglkusinss motnr tbn hlsskcutlki ko tbn `khy ls m jystnry tbmt ik rnclflki kr pblckskpby bms nvnr gkivliglifcy rnskcvnh, hnspltn tbn vlslkimry mggkuits ko tbksn wbk bmvn inmrnh tbmt nxtlig tlki mih rnturinh wltb mctnrimtncy gkiskclif mih hlstur`lif litnrprntmtlkis. Xbn prnhlgmjnit ko uidikwlif rnjmlis rnjmlis uigbmifnh tbrkufb tljn, mctbkufb gkj gkj pmrmtlvn rnsnmr gb bms rnvnmcnh jugb m`kut wbmt kggurs mt tbn tbrnsbkch. Mggkuits ko inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns tncc us jugb m`kut tbn suàngtlvn pbnikjnikckfy ko tbn liltlmc stmfns ko hylif, ùt tbny tncc us vlrtumccy iktblif m`kut wbmt bmppnis wbni mcc snisn krfmis bmvn gnmsnh tk ouigtlki, wbni tbn bnmrt mih rnsplrmtlki bmvn stkppnh, mih wbni mcc `rmli mgtl vlty ‗ mssujnh `y sglnign tk `n tbn pbyslkckflgmc suppkrt okr gkisglkusinss ‗ bms gkjn tk mi nih. Xbn Xl`ntmi \kfm \kfm ko Xrmisonrnign (Ukwm), kotni hnsgrl`nh ms ‒cl`nrmtlki wltbkut jnhltmtlki“, snnds m gkjprnbnislvn skcutlki tk tbn prk`cnj ko hnmtb `y okrfklif lt mctkfntbnr. 05=

Xbn mrt ko hylif Li tbn jkjnit tbmt gkisglkusinss ls ornnh orkj pbyslkckflgmc gkistrmlits , hkns lt `nfli m hlsnj`khlnh akuriny tk m trmisgnihnitmc nih; Xbls ls tbn prnjlsn ko tbn tnmgblifs gkistltutlif jugb ko Xbn Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn Hnmh kr, Hnmh kr, jkrn

prkpnrcy, ‒Cl`nrmtlki tbrkufb Bnmrlif Bnmrlif li tbn @mrhk“, wbnrnli @mrhk rnonrs tk m pksltnh pkstjkrtnj rnmclty li wblgb pnrskimc gkisglkusinss, strlppnh ligrnmslifcy ko jnjkry, trmislts tbrkufb m bmccuglimtkry litnrjnhlmry rnmcj ko mccurlif mih tnrrloylif skuihs, clfbts mih spngtrmc okrjs `nokrn tmdlif rn`lrtb. Ukwm, M Xl`ntmi jkimstnry typlgmccy

ligcuhns m ‒prktngtkr gbmpnc“ li wblgb rltumcs mrn pnrokrjnh tk rnjlih Xl`nt“s prn-@uhhblst fkhs ko tbnlr vkws tk msslst Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtltlkinrs ki tbnlr pmtb

tk niclfbtnijnit. Wurrkuihnh `y wmccs hnplgtlif hngkjpkslif mih hlsjnj`nrnh `khlns, m plcfrlj jmdns mi koonrlif ko clfbt, syj`kclzlif tbn lccujlimtlki ko tbn su`gkisglkus gkitnits ko tbn

jlih. Ms tbn mimcytlgmc psygbkckflst Gmrc Fustmv Auif kign wrktn li rnfmrh tk sugb prmgtlgns,

‒niclfbtnijnit hkns ikt gkislst li ljmflilif furns ko clfbt, ùt li jmdlif tbn hmrdinss gkisglkus“.

tbn ykfm ko gkisglkusinss trmisonrnign mt tbn jkjnit ko hnmtb, rnonrs tk tbn

otb ko tbn Wlx \kfms ko tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn, mih rnprnsnits m sdlcouc jnmis wbnrn`y tbn pnrlcs ko tbn @mrhk mih rn`lrtb gmi `n sujjmrlcy `ypmssnh. Ukwm krlflimtns li tbn ykflg tngbilqun ko utdritl, kr ‒msgnit orkj tbn `khy“, ms prmgtlsnh wltbli wltbli tbn Mtljčrfm mih Jmitrmjčrfm Jmitrmjčrfm trmhltlkis ko Xmitrlg Xmitrlg ő mlvlsj. mlvlsj. Pngkfilzlif tbn slfis ko mpprkmgblif hnmtb, tbn prmgtltlkinr nltbnr nihs tbnlr

M Pmli`kw @uhhbm, @uhhbm, ms plgturnh ki

m Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif, lccustrmtns tbn trmisokrjmtlki ko tbn ncnjnits ko tbn bujmi `khy litk nooucfnit clfbt. Li gkitrmst tk tbls pbktkilg hlsskcutlki ko tbn `khy mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb, ms prkjktnh li Hzkfgbni,

tbn prmgtlgn ko Ukwm livkcvns okrgl`cy nangtlif gkisglkusinss tbrkufb tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh mih hlrngtlif lt

tkwmrhs m hnslrnh ‒purn cmih.“ @ktb prmgtlgns livkcvn trmisgnihnign ko krhlimry gkignptlkis ko hnmtb.

Ms jmbčslhhbm Umhmjpm Wmifyn omjkuscy smif, ‒@lrtb, slgdinss, mflif, mih hnmtb kw nvnr kiwmrhs, m rlvnr wltb okrh kr `rlhfn … Bmvn yku prnpmrnh ykursnco m `kmt;“ Urlvmtn gkccngtlki.

clon `y nangtlif tbnlr vltmc ninrfy kut ko tbn `khy tk m pmrmhlslmgmc rnmcj, kr tmdns pkssnsslki ko miktbnr `khy. Li tbn Ukwm trmhltlki tmufbt `y tbn Dmsbjlrl jmbmslhhbč Wudbmslhhbl, kin vlsumclzns kinsnco ms m Xmitrlg hnlty mih, gkj prnsslif kin“s kin“s `rnmtb, `rnmtb, usns tbn skuih ko ko tbn gbksni gbksni hnlty“s hnlty“s jmitrlg snnh-syccm`cn snnh-syccm`cn (sugb ms bŤṇ, bld kr pbmt kr pbmt ) tk okrgnouccy kpni tbn ‒mpnrturn ko @rmbjm“ `ntwnni tbn orkitmc mih pmrlntmc `kins mt tbn grkwi ko kin“s bnmh. Hklif sk mcckws gkisglkusinss tk `n nangtnh orkj tbn `khy mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb mih tk nitnr

tbn trmisgnihnitmc Cmih ko @clss msskglmtnh wltb Mjltč`bm, tbn @uhhbm ko Liiltn Clfbt. Xbn ykflg prmgtlgn ko trmisonrrlif kin“s gkisglkusinss tk m @uhhblst ‒purn

cmih“ mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb ls rnonrrnh tk wltbli Xl`ntmi trmhltlki ms ‒@uhhbmbkkh wltbkut Jnhltmtlki“, li tbmt tbn prmgtlgn gmi rnputnhcy `n mppclnh li tbn imc jkjnit ko kin“s clon mih mgblnvn tbn smjn rnsuct ms m clontljn ko jnhltmtlki. Li mi livkgmtlki mttrlùtnh tk Umhjmsmj`bmvm nitltcnh ‒Pkkt _nrsn ki tbn @mrhk ko Hylif“, tbn ykfli rnngts ms okcckws mt tbn jkjnit ko hnmtb1 ‒Ikw ms tbn @mrhk ko hylif hmwis upki jn,

L m`mihki mcc frmsplif, ynmrilif, mih mttmgbjnit, Nitnr wltbkut hlstrmgtlki litk tbn gcnmr jnmilif ko tbn tnmgblif, Mih nangt jy gkisglkusinss litk tbn spmgn ko prljkrhlmc ui`kri mwmrninss. Ms L cnmvn tbls gkjpkuih `khy ko nsb mih `ckkh L dikw lt tk `n m trmisltkry lccuslki.“

050

Nxlt strmtnflns

Xbn mrt ko hylif

057

Wnpmrmtlif jlih mih `khy îcldn ktbnr Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn prmgtlgns sugb ms Liinr Olrn, Gkiskrt Urmgtlgn mih Gcnmr Clfbt, Ukwm wms nvnitumccy tmufbt kpnicy li wbmt mrn kotni tkhmy cmrfn-sgmcn pu`clg liltlmtlkis. Xbksn wbk rngnlvn tbn Ukwm tnmgblifs typlgmccy prmgtlgn litnislvncy okr m wnnd tk tni hmys, okcckwlif wblgb jmiy jmilonst pbyslgmc slfis, sugb ms tbn njnrfnign ko ulh orkj m sjmcc bkcn li tbn mrnm mrnm ko tbn okitminc litk wblgb tbn rntrnmt jmstnr trmhltlkimccy lisnrts m stmcd ko frmss ms m jmrd ko suggnss. Xbn tngbilqun rngmccs trnpmiilif, kr `krlif ko bkcns litk tbn sducc, tbmt mrgbnkckflgmc nvlhnign suffnsts ls kin ko tbn wkrch“s kchnst sur flgmc prkgnhurns mih msskglmtnh `y lts gkitnjpkrmry mhvkgmtns wltb nibmignh gnrn`rmc `ckkh kw mih jnitmc m`lcltlns. Xbn ‒kpnilif ko tbn sdy hkkr“, ms skjn tnxts rnonr tk Ukwm, nisurns tbmt, mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb, kin“s gkisglkusinss wlcc nxlt tbn `khy `y tbn jkst muspl -

Xbn prmgtlgn ko Ukwm livkcvns

tbrnn ouihmjnitmc gkjpkinits ko rngkfiltlki1 tbn gnitrmc gbmiinc ko tbn ykflg `khy ms tbn pmtb4

gkisglkusinss ms tbn trmvnccnr mih tbn smcvmtlkimc nivlrkijnit ko m @uhhbm Pnmcj ms kin“s hnstlimtlki. Ms li tbn Frnnd tnrj ndstmsls , Ukwm uctljmtncy ljpclns m ‒stnpplif kut“ kr trmisgnihnign ko kin“s krhlimry

gkihltlki, ms lccustrmtnh li tbls hntmlc ko m =6tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif. (Wnn oucc pmlitlif ki pmfn =>0.) Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Mrt, Inw \krd. \krd.

glkus rkutn ‗ tbn mpnrturn ko @rmbjm mt tbn tkp ko tbn bnmh ‗ mih mvklh tbn

`khy“s cnss omvkurm`cn kutcnts. Cnmrilif Cnmrilif Ukwm mcsk mcckws kin tk pnrokrj lt ki `nbmco ko ktbnrs mih tk trmisonr tbn gkisglkusinss ko tbn hngnmsnh tk kin kr miktbnr hnslrm`cn @uhhbm Pnmcj, orkj wbnrn imc niclfbtnijnit gmi `n mttmlinh. Ms m jnmis okr rnmclzlif @uhhbmbkkh wltbkut spnihlif m clontljn li jnhltmtlki, Ukwm ls tbn uctljmtn clon lisurmign pkclgy. @ut tbn prmgtlgn ls ikt wltbkut lts bmzmrhs. îcnss kin nimgts tbn nangtlki ko gkisglkusinss ‗ kin“s kwi kr skjnkin ncsn“s ‗ mt tbn gkrrngt jkjnit li tbn prkgnss ko `khlcy hls skcutlki (wbni kutnr rnsplrmtlki bms gnmsnh mih liinr `rnmtblif gkitliuns), Ukwm gmi `rlif m`kut prnjmturn hnmtb. Ktbnr okrjs ko Ukwm mrn pnrokrjnh @uhhblst ‒purn cmihs“ rnprnsnit

tbn fninrmc vlnw ko Lihlg rnclflkis tbmt tbn pkwnr ko mi lihlvlhumc“s imc tbkufbt mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb gkihltlkis tbnlr outurn rn`lrtb. Xbn

prmgtltlkinr ko Ukwm tbus typlgmccy okgusns tbnlr jlih ki mi ljmfn

ko kin kr miktbnr trmisgnihnitmc @uhhbm li krhnr tk `n rn`kri li

tbnlr gncnstlmc rnmcjs.

ms hmlcy jnhltmtlkis, bkwnvnr, li wblgb tbn jlih ls prkangtnh orkj tbn `khy ms mi nxpmihnh, uik`strugtnh nch ko mwmrninss. Jmstnry ko hnmtb gmi mcsk `n mgblnvnh wblcn scnnplif. Wmdym UmṆḊltm (==20‗=0>=), okr nxmjpcn, mhvlsnh tbmt kin fk tk scnnp wblcn vlsumclzlif Mjltč`bm, tbn @uhhbm ko Liiltn Clfbt, hlsskcvlif litk kin“s bnmrt. ‒@y prmgtlslif tbls, li t bn outurn, sckufblif koo tbls `khy cldn m snrpnit“s sdli, yku wlcc `n jlrmguckuscy rn`kri orkj m cktus li WudbčvmtĤ“, Mjltč`bm“s Mjltč`bm“s nooucfnit Cmih ko @clss. Uurn cmihs sugb ms WudbčvmtĤ rnprnsnit lhnmclznh litnrjnhlmry wkrchs orkj wbnrn niclfbtnijnit gmi `n jkrn rnmhlcy mgblnvnh, wblcn tbnlr gncnstlmc fnkfrmpblns slfiloy trmisgnihnign ko tbn hlgbktkjy ko clon mih hnmtb. Mt tbn tljn ko bls kwi imc pmsslif litk Ilrvčim, @uhhbm Wmdymjuil rn-nimgtnh bls niclfbtni jnit `y msgnihlif mih hnsgnihlif tbrkufb vlslkimry stmtns ko jnhltmtlvn m`skrptlki, ngbklif tbn wkrhs tbmt bn ls smlh tk bmvn spkdni mt tbn tljn ko bls splrltumc mwmd -

nilif1 ‒Kpninh okr tbksn wbk bnmr mrn tbn hkkrs tk tbn Hnmtbcnss.“ 058

Nxlt strmtnflns

Wnpmrmtlif jlih mih `khy

05>

M`mihkilif hlstrnss

Kppksltn mih m`kvn cnot Xbn prmgtlgn ko Gbÿh, Gbÿh, kr ‒snvnrmign“, prnpmrns `ktb jlih mih `khy `khy okr tbn hnmtb hnmtb

prkgnss `y rltumccy vlsumclzlif kin“s kin“s gkrpkrnmc hlsjnj`nrjnit mih motnrwmrhs koonrlif kin“s `khy pmrts

tk omjlsbnh splrlts. @ktb Gbÿh mih Ukwm rnjlih us tbmt wn mssujn hnmtb

tk `n tnrjlimc sljpcy `ngmusn wn gmi ikt ljmflin wbmt bmppnis inxt, ikt `ngmusn iktblif hkns. Li tbn

Xl`ntmi mrts ko hylif, hnmtb, cldn clon, ls pnrgnlvnh ms mi mctnrm`cn hrnmj, gbmiflif lts jmilonstmtlki li rnspkisn tk bkw wn gbkksn tk nifmfn lt. M`kvn rlfbt rlfbt Gbmrinc frkuihs

lisplrn mgtlvn gkitnjpcmtlki ko clon“s ouihmjnitmc pmli mih ljpnrjminign, wblcn nigkurmflif trmisgnihnign ko lhnitlgmtlki wltb tbn pbyslgmc `khy. Wuggnss li tbn prmgtlgn ko Ukwm mih

Gbÿh gkionrs onmrcnssinss li omglif hnmtb mih ktbnr pktnitlmc mhvnrsltlns, sugb ms bmvlif kin“s bnmrt nmtni

`y m cmjjnrfnlnr, ms hnplgtnh li li tbls hntmlc ko m Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif. 05?

Nxlt strmtnflns

‒Xbn hnmh hk ikt spnmd“, @uhhbm“s gbmrlktnnr gbmrlktnnr ls smlh tk bmvn tkch blj. ‒Xbny gmi tncc us iktblif m`kut wbmt bmppnis motnr hnmtb. Vn dikw tbmt wn wlcc nvni tumccy hln, ùt wn dikw iktblif `nykih tbmt. Hnmtb nihs mcc uihnrstmihlif.“Xbn gbmrlktnnr“s wkrhs prkjptnh Urlign Fmutmjm tk cnmvn bls pmcmgn okr fkkh. Motnr rngkfilzlif rmtbnr cmtn tbmt mcc tblifs gkjn tk mi nih, bn ik ckifnr okuih skcmgn li bm`ltumc gkjokrts mih wbmt kign wnrn pcnmsurns `ngmjn pnrouigtkry pnrouigtkry hlstrmg tlkis. Inltbnr hlh bn ih gkiskcmtlki li gblchrni“s cmufbtnr kr mùihmit onmsts kr mjkif tbn gkigu`lins li bls bmrnj, okr mcc nxpnrlnign wms tlifnh wltb linvl tm`cn hngmy. hngmy. Mih mctbkufb hnmtb ls tbn prnrnqulsltn okr kifklif clon, bn okuih mcc tblifs wmitlif mih hnhlgmtnh bls nxlstnign tk hlsgkvnrlif m wmy kut ko tbn gkiuihruj ko snnjlifcy purpksncnss pursults mih mttnihmit hlsmppklitjnits. Clon ltsnco mppnmrnh tk tbn Urlign m s m snisncnss struffcn okr survlvmc mih npbnjnrmc pcnmsurns tbmt, li mcc listmigns, wnrn liousnh wltb skrrkw mih outlclty. Nvni hnmtb gkuch `rlif ik rnclno okr tbn uiniclfbtninh okr, `msnh ki tbn prnvmlclif `nclno systnj ko bls tljn, lt `rkufbt `rkufbt kicy ourtbnr `lrtbs, `lrtbs, mih pnrniilmc pnrniilmc hlsgkitnit. Vbni bls kwi clon gmjn tk mi nih, bn mpprkmgbnh lt wltb nmsn, cnttlif cnttlif fk litk tbn frnmt jystnry tbmt mwmlts us mcc wblcn livltlif tbksn bn cnot `nblih tk hlsgkvnr tbn snco-cujlikus skurgn ko tbnlr `nlif ‗ tk `n cmjps uitk tbnjsncvns. Xl`nt“s Frnmt Unrongtlki tnmgblifs prnsnit twk hlstligt jntbkhs okr nitnrlif

tbn imturmc cujlikslty ko hnmtb. Xbn supnrlkr mpprkmgb ls hnsgrl`nh ms m`lhlif li tbn imturn ko jlih ‒cldn m inwcy `kri gblch“ ms tbn gcnmr clfbt ko hnmtb mrlsns ms kin“s nch ko mwmrninss. Xbn sngkih jntbkh livkcvns vlsumclzlif kin“s prljkrhlmc imturn imturn ms tbn syccm`cn syccm`cn Ḯ, mih nangtlif lt orkj tbn bnmrt tbrkufb tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh litk tbn @uhhbm Pnmcj ko kin“s gbklgn. M`mihkilif hlstrnss

056

Nj`rmglif pkssl`lclty Xbrnn hlstligt okrjs ko Ukwm mrn hnsgrl`nh li mggkrhmign wltb tbn tbrnn ‒`kh-

lns“ ko rnmclty ‗ IlrjčṆmdčym, Wmj`bkfmdčym mih Hbmrjmdčym ‗ w blgb rnonr rnhugtlvncy tk jmttnr, ninrfy mih spmgn. IlrjčṆmdčym Ukwm, li wblgb mi mhnpt gkuch prkangt bls kr bnr gkisglkusinss litk m i uihngkjpksnh gkrpsn mih `rlif lt `mgd tk clon, ls fninrmccy bnch tk `n m ckst mrt. Wmj`bkfmdčym Ukwm, li wblgb tbn jlih ls ninrfntlgmccy trmisonrrnh tk m vlsumclznh @uhhbm Pnmcj, ls tbn jkst gkjjki okrj ko Ukwm. Hbmrjmdčym Ukwm ls mimckfkus tk tbn Hzkfgbni prmgtlgn ko Dmhmd Xrndgbÿ, kr ‒guttlif tbrkufb tk prljkrhlmc purlty“, purlty“, li wblgb tbn jlih ls spkitminkuscy ornnh orkj mttmgbjnit mih hncuslki. Li lts uctljmtn nxprnsslki, mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb, tbn gkistltunit ncnjnits ko tbn `khy hlsskcvn litk tbnlr ouihmjnitmc imturn ko rmhlmit, mc c-lccujlimtlif clfbt. Mctbkufb rmrncy mgblnvnh mih ljpnrongtcy hkgujnitnh, tbn sk-gmccnh rmli`kw `khy ( amcu) ls tbn uctljmtn nxlt strmtnfy orkj tbn cljltnh vlnws tbmt gkistrmli tbn oucc nxprns slki ko bujmi pktnitlmc. Pmtbnr tbmi hlsskcvlif litk k`clvlki mt tbn jkjnit ko hnmtb, rnmclzmtlki ko tbn rmli`kw `khy pkslts iktblif cnss tbmi rnsurrngtlki ms gkfilzmit cujlikslty, `nykih hlstligtlkis ko njptlinss mih okrj, splrlt mih jmttnr. Ms tbn Ltmclmi pbyslglst Gmrck Pkvnccl wrktn, ‒Vn mrn `kri mih hln ms tbn stmrs mrn `kri mih hln, `ktb lihlvlhumccy mih gkccngtlvncy. Xbls ls kur rnmclty. Clon ls prnglkus tk us `ngmusn lt ls npbnjnrmc.“

M`kvn Xbn M`kvn Xbn @k hblsmttvm _marmsmttvm nj`rmgns bls gkiskrt _marm Fmrvl

mjlhst `lcckwlif `cun gckuhs. Ačim ḃčdliĤ ls plgturnh ki tbn cnot mih tbn bnmvnicy pmrmhlsn ko M`blrmtl ki tbn rlfbt. Jmbčyčim ‒purn cmihs“ rnprnsnit lhnmclznh hnstlimtlkis okr trmisonrrlif gkisglkusinss mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb. _mrylif tngbilquns mih trmhltlkis ko Ukwm mrn msskglmtnh wltb hloonrnit vlslkimry hljnislkis,

mcc ko wblgb tnstloy tk tbn omgt tbmt, wblcn lt gmi invnr `n dikwi, hnmtb gmi `n rlgbcy ljmflinh. (Wnn oucc ljmfn ki pmfn =?2.) Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd. @nckw M rmli`kw ki tbn Xl`ntmi pcmtnmu rngmccs tbn cujlikus ju-gkrhs `y wblgb Xl`nt“s nmrclnst

niclfbtnijnit ms tbn rnmclzmtlki ko m pbktkilg ‒rmli`kw `khy“ tbmt

jmilonsts wbni tbn gkmrsn ncnjnits ko tbn pbyslgmc `khy mrn rnm`skr`nh litk tbnlr purn clfbt nssnigns. Li nmrcy Hzkfgbni, tbn hlsskcutlki ko m prmgtltlkinr“s `khy litk clfbt ls rnonrrnh tk ms ‒@uhhbmbkkh wltbkut

pbyslgmc rnjmlihnr“. @ktb listmigns

dlifs trmvnccnh ornncy `ntwnni nmrtb

rnprnsnit trmisgnihnign ko tbn

mih bnmvni. Hzkfgbni gbmrmgtnrlzns

pbyslgmc `khy mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb.

M ykflil jnhltmtlif ki tbn kw ko m wmtnromcc nj`khlns tbn Hzkfgbni

vlnw ko ‒imdnh mwmrninss“, tbn jkjnit-tk-jkjnit, gkignpt-ornn

rnmclzmtlki ko ljpnrjminign mih pnrpntumc `ngkjlif. Xbn kw ko clon tbmt uignmslifcy mrlsns mih hlsskcvns wltbli gkisglkusinss ls cnss m`kut nitrkpy tbmi uinihlif rn`lrtb. Li lts

uctljmtn snisn, Ukwm koonrs ikt kicy trmisgnihnign ko tbn gkiouslki mih

hlstrnss ko nih ko clon nxpnrlnign, ùt cl`nrmtlki ko gkisglkusinss wblcn ouccy mclvn. Ms tbn Lihlmi jmbčslhhbm mih Hzkfgbni jmstnr Umhmjpm

Wmifyn prkgcmljnh, ‒Uurn mwmrninss ls wltbkut xmtlki, cldn m rmli`kw li tbn sdy.“ 052

Nxlt strmtnflns

Nj`rmglif pkssl`lclty

05<

Cljlimclty Imvlfmtlif trmisltlkimc stmtns Xbls jlih ko ykurs ls njptlinss mih cujlikslty lisnpmrm`cy gkiaklinh. Vltbkut `lrtb kr hnmtb, lt ls tbn @uhhbm ko ljjkrtmc clfbt … Vbni yku rngkfilzn tbn prlstlin rmhlmign ko ykur jlih Ms ik ktbnr tbmi tbmi tbn @uhhbm, Ckkdlif Ckkdlif litk ykur ykur kwi jlih ls rnstlif rnstlif li tbn jlih ko tbn @uhhbm. Umhjmsmj`bmvm, Umhjmsmj`bmvm, ‒Frnmt Cl`nrmtlki tbrkufb Bnmrlif li tbn @mrhk“, =8tb gnitury

Unrpntumc `ngkjlif Kppksltn @mrhk \kfm ls tbn gucjlimtlki ko tbn Wlx \kfms mih \kfms mih

nigkjpmssns tbn prmgtlgns ko Lccuskry @khy, Hrnmj \kfm mih Gcnmr Clfbt. Bmrrkwlif ljmfnry, sugb ms snni ki

tbls tnjpcn jurmc li @butmi, ls smlh tk omjlclmrlzn kin wltb ‒pnmgnouc mih wrmtbouc“ hnltlns tbmt jmilonst li mi litnrjnhlmry hljnislki `ntwnni hnmtb mih rn`lrtb ms prkangtlkis ko

uirnskcvnh tbkufbts mih njktlkis. Xbn slx trmisltlkimc stmtns ko tbn @mrhk mrn nqumtnh li skjn Xl`ntmi trmhltlkis

wltb tbn Wlx \kfms tbmt cldnwlsn prkvlhn prkvlhn kppkrtuil kppkrtuiltlns tlns okr okr trmisokrjli trmisokrjlif f

liinr nxpnrlnign hurlif mcc stmfns ko wmdlif, hrnmjlif, scnnplif mih hylif. Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr.

Xbn Wlx \kfms rnprnsnit nssnitlmc nxtrmgts orkj tbn prnvmlclif @uhhblst Xmitrms ko ==tb-gnitury Lihlm. Vbni Xlckpč trmisjlttnh tbnj tk Ičrkpč bn nxpcmlinh tbmt tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn hnrlvns orkj tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm, tbn prmgtlgn ko Gcnmr Clfbt orkj tbn Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrm, Hrnmj \kfm orkj tbn Jmbčjčym Xmitrm mih Lccuskry @khy mih @mrhk \kfm orkj tbn Fubymsmjčam Xmitrm. @mrhk \kfm, li wblgb mi mhnpt infktlmtns m trmisltlkimc stmtn `ntwnni hnmtb mih rn`lrtb, kr lts psygbkckflgmc nqulvmcnit, wms ikt m prkjlinit tnmgblif wltbli Lihlmi _marmyčim. _marmyčim. Xbn prmgtlgn hnvnckpnh li Xl`nt li gkiingtlki wltb listrugtlkimc mhvlgn ki trmisokrjlif tbn nxpnrlnign ko hnmtb mih hylif. Mggkrhlif tk bls

‒Listrugtlkis ki tbn Wlx \kfms“, Xlckpč rngnlvnh tnmgblifs ki tbn litnrjnhlmtn gkitnjpkrmry ko Ičrkpč“s Dmsbjlrl gkiskrt Ilfujm. Li bls ==tb-gnitury trmisjlsslki ko @mrhk \kfm, Xlckpč mhvlsns tbn prmgtltlkinr tk ‒fmtbnr tbn wlihs ko tbn sui

stmtn (mitmrm`bvm) orkj tbn onjmcn jmbčslhhbm WudbmslhhbĤ, m

mih jkki mt tbn bnmrt“, mih ourtbnr hnsgrl`ns bkw ‒tbn vlslkis ko hnmtb mppnmr

okr snvni kr snvni-tljns-snvni hmys“, okcckwnh `y rn`lrtb. Xlckpč gkuisnccnh tbmt, wblcn trmisltlif tbrkufb tbn @mrhk, kin gkuch nltbnr rnjmli li m stmtn ko iki-gkignptumc cuglhlty kr njmimtn ms m Xmitrlg hnlty sk ms tk `rlif tbn hrnmj-cldn hlspcmys ko tbn @mrhk tk mi nih, mih tbus prnvnit mi uihnslrnh rn`lrtb. Ičrkpč ncm`krmtnh ncm`krmtnh tbn @mrhk @mrhk tnmgblifs li bls su`snqunit _marm _nrsns mih _nrsns mih hlstlifulsbnh

tbrnn hlstligt litnrjnhlmry stmtns1 tbn @mrhk orkj @lrtb tk Hnmtb, tbn @mrhk ko Hrnmjlif mih tbn pkstjkrtnj @mrhk ko @ngkjlif, li wblgb ‒wltbkut snnlif tbnrn ls suprnjn snnlif

… imturmc mwmrninss, rmhlmit, njpty, iki-gkignptumc, ornn orkj mcc k`sgurmtlkis … uttnrcy purn prlstlin wlshkj“. 0==

Xrmisokrjlif hnmtb

Plfbt M M fcnnouc clki-bnmhnh hčdliĤ ,

Xbn litnrlkr nxpnrlnign ko tbn hlsskcutlki ko jlih mih `khy mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb cnh tk ourtbnr ncm`krmtlkis ko tbn nmrcy @mrhk tnmgblifs `rkufbt orkj Lihlm tk Xl`nt. Xbn =7tb-gnitury mhnpt Fymcwm \mifÿipm mrtlgucmtnh mrtlgucmtnh m slx-okch systnj ko litnrjnhlmry stmtns hurlif rngurrlif gygcns ko wmdlif, hrnmjlif mih hylif, ms wncc ms hurlif hnnp jnhltmtlki. Li rnfmrh tk tbn trmisltlkimc pnrlkh `ntwnni hnmtb mih rn`lrtb, \mifÿipm“s Hnclvnrmign orkj tbn Unrlckus Unrlckus Wtrmlts Wtrmlts ko tbn tbn @mrhk njpbmslzns tbn liltlmc mrlslif ko tbn gcnmr clfbt ko gkisglkusinss okcckwnh `y tbn njnrfnign ko mi lccuskry jnitmc `khy mih su`snqunit bmccuglimtkry hrnmjcldn vlslkis. Ms wltb Xlckpč“s listrugtlkis twk gniturlns nmrclnr, \mifÿipm“s \mifÿipm“s nxpksltlki okgusns ki ‒litnrruptlif“ tbn spkitminkus vlslkis ko tbn hlsnj`khlnh

stmtn sk ms tk `ckgd tbn ‒wkj` hkkr“ cnmhlif tk rn`lrtb. Hnsgrlptlkis ko tbn @mrhk `ntwnni hnmtb mih rn`lrtb gucjlimtnh m gni tury cmtnr wltb tbn rnvncmtlki ko tbn ‒Frnmt Cl`nrmtlki tbrkufb Bnmrlif li tbn Litnrjnhlmtn Wtmtn“ (@mrhk Xbÿhkc) `y Xnrtÿi Dmrjm Clifpm (=70?‗2?). Ouslif Xmitrlg gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgns wltb lihlfnikus Xl`ntmi ouinrmry rltns, tbn tnxt `ngmjn dikwi li tbn Vnst Vnst gniturlns cmtnr ms Xbn Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn Hnmh . Hnmh . Kutwmrhcy, tbn @mrhk Xbÿhkc ls m fulhn okr hlrngtlif gkisglkusinss tbrkufb pbmitmsjmfkrlg nxpnrlnigns nxpnrlnigns msskglmtnh wltb tbn hlsskcutlki ko tbn jlih mih `khy mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb, tkwmrhs mi kptljmc rn`lrtb. Ki mi liinr cnvnc, tbn tbn @mrhk Xbÿhkc mrtlgucmtns tbn nvnr-kggurrlif trmisltlkimc stmtns wltbli wblgb wn mrn `kri, clvn mih hln. Ms wltb tbn Wlx \kfms, tbn Wlx @mrhks prnsnit kppkrtuiltlns okr mgtumclzlif mwmrninss wltbli hljnislkis ko nxlstnign tbmt ktbnrwlsn rnjmli cmrfncy uigkisglkus. @mrhk \kfm tbus nxtnihs `nykih prnpmrmtlki okr imvlfmtlif trmisltlkimc stmtns motnr hnmtb mih, `y hlsskcvlif rlflh jnitmc gki strugts wblcn ouccy mclvn, `rlifs bnlfbtninh mwmrninss mih mttnitlki t k mcc bujmi mgtlvltlns, wblcn guctlvmtlif grnmtlvn mpprnglmtlki okr uignrtmlity, uignrtmlity, mj`lfulty mih tbn uidikwi. Ms ikvnclst N.J. Okrstnr wrktn, ‒Kur imc nxpnrlnign, cldn kur rst, ls gkiangturmc. Vn Vn jkvn `ntwnni twk hmrdinssns.“

trmjpclif ki m gkrpsn, gbmrmgtnrlzns tbn dlihs ko nqulvkgmc nigkuitnrs tbmt mrn smlh tk mrlsn li tbn cljlimc hljnislki motnr hnmtb. Xbn @mrhk

Xbÿhkc prnsnits tbn pkstjkrtnj akuriny ms m bmzmrhkus bmzmrhkus pmssmfn pmssmfn tbmt hntnrjlins kin“s outurn rn`lrtb

kr, jkrn kptljmccy, mcckws kin tk trmisgnih tbn nvnr-rngurrlif gygcn ko `lrtb, hnmtb mih rn`lrtb li tbn

rnmclzmtlki ko IlrvčṆm. Xbrkufb @mrhk \kfm, tbn prmgtltlkinr cnmris tk rngkfilzn tbn vlslkis ko tbn litnrjnhlmtn stmtn ms prkangtlkis ko bls kr bnr jlih. Vbntbnr sugb vlslkis mppnmr hnjkilg kr `nilfi, tbn mhnpt rnfmrhs tbnj wltb nqumiljlty sk ms

tk jnrfn wltb tbn Gcnmr Clfbt orkj wblgb tbn vlslkis mrlsn. Ms tbn @mrhk

Xbÿhkc stmtns1 ‒K ski kr hmuf btnr, wbmtnvnr yku snn, bkwnvnr tnrrloylif

lt ls, rngkfilzn lt ms … tbn imturmc, uihncnh rmhlmign ko ykur jlih.“ Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr.

Cnot M skakurinr li tbn @mrhk rnvnmcs

tbmt kicy tbksn wbk gmi sustmli gcnmr clfbt mwmrninss gmi trmisgnih tbn hu`lkus prkspngts ko m iki-vkcltlkimc rn`lrtb. Kppksltn M ykfl snmtnh ki m cnkpmrh sdli fmzns sdli fmzns pmst m iljùs ko wnmpki-

wlnchlif, miljmc-bnmhnh hčdliĤs tbmt bnrmch tbn mj`lfukus mppnmrmigns tbmt kggur li tbn pkstjkrtnj hljnislki ko

tbn @mrhk uitlc kin mwmdnis tk kin“s liimtn @uhhbm Imturn, ms hnplgtnh li

tbn pmrmhlslmgmc rnmcjs `nykih. 0=0

Xrmisokrjlif hnmtb

0=7

Jkvlif `ntwnni wkrchs M =8tb-gnitury trnmsurn tnxt nitltcnh ‒Litrkhuglif tbn Jkjnit ko Hnmtb“ mttrlùtnh tk Umhjmsmj`bmvm mih rnvnmcnh `y Xnrtÿi Hkraì Clifpm (=78?‗=85>) hnsgrl`ns tbn prkgnss `y wblgb, mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb, tbn `khy“s nmrtb ncnjnit hlsskcvns litk wmtnr, wmtnr litk rn (ms tbn jkutb mih iksn hnbyhrmtn), rn litk mlr (wbni tbn `khy“s bnmt ls ckst) mih mlr litk gkisglkusinss wltb kin“s imc nxbmcmtlki. ‒Mt tbn tbmt tljn“, Hkraì Clifpm“s trnmsurn tnxt gcmrlns, ‒yku jmy onnc tbmt yku mrn `nlif prnssnh hkwi `y m frnmt jkuitmli, kr okrgnh litk hmrdinss, kr gmst litk njpty spmgn, wblcn mcc mppnmrmigns mrn mggkj pmilnh `y skuihs ko wblrrlif mih blsslif. blsslif. Xbn nitlrn mtjkspbnrn

`ngkjns fcmrlifcy fcmrlifcy `rlfbt, ms lo m slcdni gmikpy bmh `nni tbrkwi kpni. Vltbli m gmikpy ko rmli`kw clfbt, kin“s nxtnihnh mwmrninss ccs wltb pnmgnouc, wrmtbouc mih ngstmtlg splrlts, wltb vmrlntlns ko bnmhs mih clj`s mih `rmihlsblif wnmpkis, mih rkmrlif li mcc skrts ko onrkglkus tkins … mih clfbt sblilif cldn m buihrnh tbkusmih suis rlslif mt kign. Mt tbmt tljn, dikw tbmt tbn tbkufbt tbmt m jkuitmli ls grusblif yku ls tbn hlsskcutlki ko ykur kwi pbyslgmc gkistltunits … Xbn tbkufbt tbmt yku mrn `nlif okrgnh litk hmrdinss … ls tbn hlsskcutlki ko ykur vn sniskry krfmis. Xbn tbkufbt tbmt yku mrn omcclif tbrkufb spmgn ls ikt omcclif, okr wbni jlih mih `khy pmrt, mih tbn `rnmtb gnmsns, tbn jlih ls wltbkut

suppkrt. Mcc jmilonstmtlkis ko rmli`kw clfbt mrn tbn rmhlmign ko ykur kwi mwmrninss. Mcc pnmgnouc mih wrmtbouc okrjs mrn ykur kwi mwmrninss. Mcc skuihs mrn lts imturmc nxprnsslki. Mcc clfbts mrn lts imturmc cujlikslty. Bmvn ik hku`t m`kut lt! Okr lo yku hku`t, yku wlcc `n tbrkwi litk gygclg nxlstnign.“ Ms Hkraì Clifpm“s tnxt jmdns gcnmr, tbn prkgnss ko hylif mih tbn su`snM jmsd ko Jmbčdčcm slfilns

qunit stmfns ko tbn @mrhk, hurlif wblgb gkisglkusinss mssujns mi uik`strugtnh uik`strugtnh

tbn stmtn `nykih tljn mih hnmtb,

lccuskry `khy, prnsnit m spngtruj ko kppkrtuiltlns okr rngkfilzlif tbn ikihumclty ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign mih mgtumclzlif niclfbtninh mwmrninss. @y trmhltlkimc mggkuits, tbn liltlmc pbmsn ko tbn @mrhk `ntwnni hnmtb mih rn`lrtb ls gbmrmgtnrlznh `y tbn imturmc hmwilif ko Gcnmr Clfbt, lisnpmrm`cn orkj kin“s litrlislg `nlif. @ut uicnss kin jnrfns wltb tbmt clfbt, bm`ltumc jnitmc tnihniglns rnmppnmr li pnmgnouc mih m`bkrrnit vlslkimry hlspcmys. Xbls @mrhk ko @ngkjlif ( slpì `mrhk), wbni tbn jlih ls ik ckifnr gkihltlkinh `y tbn pbysl gmc `khy, rnonrs tk tbn liiltn pkssl`lcltlns ko `nlif rn`kri, wbntbnr cltnrmccy kr furmtlvncy, litk kin kr miktbnr rnmcj ko nxlstnign, ms wncc ms tk njnrflif orkj gygclg nxlstnign tbrkufb rngkfilzlif kin“s liimtn imturn ms rmhlmit clfbt, liousnh wltb snco-trmisgnihnit wlshkj mih gkjpmsslki.

ms livkdnh li Xmitrlg hmign rltumcs tbmt niclst tbn pkwnrs ko Xl`nt“s wrmtbouc prktngtkr hnltlns. Jmbčdčcm“s upturinh tblrh nyn, ormjnh `y

mjlif nyn`rkws, rnprnsnits tbn niclfbtninh vlslki tbmt snns `ntwnni hljnislkis, wblcn bls grkwi ko sduccs slfilns tbn oucc nj`rmgn ko clon“s ljpnrjminign. Jmbčdčcm“s `cmgdinss ls smlh tk m`skr` mcc okrjs okrjs mih gkckurs, tbus syj`kclzlif bls mcc-nj`rmglif, gkjprnbnislvn imturn. Vkkh, Xl`nt, =
0=8

Cljlimclty

Plfbt Xbn Xbn Xl`ntmi sbmjmi Umwk Vmifgbud fulhns tbn clon okrgn ko

tbn hnmh tbrkufb ljjminit wkrchs ko hmrdinss mih clfbt wblcn pkssnssnh `y prn-@uhhblst tutncmry hnltlns. Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj litnfrmtns m rlgb trmhltlki ko lihlfnikus sbmjmilsj li wblgb

splrlt jnhlujs dikwi ms cbmpm nitnr mctnrnh stmtns ko gkisglkusinss li krhnr tk pnrgnlvn mih litnrmgt wltb

m splrlt wkrch, mih gbmiinc tbksn trmisgnihnitmc ninrflns tk hlmfiksn mih bnmc hlsnmsn. Xbn cbmpms“ vlslkimry akurinys tbrkufb pmrmccnc hljnislkis ko supnrimc clfbts, skuihs mih pbmitmsjmc okrjs rnngt li jmiy rnspngts tbn pmssmfn ko tbn hngnmsnh tbrkufb tbn @mrhk. Xbn cnkpmrh-sdli sdlrtnh Plfbt Xbn Gbmfhkr Plipkgbn, `kri li =2?< li

tbn Fkckd rnflki ko Xl`nt, jmilonsts cldn mi mppmrltlki orkj tbn @mrhk. _lslkimry mggkuits ko tbn litnrlj

hljnislki `ntwnni clon mih hnmtb wnrn prkpmfmtnh `y sugb Xmitrlg

ykflis. Xbn sk-gmccnh Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn Hnmh rnngts lihlfnikus Xl`ntmi rnclflkus gkignris okr tbn smon pmssmfn ko tbn hngnmsnh wltbli m @uhhblst gkitnxt ko hnmtb mih rn`lrtb.

Jkvlif `ntwnni wkrchs

0=>

Xbn hmnjkilg hlvlin

M hnilzni ko tbn @mrhk

gkitnjpcmtns m pktnitlmc jnmc. Ms gkisglkusinss jlfrmtns uiniguj`nrnh

`y m pbyslgmc `khy tbrkufb tbn litnrlj hljnislkis ko tbn @mrhk,

liiujnrm`cn ‒pnmgnouc mih wrmtbouc“ okrjs jmilonst ms jnitmc prkangtlkis,

K ski kr hmufbtnr, wbmtnvnr yku snn, bkwnvnr tnrrloylif lt ls,

hntnrjlinh li pmrt `y kin“s pmst mgtlkis mih hlspksltlkis. Mggkrhlif

rngkfilzn lt ms ykur kwi prkangtlki …

tk tbn @mrhk Xbÿhkc, hlstlifulsblif

tbn imturmc, uihnolcnh rmhlmign ko ykur jlih.

mwmrninss orkj lts gkitnits hurlif

tbn vlslkimry hlspcmys cnmhs tk cl`nrmtlki orkj gkihltlkinh nxlstnign

Umhjmsmj`bmvm, Umhjmsmj`bmvm, ‒Frnmt Cl`nrmtlki ki Bnmrlif li tbn @mrhk', =8tb gnitury

mih tbn uignrtmli prkspngts ko rn`lrtb li kin kr miktbnr hljnislki

ko snitlnit clon. Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr. sbmjmi, Kppksltn m`kvn M onjmcn sbmjmi,

kr cbmpm, li Cbmsm, Xl`nt, jkvns rnmhlcy `ntwnni hljnislkis, ms slfilnh `y bnr grkwi ko sduccs mih m hkkrwmy nj`ncclsbnh wltb m pmlitlif ko m mynh bujmi sdli. Kppksltn `nckw Wgnins ko hlsjnj`nrjnit li hlsjnj`nrjnit li tbn prktngtkr

gbmj`nr mt Uncdbkr Gbÿhn Jkimstnry li Fymitsn, Xl`nt, ornn tbn jlih orkj libl`ltlif gkjokrts mih prkjktn

kpniinss tk tbn uidikwi. 0=?

0=6

Kppksltn Gbmrinc frkuih sgnins

orkj tbn Vbltn Xnjpcn mt Xkclif Jkimstnry li wnstnri Xl`nt livkdn tbn sgninry ko tbn cljlimc stmtns ko tbn @mrhk. Xbn Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn Hnmh , kr @mrhk Xbÿhnc, ls pmrt ko

m cmrfnr gkrpus ko tnmgblifs nitltcnh tbn ‒Urkokuih Hbmrjm ko WncoCl`nrmtlki tbrkufb tbn Litnitlki

ko tbn Unmgnouc mih Vrmtbouc Kins“, rnvnmcnh `y Dmrjm Clifpm. Xbn tnxt ls litnihnh ms m fulhn tbrkufb nxpnrlnigns tbmt mrlsn hurlif tbn litnrjnhlmtn stmtn `ntwnni hnmtb mih

rn`lrtb, ùt lt gmi `n mppclnh tk mcc glrgujstmigns li wblgb gkisglkusinss

gkiorkits tbn uidikwi. Mggkrhlif tk tbn @mrhk Xbÿhnc, mcc mppnmrmigns, bkwnvnr mccurlif kr m`bkrrnit, mrn prkangtlkis prkangtlkis ko tbn jlih mih tbus tbus tk

`n litnfrmtnh ki tbn pmtb pmtb ko cl`nrmtlki. Plfbt M M swkrh-wlnchlif sdncntki

orkj tbn Hkidbmr Gmvns li wnstnri Xl`nt nvkdns tbn onmrcnssinss stmign msskglmtnh wltb @mrhk \kfm mih gkitnjpcmtlki ko m hljnislki ko nxpnrlnign `nykih bujmi jkrtmclty. Xbn hmiglif ‒Ckrh ko tbn Gbmrinc Frkuih“, wbnrn hlvlslkis `ntwnni

clon mih hnmtb mrn pkrkus, spnglgmccy rnprnsnits trmisgnihnign ko tbn onmr

ko hnmtb mih ls tbus m gmtmcyst okr psygbkckflgmc frkwtb mih splrltumc lislfbt.

Jyrlmh bmccuglimtlkis kggur li tbn @mrhk, surpmsslif li bkrrkr mcc hnsgrlptlki, mih gmuslif ykur vnry bnmrt tk qulvnr wltb onmr. Wbm`dmr Xskdhrud Pmifhrkc, =
0=2

Cljlimclty

Xbn hmnjkilg hlvlin

0=<

Inmr-hnmtb nxpnrlnigns Xbn omtn ko gkisglkusinss motnr hnmtb rnjmlis m jystnry, mctbkufb livnstlfm tlki ko inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns bms `ngkjn mi ligrnmslifcy mggnptnh nch ko sglnitlg liqulry. Vnstnri Vnstnri `lkjnhlglin hnins hnmtb ms tbn lrrnvnrsl`cn gns smtlki ko glrgucmtkry mih rnsplrmtkry ouigtlkis ms wncc ms mcc mgtlvlty ko tbn `rmli. @ut k`snrvmtlkis k`snrvmtlkis tbmt hnctm hnctm `rmli wmvn pmttnris tbmt kggur kggur hurlif hnnp scnnp gkitliun motnr gmrhlmg rbytbjs mih mrtnrlmc `ckkh prnssurn bmvn gnmsnh gkjpclgmtn tbn jmttnr ko nxmgtcy wbni hnmtb kggurs, ms hkns tbn omgt tbmt fnins gkitliun tk ouigtlki nvni jkrn ninrfntlgmccy li tbn hmys motnr pnkpcn ‒hln“. Xl`ntmi jnhlglin jmlitmlis tbmt hnspltn tbn kutwmrh slfis ko gclilgmc hnmtb, ‒liinr rnsplrmtlki“ mih su`tcn stmtns ko gkisglkusinss gkitliun wltbli tbn `khy uitlc nltbnr `ckkh kr pus nxuhns orkj tbn iksn kr snxumc krfmis, mt wblgb pklit tbn `khy gmi `n hlsgmrhnh.

Lt bms ckif `nni k`snrvnh tbmt inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns pmrmccnc jmiy mspngts ko Xl`ntmi mggkuits ko tbn @mrhk. Kin gnitrmc hloonrnign, bkwnvnr, ls tbmt inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns tnih, wltb iktm`cn nxgnptlkis, tk `n prnsnitnh ms kvnrwbncjlifcy pksltlvn, wltb tbn hlsnj`khlnh stmtn ko inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns typlgmccy gbmrmgtnrlznh `y tbksn wbk nxpnrlnign tbnj ms liousnh wltb ckvn mih jnmilif. Ms ik kin gmi, `y hniltlki, ouccy hln mih rnturi tk clon, lt ls k`vlkuscy ljpkssl`cn tk mggkuit njplrlgmccy okr tbn trmhltlkimccy bmrrkwlif hnsgrlptlkis ko tbn @mrhk okcckwlif tbn liltlmc nxpnrlnign ko Gcnmr Clfbt. Inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns nxpnrlnigns tbus tncc us kicy wbmt gmi bmppni mt tbn tbrnsbkch ko hnmtb, ikt wbmt bmppnis motnr. Kppksltn Pktmtlif snnh-syccm`cns

hnplgtnh li tbls pmlitlif livkdn m vl`rmtkry nch tbmt kpnis tbn snmc ko prljkrhlmc mwmrninss wltbli tbn `khy“s gnitrmc gbmiinc, wblgb tnrjlimtns `y skjn mggkuits mt tbn

plinmc fcmih mt tbn `msn ko tbn `rmli. Plfbt Hlsnj`khlnh gkisglkusinss

nxpnrlnignh li tbn @mrhk ls mimckfkus tk tbn lccuskry `khy tbmt jmilonsts li cuglh hrnmjs. îgkistrmlinh `y cmws ko pbyslgs, tbn jlih mgts wltb ligrnmslif ornnhkj, ylif uik`strugtnhcy tbrkufb rkgd mih sdy, ms lccustrmtnh li tbls hntmlc orkj m jurmc li tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn, Xl`nt. Inurksglnign Inurksglnign bms sbkwi sbkwi tbmt kut ko

tbn `khy nxpnrlnigns gmi `n rnclm`cy lihugnh `y stljucmtlif tbn auigturn `ntwnni tbn tnjpkrmc mih pmrlntmc ck`ns ko tbn bujmi `rmli. 005

Inmr-hnmtbnxpnrlnigns

00=

î`kuih mwmrninss Xbn survlvmc ko gkisglkusinss motnr hnmtb ls okuihmtlkimc tk jkst rnclflkis, ligcuhlif @uhhblsj, mih ls tbn `msls okr @mrhk \kfm. Hnsgrlptlkis ko tbn liltlmc pbmsns ko tbn @mrhk ko Hylif sbmrn gkjjki onmturns onmturns wltb inmr hnmtb nxpnrl-

nigns, ligcuhlif m hnnpcy trmisokrjmtlvn pbnikjnikckfy ko clfbt mih, kotni, m gkisnqunit onmrcnssinss ko hnmtb. Inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns gmi `n lihugnh `y kxyfni hnprlvmtlki, mgutn trmujm, blfb onvnr kr nxpksurn nxpksurn tk bmccuglikfnilg su`stmigns, mih mrn kotni msskglmtnh wltb kut-ko-`khy nxpnrlnigns gbmrmgtnr-

lznh `y clfbt tuiincs, gncnstlmc tkpkfrmpblns mih hlvlin mppmrltlkis. Xbn strnmj ko jnjkrlns, ljmfns mih lhnms tbmt typlgmccy kggur li inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns mrn kotni msskglmtnh wltb pksltlvn clon gbmifns m ih suàngtlvn stmtns ko gkjpmsslki mih lislfbt, hnspltn tbn omgt tbmt tbny mrlsn tbrkufb tnjpkrmry ljpmlrjnit

tk `ckkh glrgucmtlki li tbn `rmli. Inurkckflgmccy, inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns mrn pmrtcy nxpcmlinh ms mi litnrjnhlmry stmtn `ntwnni hrnmj scnnp mih wmdlif gkisglkusinss, msskglmtnh msskglmtnh wltb PNJ pmrmcysls li rnspkisn tk mgutn strnss. Lt ls fninrmccy bnch tbmt inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns kggur li tbn litnrvmc `ntwnni ikrjmc `rmli ouigtlki ouigtlki mih tbn kisnt ko, kr rngkvnry orkj, uigkisglkusinss. uigkisglkusinss.Mimckfkuscy tk tbn @mrhk, tbny mrn mcsk dikwi tk rnsuct li tbn pbnikjnim ko ‒pmikrmjlg jnjkry“, livkcvlif hntmlcnh rngmcc ko mutk`lkfrmpblgmc nvnits. Inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns mrn mcsk typlgmccy msskglmtnh wltb splrltumc kr rnclflkus njktlkis ko uilty, trmiqulclty, m`snign ko pmli, mih tbny mrn msskglmtnh inurkgbnjlgmccy wltb ligrnmsnh prkhugtlki ko hkpmjlin mih nihkfnikus kplmtns. Gustkjmry

M @ÿipk jnhltmtlki jmiumc

orkj =7>5 nitltcnh Listrugtlkis Listrugtlkis ki tbn Okur Vbnncs mih Wkuihs hnplgts spkitminkus vlslkimry nxpnrlnigns msskglmtnh wltb jnhltmtlki ki tbn @mrhk ms mi litnrjnhlmry hljnislki `ntwnni

pbyslgmc mih ljjmtnrlmc rnmclty. rnmclty. Mggkrhlif tk tbn jmiusgrlpt, tbn @mrhk gkjjnigns wltb vlslkis

ko spliilif wmtnr pmrtlgcns mih

vlslkis ko tuiincs ko clfbt mrn gmusnh `y rnhugnh `ckkh glrgucmtlki tk tbn nyn`mcc, `nfliilif mt tbn pnrlpbnry ko tbn nch ko vlslki. Xbn `rlfbt, mccurlif gkckurs gkckurs tbmt typlgmccy mppnmr mt tbn nih ko tbn tuiinc li inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns mrn gmusnh `y stljucmtlki ko tbn vlsumc gkrtnx, m s li tbn stmtn ko hrnmjlif. Mctbkufb hnnpnr stmfns ko tbn @mrhk nxpnrlnign rnjmli ljjnmsurm`cn, liltlmc pbmsns suffnst m sljlcmr pbnikjnikckfy wltb inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns, uihnrstkkh ms hrnmj scnnp suromglif hurlif gkisglkus mwmrninss li rnspkisn tk tbn hlsskcu tlki ko `khlcy ouigtlkis. Li rnfmrh tk tbn hngkjpksltlki ko tbn plinmc fcmih mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb, psygbkpbmrjmgkckflst Hr Plgd Wtrmssjmi bms spngucmtnh tbmt m gkisnqunit kkh ko nihkfnikus I-Hljntbyctryptmjlin jmy pmrtcy mggkuit okr tbn hlsnj`khlnh vlslkimry stmtns litnfrmc tk tbn @mrhk nxpnrlnign. Ms Wtrmssjmi wrltns, ‒HJX kpnis kur liinr snisns tk tbnsn `ntwlxt stmtns wltb

tbnlr jyrlmh vlslkis, tbkufbts, skuihs, mih onnclifs. Ms tbn `khy `ngkjns tktmccy linrt, gkisglkusinss bms gkjpcntncy cnot tbn `khy mih ikw nxlsts ms m nch mjkif jmiy nchs ko jmilonst tblifs.“

prkfrnssns prkfrnssns tk mppmrltlkis mppmrltlkis ko ko

wlih, sui mih jkki, okcckwnh `y jmilonstmtlkis ko vn clfbtnjmimtlif, trmisgnihnitmc @uhhbms. Urlvmtn gkccngtlki. 000

Cljlimclty

î`kuihmwmrninss

007

Umrmcljlimc vlslkis Li trmhltlkimc mggkuits, tbn @mrhk ko Hylif ( gbldbml `mrhk) gkitliuns uitlc ‒liinr rnsplrmtlki“ gnmsns mih tbn Gcnmr Clfbt ko gkisglkusinss hmwis ms kin“s nch ko mwmrninss. Xbn jmilonstmtlki ko Gcnmr Clfbt mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb ls msskglmtnh wltb tbn hlsskcutlki ko krhlimry tbkufbts mih njktlkis mih tbn njnrfnign ko ligrnmslifcy su`tcn stmtns ko gkisglkusinss. Mggkrhlif tk tbn tnmgblifs ko Hzkfgbni, tbn prlstlin mwmrninss tbmt mrlsns mt tbls stmfn ko tbn

@mrhk ls gbmrmgtnrlznh `y spkitminkuscy jmilonstlif skuihs mih juctl-gkckurnh clfbts tbmt pmrmccnc tbn suggnsslvn vlslkimry nxpnrlnigns ko Cbóihrup Xÿfmc, tbn mhvmignh Hzkfgbni gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgn ko ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prnsnign.“ Xbnsn okur pbmsns ko vlslkimry nxpnrlnign mrn hnslfimtnh M Hzkfgbni prmg tltlkinr,hnplgtnh tltlkinr,hnplgtnh

ki tbn wmccs ko tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn li Xl`nt, uilns bls mwmrninss wltb tbn clfbt nssnigns ko tbn vn ncnjnits, slfilnh ms jmcn mih onjmcn @uhhbms li pbktkilg uilki. @y mttuilif tk sugb vlslkimry pbnikjnim msskglmtnh

wltb tbn vn psygbkpbyslgmc mffrnfmtns, prmgtltlkinrs ko Xÿfmc mrn smlh tk `n m`cn tk `ypmss tbn @mrhk motnr hnmtb.

ms Mppnmrmign, Ligrnmsn, Oucc Mttmlijnit mih Litrlislg Cujlikslty mih rnprnsnit prn-njlinit kppkrtuiltlns o kr rnmclzlif tbn iki-humclty ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign, mih tbus niclfbtnijnit. Hurlif tbn prkgnss, tbn jmcn ‒wbltn

Plfbt Gkupcns Gkupcns li snxumc uilki

li m gbmrinc frkuih lccustrmtn tbn litnrgkiingtnh imturn ko ckvn, hnmtb mih rnligmrimtlki. M hlsnj`khlnh `nlif orkj orkj tbn @mrhk ‗ tbn litnrjnhlmtn litnrjnhlmtn stmtn `ntwnni hnmtb mih rn`lrtb ‗

nitnrs tbrkufb tbn ckwnr wkjmi“s ikstrlcs mt tbn jkjnit ko gkignptlki tk rnligmrimtn li bnr wkj`. Miktbnr

furn rnjmlis suspnihnh li tbn gckuhs, ‒gckslif tbn wkj` hkkr“ mih okrfklif tbn gmcc ko ourtbnr `lrtb. Xbn sljuctminlty ko hlsjnj`nrnh `khy pmrts mih ljmfns ko okntmc hnvnckpjnit njpbmslzn tbmt clon mih hnmtb, snco mih ktbnr, wlshkj mih gkjpmsslki

mrn uctljmtncy m slifcn gkitliuuj.

nssnign“ mt tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh hnsgnihs tbrkufb tbn `khy“s ui`kuihnh

gnitrmc gbmiinc tk jnrfn mt tbn bnmrt wltb tbn rnh onjmcn nssnign msgnihlif orkj `nckw tbn imvnc, cnmhlif tk m stmtn ko liimtn `clss ms okrty hnslfimtnh tbkufbt okrjs msskglmtnh wltb hnslrn imturmccy hlsskcvn litk iki-humc mwmrn inss. Ms tbn cuimr mih skcmr nssnigns ngclpsn mt tbn bnmrt m pbmsn ko uttnr ‒`cmgdinss“ nisuns, ornn ko mcc gkignpts. Xbls ls rnonrrnh tk ms ‒Oucc Mttmlijnit“. Orkj tbn hljnislki ko purn pktnitlmclty, tbn Frkuih Cujlikslty ko gkisglkusinss mrlsns ms tbn liinrjkst

nssnign ko tbn jlih, tbn `msls okr niclfbtnijnit. îcnss kin bms prlkr nxpnrlnign li hnnp jnhltmtlki, bkwnvnr,

tbls prlstlin Gcnmr Clfbt fninrmccy pmssns uiiktlgnh mih, motnr m pnrlkh ko uigkisglkusinss, tbn jlih hnpmrts orkj tbn `khy mih nitnrs tbn su`snqunit @mrhk ko Litrlislg Pnmclty ( gbÿiyl `mrhk ), gbmrmgtnrlznh `y spkitminkus,

sbljjnrlif vlslkis tbmt mcsk suppkrt mwmdnilif. Li tbls pbmsn ko tbn @mrhk, @mrhk, tbn hlsnj`khlnh hlsnj`khlnh jlih tmdns tmdns tbn okrj okrj ko m cujlikus `khy mih `ngkjns mwmrn ko m hmzzclif, kwlif wkrch ko skuih, clfbt mih gkckur, uicljltnh `y hljn islki, hlrngtlki kr lhnitlty. @ut ms wltb tbn

liltlmc hmwilif ko Gcnmr Clfbt, tbls jmilonstmtlki ko tbn liinrjkst imturn ko tbn jlih mcsk pmssns uirngkfilznh li m`snign ko mhvmignh jnhltmtlvn nxpnrlnign, li wblgb

gmsn tbn rmys ko gkckurnh cl fbts trmisokrj litk cujlikus spbnrns tbmt gkmcnsgn litk m `rlcclmit mcc-nigkjpmsslif jmṆḊmcm ko ‒okrty-twk pnmgnouc mih oty-nlfbt wrmtbouc hnltlns“ tbmt nvnitumccy hlsskcvns wltbli kin“s bnmrt gnitrn. Lo mfmli kin omlcs tk rng kfilzn litrlislg iki-humc 008

Cljlimclty

@uhhbms hnplgtnh M`kvn M M`kvn M rkw ko @uhhbms hnplgtnh

li m Xl`ntmi jnhltmtlki jmiumc mrn clidnh wltb tbn ncnjnitmc fnkjntry ko tbn `khy“s litnrimc ninrfy systnj. Li mggkuits ko tbn @mrhk, wrmtbouc hnltlns njmimtn orkj tbn bnmh

wbnrnms pnmgnouc hnltlns, sugb ms tbksn sbkwi bnrn, lssun orkj tbn

bnmrt. Li mcc listmigns, tbn hmzzclif mppnmrmigns ko tbn @mrhk mrn bnch tk `n spkitminkus nxprnsslkis

ko tbn imturn ko jlih. @mrhk \kfm gmi `n vlnwnh ms m prkgnss ko

gkistrugtlvn hnomjlclmrlzmtlki li wblgb tbn omjlclmr ls jmhn tk mppnmr strmifn li krhnr tk nxpmih tbn rmifn ko pnrgnptlki mih syjpmtbntlg

ljmflimtlki. Urlvmtn gkccngtlki.

rnmclty, m sbmot ko clfbt njmimtns orkj kin“s bnmrt ms rnspcnihnit hlspcmys ko cujlikus spbnrns, cldninh tk uiourcnh gmrpnts grkwinh `y mi kutsprnmh gmi kpy ko pnmgkgd onmtbnrs. Xbls jmilonstmtlki ko tbn jlih“s litrlislg pktnitlmc okr niclfbtnijnit gucjlimtns li m cljltcnss mppmrltlki ko uiuttnrm`cn wlshkj mih gcmlrvkymign, tbn spkitminkus rmhlmign ko tbn jlih“s liinrjkst imturn. Xbn nitlrn vlslki ko kin“s litrlislg imturn tbni hlsskcvns `mgd litk lts krlflimc nssnign, cldn m tnit gkccmpslif kign lts rkpns mrn gut. Lo tbn `rlcclmit, uiokchlif vlslkis mrn jlstmdni ms kàngtlvncy rnmc, gkisglkusinss hkns ikt snco-cl`nrmtn orkj tbn gygcn ko `lrtb mih hnmtb mih kin jkvns litk tbn hljjnr rnmcjs ko tbn @mrhk ko @ngkjlif ( slhpm ( slhpm `mrhk), mih uctljmtncy ligmrimtns li tbn wkj` ko kin“s outurn jktbnr. Ms tbn =2tb-gnitury mhnpt Wbm`dmr Xskdhrud Pmifhrkc sujjmrlznh tbn pnrlcs mih kppkrtuiltlns ko tbn @mrhk1 ‒Vbntbnr yku wmit tk hrlid tbn ingtmr ko tbn fkhs kr tbn jkctni `rkizn ko tbn bncc s, wbntbnr yku wlsb tk mttmli @uhhbmbkkh kr wmihnr li lionrimc rnmcjs1 tbn gbklgn ls li ykur bmihs.“ Umrmcljlimc vlslkis

00>

Xrmisgnihlif `lrtb mih hnmtb

Vbmt ls lt tbmt jkvns `ntwnni clvns; Lo ik jnjkry rnjmlis, gmi rn`lrtb `n smlh tk `n li miy wmy pnrskimc; Mih lo tbnrn ls ik pnrslstlif pnrskibkkh, gmi miytblif `n smlh tk `n rn`kri; Vbni wn rnjkvn kursncvns orkj tbn bkpn mih onmr ko gkitliulty, tbn tktmclty ko imturn gkistlt utns kur `nlif. Hnmtb `rlifs inw clon, aust ms tbn jucgb ko cnmvns `rlifs okrtb inw sbkkts mih snnhclifs. Li tbn nitmifcnh gkitliuuj ko clon mih hnmtb, tbn @uhhbm“s rmhlgmc njpmtby mt tbn jkjnit ko bls niclfbtnijnit ls nvnr lccujlimtlif. Orkj pbktkis tk stnccmr hust, tk rnslhumc flccs, tk rnjimit tmlc`kins, mi nvkcutlkimry fninmckfy ls gbmrtnh wltbli kur `khlns ms tbn rnjnj`rmign ko mcc tblifs. M`lhlif li tbn hyimjlg, grnmtlvn pktnitlmclty mih kw ko clon ls tbn uctljmtn @mrhk \kfm. Lo Ukwm, tbn \kfm ko Xrmisonrnign nvmhns tbn litnrlkr pbnikjnim tbmt mrlsn hurlif tbn prkgnss ko hylif, @mrhk \kfm ouccy ouccy nj`rmgns hlsskcutlki ms ms wncc ms rnsurrng tlki, wblcn rnjmlilif nqumccy gkjjlttnh tk njnrflif orkj uigkisglkus gygcns ko tbkufbt mih `nbmvlkr. Li tbn gkitnxt ko jkhnrilty, @mrhk \kfm \kfm gmi `n pmrtcy uihnrstkkh ms nj`rmglif tbn mj`lfulty mih uignrtmlicy tbmt pnrvmhns mcc n xlstnign mih rngkfilzlif lt ms mi nihcnss skurgn ko grnmtlvlty mih l islfbt. Ms Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn kign mhvlsnh, ‒Hki“t gclif tk tbn @mrhk ms rnmc kr yku wlcc invnr nxgnnh lts rnmgb4 tbn @mrhk ls kur nvnr-prnsnit, imturmc stmtn.“

Nmrcy @uhhblst tnmgblifs spnmd ko hnmtb ms kggurrlif li nvnry jkjnit, ms kin snt ko glrgujstmigns pmssns kut ko nxlstnign mih miktbnr mrlsns. Hnmtb li tbls

snisn ls tbn libnrnit, nvnr-sblotlif, gkitlifnit imturn ko mcc pbnikjnim, ms ls rn`lrtb. Hnspltn tbn omgt tbmt @uhhblst hkgtrlin vlnws sncobkkh ms m gkignptumc lccuslki ‗ m `nclno sbmrnh `y gkitnjpkrmry inurksglnign tbmt nxpcmlis ‒jlih“ ms m `yprkhugt ko `rmli mgtlvlty ‗ lt ikintbncnss pkslts gmusmc gkitliulty `ntwnni suggnsslvn clvns li m`snign ko m suppkrtlif jntmpbyslgmc su`strmtn. @y tbn nmrcy gniturlns ko tbn rst jlccniiluj, Jmbčyčim @uhhblsj mrtlgucmtnh twk hlstligt jkhns ko rn`lrtb1 tbn livkcuitmry rn`lrtb ko tbn uimwmdninh, mih tbn wlcouccy gbksni rn`lrtb ko tbn @khblsmttvm wbk, tbrkufb tbn pkwnr ko gkjpmsslki, rnli-

gmrimtns li m okrj gkjjnisurmtn wltb cnmhlif mcc `nlifs tk niclfbtnijnit. Li tbls snisn, tbn krlflimc @uhhblst mfnihm ko nsgmplif rn`lrtb wms kvnrrlhhni `y m jkrn nigkjpmsslif, lo Wlsypbnmi, kàngtlvn1 tk rnjmli li Wmṇsčrm uitlc mcc `nlifs mrn ornn ko suoonrlif suoonrlif mih tbn gmusns ko suoonrlif. suoonrlif. Okr krhlimry `nlifs wbk,

tbrkufb cmgd ko jmstnry kvnr hnmtb mih tbn jlih, gkitliun tk hln mih rnturi tk clon li miktbnr `khy, tbn @mrhk rnprnsnits m purfmtkrlmc rltn ko pmssmfn wblgb, hnpnihlif ki kin“s jnitmc gbklgns hurlif tbn hlsnj`khlnh stmtn, hntnrjlins tbn gkihltlkis ko kin“s outurn rn`lrtb. Okr tbn @khblsmttvm, tbn sbmhkw rnmcjs ko tbn @mrhk rnskcvn imturmccy litk purn cujlikslty, tbus nisurlif uik`strugtnh pmssmfn tk m wbkccy vkcltlkimc, niclfbtninh niclfbtninh `lrtb. Ms mi litnrjnhlmry hljnislki `ntwnni suggnsslvn clvns, tbn @mrhk bncps tk mggkuit okr rn`lrtb wltbli m pblckskpblgmc systnj tbmt hnilns tbn nxlstnign ko m snco. Wkjn @uhhblst tnmgbnrs jmlitmli tbmt tbn @uhhbm“s rnpkrtnh rnjnj`rmign ko jyrlmh okrjnr clvns li tbn pnrlkh cnmhlif up tk bls mwmdnilif wms jkrn mggurmtncy m okrj ko nvkcutlkimry njpmtby ‗ rngkfilzlif tbmt, li nssnign, wn bmvn `nni mih mrn mcc tblifs. Cltnrmc litnrprntmtlki ko tbn hkgtrlin ko rn`lrtb ikintbncnss rnjmlis m prkjlinit mspngt ko pkpucmr @uhhblsj. Xbn gmusn ko rn`lrtb ls upbnch tk `n dmrjm, tbn ljpncclif okrgn ko pmst mgtlkis `msnh ki hncuhnh pnrgnptlkis ko pbnikjnim ms litrlislgmccy rnmc. Mctbkufb tbn @uhhbm bljsnco invnr rnligmrimtnh, m trmhltlki ko lhnitloylif mih cnfltljlzlif clinmfns ko rnligmrimtn cmjms `nfmi li Xl`nt wltb Dmrjmpm Umdsbl. Xbn rnsuctmit trmhltlki ko Xucdu, kr rnligmrimtn @khblsmttvm cmjm, gkiskclhmtnh jkimstlg pkwnr mih pnrpntumtns prmgtlgn clinmfns clinmfns tk tbls hmy. hmy. Xu Xucdus“ cdus“ vkws vkws ms @khblsmttvms @khblsmttvms nisurn tbmt tbny vkcuitmrlcy rnligmrimtn tljn mih tljn mfmli tk ouccc t bn splrltumc innhs ko bujmi `nlifs. Xbn listltutlki ko Xucdu prnsnits gbmccnifns li tbn jkhnri wkrch. Wuprnjncy rnvnrnh gkitnjpkrmry cmjms sugb ms Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn cnot ms tbnlr imc tnstmjnit nxpclglt listrugtlkis ikt tk snnd tbnlr rnligmrimtlki, ikr tk jkuri tbnlr ckss.

@mrhk @nlif, @nlif, m vlslkimry pmlitlif `y

Mcnx Frny, nvkdns tbn gkisglkusinss nxpmihlif litnr-hljnislkimclty msskglmtnh wltb Xl`ntmi hnsgrlptlkis ko tbn akuriny `ntwnni hnmtb mih

rn`lrtb, ms wncc ms tbn cljlimc stmtns ko hrnmj, jnhltmtlki mih psygbnhnclg nxpnrlnign.

00?

Cljlimclty

Xrmisgnihlif `lrtb mih hnmtb

006

Uktnit skcutlkis Xbn ykfm ko nitbnkfnis mih nclxlrs Wkjn mrn `kuih `y rnikuiglif tblifs. Ktbnrs `y tbnsn smjn tblifs fmli uisurpmssm`cn niclfbtnijnit. niclfbtnijnit. Jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm, 2tb gnitury

@lkgbnjlstry ko mwmdnilif mwmdnilif Kppksltn M ykfli snmtnh ki m cnkpmrh sdli bkchs m sducc gup

ccnh wltb mj`rkslmc su`stmigns, li m hntmlc orkj m wmcc pmlitlif li @butmi. Xbn @uhhblst Xmitrms tmdn m iumignh mpprkmgb tk mctnrnh stmtns ko gkisglkusinss, rngkfilzlif tbmt, uihnr gnrtmli glrgujstmigns, psygbkmgtlvn psygbkmgtlvn su`stmigns su`stmigns gmi gmi msslst

li uivnlclif tbn uctljmtncy mctnrnh ynt imturmc stmtn ko niclfbtnijnit. @nckw M flchnh Wgytblmi `kwc

orkj tbn 7rh gnitury @G hnplgts slxty-okur simdns rlslif sliukuscy orkj m gcustnr ko nffs. Mctbkufb tbn vnssnc“s spnglg purpksn rnjmlis k`sgurn, lts kpblhlmi syj`kclsj nvkdns tbn ‒snrpnit pkwnr“ ko duṆḊmcliĤ , wblcn mcsk suffnstlif tbn rltumc gkisujptlki ko psygbkckflgmccy pktnit su`stmigns. @ugdlifbmj Gkccngtlki.

Nmrcy tnmgblifs mttrlùtnh tk tbn blstkrlgmc Wmdymjuil @uhhbm gkuisnc mfmlist tbn usn ko lin`rlmtlif su`stmigns ki tbn pmtb tk cl`nrmtlki orkj bujmi suoonrlif. Ikintbncnss, tbn Utmýamcmyk tbn UtmýamcmykfmŔstrm fmŔstrm,, wblgb pmrtcy hnrlvns orkj Wmdymjuil @uhhbm“s @uhhbm“s Nlfbt-Okch Umtb cnmhlif tk IlrvčṆm, gltns jnhlglimc bnr`s (muṧmhbl) ms tbn sngkih ko vn jnmis okr mgblnvlif ykflg pkwnrs mih splrltumc njmiglpmtlki njmiglpmtlki (jkdṧm). jkdṧm). Urngnhnits okr tbn usn ko psygbkmgtlvn su`stmigns wltbli Lihlm“s ykflg trmhltlkis hmtn tk tbn Plf _nhm, wblgb livkdns m gkjpkuih nclxlr gmccnh skjm ms m jnmis okr pmrtlglpmtlif li tbn ljjkrtmc gkihltlki ko tbn fkhs. Xbn su`snqunit usn ko gmiim`ls, Hmturm, mih ktbnr jlih-mctnrlif jnhlglimc bnr`s wltbli őmlvlsj ls wncc mttnstnh, ùt ls cnss wncc dikwi wltbli Xmitrlg @uhhblsj. Ikintbncnss, lin`rlmtlif su`stmigns bmvn `nni rltumccy gkisujnh wltbli _marmyčim, tbn ‒mhm jmitlin wmy“, okr `ktb pbyslgmc mih psygblg rninjnit. Ms tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm stmtns, ‒Xbn kin wbk dikws tbn imturn ko pklski hlspncs tbn pklski utlclzlif tbn pklski ltsnco.“Mrgbmnkckflgmc Mrgbmnkckflgmc nvlhnign nvlhnign ko rltumc hruf hruf usn usn li _marmyčim bms rngnitcy rngnitcy njnrfnh mt sltns rmiflif orkj Lihlm“s Dkidmi Gkmst tk Wkjmpurm Jmbčvlbčrm li gkitnjpkrmry @mifcmhnsb, wblcn nmrcy Xl`ntmi @uhhblst tnxts hnsgrl`n tbn usn ko Hmturm, Unfmiuj Hmturm, Unfmiuj bmrjmcm, bmrjmcm, gkhkikpsls, Npbnhrm slilgm mih slilgm mih pkssl`cy psygbkmgtlvn ouifl okr guctlvmtlif guctlvmtlif mctnrnh stmtns stmtns ko gkisglkusinss gkisglkusinss gnitrmc gnitrmc tk tbn tbn trmhltlki“s njmiglpmtkry fkmcs. Wugb usn lccujlimtns Xmitrlg @uhhblsj“s ‒pmtb ko sdlccouc jnmis“ ( upymjmrfm), upymjmrfm), wbnrn`y wbmt ls prksgrl`nh kutwmrhcy kotni onmturns gnitrmccy mt mi nsktnrlg cnvnc okr mgblnvlif ykfm“s, mih tbnrn`y clon“s, blfbnst fkmcs. ^slif tbn jntmpbkr ko m pklskikus pcmit, Xl`ntmi trmhltlki rncmtns tbrnn jnmis `y wblgb tk nrmhlgmtn mhvnrsn jnitmc bm`lts1 Xbnrmvčhm @uhhblsj gkuiglcs kin tk mvklh tbn pklski, Jmbčyčim tnmgbns kin tk mitlhktn lt wltb tbn vlnw ko njptlinss, mih _marmyčim listrugts kin bkw tk trmisokrj tbn pklski litk m jnhlglin. Hzkfgbni, bkwnvnr, rnvnmcs litrlislg cl`nrmtlki tbrkufb tbn pnmgkgd“s pnmgkgd“s cnfnihmry cnfnihmry m`lclty tk gkivnrt gkivnrt hnmhcy Bljmcmymi wkcos`min ( Mgkiltuj onrkx) onrkx) litk tbn sbljjnrlif hlspcmy ko lts nyn-nj`ncclsbnh nyn-nj`ncclsbnh tmlc onmtbnrs, syj`kcs li Hzkfgbni okr tbn rmhlmit cujlinsgnign ko tbn mwmdninh jlih. 00<

Infktlmtlif pkwnr _marmyčim @uhhblsj wms orkj tbn kutsnt m trmisfrnsslvn trmhltlki tbmt gbmccnifnh `ktb tbn jnmis mih kàngtlvns ko nmrclnr nmrclnr okrjs ko @uhhblsj. Lts Lts njmiglpmtkry njmiglpmtkry slhhbl, wblgb wnrn uihnrfkmcs kotni ligcuhnh psygbkpbyslgmc pkwnrs, gmccnh slhhbl, stkkh ms jmrds ko splrltumc mttmlijnit. Kin ko tbn nmrclnst clstlifs ko suprmikrjmc pkwnrs mppnmrs mppnmrs li tbn 2tb-gnitury 2tb-gnitury Wu`čbupmrlprlggbč Wu`čbupmrlprlggbč Xmitrm, Xmitrm, wblgb hnsgrl`ns hnsgrl`ns ‒hnclfbtlif“ hnltlns tbrkufb tbn prmgtlgn ko jmitrm, vmilsblif litk pmcmgns ko tbn fkhs, mih lifnstlif pktnit jnhlglins hnrlvnh orkj tbn vn ncnjnits, ms wncc ms orkj bujmi `khlns, `y wblgb ‒kin clvns m ckif tljn, wltbkut hlsnmsn, mih rnjmlis ykutbouc wltb sbmrp omguctlns“. Ktbnr slhhbl hnsgrl`nh li tbn tnxt ligcuhn sdlccs sugb ms ylif tbrkufb tbn sdy, `ngkjlif livlsl`cn, ruiilif swlotcy, mih ljjnhlmtncy gkjprnbnihlif tbn gkitnits ko miy tnxt. Cmtnr 2tb-gnitury mggkuits ko ‒frnmt pnrongtlkis“ ((jmbslhhbl jmbslhhbl) clst klitjnits mih hrufs tk `n mppclnh tk tbn

Plfbt Xbn Xmitrlg hnlty \mjčitmdm , li m gkitnjpkrmry pmlitlif `y

Cudn @rkwi, wltb juctlpcn nyns mih m okrn`rmli ko grkssnh vmarms,

nvkdns tbn nxpmihnh vlslki mih gkisglkusinss msskglmtnh wltb tbn auhlglkus, auhlglkus, njmiglpmtkry njmiglpmtkry usn ko jlih-

mctnrlif su`stmigns. @nckw Xbn Usygbnhnclg Nxpnrlnign 1 M Jmiumc `msnh ki tbn Xl`ntmi Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn tbn Hnmh prkvlhnh prkvlhnh tbn lgkilg

cyrlgs okr tbn @nmtcns“ =
onnt mih nyns tk mgblnvn nxgnptlkimc m`lcl tlns. _mrlkus pklskikus mih bmccuglikfnilg pcmits sugb sugb ms purpcn-kwnrnh purpcn-kwnrnh tbkri tbkri mppcn ( Hmturm Hmturm omstuksm ) mih ‒grmzy Hmturm“ (uijmttmhbmttŤrm) uijmttmhbmttŤrm) wnrn m`skr`nh litk tbn `khy ms pmstns kr tbrkufb tbn cuifs li jlih-mctnrlif rn gnrnjkilns. Mggkuits ko Hmturm gmi `n okuih li iujnrkus @uhhblst

Xmitrms. Blfbcy tkxlg li gkjpmrlski wltb ktbnr psygbnhnclg su`stmigns, Hmturm bms `nni wlhncy usnh mgrkss gucturns gucturns ms m sbmjmilg jnhlglin msskglmtnh wltb jmflgmc lfbt, mctbkufb lts vmcun ms m hnclrlmit wms jkstcy mppclnh wltbli Xmitrlg @uhhblsj li rltumcs okr rnihnrlif ninjlns pkwnrcnss kr lismin. Xbn 2tb-gnitury Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrm, okr nxmjpcn, stmtns tbmt lo kin wbk ls ‒wncc-nqulpklsnh“ ljjkcmtns justmrh snnh klc, tbn wlifs ko grkws, mih tbn imjn ko kin“s litnihnh litnihnh vlgtlj li m rn ko Hmturm, ‒tbn pnrski wlcc ljjnhlmtncy `n hrlvni mwmy kr hln“. Wtmtns ko gkisglkusinss nclgltnh `y bmccuglikfnilg su`stmigns“ litnrmgtlki wltb snrktkili rngnptkrs li tbn `rmli gkrrnspkih wltb stmfns ko tbn @mrhk, tbn

litnrjnhlmtn litnrjnhlmtn hljnislkis `ntwnni clvlif, hylif, hrnmjlif mih rn`lrtb. Li hnsgrl`lif bkw m hlstlccmtn ko Hmturm gmi `n usnh li tbn nyns tk bnlfbtni tbn vlslkimry noongts ko Xÿfmc prmgtlgn, m Xl`ntmi cmjm kign stmtnh tbmt, ‒Lo Ukwm, tbn \kfm ko Xrmisonrnign, ls @uhhbmbkkh wltbkut jnhltmtlki, lifnstlif

purlnh Hmturm ls cldn nxpnrlniglif tbn @mrhk @mrhk wltbkut bmvlif tk hln.“ Xbn sljlcn wms mcsk mppmrnit tk Bmrvmrh psygbkckfy prkonsskrs Xljktby Xljktby Cnmry, Pmcpb Jntzinr mih Plgbmrh Mcpnrt (Pmj Hmss) wbk, li =
Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbms mrn kotni

Nxpnrlnign1 M Jmiumc Jmiumc @msnh ki tbn Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn Hnmh

hnplgtnh li stmtns ko litkxlgmtlki, rnprnsnitlif tbnlr liinr trmisgnihnign

ms m fulhn tk psygbkckflgmc hnmtb mih rn`lrtb li tbn gkitnxt

ko Wmṇsčrm mih IlrvčṆm. Xbn rmlsnh sducc `kwc `rljjlif wltb ljjkrtmc nclxlr, kr mjṔtm, mjṔtm, slfilns tbn mgtlvmtlki ko tbn liimtn psygbkcytlg, kr ‒jlih-ckksnilif“, mj`rkslm ckgmtnh mt tbn gkrn ko tbn `rmli tbmt gkionrs `clss mih lislfbt litk tbn iki-humc imturn ko rnmclty. @ut jkrn cltnrmc litnrprntmtlkis mcsk mppcy. Ms M`blimvmfuptm wrktn li Xmitrčckdm, ‒Vlin T surZ surZ ls purn `y imturn, lt ls clfbt, `clss mih gkisglkusinss, okrnvnr

ko ‒jlih-jmilonstlif“ nxpnrlnigns prkhugnh `y CWH, jns-

gmclin mih pslckgy`li jusbrkkjs. Ms Pmj Hmss nxprnssnh lt, ‒Vbni yku nxtrlgmtn ykursnco orkj tbn s kclh lhnitlgmtlki wltb ykur `khy, yku `nfli tk bmvn tbn spmglkusinss tk mcckw okr tbn pkssl`lclty tbmt hnmtb ls m pmrt ko tbn prkgnss ko clon ‗ rmtbnr tbmi mi nih ko clon.“ Gkisujptlki ko sugb pktnit gnitrmc inrvkus systnj stljucmits wltbli 0=st-gnitury Vnstnri _marmyčim @uhhblst gkjjuiltlns lihlgmtns m iumignh mpprkmgb tk tbn usn ko psygbkmgtlvn su`stmigns mt infktlmtnh `kuihmrlns

`ntwnni cl`nrmtlki mih litkxlgmtlki, ms wncc ms pbmrjmgkckfy mih rnclflki.

gbnrlsbnh `y tbn fkhs4 tbnrnokrn

tbn mhnpt sbkuch mcwmys hrlid lt!“ 075

Uktnit skcutlkis

Infktlmtlif pkwnr

07=

Nitbnkpbmrjmgkckfy

cnvnc, tbn bujmi sducc gups mrn

Xbn rltumc usn ko Hmturm wms ikt cljltnh tk tbn suàufmtlki ko nxtnrimc ninjlns, ùt wms mcsk mppclnh tk kvnrgkjlif libl`ltlif jnitmc stmtns mih fmlilif lislfbt litk tbn imturn ko rnmclty. Ms nxpkuihnh `y Amjymif Dbynitsn Vmifgbud (=>08‗?2) li tbn gkitnxt ko tbn W mdym ‒Umtb ko Orultlki“ ( cmjhrì), jnhltmtlki ki vlslkimry pbnikjnim prkhugnh `y Hmturm nstm`clsbns tbmt, ‒Mcc pbnikj nim ko mppmrnit nxlstnign, Wmṇsčrm mih IlrvčṆm, hk ikt nxlst kutslhn ko kin“s jlih.“ Ms m suppkrt okr snco-cl`nrmtlki li Hzkfgbni, tbn tblrh Hkhrup Gbni Plipkgbn (=2?>‗=<0?) nxpkuihnh gryptlgmccy ki m jntbkh ko lj`l`lif m ingtmrkus skcutlki ko Hmturm li krhnr tk mgtlvmtn tbn su`tcn `khy mih mttmli ‒nxgnccnit mggkjpclsbjnits“. Wljlcmrcy, Wljlcmrcy, Umhjmsmj`bmvm ls smlh tk bmvn pclnh \nsbn Xskfymc Xskfymc wltb m rmifn ko jlih-mctnrlif su`stmigns li krhnr tk guctlvmtn bnr m`lclty tk jmlitmli gcmrlty hurlif nxpmihnh stmtns ko gkisglkusinss. _lslki lihuglif pcmits li Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj mrn gcksncy msskglmtnh wltb tbn trmhltlki ko ‒rnvnmcnh trnmsurns“ ( tnrjm). M iktm`cn nxmjpcn kggurs li m sngtlki ko tbn ‒Liinrjkst Bnmrt Nssnign ko _ljmcmjltrm“, m gkjpnihluj ko Hzkfgbni pltb listrugtlkis gkhlnh li tbn ==tb mih =0tb gnitury, wblgb hnsgrl`ns litrkhuglif m hlstlccmtn ko Hmturm litk tbn nyns tbrkufb tbn bkcckw qulcc ko m vucturn“s onmtbnr li krhnr tk kpni tbn `khy“s su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs mih lihugn vlslkis. Mi nmrclnr ikntlg usn ko Hmturm ls hnsgrl`nh li gbmptnr twncvn ko tbn Jmbčdčcm Xmitrm, Xmitrm, wblgb listrugts prmgtltlkinrs tk jlx Hmturm mih twk ktbnr blfbcy pklskikus pcmits wltb bkiny mih tbn `lcn ko m `cmgd gmt mih tk mppcy tbn rnsuctmit klitjnit tk tbn nyns, motnr wblgb ‒kin splis mrkuih mih mrkuih cldn m `nn“, m sljlcn cmtnr mppclnh tk tbn rlslif ko duṆḊmcliĤ. M trnmsurn tnxt, kr tnrjm, n itltcnh ‒Cujlikus Vn`“, mttrlùtnh tk Umhjmsmj`bmvm mih rnvnmcnh `y tbn =2tbgnitury mhnpt Xnrtÿi Plfhzli Hkran Xbkdjì, hnsgrl`ns ‒vn ingtmr-`nstkwlif pcmits“ msgrl`nh wltb hlvnrsn pbyslkckflgmc mih psygblg pkwnrs. Ms tbn tnxt s tmtns, ‒Vbknvnr gkisujns tbn –nxgnccnit pcmit ko jlrmgcns‚ wlcc rnjmli ornn ko hlsnmsn mih mttmli jlrmguckus pkwnrs. Kin“s `khy wlcc `ngkjn ykutbouc mih gmpm`cn ko ylif tbrkufb tbn sdy. Vltbkut m`mihkilif tbn pbyslgmc `khy, kin gmi mttmli gncnstlmc rnmcjs … Vbknvnr nmts tbn –pcmit ko ligrnmslif `clss‚ nxpnrlnigns tbn linxbmustl`cn uilki ko `clss mih njptlinss … Vbknvnr pmrtmdns ko tbn –pcmit ko purlgmtlki‚ hlsskcvns mcc dmrjlg k`sgurmtlkis mih tbn nlfbty okrjs ko bm`ltumc tbkufbt. Xbny wlcc rngmcc gkuitcnss pmst clvns. Vbknvnr nmts tbn –pcmit tbmt snvnrs hlstur`lif njktlkis‚ wlcc invnr tblid ko okkh kr hrlid … mih jnhltmtlvn m`skrptlki wlcc mrlsn spkitminkuscy.

Uktnit skcutlkis

Nitbnkpbmrjmgkckfy

M ‒ingtmr fkhhnss“ ls fkhhnss“ ls sbkwi bkvnrlif

m`kvn m ckifnvlty nclxlr ‗ lihlgtnh `y tbn twk `cmgd-cnffnh grmins ‗ li tbls hntmlc orkj m gkitnjpkrmry wmcc pmlitlif li Fmiftnif Jkimstnry li @butmi. Jlih-nxpmihlif su`stmigns

usnh li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj rngmcc miglnit _nhlg rltns li wblgb prkpltlmtkrs

ko tbn rn-fkh Mfil gkisujnh m pktnit, psygbkmgtlvn `rnw gmccnh skjm, vmrylifcy msskglmtnh wltb ), Npbnhrm gmiim`ls (Xl`. skjmrmhzm skjmrmhzm ), Npbnhrm slilgm, slilgm, Wyrlmi run ( Unfmiuj ( Unfmiuj bmrjmcm bmrjmcm),

tbn rnh mih wbltn-ngdnh y mfmrlg jusbrkkj ( Mjmiltm ( Mjmiltm jusgmrlm jusgmrlm), tbn smgrnh cktus ( Incuj`k iuglonrm iuglonrm) mih, jkst rngnitcy, wltb Uslckgy`li (Wtrkpbmrlm gu`nisls ), `msnh ki gcnmr hnplgtlkis li mi nmrcy rst jlccniiluj @G tnxtlcn pminc hlsgkvnrnh li 055< li ikrtbnri Jkifkclm.

Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbms mrn gustkjmrlcy sbkwi lj`l`lif uispnglnh su`stmigns orkj bujmi sducc gups. Ki mi kutnr cnvnc, sugb hnplgtlkis lihlgmtn _marmyčim @uhhblsj“s gk-nvkcutlki wltb Xmitrlg őmlvlsj, ms mcsk lihlgmtnh `y tbn 070

sducc-plnrglif trlhnits gkjjki tk `ktb trmhltlkis. Ki mi liinr cnvnc, tbn bkcckw livnrtnh grmiluj syj`kclzns tbn jlih“s litrlislg

nxpcmlinh ms `rljjlif wltb mj`rkslmc ingtmr, tbus suffnstlif tbn rncnmsn ko nihkfnikus jlihmctnrlif su`stmigns wltbli tbn `rmli

njptlinss, ornnh orkj hlvlslvn tbkufbts mih njktlkis. Ki m ‒sngrnt“

tbmt mrn mgtlvmtnh tbrkufb Xmitrlg @uhhblst prmgtlgns.

077

Xbn wbltn `mt clcy ( clcy (Xmggm Xmggm litnfrlokclm )

ls usnh li trmhltlkimc Mslmi Mslmi jnhlglin ms `ktb mi mpbrkhlslmg mih m gurn

okr gmignr, ùt tbn pcmit mcsk bms nsktnrlg mppclgmtlkis ms m psygbkmgtlvn su`stmign. Hlvnrsn pcmits mt tbn litnromgn ko jnhlglin mih pklski

mrn usnh li ykflg okrjucmtlkis okr nxtnihlif gkisglkusinss mih

mgtlvmtlif su`tcn `khy prkgnssns.

Xbnsn mrn tbn suprnjn pcmits ko tbn rnmclznh mhnpts. Vbknvnr gkisujns tbnj wlcc rncnmsn mcc `ckgdmfns ko tbn liinr ninrfy gbmiincs mih hlrngtcy pnrgnlvn tbn rnmcjs ko tbn @uhhbms.“ Hnspltn tbnlr kvnrtcy mccurlif qumcltlns, tbn tmxk ikjlgmc hnsgrlptlkis ko tbnsn vn pcmits rnjmli k`sgurn, blihnrlif pksltlvn lhnitlgmtlki. Ikintbncnss, trmhltlkimc Xl`ntmi mih @butminsn hkgtkrs bmvn mgtlvncy skufbt kut tbn ncuslvn, ingtmr-`nmrlif pcmits li rnjktn rnflkis ko tbn nmstnri Bljmcmyms mih usnh nxtrmgts ko skjn ko tbnj hurlif pnrlkhs ko jnhltmtlvn rntrnmt. Jmrlaumim (Gmiim`ls ( Gmiim`ls smtlvm ) ls m

jkrn rnmhlcy mggnssl`cn jlih-mctnrlif pcmit li tbn Xl`ntmi pbmrjmgkpnlm pbmrjmgkpnlm mih snrvns m jmflgk-jnhlg jmflgk-jnhlg limc ouigtlki li snvnrmc jmakr @uhhblst Xmitrms. Lts cnmvns mih rnsli mrn ligcuhnh li ‒pnrongt jnhlglin“ okrjucms ko tbn Jmbčdčcm Xmitrm, wblcn tbn Gmdrmsmṇvmrm Xmitrm stmtns tbmt m jlxturn ko gkjpkuihs tbmt ligcuhn gmiim`ls wlcc bncp kin tk ‒`ngkjn m ykfli wbk hkns wbmt bn pcnmsns mih gmi stmy miywbnrn wbmtsknvnr.“ Xbn jkrn k`sgurn Xčrč Xmitrm quktns tbn @uhhbm ms smylif tbmt wlin li m`snign ko gmiim`ls wlcc ikt prkhugn suoglnit `clss tk gmrry kut tbn su`tcn ninrfy ykfms tbmt tbn Xmitrm hnsgrl`ns, mi lihlrngt mgdikwcnhfjnit ko tbn `rmli“s nihkfnikus ‒`clss jkcngucn“ mimihmjlhn, wblgb `lihs tk gmiim`liklh rngnptkrs.

Hlkiysus, tbn prljkrhlmc hnlty Cnot Hlkiysus, ko hlvlin litkxlgmtlki, ms nvkdnh ki

tbls 7rh-gnitury flchnh pcmtn orkj Lihlm“s ikrtbwnst orkitlnr, mitlglpmtns cmtnr ljmfns ko Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbms4 aust ms tbn nmrclnst ljmfns ko tbn @uhhbm hnrlvn orkj Frnnd hnplgtlkis ko pblckskpbnr smfns. @rltlsb Jusnuj, Ckihki. Kppksltn Jmbčslhhbms , kr ‒rnmclznh mhnpts“, wnrn prkfniltkrs ko Xl`nt“s Xmitrlg okrj ko @uhhblsj. Xbny mrn

gustkjmrlcy hnplgtnh li stmtns ko ngstmtlg nmsn, rnprnsnitlif ornnhkj

orkj skglmc mih njktlkimc gkihltlkilif. Mctbkufb tbnsn ljmfns orkj Uncdbkr Gbÿhn Jkimstnry li Fymitsn, Xl`nt, njpbmslzn jmcn mhnpts, skjn ko tbn frnmtnst jmbčslhhbms wnrn onjmcn. Mggkrhlif tk Xmitrlg tnxts, tbn prkoonrnh

sducc gups gkitmli tbn ‒ingtmr ko frnmt `clss“, rnonrrlif tk tk tbn gnrvlgmc ulhs tbmt lssun orkj m ḊčdliĤ“s ‒sngrnt pcmgn“. Wugb su`stmigns wnrn jlxnh wltb

wmtnr mih mcgkbkc lhnmccy hnrlvlif orkj frmpns.

078

Uktnit skcutlkis

07>

Xbn mcgbnjy ko rnauvnimtlki Kppksltn ‒Xbn Frnmtnr Nclxlr ko Pnauvnimtlki“ ls Pnauvnimtlki“ ls pmrt ko m snrlns

ko =6tb-gnitury sgrkcc pmlitlifs lccustrmtlif tbn Xl`ntmi jnhlgmc systnj. Xbn gnitrmc jktlo ls m sducc gup ccnh wltb pktnit su`stmigns okr gcnmrlif ninrfy gbmiincs, rnstkrlif vltmclty mih gkionrrlif ckifnvlty. Xbn Xmitrlg hnltlns tbmt bkvnr m`kvn tbn livnrtnh `kwc rnprnsnit tbn trmisjutnh nssnigns

ko jlih mih `khy. Xl`nt“s jnhlgmc trmhltlki hrnw orkj Lihlmi, Gblinsn mih lihlfnikus Xl`ntmi prmgtlgns li

okrjucmtlif m systnj okr kptljlzlif bujmi wncc`nlif. Wtuhlk ko Pkjlk Wbrnstbm. @nckw M =st-gnitury @uhhbm furn , orkj Fmihbmrm jmhn orkj zlig mih

skclhlnh jnrgury mih niglrgcnh `y m gk`rm, rngmccs tbn Blihu fkh őlvm wbk nifmfnh tbn ‒snrpnit pkwnr“ ko duṆḊmcliĤ tk tk gkisujn m wkrch-tbrnmtnilif pklski mih gkivnrt lt litk skjm, tbn _nhlg ingtmr ko

ljjkrtmclty. Li iki-humc őmlvlsj, tbn ‒stmtn ko őlvm“ ls hnsgrl`nh ms ‒m cujlikus snm ko su`slhlif wmvns.“

Xbn jkst prkjlinit mspngt ko tbn Xl`ntmi ykfm ko nssnigns mih nclxlrs ls tbn trmhltlki ko Gbucni, kr ‒nssnign nxtrmgtlki“, wblgb ls usnh okr purpksns ko rnauvnimtlki, ligrnmslif vltmclty, nxtnihlif tbn clons pmi mih nibmiglif jnhltmtlvn lislfbt. Wu`stmigns ligcuhlif pcmits, kwnrs, jlinrmcs mih `khlcy ulhs mrn gkjpkuihnh litk njpkwnrlif nclxlrs tbrkufb tbn usn ko jmitrm mih vlsu mclzmtlkis ko Xmitrlg hnltlns sugb ms _marmykfliĤ mih Mjltčyus, tbn @uhhbm ko Liiltn Clon. Xbn rnauvnimtlif su`stmigns mrn ourtbnr nibmignh wbni gkj`linh wltb spnglg hlntmry rnfljnis, `rnmtblif prmgtlgns mih ykflg nxnrglsns. Mctbkufb ikjlimccy hnrlvlif orkj Lihlmi trmhltlkis ko Pmsčymim, Gbucni hrmws nxtni slvncy orkj lihlfnikus Xl`ntmi jnhlgmc gucturn m s wncc ms orkj Gblinsn Xmklst prmgtlgns ko ko litnrimc mcgbnjy. Xbn prmgtlgn prmgtlgn ko Gbucni ls jnitlkinh li tbn Okur Jnhlgmc Xmitrms ( Fyuh Wbl) orkj tbn ==‗=0tb gnitury mih wms ourtbnrnh `y prkjlinit Xnrtÿi, kr ‒trnmsurn rnvnmcnrs“, sugb ms Pmtim Clifpm (=857‗6<) (=857‗6<) mih Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm, wbk prkhugnh mi liunitlmc trnmtlsn nitltcnh ‒Dny tk tbn Nlfbt Urliglpmc Xmitrlg Jnhlglins“. Gbucni rnjmlis m vltmc prmg tlgn tkhmy, wltb prkjlinit lifrnhlnits ligcuhlif tbn vn-ck`nh tu`nrs ko tbn orkf krgblh ( Hmgtyckrblzm vlrlhls ), gmcgltn mih rkgd `ltujni ( sblcmalt ). ). Mggkuits nxlst ko pmst jmstnrs wbk su`slstnh nitlrncy ki pucvnrlznh stmcmfjltns, wblcn Jlcmrnpm ls rnikwinh okr clvlif okr nxtnihnh pnrlkhs ki m hlnt ko stliflif inttcns. Kin ko tbn jkrn gkitrkvnrslmc gkjpkinits ko jmiy Gbucni rnglpns ls jnrgurlg suchn, hnrlvnh orkj gliim`mr. Mctbkufb blfbcy tkxlg li lts gruhn stmtn, jnrgury, kign ‒purlnh“ tbrkufb mcgbnjlgmc prkgnssns, ls bnch `y Xl`ntmi jnhlglin tk `n m pkwnrouc pmimgnm. M jnrgur y-`msnh nclxlr gmccnh ykfnsbwmr, ‒ckrh ko ykfm“, ls prnsgrl`nh wltbli tbn trmhltlki ko tbn GmṆḊmjmbčrkṧmṆm Xmitrm, tbn ‒Olnrgn mih Frnmtcy Vrmtbouc Kin“, li krhnr tk nibmign nxpnrlnigns ko `clss mih cujlikslty hurlif snxumc ykfm. \nt, ms wltb mcc lifrnhlnits usnh li Gbucni, nogmgy ls bnch tk hnrlvn ms jugb orkj rltumcs ko gkisngrmtlki ms orkj tbn su`stmigns tbnjsncvns. Kin ko tbn jkst nsktnrlg prmgtlgns wltbli tbn Xl`ntmi trmhltlki ko Gbucni gkislsts ko rltumccy gkisujlif bujmi nsb, mc`nlt li jliutn qumitltlns. Ms mttnstnh li tbn Bnvmarm, Gmdrmsmṇvmrm mih ktbnr @uhhblst Xmitrms, ‒nsb plccs“ gkjpkuihnh orkj tbn `khlns ko hngnmsnh @rmbjli msgntlgs wnrn rnputnhcy lifnstnh tk nrmhlgmtn suàngt‗kàng t humclty, wblcn rnjlihlif gkisujnrs ko tbn trmislnit imturn ko tbnlr kwi `khlns. Mctbkufb tbn spnglg lifrnhlnits mrn ikt spnglnh, tbn clon stkry ko jmbčslhhbm DṔṧṆčgčrym rncmtns bkw, ms skki ms bn put sugb rltumccy gkisngrmtnh su`stmigns litk bls jkutb, ‒bn wms m`cn tk snn tbn rnmcjs ko tbn fkhs mih tbn splrlts ko imturn ( ymdsbm) mih gkuch trmvnc tk tbksn pcmgns li m msb lo bn sk hnslrnh.“

Xbn mcgbnjy ko rnauvnimtlki

076

Xbn liinr nssnign

Ncngtrlgmc mgtlvlty li tbn `rmli

gkrrncmtns wltb cnvncs ko gkisglkusinss. Xbn inurmc slfimturn ko blfb-mjpcltuhn fmjjm ksglccmtlkis mih ligrnmsnh ouigtlkimc gkiingtlvlty snni mjkif mhvmignh jnhltmtkrs

bms mcsk `nni k`snrvnh li gkiingtlki wltb tbn rltumc usn ko psygbnhnclg su`stmigns sugb ms pslckgy`li. Wglnign Ubktk Cl`rmry, Ckihki.

Xbn uctljmtn nclxlrs livkdnh li Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj mrn su`stmigns tbmt kw orkj vmrlkus fcmihs wltbli tbn bujmi `khy hurlif prmgtlgns ko ykfm mih jnhltmtlki. Xbnsn ‒liinrjkst nssnigns“ mrn jkrn spnglgmccy jmcn mih onjmcn snxumc sngrntlkis, pkssl`cy msskglmtnh wltb rncmtnh jkkh-ncnvmtlif bkrjkins sugb ms hkpmjlin, snrktkili mih kxytkgli. Xbn litnislnh kw ko jlih-mctnrlif inurk-gbnjlgmcs rnsuctlif orkj ykflg prmgtlgn gkrrncmtns wltb wbmt Xmitrlg tnxts hnsgrl`n ms ‒tmstlif tbn ingtmr“ ( mjṔtmvhimj). mjṔtmvhimj). Xbls liinr nxpnrlnign ls hnplgtnh syj`kclgmccy li tbn trmisjlsslki ko Gbucni `y ḊčdliĤ fumrhlmis wbk njpkwnr prmgtltlkinrs `y pkurlif ingtmr litk tbn litnrlkr ko tbnlr `khlns. M `lkfrmpby ko Umhjmsmj`bmvm hnsgrl`ns bkw bn rngnlvnh tbn trmisjlsslki

ko Gbucni, kr ‒nssnign nxtrmgtlki“, orkj m ḊčdliĤ li m gbmrinc frkuih. Xbn tnxt stmtns tbmt bn tbni ‒su`slstnh ki wlih mih spmgn, ki vn ingtmrs mih ki smih,

L kign rngltnh orkj tbn sgrlpturns, ‒Cnt tbnrn `n suggnss!“ @ut L hrmid tbn nclxlr mih okrfkt tbn wkrhs. Xbnrn ls ikw kicy kin wkrh tbmt L dikw. Mih tbmt, jy orlnih, ls `nykih mcc imjns. Jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm, ‒Xbn Pkymc Wkif“, 2tb gnitury M hčdliĤ, kr onjmcn Plfbt M nj`khljnit ko niclfbtnijnit, niclfbtnijnit, pkurs mi uihlsgcksnh nclxlr litk tbn sducc gup ko jmbčslhhbm Dujmrlpm, slfiloylif tbn mwmdnilif

M`kvn rlfbt rlfbt Mi Mi JPL `rmli sgmi rnvnmcs tbn wmys li wblgb uigkistrmlinh gkfiltlki, nxpmihnh

ko litultlvn wlshkj. Ki mi liinr

cnvnc, tbls ljmfn orkj m wmcc pmlitlif li tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn rnprnsnits

mwmrninss, mih nfk hlsskcutlki gmi `n vlsumccy rnprnsnitnh. @ut `y prlvlcnflif tbn `rmli, grmilmc

tbn hnsgnit ko ingtmr tbkufb tbn

ljmflif lfikrns tbn noongts ko

ykflg `khy, pkssl`cy rncmtnh tk tbn rncnmsn ko psygbkmgtlvn su`stmigns orkj tbn plinmc fcmih hurlif

gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgns ki tbn nqumccy livkcvnh inurkis li bnmrt

mhvmignh okrjs ko ykflg prmgtlgn.

ko tbn vlsgnrm. Wglnitlg rnsnmrgb bms sbkwi tbmt nvni slifcn hksns ko pslckgy`li, tbn mgtlvn lifrnhlnit

tlssun mih tbn nitnrlg inrvkus systnj

Kppksltn cnot M Bmrrmpmi-nrm `kwc hnplgts twk nxtrmtnrrnstrlmc-

li ‒jmflg jusbrkkjs“, nibmign

`rmli gkiingtlvlty mih gmi cnmh tk ckif tnrj rnclno orkj hnprnsslki, `nykih tbmt ko pcmgn`k mih pmtnitnh pbmrjmgnutlgmcs. Wglnign Ubktk

ckkdlif `nlifs rmlslif nclxlr gups li m snnjlif tkmst. @ugdlifbmj Gkccngtlki.

Cl`rmry, Ckihki.

072

Uktnit skcutlkis

ms wncc ms ki vmrlkus jnhlglimc pcmits mih pklskis … Bn uihnrtkkd mustnrltlns uslif sbru`s, trnns, mih cnmvns, ms wncc ms cktus ingtmr Tvmflimc sngrntlkisZ mih tbn rnjmlilif vn ingtmrs Tsmclvm, urlin, jnistrumc `ckkh, mih ongnsZ … Bn nxtrmgtnh tbn nssnign ko rkgds, kwnrs, orult, bkris, `kins, mih mcgkbkc, mih ko mi uiljmflim`cn iuj`nr ko ktbnr su`stmigns. Ms m rnsuct, bn mttmlinh m hnmtbcnss mhmjmitlin vmarm `khy.“ Xbn vmst mrrmy ko trmisokrjmtlvn su`stmigns gkisujnh

`y Umhjmsmj`bmvm rnprnsnit tbn oucc spngtruj ko Gbucni okrjucmtlkis tbmt suppkrt liinr mwmdnilif. Jmcn mih onjmcn snxumc sngrntlkis rnjmli gkrn lifrnhlnits li tbn jkst pktnit okrjs ko Gbucni, sugb ms gbmifsnj dmjmr , okrjucmtnh orkj m hčdliĤ“s jnistrumc `ckkh mih m @khblsmttvm“s snjni. Xbnrn ls mcsk m spnglg okrj ko Gbucni okr tbn \kfm ko Liinr Olrn okrjucmtnh orkj tbn hnmhcy pklski mgkiltn, mih kin okr snxumc ykfm jmhn orkj Xl`ntmi sikw orkfs. M Gbucni rnglpn gkj`lilif rkgd `ltujni ( sblcmalt ), ), pkwhnrnh inttcn, wlch flisnif mih kpluj ls imjnh ‒jnhlglin bkrsn“ ( jni tm) `ngmusn lifnstlif lt rnputnhcy trmispkrts kin tk miy hnslrnh hnstlimtlki. Xbn liinr nssnign

07<

Xbn sngrnt mcgbnjy

M`kvn Xbn onjmcn mhnpt JmṆl`bmhrč ls kin ko nlfbty-okur

gmikilznh jmbčslhhbms. Wugb rnmclznh mhnpts mrn kotni msskglmtnh wltb jmflgmc lfbt, m snismtlki gkjjki tk lin`rlmtlki `y Mjmiltm jusgmrlm jusbrkkjs mih Hmturm, tbn ikntlg usn ko wblgb ls hnsgrl`nh

li snvnrmc @uhhb lst Xmitrms. Ms stmtnh li tbn Jmbčjčyč Xmitrm1 ‒@y gkisujlif sugb su`stmigns kin jmy snn ms jmiy @uhhbms ms tbnrn mrn frmlis ko smih li tbn Fmifns Plvnr.“

Li M Li M Blstkry Blstkry ko Vnstnri Ublckskpby Ublckskpby,, @nrtrmih Pussncc wrktn tbmt, ‒Li litkxlgmtlki, pbyslgmc kr splrltumc, tbn liltlmtn rngkvnrs rngkvnrs mi litnislty ko onnclif wblgb pruhnign pruhnign bmh hnstrkynh4 bn ihs tbn wkrch oucc ko hnclfbt mih `nmuty, mih bls ljmflim tlki ls suhhnicy cl`nrmtnh orkj tbn prlski ko nvnryhmy prnkggupmtlkis.“ Li tbn gkitnxt ko tbn Hlkiyslmi Jystnrlns, tbls nxmctnh stmtn rnsuctnh li ‒nitbuslmsj“4 cltnrmccy tbn fkh (tbnks) nitnrlif mih `ngkjlif kin wltb tbn wkrsblppnr mih, ms sugb, nvlhnign ko m okrj ko ‒hnlty ykfm“ livkcvlif pkssnsslki `y tbn hlvlin. Mimckfkus rltns li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj ligcuhn fmṆmgmdrm, kr ‒fmtbnrlif glrgcns“ livkcvlif smgrmjnitmc onmsts tbmt okrjnrcy ligcuhlif su`stmigns mih mgtlvltlns tbmt wnrn ktbnrwlsn gkislhnrnh okr`lhhni kr tm`kk. Mctbkufb gkitnjpkrmry _marmyčim prmgtlgn ls fninrmccy cnss trmisfrnsslvn, tbn ligrnmslifcy pksltlvn rnsucts ko gkitnjpkrmry psygbnhnclg rnsnmrgb bmvn cnh skjn prmgtltlkinrs tk nxpnrljnit wltb jlgrkhksns ko pslckgy`li jusbrkkjs mih cysnrflg mglh hlntbycmjlhn (CWH) li tbn gkitnxt ko vlslki-`msnh Hzkfgbni prmgtlgns sugb ms Cbuihrup Xÿfmc, ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prnsnign“, mih hmrd rntrnmts. Ktbnr smgrmjnitmc mppclgmtlkis ko psygbnhnclgs wltbli gkitnj pkrmry _marmyčim _marmyčim prmgtlgn ligcuhn ligcuhn tbn usn ko >-JnK-I-Hljntbyctryptmjlin, >-JnK-I-Hljntbyctryptmjlin, m imturmccy kggurrlif psygbnhnclg su`stmign rnfmrhnh ms m pkwnrouc gmtmcyst ko nfk hlsskcutlki mih snco-trmisgnihnit, njpmtblg stmtns ko mwmrninss. Mctbkufb trmislnit, tbn hljnislkis ko gkisglkusinss rnvnmcnh `y miktbnr jlih-nxpmihlif su`stmign, JHJM, wnrn hnsgrl`nh `y @ninhlgtlin jkid Hmvlh Wtnlihc-Pmst ms ‒cldn gclj`lif mcc hmy li tbn okf mih t bni suhhnicy, `rlny snnlif tbn jkuitmli pnmd okr tbn rst tljn. Xbnrn mrn ik sbkrtguts tk tbn mwmdninh mttltuhn, mih lt tmdns hmlcy wkrd mih nookrt. @ut tbn hruf flvns yku m vlslki, m fcljpsn ko wbmt yku mrn snndlif.“

M`kvn Frnmt Unrongtlki prmgtlgns

`msnh ki lccujlimtlif jlih mih `khy mrn vlvlhcy hnplgtnh ki tbn wmccs ko Xl`nt“s Cudbmif tnjpcn. Kin ykfl clns ki bls `mgd mih fmzns mt tbn rmys ko tbn sui tk lihugn vlslkis ko

rmli`kw-gkckurnh clfbt. Xbn jurmc mcsk hlspcmys mi krmifn-pntmccnh kpluj pkppy ( Umpmvnr ( Umpmvnr skjilonruj skjilonruj), tbn psygbkmgtlvn, vlslki-prkhuglif

mcdmcklhs ko wblgb wnrn wlhncy dikwi li Xl`nt. Mi ==tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi @uhhblst tnxt rnonrs tk uslif

m hlstlccmtn ko tbn blfbcy psygbkmgtlvn Hmturm pcmit tk nibmign tbn vlslkis tbmt uiokch tbrkufb Xÿfmc prmgtlgn. Kppksltn Xl`ntmi mhnpts pnrokrjlif suprmikrjmc onmts, onmts,

sugb ms nxtrmgtlif ingtmr orkj skclh rkgd mih ylif tbrkufb tbn sdy, rngmcc tbn stmtnjnit `y Hr Mc`nrt Bkoojmi ‗ tbn hlsgkvnrnr ko CWH ‗

tbmt psygbnhnclg, cltnrmccy ‒jlihjmilonstlif“, nxpnrlnigns ‒gmi tmdn

Li ‒jmilonstlif tbn jlih“, psygbnhnclg su`stmigns gmi ornn gkisglkusinss orkj cljltlif pmttnris ko tbkufbt mih nifnihnr inw pnrspngtlvns. @ut nifmflif tbksn unit hnptbs wltbkut suoglnit prnpmrmtlki gmi `n jkrn bmrrkwlif tbmi niclfbtnilif. Usygbnhnclg lin`rlmtlki typlgmccy hlsskcvns `kuihmrlns `ntwnni tbn nxpnrlniglif nfk mih tbn kutnr wkrch, mih gmi rnsuct li prkokuih pmilg ms wncc ms ngstmtlg uilty. Vblcn rnvnmclif tbn sglnitlg trutb, nqumccy bnch `y @uhhblsj, tbmt wbmt wn pnrgnlvn ms mi kutnr rnmclty nxlsts wltbli kur kwi gkisglkusinss, sugb pktnit su`stmigns mrn, cldn tbn cnfnihmry ‒sikw clki“s jlcd“ ko Xl`ntmi cnfnih, `nst mpprkmgbnh w ltb auhlglkus gmutlki. Ikintbncnss, li m suppkrtlvn gkitnxt, tbny gmi nicmrfn tbn sgkpn mih gmpmglty ko tbn jlih, wblcn tbn iujlikus pbnikjnim tbny livkdn bmvn cnh tk tbnlr rngcmsslgmtlki ms nitbnkfnis, rncnmsnrs ko tbn fkh wltbli. Motnr ynmrs ko nxpnrljnitmt lki wltb sugb su`stmigns, sglnitlst Hr Akbi Clccy k`snrvnh tbmt, ‒Vbmt kin `nclnvns tk `n trun ls trun kr `ngkjns trun, wltbli gnrtmli cljlts tk `n okuih nxpnrlni tlmccy mih nxpnrljnitmccy. nxpnrljnitmccy. Xbnsn cljlts mrn ourtbnr `nclnos tk `n trmisgnihnh. Li tbn prkvlign ko tbn jlih tbnrn mrn ik cljlts.“ Xbls wms ikt mhvkgmgy okr uilibl`ltnh okrmys litk ngstmtlg stmtns, ùt mi lislstnign ki kpni-jlihnh mih

njpmtblg sglnitlg niqulry. Lt rngmccs tbn wkrhs mttrlùtnh tk Umhjmsmj`bmvm tbmt, ‒Kin“s vlnw jmy `n ms wlhn ms tbn sdy, ùt kin“s mgtlkis sbkuch `n ms ms rninh ms frmlis ko kur.“

us litk tbn hnnpnst hnptbs kr kitk tbn blfbnst bnlfbts, tk tbn orkitlnrs

ko wblgb bujmidlih ls gmpm`cn ko nxpnrlniglif.“

085

Uktnit skcutlkis

Xbn sngrnt mcgbnjy

08=

Urljmc rmhlmign Xbn ykfm ko liimtn pnrongtlki Xbn pltb nssnign ko tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki ls tk hwncc li tbn imturmc rmhlmign ko mcc tbmt kggurs, mt kin wltb mgtlkis, ninrflns, mih tbkufbts mih `nykih mcc gkitrlvnh `kuihmrlns ko vlnw mih jnhltmtlki4 mt nmsn li tbn imdnh gcmrlty ko tbn prnsnit jkjnit. Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm (=2tb gnitury)

îsurpmssm`cn ykfm Kppksltn Xbn vlnw ko Hzkfgbni

trmisgnihs gkivnitlkimc gkignpts ko jlihoucinss mih jnhltmtlki `y litnfrmtlif @uhhbm Imturn, kr liimtn

niclfbtnijnit, li mcc nxpnrlnign. Xbls hntmlc ko m jurmc li tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn sbkws m ykfli fmzlif li tbn hlrngtlki

ko tbn rlslif sui mih ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prnsnign“. jlrrkr ls usnh li @nckw M glrgucmr jlrrkr ls

Hzkfgbni tk pklit kut tbn snco-nxlstlif pnrongtlki ko prljkrhlmc mwmrninss. Ms m jlrrkr rnngts wbmtnvnr ls pcmgnh li orkit ko lt, tbn jlih“s uctljmtn imturn rnjmlis ornn ko gkihltlkilif ljprlits

wblcn hlspcmylif liiltn okrjs.

Hzkfgbni, tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki, ls mc sk dikwi ms Mtl \kfm, kr ‒^ctljmtn \kfm“. Vltbli Xl`nt“s kchnst sgbkkc ko @uhhblsj ms wncc ms li @ÿi, Hzkfgbni rnprnsnits tbn gucjlimtlki ko tbn Grnmtlki Ubmsn (Jmbč \kfm) mih tbn Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn (Miu \kfm) ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj. Hzkfgbni hloonrs orkj _marmyčim _marmyčim ms m wbkcn li lts prnsnitmtlki ko @uhhbm Imturn ms mi liimtncy prnsnit wmdnoucinss rmtbnr tbmi mi li-hwncclif pktnitlmc tbmt innhs tk `n hncl`nrmtncy guctlvmtnh li krhnr tk mttmli ornnhkj orkj Wmṇsčrm, kr gkihltlkinh nxlstnign. Hzkfgbni tbus gbmrmgtnrlstlgmccy ‒tmdns tbn nih ms tbn jnm is“ mih hlspnisns wltb jkrn frmhumc jntbkhs okr rnmclzlif @uhhbmbkkh. Mctbkufb prmgtlgns `msnh ki tbn `khy“s ‒liinr jmṆḊmcm“ ko su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs mrn ligcuhnh li Hzkfgbni, sugb hlsglpclins mrn trmhltlkimccy vlnwnh nltbnr ms jntbkhs okr rnjkvlif psygbk pbyslgmc k`stmgcns k`stmgcns kr okr litnisloylif litnisloylif rnmclzmtlki rnmclzmtlki ko tbn tbn jlih“s imturmc stmtn ko snco-nxlstlif niclfbtnijnit. Xbn litnisncy pbyslgmc prmgtlgns ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr tbmt hnvnckpnh li Xl`nt orkj tbn ==tb gnitury kiwmrhs mcsk okrjnh pmrt ko tbn Hzkfgbni Bnmrt Nssnign trmisjlsslki, ùt tbny wnrn c mrfncy rnpcmgnh `y ktbnr pbyslgmccy mih psygbkckflgmccy hnjmihlif prmgtlgns prmgtlgns tbmt pusb `khy mih mih jlih tkwmrhs m gkmcnsgnit stmtn ko pbyslgmc, psygbkckflgmc mih splrltumc lccujlimtlki. Hzkfgbni ls prnsnitnh li Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj ms ‒`nykih mcc jnitmc gkignpts mih ornn ko `ktb mttmgbjnit mih cnttlif fk4 tbn nssnign ko trmisgnihnit lislfbt mih tbn gkmcnsgnign ko jnhltmtlki mih iki-jnhltmtlki4 pnrongtnh mwmrninss ornn ko mcc frmsplif.“ Vblcn tbn uiltmry gkisglkusinss ko Hzkfgbni gmi `n hlrngtcy rnmclznh wltbkut jkhloylif tbn `khy kr mctnrlif tbn jlih li miy wmy, lts okrjmc prmgtlgn ikintbncnss trmhltlkimccy `nflis wltb hnjmihlif pbyslgmc nxnrglsns tbmt gucjlimtn wltb bnch pksturns mih msskglmtnh `rnmtblif tngbilquns tbmt nitrmli gkisglkusinss tkwmrhs mi liglslvn rnmclzmtlki ko tbn prljkrhlmc, snco-pnrongtnh imturn ko niclfbtninh mwmrninss.

087

Urncuhns tk pnrongtlki Liltlmtlki li Hzkfgbni okrjmccy nitmlcs m clinmfn jmstnr pklitlif kut tbn imturn ko rlfpm (Wdt. vlhy), vlhy), tbn vlvlh, ikntlg gkihltlki ko gkisglkusinss prlkr tk tbkufbt mih jnitmtlki, li mi uincm`krmtnh gnrnjkiy gmccnh ‒njpkwnrjnit litk tbn hyimjlg ninrfy ko mwmrninss“. Motnr rngnlvlif nssnitlmc listrugtlkis, Hzkfgbni msplrmits kotni uihnrtmdn wlchnrinss rntrnmts tk gmrry kut m snrlns ko nsktnrlg prmgtlgns gmccnh Dkrhì Pusbni tbmt ‒hloonrnitlmtn Wmṇsčrm orkj IlrvčṆm“ uitlc `kuihnh gkisglkusinss mih spkitminkus snco-cl`nrmtlif snco-cl`nrmtlif mwmrn inss mrlsn lihlvlsl`cy ms ‒kin tmstn“. Xbn prmgt lgns ko Dkrhì Pusbni mrn hlvlhnh snqunitlmccy litk kutnr, liinr, sngrnt mih ‒uctrmsngrnt“ gmtmfkrlns. Li Kutnr Dkrhì Pusbni, jlih mih `khy mrn pusbnh tk uimggustkjnh nxtrnjns `y mgtlif kut ljmflimry nxlstnigns ms m iljmcs, bncc `nlifs, hnjl-fkhs mih wbmtnvnr ncsn tbn jlih gkignlvns, cnmhlif tk tbn spkitminkus rngkfiltlki ko tbn snco-grnmtnh, mih tbus jutm`cn, imturn ko gkihltlkinh nxlstnign. Vbni tbn gmpmglty okr pbyslgmc mih ljmflimtlvn nxprnsslki ls nxbmustnh, tbn prmgtltlkinr nitnrs m imturmc stmtn ko rnpksn li m pksturn gkrrnspkihlif tk mi kpni-nynh ‒gkrpsn pksn“ ( Ŕmvsmim) Ŕmvsmim ) li BmṪbm \kfm. Xbn tbkufbt-ornn jnitmc stmtn ls lhnitlnh ms tbn ‒prljkrhlmc purlty“ ko tbn jlih“s nssnitlmc mih m`lhlif imturn li gkitrmst wltb lts trmislnit mih pktnitlmccy hngnptlvn nxprnsslkis. Xbn pbyslgmc nxnrglsns uihnrtmdni li Kutnr Dkrhì Pusbni gkistltutn m ornn-okrj vnrslki ko Xrucdbkr, kr ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits“ okr hnnpnilif nxpnrlnign Xbn ‒kutnr“ pbmsn ko Dkrhì Pusbni, kr ‒hlstlifulsblif Wmṇsčrm

orkj IlrvčṆm“, rngmccs tbn grnmtlvn mih njpkwnrlif hrmjmtlzmtlkis ko psygblg gkitnits gkitnits usnh usnh li tbnrmpnutlg tbnrmpnutlg

jkhmcltlns sugb ms Usygbkhrmjm, hninh `y lts okuihnr Hr A. C. Jkirkn ms ‒tbn sglnign tbmt nxpckrns tbn trutb `y hrmjmtlg jntbkhs“.

ko tbn `khyjlih. Xbn Xmitrm ko îljpnhnh Wkuih, tbn rkkt tnxt ko Hzkfgbni“s

nsktnrlg listrugtlki gygcn, gkuisncs tbmt kin sbkuch ‒pnrokrj tbn `khlcy ymitrms wblcn twlstlif mih turilif mih mctnrimtncy wblcn prkin mih jkvlif. Wtrntgb mih `nih tbn clj`s mih pusb tbn `khy `nykih lts mggustkjnh cljlts. Ubyslgmccy mgt kut tbn `nbmvlkr ko tbn slx dlihs ko ncnjnitmc `nlifs.“ M Hzkfgbni trnmtlsn nitltcnh ‒Oclfbt ko tbn FmruḊm“ `y Wbm`dmr Xskdhrud Pmifhrkc listrugts1 ‒Vltb tbn gkivlgtlki tbmt Wmṇsčrm mih IlrvčṆm mrn ko kin tmstn … wmcd, slt, rui mih aujp, tmcd mih cmufb, gry mih slif. Mctnrimtncy su`hunh mih mfltmtnh, mgt cldn m jmh pnrski … @nykih hnslrn, `n cldn m gncnstlmc nmfcn skmrlif tbrkufb spmgn … ornn orkj tbn kutsnt cldn `rlfbt gckuhs li tbn sdy.“ Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm rnltnrmtns li bls =2tb-gnitury trnmtlsn ‒Wuprnjn Jmstnry ko Vlshkj Mwmrninss“ Mwmrninss“ tbmt kin sbkuch ‒rui, aujp,

jmiusgrlpt, Plfbt M Plfbt M @butminsn jmiusgrlpt,

lccustrmtlif tbn ‒Bnmrt Nssnign ko tbn _mst Nxpmisn“ (Ckifgbni Iyliftbld), hnplgts tbn ‒sngrnt“ pbmsn ko Dkrhì Pusbni li wblgb tbn `khy, ms sbkwi

mt tbn cnot, ls liltlmccy pksltlkinh li mi lskjntrlg ‒vmarm pksturn“ mih

tbn vklgn su`snqunitcy nifmfnh li prmgtlgns `msnh ki tbn snnh-syccm`cn bŤṇ, ms sbkwi ki tbn rlfbt. @nckw M @nckw M Xl`ntmi ykflil uihnrtmdns

tbn prmgtlgn ko Kutnr Dkrhì Pusbni mt tbn smgrnh sltn ko Fkjpk Iì li Xl`nt“s blhhnicmih ko Unjmdÿ.

tbkufbt, ‒mcc spkitminkus mgtlkis ko `khy, spnngb mih jlih mrlsn ms tbn uilty ko Wmṇsčrm mih IlrvčṆm, mih tbus ms uik`strugtnh @uhhbm-@khy, @uhhbmWpnngb mih @uhhbm-Jlih.“

Ms Alfjn Clifpm gcmrlns, tbn nxnrglsns ko Kutnr Dkrhì Pusbni ourtbnr nifmfn tbn vklgn tbrkufb ‒gbmttnrlif ikisnislgmccy kr spnmdlif li tbn tkifuns ko ljmflinh jytblgmc `nlifs“. Wljlcmrcy, tbn jlih ls ouccy jmilonstnh `y gki sglkuscy livkdlif pksltlvn mih infmtlvn tbkufbts tbmt uctljmtncy rnskcvn litk uigkitrlvnh, iki-humc iki-humc mwmrninss. Xbn su`snqunit Liinr Dkrhì Pusbni prmgtlgns ùlch ki tbn gmtbmrtlg hrmjmtlzmtlkis hrmjmtlzmtlkis ko Kutnr Dkrhì Pusbni mih okgus prk prlkgnptlvncy ki slx snnh-syccm`cns mckif tbn `khy“s gnitrmc mxls, msskglmtnh wltb su`gkisglkus ljprlits ko pmst mgtlkis. Xbn prmgtltlkinr gcnmrs nmgb mrnm li turi `y vlsumclzlif wbltn, rnh mih `cun clfbt lssulif orkj tbn mitlhktmc snnhsyccm`cns, kṇ, Ḯ, bŤṇ, bŤṇ, ms gkisglkusinss sblots orkj lhnitlgmtlki wltb tbn `khy“s jmtnrlmclty tk hlrngt nxpnrlnign ko lts ninrfntlg cujlinsgnit su`strmtuj (imif smc ). ). Ms wltb Kutnr Dkrhì Pusbni, snsslkis ko prmgtlgn mctnrimtn wltb jktlkicnss pbmsns ko gkignpt-ornn mwmrninss li wblgb tbkufbts su`slhn wltbli tbn cujlikslty ko prljkrhlmc mwmrninss, kr rlfpm. rlfpm.

twlst mih turi, strntgb mih `nih, mih jkvn ykur `khy li wbmtnvnr wmy gkjns tk jlih, `nykih

purpksn kr hnslfi“ mih tbmt, ‒Olimccy ‒Olimccy yku wlcc `n pbyslgmccy, ninrfntlgmccy mih jnitmccy nxbmustnh mih tbus tktmccy rncmxnh.“ Vltbli tbls ui`kuihnh uiltmry spbnrn `nykih tbn `limry kpnrmtlkis ko 088

Urljmc rmhlmign

Urncuhns tk pnrongtlki

08>

Uurloylif tbn rnmcjs Li tbn prmgtlgn ko Liinr Dkrhì Pusbni, tbn snnh-syccm`cns Ḯ, su, irl, trl, prn mih hu gkrrncmtn wltb tbn okrnbnmh, tbrkmt, bnmrt, imvnc, `msn ko tbn truid mih skcns ko tbn onnt wblgb mrn ninrfntlgmccy gcnmrnh wltb tbn rmhlmit, mcc-nigkjpmsslif jmitrm ko `khy, spnngb mih jlih, kṇ, Ḯ, bŤṇ. bŤṇ. Urnglsn listrugtlkis okr Dkrhì Pusbni prmgtlgns vmry `ntwnni hloonrnit Hzkfgbni clinmfns. Li skjn, tbn litnr imc purlgmtlki ko tbn slx ckdms, kr ninrfntlg rnmcjs ko nxlstnign, ls pnrokrjnh prlkr tk tbn tbn hrmjmtlzmtlkis hrmjmtlzmtlkis ko Kutnr Pusbni. Ms wltb mcc mspngts ko Hzkfgbni, tbn dny pklit ls invnr tngbilqun ùt tbn nih rnsuct1 hlstlifulsblif tbn gkitnits ko gkisglkusinss orkj wmdnouc mwmrninss mih litnfrmtlif tbmt rngkfiltlki ko tbn jlih“s liinrjkst, iki-humc @uhhbm Imturn wltbli mcc nxpnrlnign.

Kppksltn M Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif

jmhn orkj frkuih jlinrmc plfjnits lccustrmtns tbn tbn wmys li wblgb pbnikjnimc rnmclty mrlsns orkj psygbkninrfntlg gnitrns wltbli

tbn wlshkj jmṆḊmcm ko tbn bujmi `khy. @uhhbm furns njmimtn orkj sniskry krlgns, wblcn nrktlgmccy nitmifcnh Xmitrlg hnltlns rmhlmtn orkj tbn fniltmcs, bnmrt mih tbn tkp ko tbn bnmh, juctlpcylif litk ourtbnr okrjs. Wurrkuihlif tbn gnitrmc furn mrn hlvnrsn psygbkckflgmc mih nxlstnitlmc stmtns tbmt gmi `n trmisokrjnh tbrkufb ykflg prmgtlgn, ms lihlgmtnh `y tbn

@uhhbms mih @ÿi clinmfn tnmgbnrs, wbk mrn hnplgtnh wltbli nmgb ko tbn

rnmcjs. Gksjlg furn, =<55‗><, Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd, G0550.75.= (BMP ?>=<8). ykfli ki tbn Plfbt M jnhltmtlif ykfli ki

wmccs ko tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn njmimtns spbnrns ko clfbt tbmt slfiloy tbn gcmrlnh nssnign ko bls psygbkpbyslgmc gkistltunits, tbn `msls ko tbn Liinr

Dkrhì Pusbni prmgtlgn ko ‒purloylif tbn slx rnmcjs ko nxlstnign“. 08?

Uurloylif tbn rnmcjs

086

Xrmisgnihlif cljlts Kutnr mih Liinr Dkrhì Pusbni“s gcnmrlif ko pbyslgmc mih psygbkskjmtlg k`strugtlkis prnpmrn tbn `khy mih jlih okr tbn prmgtlgns ko Wngrnt Pusbni, wblgb mrn hlvlhnh litk tbrnn prkfrnsslvn stmfns ko @khy, _klgn _klgn mih Jlih. Xbn

Xbn vmarm pksturn ls lccustrmtnh

ki tbn wmccs ko tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn, Xl`nt, li gkiingtlki wltb tbn rst ko tbrnn pbmsns ko Wngrnt Dkrhì Pusbni. Uusblif tbn `khy `nykih pnrgnlvnh

cljlts mgtlvmtns cmtnit gmpmgltlns ko tbn jlih. Ki mi kutnr cnvnc, tbn vmarm pksturn nj`khlns nj`khlns tbn tbn Hzkfgbni

vlnw ko ihlif nmsn li nxtrnjlty1 kin bkchs tbn pksltlki uitlc kin ik ckifnr gmi, mih tbni rnsts uitlc kin gmi rnsujn lt4 urflif jlih mih

`khy `nykih pnrgnlvnh cljltmtlkis.

@khy pbmsn `nflis wltb m blfbcy strniukus lskjntrlg `mcmiglif pksturn ‗ tbn ‒pksturn ko tbn vmarm“. Wtmihlif wltb tbn bnncs tkfntbnr mih tbn dinns `nit mih strntgbnh tk tbn slhns, tbn prmgtltlkinr puccs bls kr bnr gbli tkwmrhs tbn cmryix, strmlfbtnis tbn splin, mih pcmgns tbnlr pmcjs tkfntbnr m`kvn tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh wblcn vlsumclzlif tbnjsnco ms mi lihnstrugtl`cn, `cmzlif `cun, vmarm sgnptrn. K`snrvlif tbn kw ko ninrfy mih snismtlki wltbli tbn `khy, wblcn pusblif tbrkufb `mrrlnrs ko nxbmustlki, pmli mih pnrgnlvnh outlclty, tbn prmgtltlkinr jmlitmlis tbn pksltlki uitlc bls kr bnr cnfs gkccmpsn mih tbni gkitliuns li m jkhlnh pksturn wblcn slttlif ki tbn frkuih uitlc gmpm`cn ko rnsujlif tbn stmihlif pksltlki. Mt tbn nih ko tbn snsslki kin uttnrs tbn snnh-syccm`cn pbmṪ mih clns hkwi ki tbn frkuih li m stmtn ko uigkihltlkimc gkignpt-ornn mwmrninss ‒cldn m gkrpsn li m gbmrinc frkuih“. Vbni tbkufbts mrlsn, kin rnpnmts tbn prkgnss li gkitliulif gygcns ko nookrt mih rnpksn uitlc tbn tnimglkus lccuslki ko mi m`lhlif snco ylnchs tk mi mcc-pnrvmslvn, nihkrpbli nirlgbnh mwmrninss. Ms Alfjn Clifpm nxpcmlis li ‒Wuprnjn Jmstn ry ko Vlshkj Mwmrninss“, Mwmrninss“, ‒nxbmustlif tbn pbyslgmc `khy nxbmusts tbn hlsgurslvn tnihniglns ko tbn tbn jlih“ mih cnmhs uctl jmtncy tk rnmclzmtlki ko kin“s liimtn, li-hwncclif @uhhbm Imturn. Xbn litnislty ko tbn Hzkfgbni vmarm pksturn mctnrs tbn kw ko psygbksk jmtlg ninrflns mih nigkurmfns tbn njnrfnign ko mhmptlvn jnitmc mih pbyslgmc gmpmgltlns ms gkisglkusinss hlsnifmfns orkj mhvnitl-

tlkus jnitmc stmtns mih rngkvnrs lts liimtn `clss, cuglhlty mih iki-gkignptumc mwmrninss. Wngrnt Dkrhì Pusbni tbni gkitliuns wltb _klgn prmgtlgns ko skuih m ih vl`rm-

tlki `msnh ki vlsumclzmtlkis mih litkimtlkis ko tbn snnh-syccm`cn bŤṇ tk nitnr litk hlrngt nxpnrlnign ko tbn purn pktnitlmclty, pktnitlmclty, kr ‒njptlinss“ ‒njptlinss“ wblgb uihnrclns uihnrclns pnrgnptlki mih `ktb slfilns mih nxprnssns tbn uctl jmtn imturn ko jlih mih `khy.

Kppksltn Xbn vmarm pksturn rncmtns

tk tbn `lkckflgmc pbnikjniki ko bkrjnsls, wbnrn`y hncl`nrmtn nxpksurn tk tbnrmpnutlg strnss pktnitlmtns

`ninglmc jnitmc mih pbyslkckflgmc noongts, sugb ms ligrnmsnh strniftb,

rnslclnign, frkwtb mih ckifnvlty. 082

Urljmc rmhlmign

08<

Cnot M Cnot M okclk orkj m Hzkfgbni jmiumc lccustrmtns snqunitlmc prmgtlgns ko `khy, vklgn mih mih jlih gkiingtnh wltb tbn ‒sngrnt“ pbmsn

@nckw Jmitrlg syccm`cns, sugb sugb ms bŤṇ, mrn kotni gmrvnh litk rkgds, ms sbkwi li tbls pbktkfrmpb ko

ko ‒hlstlifulsblif Wmṇsčrm orkj IlrvčṆm“.

li nmstnri Xl`nt wbnrn m ykfli slts li jnhltmtlki. Xbn _klgn prmgtlgn

Kppksltn, `nckw cnot Kin _klgn prmgtlgns ko Wngrnt Pusbni livkcvns ljmflimtlvncy wlihlif mih uiwlihlif bŤṇs mrkuih m stlgd sk ms m gbmli ko bŤṇs mrkuih

tbn fcmglmc cmdn ko \lcuif Cbmtsk

ko Wngrnt Pusbni mcsk litnfrmtns `rnmtb mih vlsumclzmtlki tk rnvnmc tbn cujlikus su`strmtn ko `ktb jlih mih pnrgnlvnh rnmclty.

tk nxpmih tbn jlih“s gkfiltlvn mih

pnrgnptumc gmpmgltlns. Pkymc Hmilsb Cl`rmry, Gkpnibmfni.

Hlsskcvlif mppnmrmigns @nckw Xbn @nckw Xbn Wngrnt Pusbni ko tbn _klgn livkcvns m snrlns ko jnhltmtlvn

nxnrglsns uslif tbn jmitrlg syccm`cn bŤṇ tk mctnr rnmclty“s nxprnsslki. Ms lccustrmtnh li tbnsn listrugtlkimc vlfinttns, prmgtltlkinrs litkin bŤṇ tk kvnrcmy gkisnisumc mppnmrmigns wltb pbkilg syj`kcs ko tbn jlih“s uctljmtn imturn ko cujlikslty. Xbn ykfli mt tbn rlfbt snihs kut `cun, cujlinsgnit bŤṇs tk wbmtnvnr mppnmrs li bls nch ko pnrgnptlki, sugb ms trnns, bkusns mih `rlhfns,

mih hlsskcvns tbnj litk rmhlmit clfbt.

0>5

Li tbn _klgn pbmsn ko Wngrnt Pusbni, tbn prmgtltlkinr vlsumclzns mih litkins `cun snnh-syccm`cn bŤṇs tbmt ljmflimtlvncy nigkjpmss tbn nitlrn uilvnrsn. Xbn vl`rmtlif syccm`cns tbni cc kin“s `khy mih prkpnc lt ljmflimtlvncy tbrkufb spmgn. Xbn gkiaurnh bŤṇs ouigtlki bŤṇs ouigtlki cldn rmzkrs, cmgnrmtlif kutnr mppnmrmigns mih, wbni turinh liwmrhs, mcc trmgns ko kin“s pbyslgmc snco. Mt tbn nih ko tbn snsslki kin clns hkwi, ms mt tbn gkigcuslki ko tbn @khy pbmsn, mih rnjmlis li vlvlh kpni prnsnign. Vbni tbkufbts mrlsn, kin `nflis tbn prmgtlgn minw,

Xbn wkrch wn snn ls m pmlitlif @kri orkj tbn `rusb ko hlsgurslvn tbkufbt. Vltbli kr upki lt iktblif trucy nxlstnit gmi `n okuih. Dikwlif tbls kin dikws rnmclty4

uslif tbn prljmc ninrfy rnprnsnitnh `y tbn snnh-syccm`cn bŤṇ tk bŤṇ tk mctnr bm`ltumc pnrgnptlkis mih mttmgbjnit tk gkisnisumccy mppnmrlif okrjs. @y hlsskcvlif mcc mppnmrmigns litk nooucfnit clfbt, tbn prmgtltlkinr rnjmlis li cujlikus gkfil tlki, `nykih gkivnitlkimc gkignptlkis ko tljn mih spmgn mih uigkihltlkinh `y nxtnrimc mppnmrmigns mppnmrmigns kr nvnits.

Wnnlif tbls kin snns wbmt ls trun.

Urljmc rmhlmign

Hlsskcvlif mppnmrmigns

Fnhui Fymtsk, tbn Wngkih Hmcml Cmjm, =?tb gnitury

0>=

Hlvlin cmufbtnr

Xbn gucjlimtlif ‒uctrmsngrnt“ pbmsn ko Dkrhì Pusbni hyimjlgmccy uilns @khy, _klgn _klgn mih Jlih ‒li krhnr tk ornn wbmt bms `nni stm`lclznh“. Li m hrmjmtlgmcc y nj`khlnh nimgtjnit ko tbn Hnlty \kfm msskglmtnh wltb _marmyčim“s _marmyčim“s Grnmtlvn Ubmsn, tbn prmgtltlkinr jmilonsts ms m rmjpmit Xmitrlg hnlty, rnprnsnitlif tbn grnmtlvn

Wngrnt Pusbni gucjlimtns li cuhlg

njucmtlki ko m wrmtbouccy cmufblif Xmitrlg hnlty, nxprnsslvn ko tbn

jlih mih `khy“s rnskcutn ornnhkj orkj gkiilif cljltmtlkis. Xbn prmgtltlkinr“s prmgtltlkinr“s bmihs bmihs okrj bkrinh bkrinh

juhrs ms juhrs ms sbn nxtnihs bnr clj`s mih gkisglkusinss tk nj`rmgn purn

pkssl`lclty. Ms tbn frmih imcn ko Wngrnt Pusbni, sugb hmnjkilg

cmufbtnr rnvnmcs tbn nssnitlmc rkcn ko pcmy li trmisgnihlif cljltlif gkignptlkis ko rnmclty.

Wlign nvnrytblif ls ùt mi mppmrltlki Unrongt li `nlif wbmt lt ls, Bmvlif iktblif tk hk wltb fkkh kr `mh, Mggnptmign kr rnangtlki, Kin jlfbt ms wncc ùrst kut cmufblif! Ckifgbni Pmàmjpm Hrljì ßznr, =8tb gnitury

M`kvn M M`kvn M tlfnrsdli-sdlrtnh Xmitrlg hnlty wltb m `rljjlif sducc gup

nj`khlns ouihmjnitmc hyimjlgs ko jlih mih `khy mt tbn bnmrt

ko Hzkfgbni. Urljkrhlmc ikntlg mwmrninss (rlfpm ( rlfpm) mrlsns vl`rmitcy

li rnspkisn tk pbyslkckfy mih pnrgnptlki pnrgnptlki pusbnh `nykih tbnlr

mggustkjnh cljlts. Ms Hzkfgbni“s skurgn tnxt, ‒Xbn Mcc-Grnmtlvn Dlif“ (Duiaì Fymcpk) stmtns, ‒Urljkrhlmc niclfbtnijnit ls snco-nxlstlif4 lt hkns ikt innh tk `n skufbt … Pnmclzn tbn pnrongt jnmilif tbmt hkns ikt nxlst

ms wkrhs.“ Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr.

jutm`lclty ko snismtlki, tbkufbt mih njktlki. Ms Hzkfgbni tnxts mih krmc trmhltlki prnsgrl`n, tbn prmgtl tlkinr stmihs wltb bmihs okrjnh litk bkrinh juhrs wblcn plvktlif orkj cnot tk rlfbt ki bnncs rkktnh li tbn nmrtb. Vltb nyns rkcclif li tbn sdy, kin njlts ckuh tbkufbt-su`hulif cmufbtnr orkj tbn gkrn ko kin“s `nlif, cclif mcc ko spmgn wltb tbn syccm`cns, skuihs mih vl`rm tlkis ko bm mih bm mih bl. Ms li mcc ko tbn Dkrhì Pusbni prmgtlgns tbmt prkgnnh Hzkfgbni“s jkrn wlhncy dikwi m ih prmgtlsnh gkitnjpcmtlvn tngbilquns ko Dmhmd Xrndgbÿ, ‒guttlif tbrkufb tk prljkrhlmc purlty“, mih Cbóihrup Xÿfmc, ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prns nign“, tbn `khy ls usnh tk lts ouccnst gmpmglty tk omglcltmtn cuglh, mcc-pnrvmhlif mwmrninss mih mctrulstlg ornnhkj wltbli mcc nxpnrlnign. Bkwnvnr, ms tbn frnmt =8tb-gnitury Hzkfgbni jmstnr Ckifgbnipm gmutlkinh, ik uctljmtn rncnmsn gmi `n k`tmlinh tbrkufb gkitrlvnh, gkignptumccyhrlvni mgtlkis1 ‒Lo wn msplrn tk tbn uctljmtn stmtn wn sbkuch gmst mslhn mcc gblchlsb fmjns tbmt onttnr mih nxbmust `khy, spnngb mih jlih … mih rnmclzn tbn uigkitrlvnh uilty libnrnit li nvnry nxpnrlnign.“ Ikintbncnss, ms lihlgmtnh `y Ckifgbnipm“s rnjmrd ki tbn kppksltn pmfn gki gki gnrilif cl`nrmtlif cmufbtnr, iki-humc jlrtb mih gmgbliimtlki gmi snrvn splrltumc ouigtlkis tbmt rngmcc tbn nssnitlmc rkcn ko pcmy mih bujkur li mutbnitlg rnclflkus clon. Xbn ckss ko mpprnglmtlki ko jmdn `nclnvn li mhuct clon ls prnfurnh li tbn ckss ko tbn krlflimc jnmilif ko tbn Nifclsb wkrh ‒slccy“, wblgb li lts nmrclnst ltnrmtlki ‒sncy“ kign jnmit ‒bkcy“. Vltbli tbn ykfm trmhl tlki, okrnjkst ykfm tnmgbnr @. D. W. Lynifmr,

spkdn ko cmufbtnr mih fkkh bujkur ms bls jkst nssnitlmc prmgtlgn.

M Xmitrlg liltlmtlki gmrh Plfbt M

sbkwlif m hmiglif, miljmc-bnmhnh njmimtlki ko tbn litnrjnhlmtn

hljnislki ko tbn @mrhk rngmccs wbmt tbn Xmitrm ko îljpnhnh Wkuih

gmccs tbn ui`kuih ‒snco-rmhlmign `nykih mcc hlstligtlkis ko Wmṇsčrm mih IlrvčṆm“. Urlvmtn gkccngtlki. 0>0

Urljmc rmhlmign

Hlvlin cmufbtnr

0>7

‒Wdy `rnmtblif“ livkcvns `cnihlif tbn jlih wltb spmgn ms liinr mih

kutnr mlr jnrfn ms m slifcn gkitliuuj. Xbn =6tb-gnitury Hzkfgbni jmstnr Xsncn Imtskd Pmifhrÿc stmtnh tbmt okr uctljmtn rnmclzmtlki ko tbn imturn ko jlih, ‒yku just jlifcn nvnry jkjnit ko wmcdlif, slttlif, nmtlif, cylif hkwi mih tblidlif wltb jnhltmtlki. Lt ls tbnrnokrn

ikt ingnssmry tk mcwmys jmlitmli m spnglg pksturn kr fmzn.“

Urljkrhlmc purlty Xbn uctljmtn purpksn ko pbyslgmccy nimgtnh prmgtlgns li Hzkfgbni ls tk bmr jkilzn tbn `khy“s psygbkskjmtlg ‒wlihs“ sk tbmt tbn iki-humc imturn ko mwmrninss gmi hlrngtcy jmilonst tbrkufb tbn Hzkfgbni Bnmrt Nssnign gkitnj pcmtlvn tngbilquns tngbilquns ko Dmhmd Xrndgbÿ Xrndgbÿ mih Cbóihrup Xÿfmc wblgb, li nssnign, su`stltutn okr mih supnrgnhn tbn Grnmtlki mih Gkjpcntlki Ubmsns ouihmjnitmc tk _marmyčim @uhhblst prmgtlgn. Motnr gkjpcntlif tbn gygcns ko Dkrhì Pusbni, tbn prmgtltlkinr rncmxns litk imturmcinss, smvkurlif tbn gkitliulty ko `khy, `rnmtb mih jlih wltbli mcc nxpnrlnign. Li pcmgn ko Jmbčyčim @uhhblsj“s njpbmsls ki ‒njptlinss“, Hzkfgbni prnsnits tbn uctljmtn imturn ko rnmclty ms Dmhmd, kr ‒prljkrhlmc purlty“ wblgb wblcn njpty ko nssnign ls pnrvmhnh `y cujlikus wmdnoucinss mih tbus jkrn mggurmtncy nvkdns tbn nxpnrlnitmc stmtn Xbn Bljmcmymi pnmd ko Jmgbmpugbmrn, Jmgbmpugbmrn, li jkrilif jlst,

nvkdns tbn Hzkfgbni mhmfn tbmt tbkufbts mih njktlkis mrn cldn trmisglnit gckuhs tbmt invnr mctnr tbn ouihmjnitmc spmgn li wblgb tbny mrlsn mih hlsskcvn. Hzkfgbni ls skjntljns rnonrrnh tk ms Wdy \kfm, li rnonrnign tk jnrflif mwmrninss wltb tbn ui`kuih kutnr, liinr mih

Xrndgbÿ, wblgb cltnrmccy jnmis ‒guttlif tbrkufb“, ousns tbn gkignitrmtnh mttnitlki ko jlihoucinss-`msnh jnhltmtlki wltb tbn glrgujonrnitlmc gcmrlty ko kpni prnsnign, rnsuctlif li tbn ‒frnmt pnrongtlki“ ko iki-humc ikntlg mwmrninss. Xrndgbÿ ls kotni hnsgrl`nh ms trmisgnihlif tbn `kuihs ko wbmt ls ikrjmccy gkislhnrnh jnhltmtlki. Ikr gmi Xrndgbÿ `n mggurmtncy gbmrmgtnrlznh ms gki tnjpcmtlki ms iki-humc mwmrninss bkchs ik kàngt. Li hlstligtlki tk tbn imsmc `rnmtblif omvkurnh li jkst okrjs ko jnhltmtlki, Xrndgbÿ prmgtlgn typlgmccy livkcvns nxtnihnh mih mcjkst ljpnrgnptl`cn nxbm cmtlkis tbrkufb tbn jkutb, wltb tbn clps mih tnntb sclfbtcy pmrtnh mih tbn `khy jmlitmlinh li mcnrt rnpksn. Li tbn vlslkimry prmgtlgn ko Xÿfmc, nxbmcmtlki mih libmcmtlki mrn imturmccy suspnihnh ms li tbn BmṪbm \kfm tngbilqun ko dnvmcm duj`bmdm li wblgb `ktb `rnmtblif mih jnitmtlki mrn spkitminkuscy stlccnh. @rnmtblif li tbls wmy hljlilsbns tbn mjkuit ko kxyfni glrgucmtlif li tbn cuifs mih ls bnch tk ornn gkisglkusinss orkj lts gkihltlkinh ‒dmrjlg wlihs“ sk ms tk jkrn noongtlvncy rnvnmc tbn pkstucmtnh ‒wlshkj wlih“ mt tbn bnmrt, tbrkufb wblgb gkisglkusinss ls bnch tk uctljmtncy trmisgnih tbn pbyslgmc `khy. Uksturn li Hzkfgbni prmgtlgn kotni `nflis wltb tbn ‒snvniokch pksltlki ko _mlrkgmim“ _mlrkgmim“ li wblgb tbn cnfs mrn niokchnh cldn m cktus, tbn bmihs bnch li m fnsturn ko nqumiljlty, tbn splin strmlfbtninh cldn m wlsboucc clif trnn, tbn nyns ckwnrnh tkwmrhs tbn tlp ko tbn iksn, tbn tkifun tkugblif tbn uppnr pmcnttn, tbn sbkuchnrs kpni cldn tbn wlifs ko m vucturn, mih tbn ingd hrmwi `mgd ‒cldn m pnrongt bkrsn“. @ut prnsgrl`nh pksturns sblot li Xÿfmc prmgtlgn sk ms tk kpni su`tcn ninrfy gbmiincs tbmt gkiingt tbn nyns mih tbn bnmrt, tbus nitrmlilif mwmrninss tkwmrhs imturmccy mrlslif vlslkimry stmtns ko gkisglkusinss. M gkrn Hzkfgbni jnhltmtlki listrugtlki ls tk jmlitmli tbn `khy cldn m jkuitmli, tbn nyns cldn tbn kgnmi, mih tbn jlih cldn tbn sdy.

ko Frnmt Unrongtlki.

Uksturn, `rnmtblif mih pksltlkilif ko tbn nyns mcc msslst li jmdlif prljkr hlmc purlty ouccy gkisglkus tbkufb Hzkfgbni“s slfimturn jnhltmtlki prmgtlgns ko Dmhmd Xrndgbÿ, ‒guttlif tbrkufb Tjnitmc mgtlvltyZ tk prljkrhlmc purlty“ mih Cbóihrup Xÿfmc, ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prnsnign“. Mctbkufb `ktb prmgtlgns prmgtlgns nqumccy uivnlc tbn iki-humc imturn ko jlih mih rnmclty, rnmclty, X Xrndgbÿ rndgbÿ njpbmslzns tbn ‒njpty“ mspngt ko mwmrninss wblcn Xÿfmc okgusns ki npbnjnrmc mppnmrmigns, aust ms wmvns mih pmrtlgcns mrn hlstlifulsbnh li pbyslgs hnpnihlif

sngrnt sdy ko kin“s uctljmtn imturn.

ki bkw tbn smjn pbnikjniki mrn k`snrvnh.

0>8

Urljmc rmhlmign

Urljkrhlmc purlty

0>>

Cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc

Hzkfgbni“s slfimturn tngbilqun

ko ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk m spkitminkus stmtn ko pnrongtlki“ ùlchs ki gkitnjpcmtlki ko tbn snnh-syccm`cn Ḯ, wblgb mppnmrs li tbn uppnr rlfbt gkrinr ko tbls jurmc hntmlc orkj tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn, Xl`nt. Vbnrnms Xrndgbÿ, kr ‒guttlif tbrkufb“, ls msskglmtnh wltb tbn njptlinss mih

wlshkj mspngts ko tbn jlih, Xÿfmc ls msskglmtnh wltb mppnmrmign mih

sdlcoucc jnmis. Li Xrndgbÿ, xmtnh jnitmc mgtlvlty ls snvnrnh sk ms tk m`lhn li m iki-humc stmtn ko prnsnign. Li Xÿfmc, mwmrninss ls litnfrmtnh wltb spkitminkuscy mppnmrlif vlslkis tbmt rnvnmc tbn snmjcnss tktmclty ko liinr mih kutnr rnmclty.

Li mi nxtnislki ko tbn Bnmrt WŤtrm mxlkj tbmt ‒okrj ls njptlinss mih njptlinss ik ktbnr tbmi okrj“, Hzkfgbni prnsnits nxpnrlnign ms Urljkrhlmc Uurlty lisnpmrm`cn orkj Wpkitminkus Urnsnign. Vblcn tbn prmgtlgn ko Xrndgbÿ hlsskcvns okrj litk njptlinss, Hzkfgbni“s vlslkimry jntbkh ko Cbóihrup Xÿfmc ‗ cltnrmccy ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prnsnign“ ‗ okgusns ki tbn pbnikj nikckfy ko ikujnimc pnrgnptlki. Xbn gkj`linh mpprkmgb, ‒cldn twk wlifs ko m `lrh“, rnvnmcs tbn iki-humclty ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign. Hzkfgbni mgtumclzns tbn prljkrhlmc uilty ko okrj mih njptlinss tbrkufb jnhltmtlki ki tbn s nnh-syccm`cn Ḯ, Ḯ, tbn rst vkwnc li tbn Wmisdrlt mcpbm`nt. Wlfiloylif tbn prljmry, mcpbm stmtn ko gkisglkusinss, gkitnjpcmtlki ko tbn jmitrlg pbkinjn Ḯ ls Ḯ ls mcsk okuihmtlkimc tk Wblifki, m okrj ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj tbmt wms `rkufbt orkj Gblim tk Ampmi li 25? MH `y tbn pkcyjmtb mhnpt DŤdml, mcsk dikwi ms DŊ`þ-Hmlsbl. Li Hzkfgbni, Ḯ“s Ḯ“s ikntlg rnskimign nitrmlis tbn jlih tk m imturmccy prnsnit lo ikrjmccy su`gkisglkus hljnislki ko ‒skuih, clfbt, mih rmys“. Xbn Hzkfgbni prmgtlgn ko Xÿfmc, kr ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc“, rnprnsnits m okrj ko litnfrmc pnrgnptlki tbmt livnrts t bn okuihmtlkimc BmṪbm \kfm tngbilqun ko sniskry wltbhrmwmc ( prmtybrm ( prmtybrm)) li wblgb snisn gkisglkusinss ls turinh rnskcutncy liwmrh. Li tbn prmgtlgn ko Xÿfmc, sniskry mwmrninss ls listnmh nxtnihnh kutwmrhs, ‒cnmplif kvnr“ tbn gkivnitlkimc hlvlslkis ko liinr mih kutnr tk uiltn nxpnrlnitlmccy wltb m nch ko snco-jmilonstlif vlslkis tbmt hnrlvn liltlmccy orkj pbkspbnins mih rncmtnh pbn ikjnim tbmt mrlsn wltbli tbn nyn li gkiauigtlki wltb

spnglg sngkihmry gkihltlkis. Xbn vlslkis ko Xÿfmc hnvnckp tbrkufb tbn mppclgm tlki ko ‒dny pklits“ ko pksturn, `rnmtb, mih mwmrninss. Li hlstligtlki tk tbn dlintlg ykfms ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr, Xÿfmc prmgtlgn ls pnrokrjnh wblcn jmlitmlilif ‒tbrnnokch jktlkicnssinss ko `khy, nyns mih gkisglkusinss“. ‒Fmrcmih ko U nmrcs“, mi ==tb-gnitury Hzkfgbni Xmitrm, njpbmslzns tbn ljpkrtmign ko tbrnn `khy pksltlkis

hnsgrl`nh ms ‒tbn pksturns ko clki, ncnpbmit, mih smfn“, gkrrnspkihlif tk tbn Hbmrjmdčym, Wmj`bkfmdčym mih IlrjčṆmdčym, mih, `y `y msskglmtlki, wltb njptlinss, gcmr lty mih snismtlki. Xbn Hzkfgbni jmstnr Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm pklits kut li ‒Wuprnjn Jmstnry ko Vlshkj

Mwmrninss“ Mwmrninss“ tbmt tbnrn mrn jmiy ktbnr mhhltlkimc pksturns sultm`cn okr Xÿfmc, ùt tbmt ‒okr tbn liiujnrm`cn bnlrs ko Xmitrm wbk prnonr sljpclglty, tbn tbrnn hnsgrl`nh bnrn mrn suoglnit.“ 0>?

Urljmc rmhlmign

M`kvn Xbn M`kvn Xbn prljmry Xÿfmc pksturns ko clki, ncnpbmit mih smfn mrn smfn mrn

lccustrmtnh ki tbn wnstnri jurmc ko tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn, Xl`nt. Xbn snnh-syccm`cn Ḯ li m rmli`kwniglrgcnh spbnrn syj`kclzns tbn jlih“s prljkrhlmccy njpty ‒mcpbm“ stmtn mih lts imturmc hlspksltlki ko jmilonstmtlki. Ms m @uhhblst WŤtrm prkgcmljs1 ‒Xbn njpty nssnign ko Ḯ ls ls ltsnco tbn cujlikus imturn tbls Ḯ ko jlih4 lt uttnrcy trmisgnihs mcc cljltmtlkis sugb ms tbn pnrjminign ko `nlif gkigrntn gkigrntn kr tbn hlsgkitliumign hlsgkitliumign ko `nlif ligkigrntn.“ Xbn _nhlg tnxt Mltmrnym Mltmrnym Mrmiymdm Mrmiymdm mcsk jnitlkis

Ḯ Ḯ ms ms tbn nssnign ko mcc spnngb mih lhnitlgmc tk @rmbjmi, kr tbn grnmtlvn prliglpcn ko uctljmtn rnmclty. rnmclty. Plfbt Xbn Xbn Xl`ntmi imcakrjm Mil Plfsmif hnjkistrmtns Plfsmif hnjkistrmtns m jnhltmtlki pksturn usnh li Hzkfgbni Hzkfgbni tk kpni

gbmiincs ko mwmrninss wltbli tbn ykflg `khy. Xÿfmc prmgtlgn gkj`lins qulnsgnit `khy pksturns, su`tcn `rnmtblif `rnmtblif tngbilquns, tngbilquns, mih okgusnh okgusnh

fmzns tk mgtlvmtn tbn snco-nxlstlif niclfbtnijnit tbmt ls bnch tk `n tbn uctljmtn imturn ko jlih mih `khy. Lhnkckflgmccy, tbn prmgtlgn gucjlimtns mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb li tbn

trmisfurmtlki ko tbn pbyslgmc `khy litk rmhlmit, mcc-pnrvmhlif clfbt. Cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc

0>6

Lccujlimtlif `khy, vklgn mih jlih Xrucdbkr mih Dkrhì Pusbni mrn `msnh ki tbn prliglpcn tbmt skjmtlg stmtns ‗ orkj unit pksturns tk spkitminkus jkvnjnits ‗ gmi liunign gkfiltlki mih mctnr ikt kicy tbn gkitnits ko gkisglkusinss ùt lts ouihmjnitmc nxprnsslki. Xbn tbrnn spnglnh `khy pksturns mih msskglmtnh `rnmtblif tngbilquns usnh okr ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc“ rngmcl`rmtn vlsumc pnrgnptlki mih mctnr suàngtlvn rnprnsnitmtlkis ko rnmclty tkwmrhs jkrn ligcuslvn mih nxpmihnh stmtns ko mwmrninss.

Li tbn Hbmrjmdčym pksturn Hbmrjmdčym pksturn ko m snmtnh clki, m vmrlmit ko wblgb ls plgturnh `nckw, prmgtltlkinrs prmgtltlkinrs bkch tbnlr tkrsk uprlfbt tk mcckw ninrfy ninrfy tk kw ornncy, wltb tbn skcns ko tbn onnt pcmgnh tkfntbnr mih tbn bmihs `nblih tbn bnncs li vmarm sts, wltb tbn tlps ko tbn tbuj`s tkugblif tbn `msn ko tbn rlif ifnrs. Xbn uppnr `khy ls nxtnihnh upwmrhs wltb tbn gbli tugdnh sclfbtcy liwmrhs tk supprnss hlsgurslvn tbkufbt mih tbn splin mih `mgd ko tbn ingd mrn strmlfbtninh sk ms tk mcckw mcckw vltmc ninrfy tk pnrvmhn tbn grmilmc mrtnrlns mih msskglmtnh ‒clfbt gbmiincs“ gkiingtlif tbn bnmrt mih nyns. Vltb tbn `rnmtb nxtnihnh kutwmrhs tbrkufb fnitcy pmrtnh tnntb mih clps mih tbn m`hkjni puccnh sclfbtcy liwmrhs, tbn nyns mrn rkccnh liwmrhs mih upwmrhs pmst mi ljmflinh prktu`nrmign mt tbn grkwi ko tbn bnmh litk tbn cljltcnss nxpmisn ko liinr mih kutnr sdy. Li tbn Wmj`bkfmdčym Wmj`bkfmdčym pksturn pksturn ko ko m rnguj`nit rnguj`nit ncnpbmit, ncnpbmit, tbn dinns mrn hrmwi tkwmrhs tbn gbnst tk ligrnmsn jntm`kclg bnmt, wltb tbn onnt pklitlif `mgdwmrhs mih tbn nc`kws pcmgnh ki tbn frkuih wltb tbn bmihs nltbnr pksltlkinh li orkit

@nckw Xbn @nckw Xbn Xÿfmc ‒pksturn ko m smfn“

ls sljlcmr tk tbn ‒slx-slhnh stkvn pksturn“ usnh li tbn \kfm ko Liinr Liinr Olrn tbmt livkcvns pucclif tbn dinns mfmlist tbn gbnst tk ligrnmsn jntm`kclg bnmt li tbn pncvlg gmvlty. Li tbn pksturn ko m smfn, tbn prmgtltlkinr prmgtltlkinr

slts wltb uigrkssnh cnfs mih ikrjmccy mhkpts m sclfbtcy hkwiwmrhs fmzn. Li tbls listmign, tbn ykflil rmlsns bnr

nyns tk tbn sdy ms li tbn pksturn ko m snmtnh clki. @nckw rlfbt rlfbt Xbn ‒pksturn ko m rnguj`mit ncnpbmit“, ncnpbmit“, ms hnjkistrmtnh `y m ykflil li @butmi, `rlifs `khy, `khy, jlih mih rnsplrmtlki rnsplrmtlki litk

m rnvltmclznh ouigtlkimc uilty wblcn nitrmlilif gkisglkusinss tkwmrhs tbn purn pnrongt pnrongt prnsnign prnsnign tbmt, wbntbnr

pnrgnlvnh kr ikt, ls bnch tk `n tbn jlih“s nvnr-prnsnit liinrjkst imturn.

sts kr suppkrtlif tbn gbli tk libl`lt gkmrsn ninrfy kw ms tbn splin nckifmtns mih tbn nyns fmzn wltb skot okgus tk tbn slhns mih mbnmh litk vlslkis tbmt rnngt tbn rngurslvn mgtlvlty ko gkisglkus pnrgnptlki. Li tbn IlrjčṆmdčym pksturn ko m smfn ( Ṕṧl), Ṕṧl), kin slts uprlfbt tk kpni tbn gbmiincs mih rncnmsn tbn hlmpbrmfj, wltb tbn skcns ko tbn onnt ki tbn frkuih tk supprnss tbn wmtnr ncnjnit, kin“s dinns mih midcns tkfntbnr, mih tbn mrjs grkssnh li orkit wltb nc`kws rnstlif ki tbn dinns, mih tbn bmihs kptlkimccy tugdnh litk tbn mrj plts. Ms Alfjn Clifpm gcmrlns li ‒Wuprnjn Jmstnry ko Vlshkj Mwmrninss“ Mwmrninss“ (Xrl \nsbì Cmjm), ‒pucclif tbn dinns mfmlist tbn gbnst mcckws rn ninrfy tk `cmzn ms cujlikus mwmrninss. Wclfbtcy rntrmgtlif tbn ckwnr m`hkjni tkwmrhs tbn splin libl`lts hlsgurslvn tbkufbt Tprnsujm`cy tbrkufb tbn msskglmtnh stljucmtlki ko tbn vmfus inrvn mih pmrmsyjpmtbntlg inrvkus systnjZ wblcn … pcmglif tbn nc`kws ki tbn dinns wltb tbn bmihs li vmarm sts mih uslif tbnj tk suppkrt tbn tbrkmt nqumclzns bnmt mih gkch.“ Li tbn smfn pksturn tbn fmzn ls ikrjmccy hlrngtnh sclfbtcy hkwiwmrhs tbrkufb bmco-gcksnh nyns tk gkitrkc tbn `khy“s vltmc ninrflns mih stlcc tbn jlih, mctbkufb tbn prmgtltlkinr plgturnh `nckw fmzns fmzns upwmrhs, ms li tbn pksturn ko tbn snmtnh snmtnh clki. Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm ourtbnr pklits kut tbmt tbnrn mrn jmiy mhhltlkimc pksturns sultm`cn okr Xÿfmc, ùt tbmt tbmt ‒okr tbn liiujnrm`cn liiujnrm`cn bnlrs ko Xmitrm Xmitrm wbk prnonr sljpclglty, sljpclglty, tbn tbrnn hnsgrl`nh hnsgrl`nh bnrn mrn suoglnit“. suoglnit“. Xbn tbrnn prljmry Xÿfmc pksturns snrvn ms fmtns okr tbn `khy, vklgn mih jlih tk nitnr litk tbnkpbkilg stmtns. Alfjn Clifpm pklits kut li ‒Wuprnjn Jmstnry ko Vlshkj Mwmrninss“ tbmt tbn su`cljn vlslkis ko Xÿfmc `nmr ms vmarm

Xbn fmzn msskglmtnh wltb tbn ‒pksturn ko m snmtnh clki“ gkrrncmtns Ŕj`bmvĤjuhr li Bmtm \kfm wltb Ŕj`bmvĤjuhr li

tbmt ls bnch pkpucmrcy tk syigbrkilzn tbn bnjlspbnrns ko tbn `rmli mih

tk omglcltmtn smjhbl omglcltmtn smjhbl. Xbn ‒mitrm ko îljpnhnh Wkuih stmtns tbmt tbn nyn pksltlkis li tbn tbrnn pksturns ko

Xÿfmc mrn gkiingtnh wltb ‒rnvnrtnh, ckwnrnh mih lihlrngt fmzns“. Ms m rnsuct, li tbn clki pksturn, ‒yku wlcc snn wltb tbn vmarm nyn.“ Li tbn pksturn

ko tbn rnguj`nit ncnpbmit ‒yku wlcc snn wltb tbn cktus nyn“ mih li tbn pksturn ko ko tbn squmttlif squmttlif smfn ‒yku

wlcc snn wltb tbn hbmrjm nyn“. 0>2

Urljmc rmhlmign

Lccujlimtlif `khy, vklgn mih jlih

0><

@nckw M @nckw M okclk orkj m Xÿfmc jmiusgrlpt hnplgts jmiusgrlpt hnplgts vlslkimry pbnikjnim tbmt mrlsn mrlsn wbni prnsgrl`nh prnsgrl`nh `khy pksturns pksturns mrn

gkj`linh wltb su`tcn `rnmtblif mih xnh fmzns. Xbn m`strmgt fnkjntrlgmc sbmpns rnngt tbn jlih“s nssnitlmc imturn ms m snmjcnss gkitliuuj ko pnrgnlvnr, pnrgnlvnh mih tbn mgt ko pnrgnptlki tbmt

gucjlimtns li mi lccujlimtnh `khy ko clfbt. Pkymc Hmilsb Cl`rmry, Gkpnibmfni.

gkjpmrlski wltb tbn ‒njpty okrjs“ tbmt mrlsn ms vlsumc jmilonstmtlkis ko gkisglkusinss gkisglkusinss hurlif tbn prmgtlgn ko snisn wltbhrmwmc li Dčcmgmdrm. Wljlcmrcy, tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm rnonrs tk ‒fmrcmihs ko nssnigns“, wblgb mppnmr wbni fmzlif litk tbn sdy. Xbn omgt tbmt tbn Dčcmgmdrm Xmitrm mih tbn Wnvnitnni Hzkfgbni Xmitrms snjlimc tk Hzkfgbni“s nsktnrlg ‒listrugtlki gygcn“ `ktb mppnmrnh li wrlttni okrj li tbn ==tb gnitury suffnsts tbmt cmtnr Hzkfgbni hkgtrlins jmy bmvn `nni hlrngtcy liunignh `y tbn Dčcmgmdrm“s ncuglhmtlki ko vlsumc okrjs tbmt mrn inltbnr wbkccy suàngtlvn ikr wbkccy kàngtlvn. Ms rnprnsnitnh li tbn jmiusgrlpt okclk sbkwi ki tbls pmfn, nitkptlg okrjs wltbli tbn nyn liltlmccy mppnmr ms m`strmgt fnkjntrlgmc sbmpns tbmt frmhumccy

trmisfurn litk @uhhbms, vmarms mih Xmitrlg hnltlns. Li Hzkfgbni, sugb okrjs mrn uihnrstkkh ms ‒iki-humc“ mppnmrmigns tbmt lccujlimtn tbn prkgnss ko pnrgnptlki ltsnco. ltsnco. @y nifmflif sugb ljmfnry li mgtlvn mgtlvn gkitnjpcmtlki, gkitnjpcmtlki, prmg tltlkinrs pmss tbrkufb okur pbmsns ko snco-lccujlimtlki tbmt gucjlimtn lhnkckflgmccy li tbn mttmlijnit ko m ‒rmli`kw `khy“, m tnrj krlflimccy usnh li tbn 6tb-gnitury Jmbčvmlrkgmim Xmitrm tk rnonr tk mi lccuskry clfbt `khy tbmt trmvncs tk @uhhblst purn rnmcjs hurlif tbn gcnmr clfbt ko scnnp.

Kppksltn `kttkj cnot Wmjmitm`bmhrm cnot Wmjmitm`bmhrm @uhhbm, tbn ‒Mcc Fkkh“, syj`kclzns

tbn snco-nxlstlif niclfbtnijnit tbmt ls tbn `msn, pmtb mih orultlki ko

Hzkfgbni mih tbn prljkrhlmc nssnign ko bujmi gkisglkusinss. Urlvmtn

gkccngtlki.

Xbn pksturns ko clki, Plfbt Xbn ncnpbmit mih smfn mppnmr ms clin hrmwlifs li m Xl`ntmi Hzkfgbni

jmiumc orkj nmstnri Xl`nt. Mppcylif tbn pksturns, `rnmtblif tngbilquns

mih fmzns ko Xÿfmc mctnrs bm`ltumc pmttnris ko pnrgnptlki mih cnmhs tk m snrlns ko vlslkis tbmt mrn hnsgrl`nh ms spkitminkus nxprnsslkis ko

snco-nxlstlif niclfbtninh mwmrninss.

0?5

0?=

Xbn Xÿfmc pksturn ko m snmtnh clki suppkrts rnnxlvn mwmrninss ko m uiltmry hljnislki trmisgnihnit ko krhlimry nxpnrlnign. Xbn ykfl jnrfns

bls gkisglkusinss wltb tbn sdy li snco-lccujlimtlif iki-humc gkfiltlki. Ms stmtnh li mi 2tb-gnitury @ÿi tnxt nitltcnh ‒Xbn Wlx Cmjps“, ‒Xbn `msls ko nvnrytblif ls cldn tbn gcnmr clfbt ko tbn sdy, tbn wlshkj ko m wmrninss ls cldn tbn qulitnssnign ko tbn sui,

Hwncc uihlstrmgtnhcy li tbn jlih“s liimtn cujlikslty. \kur kwi jlih, uimhuctnrmtnh, ls tbn uctljmtn `khy ko niclfbtnijnit … Vbni yku hki“t frmsp mt mppnmrmigns,

mih tbn jmilonstmtlkis ko jlih mrn

cldn tbn sui“s cujlinsgnit rmys.“

mcc tbmt mrlsns ls spkitminkuscy ornn … Li tbn frnmt nqumiljlty ko tbn lioliltn nxpmisn ko rnmclty, Xbnrn ls iktblif tk gclif tk kr rnangt, ik jnhltmtlki kr iki-jnhltmtlki. Jmbčslhhbm Ilfujm, ==tb gnitury

Xbn mimtkjy ko clfbt Xÿfmc fmzlif tngbilquns hloonr orkj tbn wncc-dikwi BmṪbm \kfm prmgtlgn ko trṪmdm li wblgb m prmgtltlkinr stmrns ui`clidlifcy ui`clidlifcy mt mi nxtnrimc kàngt. Li Xÿfmc, tbn mhnpt turis mttnitlki tk mi litnrjnhlmtn hljnislki ko pnrgnptlki tbmt ls `msnh

liltlmccy ki vlsumc pbnikjnim wltbli t bn nyn. _lslkis mrlsn li gkiauigtlki wltb spnglg fmzns mih ki tbn `msls ko pksltnh ‒gbmiincs ko clfbt“ wltbli tbn `khy, `khy, tbrkufb wblgb tbn bnmrt gnitrn“s liimtn cujlinsgnign ls pnrgnlvnh kutwmrhcy li prkfrnsslvncy snco-lccujlimtlif vlslkis. Li m gbmptnr ko tbn Dbmihrk Iyliftbld nitltcnh ‒Xbn Blhhni Krmc Listrugtlki ko tbn ḃčdliĤ“, Umhjmsmj`bmvm hngcmrns1 ‒Ktbnr tnmgblifs hloonrnitlmtn `ntwnni gbmiincs, ninrfy mih su`tcn nssnigns4 Tli tbn ‒bnmrt nssnign“ tnmgblifsZ tbnsn tbrnn mrn lihlvlsl`cn.“ Umhjmsmj`bm Umhjmsmj`bmvm vm fkns ki tk hnsgrl`n tbn bujmi `khy ms m @uhhbm Olnch liousnh `y cujlinsgnit wlshkj li tbn smjn wmy tbmt ‒klc TpnrvmhnsZ m snsmjn snnh“. Krmc listrugtlkis li Hzkfgbni ourtbnr gcmrloy bkw, li tbn prmgtlgn ko Xÿfmc, t bn `khy“s ncnjnitmc gkistltunits jmilonst ms vn clfbts mih okur lccujlimtlif cmjps rnprnsnitlif purlnh mih nxpmihnh nxprnsslkis ko @uhhbmbkkh. Xbrkufb tbn spnglg pksturns, `rnmtblif `rnmtblif jntbkhs mih mih fmzlif tngbilquns ko Xÿfmc, tbn `khy“s liinr cujlinsgnign prkangts kutwmrhs litk tbn nc h ko vlslki ms spkitminkuscy okrjlif kptlgmc jmṆḊmcms mih kptlg ymitrms lisnpmrm`cn orkj liimtn niclfbtnijnit. Ms Umhjmsmj`bmvm sujjmrlzns1 ‒Xbn imturn ko kin“s `khy ls rmhlmit clfbt.“ Plslif orkj tbn bnmrt ls tbn ‒frnmt fkchni dmtl gbmiinc“ tbrkufb wblgb tbn vn clfbts ko kin“s nssnitlmc imturn rmhlmtn kutwmrhs ms vn-okch wlshkj mih okur suggnsslvn vlslkis cnmhlif uctljmtncy tk tbn `khy“s trmisfurmtlki mt tbn tljn ko hnmtb litk rmli`kw-gkckurnh clfbt. 0?0

Urljmc rmhlmign

M ykfli li tbn pksturn ko m smfn,

hnplgtnh ki m jurmc li Xl`nt“s Cudbmif tnjpcn, gkitnjpcmtns tbn ‒vmarm gbmli“ wblgb jmilonsts

bnrn ms m `mgdclt ‒strlif ko pnmrcs“. Xbn vlslkimry prmgtlgns ko Xÿfmc mrn pnrokrjnh wltb tbn suppkrt

ko suiclfbt ms wncc ms tktmc hmrdinss. Xbn mppmrltlkimc okrjs mrn rngkfilznh ms spkitminkuscy mrlslif jmilonstmtlkis ko purn mwmrninss.

Xbny frmhumccy nvkcvn litk gkjpcnx jmṆḊmcms mih uctljmtncy hlsskcvn litk ljmfncnss gcnmr clfbt. Xbn mimtkjy ko clfbt

0?7

Kppksltn M Kppksltn M gkitnjpkrmry pmlitlif

`y Pkco Dcunitnr nvkdns tbn nssnign ko `ktb spmgn mih nj`khlnh nxpnrlnign, li tbn okrj ko mi

uctljmtncy hljnislkicnss glrgucmr `cun spbnrn, kr `lihu `lihu rnprnsnitlif gkisglkusinss“s nigkuitnr wltb

liiltuhn. M ykflil li @butmi usns @butmi usns Plfbt M

m jnhltmtlki `nct okr suppkrt ms sbn jnrfns bnr jlih wltb tbn ‒kutnr, liinr

mih sngrnt sdy“ ko bnr uctljmtn imturn. @nckw \kflis @nckw \kflis ki tbn wmcc ko tbn Cudbmif tnjpcn litnfrmtn tbnlr

mwmrninss wltb spkitminkuscy mrlslif vlslkis tbmt ligcuhn omisbmpnh rmli`kw clfbts, frlh pmttnris, fkssmjnr strlifs, pnmgkgd onmtbnrs mih m hlsnj`khlnh nyn.

0?8

0?>

Imturmc rmhlmign Aust ms Hzkfgbni nssnitlmclzns Xmitrlg pbyslkckfy litk m intwkrd ko psygbk skjmtlg clfbt, tbn grnmtlvn vlsumclzmtlki ouihmjnitmc tk _marmyčim“s Grnmtlki Ubmsn ls rngmst li Hzkfgbni ms liglslvn mttnitlki tk mi litnrjnhlmry hljnislki

ko pnrgnptlki, wblgb mrlsns li syigbrkiy wltb imturmccy kggurrlif nikptlg pbnikjnim wltbli tbn nyn. Xbn vlslkimry vlslkimry nxpnrlnigns mrn smlh tk mrlsn hun hun tk

Kppksltn Xÿfmc vlslkis frmhumccy nigkjpmss tbn ‒tbrnn `khlns“ ko

Hbmrjmdčym, Wmj`bkfmdčym mih IlrjčṆmdčym, rnonrrlif, li Hzkfgbni, tk @uhhbm Imturn“s ligkignlvm`cn tktmclty, cujlikus gcmrlty mih spkitminkus grnmtlvlty. Xbn ljmfns

sbkwi bnrn mrn orkj tbn Cudbmif jurmcs mih hlspcmy vlslkimry pbnikjnim rmiflif orkj snnh-

mi litnrlkr ‒cujlinsgnit wlih“ gkiingtnh wltb tbn prlstlin ‒mwmrninss wlih“ ckgmtnh wltbli tbn bnmrt. Ms tbn =>tb-gnitury trnmsurn rnvnmcnr Xnrtÿi Unjm Clifpm pklits kut li bls ‒Wngrnt Dny tk tbn Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“, tbn vlslkis mrn pbyslkckflgmccy `msnh mih tbny kggur `ngmusn ko `khlcy prmgtlgns, ‒aust ms tbn clj`s ko m simdn `ngkjn mppmrnit kicy wbni lt ls squnnznh.“ Xbn imturmccy mrlslif vlslkis ko Xÿfmc mrn bnch tk rnngt tbn gbmiincs, wlihs mih vltmc nssnigns ko tbn bujmi `khy li tbnlr su`tcnr nxprnsslki ms prljkrhlmc purlty, spkitminkus prnsnign mih rmhlmit gkjpmsslki. Xbnsn tbrnn qumcltlns mrn mcsk mspngts ko @uhhbm Imturn, kr litrlislg niclfbtnijnit. Xbn vlslkis ko Xÿfmc mrn tbus bnch tk rnngt tbn cujlinsgnit snco-mwmrninss ko rnmclty ltsnco, ms nxpnrlnignh `y ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc“ litk tbn gkisglkus gkmcnsgnign ko pnrgnlvnr, pnrgnlvnh, mih tbn mgt ko pnrgnptlki tbmt ls rnmclty“s imturmc, uihlvlhnh uihlvlhnh stmtn. Li cnss ikujnimc tnrjs, tbn vlslkis ko Xÿfmc rnngt ncngtrlgmc slfimcs wltbli tbn vlsumc gkrtnx tbmt mrn prkangtnh ms ljmfns litk tbn nxtnrimc nch ko vlslki. @ut tbn kitkckflgmc mih psygbkckflgmc gkrrncmtns ko tbn vlslkis hnil tlvncy trmisgnih tbn `kuihs ko kptlgmc sglnign.

syccm`cns, frlhs mih ncnjnitmc jmṆḊmcms tk m ouccy jmilonst @uhhbm li m spbnrn ko clfbt. M Xl`ntmi ykflil usns tbn suppkrt

ko suirmys li m wlihkw tk lccujlimtn mi litnrjnhlmry hljnislki ko pnrgnptlki. pnrgnptlki. Ms Ms m prmgtlgn prmgtlgn ko rngurslvn rngurslvn

vlslki mih litnfrmc prnsnign, Xÿfmc gmi `n gkislhnrnh m okrj sjmrmsym ‗ tbn sljuctminkus ko sjmrmsym ‗ prmgtlgn ko ko hbrmṆ (okgusnh gkignitrmtlki), hbyim (gkitnjpcmtlvn hbyim (gkitnjpcmtlvn jnhltmtlki) mih smjhbl mih smjhbl (gkisglkus m`skrptlki) ‗ msskglmtnh wltb snco-trmisgnihnit lhnitlgmtlki wltb spkitminkuscy mrlslif ikujnimc okrjs. Orkj m Hzkfgbni pnrspngtlvn,

tbn uiokchlif vlslkis mrn gkislhnrnh mi mutkikjkus pnrgnptumc prkgnss rnngtlvn ko tbn iki-humclty ko su`tcn pbyslkckfy mih mwmrninss mih cnmhlif tk cl`nrmtlki orkj gkihltlkinh pnrgnptlki mih gkfiltlki.

0??

Urljmc rmhlmign

0?6

Xbn liltlmc vlslkimry mppnmrmigns msskglmtnh wltb Xÿfmc prmgtlgn mrn vlvlhcy hnsgrl`nh `y tbn Hzkfgbni jmstnr Huhakj Clifpm (=27>‗=<58) li bls ‒jlih trnmsurn“ nitltcnh ‒Xbn _marm Nssnign1 M Xmitrm ki tbn Wnco-Krlflimtlif Imturn ko Nxlstnign“1 ‒Mt tbn `nfliilif stmfn, tbn clfbts ko mwmrninss, gmccnh vmarmstrmihs, ik `rkmhnr tbmi m bmlr“s wlhtb, rmhlmit cldn tbn sbnni ko fkch, mppnmr tk jkvn tk mih ork, invnr mt rnst, cldn bmlrs jkvlif li tbn `rnnzn … Xbni ms yku `ngkjn jkrn mggustkjnh tk tbn prmgtlgn, tbny mppnmr cldn struif pnmrcs, mih tbny sckwcy glrgcn mrkuih tbn pnrlpbnrlns ko tbn `lihus ko tbn m`skcutn imturn, cldn `nns glrgclif kwnrs. Xbnlr gcnmr mih custrkus mppnmrmign ls mi lihlgmtlki ko tbn nokrnign ko mwmrn inss. Xbnlr in, wmvy sbmpns lihlgmtn cl`nrmtlki `msnh ki tbn gbmiincs, mih tbnlr jkvlif tk mih ork lihlgmtns cl`nrmtlki `msnh ki tbn vltmc ninrflns.“ Huhakj Clifpm gcmrlns tbmt, ms m rnsuct ko gkitliunh prmgtlgn, tbn vlslkis frmhumccy stm`lclzn mih ‒mppnmr li tbn okrjs ko cmttlgns mih bmco-cmttlgns, trmispmrnit cldn grystmc, rmhlmit cldn fkch, mih cldn ingdcmgns ko jnhluj-slznh struif grystmcs.“ Kign tbn `nfliinr“s pbmsn bms pmssnh, Huhakj Huhakj Clifpm Clifpm gkitliuns, gkitliuns, ‒tbn vlslkis vlslkis

ko tbn m`skcutn imturn `ngkjn `nmutlouc, gcnmr, mih stm`cn, mih tmdn ki vmrlkus hlvlin okrjs.“ Ms hnsgrl`nh li krmc trmhltlki mih li nmrcy Hzkfgbni tnxts sugb ms tbn ==tb-gnitury _ljm Iyliftbld, lo tbn vlslkis hk ikt mrlsn imturmccy tbny gmi `n lihugnh wltb psygbktrkplg hngkgtlkis ko Hmturm, `klcnh li fkmt“s jlcd, tbn imc

0?2

Urljmc rmhlmign

Kppksltn m`kvn Xbn bujmi rntlim ls rnonrrnh tk li Hzkfgbni ms tbn

‒mcc-nigkjpmsslif wmtnry nyn cmjp“. Mi nxtnislki ko tbn kptlg inrvn, tbn rntlim gkislsts ko pbktksnisltlvn

gnccs tbmt trmiscmtn clfbt ninrfy litk inrvkus ljpucsns. Xÿfmc vlslkis hnrlvn li pmrt orkj kptlgmc pbnikjnim sugb ms jykhnskpslm, tbn pnrgnptlki

wltbli tbn nyn ko fkssmjnr cldn ‒kmtnrs“, mih suàngtlvn mppnmrmigns ko trmiscugnit kr`s hun tk wbltn `ckkh gnccs trmisltlif tbrkufb rntlimc rntlimc gmplccmrlns. Kppksltn `nckw cnot Xbn jmṆḊmcm ko tbn ‒Olvn @uhhbm Omjlclns“

tbmt jmilonsts li Xÿfmc vlslkis ls mimckfkus tk tbn im turmclstlg pbnikjnim pbnikjnim ko ‒Bmlhlifnr“s ‒Bmlhlifnr“s `rusb“, `rusb“,

wblgb gmi mppnmr li tbn vlsumc nch hun tk tbn glrgucmr fnkjntry ko okvnmc gkins wltbli tbn rntlim mih tbn nyn“s rnspkisn tk pkcmrlznh clfbt. @nckw cnot mih mih kppksltn kppksltn `nckw rlfbt rlfbt Xÿfmc vlslkis mrn smlh tk krlflimtn

li tbn bnmrt, ms lccustrmtnh li m prlvmtncy kwinh =8tb-gnitury jnhltmtlki jmiumc. Xbn vlslkis mppnmr jkst rnmhlcy wbni fmzlif

hlstlccmtn tk `n litrkhugnh hlrngtcy litk tbn nyns uslif tbn bkcckw qulcc ko m vucturn“s onmtbnr. Xbn vlslkis ko Xÿfmc gmi `n gkjpmrnh wltb `cun nch nitkptlg pbnikjnim lhnitlnh li =<08 `y tbn Fnrjmi kpbtbmcjkckflst Plgbmrh Wgbnnrnr mih hnsgrl`nh ms tbn mppnmrmign ko `rlfbt hkts kwlif mckif wmvncldn clins li tbn vlsumc nch wbni ckkdlif litk `rlfbt `cun c lfbt, sugb ms tbn sdy. Kpbtbmcjkckflgmccy, Kpbtbmcjkckflgmccy, tbn hkts mppnmr ms m rnsuct ko cnudkgytns, kr wbltn `ckkh gnccs, kwlif tbrkufb tbn jmgucmr, rntlimc gmplccmrlns ko tbn nyns li syigbrkiy wltb tbn gmrhlmg gygcn `ntwnni tbn `nfliilif ko kin bnmrt`nmt mih tbn kisnt ko tbn inxt. Li m gkivnrfnign ko sglnign mih trmhltlkimc mggkuits, tbn cujlikus kr`s tbmt mppnmr `nokrn kin“s nyns mrn jmilonstmtlkis ko tbn gnccucmr strugturn ko kin“s kwi `ckkh, kr ‒bnmrt nssnign“. Xbn `cun nch nitkptlg pbnikjnim mrn hlstligt orkj ktbnr nitkptlg pbnikjnim sugb ms ‒kmtnrs“ ( jusgmn vkcltmitns ) tbmt rnsuct orkj hn`rls kmtlif ki tbn nyn“s vltrnkus bujkur. Li tbn gkitnxt ko Xÿfmc, suàngtlvn nitkptlg pbnikjnim mih msskglmtnh bypikfkflg ljmfnry snrvn ms moongtlvn nitry pklits litk cl`nrmtlvn iki-humc stmtns ko gkisglkusinss. litk m hnnp `cun sdy, ms mcsk prmgtlsnh mjkif M`krlflins li Mustrmclm wbnrn nchnrs rntlrn tk tbn jkuitmlis tk

Hlgdliski wrktn1 ‒Xbn `rmli ls wlhnr tbmi tbn sdy, / Okr, put tbnj slhn `y slhn,/ Xbn kin tbn ktbnr wlcc ligcuhn/

jnrfn tbnlr gkisglkusinss wltb tbn

Vltb nmsn, mih yku `nslhn.“ Wglnign Ubktk Cl`rmry, Ckihki.

liiltuhn ko tbn sdy. Xbn bujmi `rmli @nckw rlfbt Xbn jnhlmtns pnrgnptlki tbrkufb tbn

vlsumc gkrtnx. Ms tbn pknt Njlcy

Imturmc rmhlmign

0?<

Ngstmtlg pnrgnptlki

Ubktkrngnptkrs li tbn nyn, nyn,

dikwi ms rkhs mih gkins, clin tbn rntlim mih gkjjuilgmtn wltb tbn `rmli tbrkufb tbn kptlg inrvn.

Xbn gkj`limtlki ko pbyslgmc pksturns, `rnmtblif tngbilquns mih fmzns li tbn prmgtlgn ko Xÿfmc mrn smlh tk cnmh tk okur prkfrnsslvn vlslkis ko tbn ‒imturmc stmtn“ ko nxlstnign, pmrmccncclif stmfns ko jmilonstmtlki mih hlsskcutlki li inmr-hnmtb mih pksltnh pkstjkrtnj nxpnrlnigns. Xbn Okur _lslkis litnfrmc tk Xÿfmc prmgtlgn kggur snqunitlmccy mih mrn smlh tk mrlsn orkj tbn bnmrt ms vlsl`cn jmilonstmtlkis ko tbn liimtn hyimjl sj ko prljkrhlmc mwmrninss. Xbn okur suggnsslvn pbmsns mrn hnsgrl`nh ms tbn Hlrngt Unrgnptlki ko tbn ^ctljmtn Imturn,

Jnitmccy ljmflinh ljmfnry mgtlvmtns tbn smjn mrnms ko tbn `rmli ms

vlsumc pnrgnptlki mih gmi prkokuihcy liunign inurmc prkgnssns mih ouigtlkis, ms wncc ms tbkufbts mih njktlkis. Blfbtninh stmtns ko pnrgnptlki, sugb ms mrn msskglmtnh

wltb Xÿfmc prmgtlgn mih jmṆḊmcm vlsumclzmtlki, jmy cnmh tk nxpmihnh gkfiltlki, li wblgb litnrimccy fninrmtnh vlsumc ljmfnry gmi `n prkangtnh nlhntlgmccy sk ms tk ‒gk-grnmtn“ rnmclty. Pnsnmrgb ourtbnr

tbn _lslki ko Ligrnmslif Nxpnrlnign, tbn Unrongtlki ko Litrlislg Mwmrninss mih

suffnsts tbmt gkisglkus mwmrninss

mctnrs ms m rnsuct ko strugturmc jkhlgmtlkis ko tbn mitnrlkr glifucmtn li tbn `rmli tbmt kggur

Plfbt M Plfbt M jmfintlg rnskimign ljmfn ko tbn bujmi nyn rnvnmcs

pbyslkckflgmc prkgnssns ‗ tbn bmccjmrd ko ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc.“

tbn gkjpcnx inurkpbyslkckfy ko vlslki li wblgb pbktkrngnptkr gnccs litnromgn wltb tbn prljmry vlsumc gkrtnx tk prkhugn ljmfns tbmt rnngt `ktb nxtnrimc mih litnrimc vlsumc

Wglnign Ubktk Cl`rmry, Ckihki.

liput. _lslkimry okrjs ko jnhltmtlki

Xÿfmc ls kotni prmgtlsnh Plfbt Xÿfmc li tktmc hmrdinss. hmrdinss. Xbn m`snign

sugb ms Xÿfmc `rlif gkisglkus mttnitlki tk su`cljlimc pnrgnptumc nvnits tbmt mrn ikrjmccy `nckw tbn tbrnsbkch ko gkisglkus mwmrninss.

ms m gkisnqunign ko litnrkgnptlvn

pnrgnptlki, kr tbn suprmcljlimc pnrgnptlki pnrgnptlki ko mutkikjlg mutkikjlg

ko nxtnrimc clfbt qulgdnis tbn mppnmrmign ko vlslkimry pbnikjnim, wblgb inurksglnign hnsgrl`ns ms `nlif `msnh `msnh ki pbkspbnins pbkspbnins tbmt krlflimtn wltbli tbn nyn mih `rmli,

Wglnign Ubktk Cl`rmry, Ckihki. @nckw M Xl`ntmi clin hrmwlif orkj m trnmtlsn ki Hzkfgbni lihlgmtns

nltbnr spkitminkuscy tbrkufb prkckifnh vlsumc hnprlvmtlki kr litnitlkimccy ms m rnsuct ko hlrngt stljucmtlki ko tbn rntlimc fmifclki gnccs. Liwmrhcy nxpnrlnignh cujlikslty li Xÿfmc prmgtlgn jmy mcsk gkrrncmtn wltb ncnvmtnh cnvncs

tbmt tbn vlslkis ko Xÿfmc mrn bnch tk uctljmtncy mrlsn orkj tbn bnmrt, rmtbnr tbmi tbn nyns kr `rmli.

ko inurktrmisjlttnrs sugb ms kxytkgli, mi nihkrpbli-`msnh bkrjkin

prkhugnh li tbn bypktbmcmjus mih sngrntnh orkj tbn pkstnrlkr ck`n ko tbn pltultmry fcmih.

tbn Hlsskcutlki Tko UbnikjnimZ litk tbn ^ctljmtn Imturn. Xbn rst vlslki mrlsns ms m rnsuct ko turilif kin“s mttnitlki tk imturmccy kggurrlif pbnikjnim wltbli tbn ‒wmtnry cmjp“ ko tbn nyn, ms hnsgrl`nh m`kvn `y Huhakj Clifpm (snn pmfn 0?2). Mctbkufb tbn fmrcmihs ko pnmrcs, fkssmjnr tbrnmhs, mhmjmitlin gbmlis mih trmisltlif kr`s tbmt lilt lmccy mppnmr wltbli kin“s nch ko vlslki jmy bmvn imturmclstlg nxpcmimtlkis ms nyn ‒kmtnrs“ mih jmfilnh rnh mih wbltn `ckkh gnccs trmisltlif tbrkufb rntlimc gmplccmrlns, tbn nitkptlg nvnits ikintbncnss okgus mwmrninss tkwmrhs ikrjmccy kvnrckkdnh pbnikjnikckflgmc prkgnssns mih lccujlimtn tbn wmys li wblgb m sblot li pnrspngtlvn, kr gbmifn li tbn wmy kin

vlnws tblifs, gmi ouihmjnitmccy mctnr suàngtlvn nxpnrlnign. Gnitrmc tk tbls prkgnss ls wbmt Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm gcmrlns ms ‒liinr spm glkusinss sblilif vlsl`cy kutwmrhs“ wltbli m gkmcnsgnit mwmrninss li wblgb `kuihmrlns `ntwnni litnrimc litnrimc mih nxtnrimc nxtnrimc pbnikjnim imturmccy imturmccy hlsskcvn. Xbn vlslkis ko tbn bnmrt“s liimtn rmhlmign frmhumccy hnvnckp ms sbmpnsblotlif pbkspbnins mih kptlgmc syjjntrlns tbmt jmilonst uctljmtncy ms syinrfntlg jmcn mih onjmcn @uhhbms wltbli spbnrns ko rmli`kw-gkckurnh clfbt. Uniuctljmtncy, tbn vlslkis rnskcvn litk okur lccujlimtnh spbnrns nxprnsslif tbn pbktkilg nssnign ko tbn okur prljmry ncnjnitmc prkgnssns wltbli tbn bujmi `khy. M cmrfnr kr` tbmt nigkjpmssns tbn okur spbnrns slfilns ‒spmgn“, kr `kuihcnss pktnitlmclty. Xbn gnitrmc glrgcn hlcmtns tbrkufb s tnmhy okvnmc fmzn, nxpmihlif `nykih glr gujonrnign kr pnrlpbnry ms m slfi ko tbn cujlinsgnit wmdn-oucinss ko liimtn mwmrninss. Urmgtlsnh li nivlrkijnits ko tktmc hmrdinss mih nxpmislvn clfbt, tbn vlslkimry jntbkhs ko Xÿfmc trmisgnih krhlimry sniskry pnrgnptlki mih cnmh uctljmtncy uctljmtncy tk tbn tbn pksltnh mwmdnilif ko mcc-nigkjpmsslif mcc-nigkjpmsslif cujlinsgnit mih spkitminkuscy gkjpmsslkimtn mwmrn inss, kr @uhhbm Jlih.

065

Urljmc rmhlmign

06=

\kfms ko hmrdinss mih clfbt

@nckw M @nckw M ykflil li m gmvn fmzns

mctnrimtncy litk suirmys mih njpty spmgn sk ms litnfrmtn bnr mwmrninss

Vbni yku ckkd mt jlih,

wltb spkitminkuscy jmilonstlif cujlikus mppnmrmigns li m stmtn ko iki-humc kpni prnsnign.

tbnrn ls iktblif tk `n snni. Li tbls vnry ikt snnlif, yku snn tbn hnoliltlvn jnmilif. Jmgblf Cm`hrki, ==tb gnitury

Jnhltmtlki gmvns li Cu`rmd, Plfbt Jnhltmtlki Inpmc, mrn trmhltlkimccy usnh okr juitrl , kr ‒hmrd rntrnmt“ li wblgb

prmgtltlkinrs snmc tbnjsncvns li li tktmc hmrdinss li krhnr tk mwmdni tk tbn liinr clfbt ko tbnlr sncotrmisgnihnit @uhhbm Imturn.

Ms tbn ==tb-gnitury mhnpt Umhmjpm Wmifyn mhvlsnh, ‒Li jnhltmtlki `nykih tbkufbt mih mih wltbkut hlstrmgtlki, m`mihki tbn wmtgbnr.“

strlifs ko clfbts tbmt tbn prmgtltlkinr usns ms m `msls okr ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc litk spkitminkus prnsnign“.

Jnhltmtlif li hmrdinss, kotni okr jkitbs ki nih, ls m slfimturn mspngt ko Hzkfgbni trmlilif mih rmplhcy mggncnrmtns tbn uiokchlif ko vlslkis. Ms Ckpÿi Xnizli Imjhmd nxpcmlis, ‒@y rnjmlilif li hmrdinss, wn hlsgkvnr tbn rmhlmign ko tbn imturmc stmtn. Lo wn tmdn t bmt ms tbn `msls ko prmgtlgn, wn wlcc qulgdcy mttmli @uhhbmbkkh. Xbn wlshkj nyn kpnis mih wn wlcc `n m`cn tk snn nvnrytblif li tbn tbrnn wkrchs.“ Urkckifnh nxpksurn tk tktmc hmrdinss stljucmtns nihkfnikus prkhugtlki ko tbn vlslki-lihuglif inurkgbnjlgmc Hljnitbyctryptmjlin (HJX) (HJX) mih ls tbus msskglmtnh wltb hrnmjcldn pbnikjnim hurlif tbn wmdlif stmtn ms wncc ms jkhns ko pnrgnptlki lihnpnihnit ko tbn kptlg inrvn.

060

. Urljmc rmhlmign

M`kvn M ykfli slts li m gurtmlinh gbmj`nr wltb glrgucmr jlrrkrs mih

pnmgkgd onmtbnrs pcmgnh ki wlihkw cnhfns mt nmgb ko tbn okur slhns. Ms lihlgmtnh `y tbn mggkjpmiylif

jurmc lisgrlptlki, suirmys rnngtlif koo tbn jlrrkrs flvn rlsn tk kptlgmc pbnikjnim sugb ms frlhs mih

\kfms ko hmrdinss mih clfbt

067

Litnfrmc prnsnign

Dlif, kin ko Hzkfgbni“s nmrclnst tnxts1 ‒Vltb ik innh ko trmisokrjmtlki kr purlgmtlki, purn prnsnign Twltbli tbn `khyZ ls pnrongtnh li ltsnco.“ Plfhzli Alfjn Clifpm rnmorjnh tbls vlnw li tbn =2tb gnitury `y stmtlif tbmt, ‒Xbn pltb nssnign ko tbn Frnmt Unrongtlki ls tk hwncc li tbn imturmc rmhlmign ko mcc tbmt kggurs, mt kin wltb mgtlkis, ninrflns, mih tbkufbts mih `nykih mcc gkitrlvnh `kuihm rlns ko vlnw mih jnhltmtlki4 mt nmsn li tbn imdnh gcmrlty

Xbn wkrh bmṪbmykfm rst mppnmrs li tbn Fubymsmjčam

Xmitrm wbnrn lt snrvns ms mi mhauigt prmgtlgn okr omglcltmtlif vlslkimry nxpnrlnign. Mctbkufb tbn spnglg jntbkh ko tbmt liltlmc BmṪbm \kfm tngbilqun rnjmlis k`sgurn, lts stmtnh kptlgmc litnitlki rncmtns lt wltb tbn rngurslvn vlslkimry prmgtlgns ko Xÿfmc. Ms wltb Lihlmi BmṪbm \kfm, tbn skjmtlg prmg tlgns ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj usn hyimjlg jnmis tk bmrjkilzn pkcmrlznh jkhns ko gkisglkusinss tbrkufb tbn syj`kclg jnhluj ko tbn `khy“s gnitrmc ninrfntlg gbmiinc, kr jmhbymiḊl. Li Hzkfgbni, `khy-`msnh ykfm nvkcvns litk m rnkrlnitmtlki ko pbyslkckflgmc mih mttnitlkimc prkgnssns mih mi mwmdnilif ko tbn bnmrt“s pksltnh pktnitlmc ms mi krfmi ko rngurslvn pnrgnptlki. @y hlrngtlif mttnitlki tk wbmt ls gkjjkicy kvnrckkdnh tbn jlih `ngkjns ligrnmslifcy mwmrn ko ikrjmccy su`gkisglkus prkgnssns mih tbnrn`y hnvnckps lislfbt, gcmrlty mih mhmptm`lclty, wblgb gkitrl`-

ko tbn prnsnit jkjnit.“

@nykih tbn trmhltlki ko _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj, tbn =2tb-gnitury pknt Vlcclmj @cmdn, wbk rst litrkhugnh tbn liunitlmc pbrmsn ‒hkkrs ko pnrgnptlki“, nxprnssnh tbn nssnign ko tbn snco-trmisgnihnit mih cl`nrmtlif vlslki ko Xÿfmc li m rnskimit clin li bls pknj ‒Xbn Jnitmc Xrmvnccnr“. Ms @cmdn nvkgmtlvncy wrktn1 ‒Xbn Nyn mctnrlif mctnrs mcc.“ Mppcylif tbmt pnrgnptumc jnjn tk tbn pnr slstnit lccuslki ko mi ‒L“ mih mwmdnilif tk trmispnrskimc

utn tk mi kpniinss ko `nlif mih nxpmihnh nxpnrlnign ko bujmi nj`khljnit.

\kfm li _marmyčim _marmyčim mih Hzkfgbni uctljm tncy trmisgnihs lts gucturmc gkitnxt mih pklits tkwmrhs tbn mwmdnilif ko gkccngtlvn gkccngtlvn bujmi gmpmgltlns. Okrgnouc Okrgnouc BmṪbm \kfm-cldn prmgtlgns uctljmtncy jmttnr cnss li tbn kptljlzmtlki ko tbn bujmi gkihltlki tbmi tbn litnfrmc gkisglkusinss rnprnsnitnh rnprnsnitnh `y ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc“. Ms m hnnpcy nj`khlnh okrj ko ykfm, Xÿfmc rngmcl`rmtns pbyslkckflgmc prkgnssns tbrkufb gbmiflif tbn wmy tbny mrn pnrgnlvnh, cnmhlif tk grnmtlvn syinrfy wltbli mcc nxpnrlnign. Xbn cl`nrmtlif rnkrlnitmtlki ko gkisglkusinss mt tbn bnmrt ko Xÿfmc ls nxprnssnh gkiglsncy li tbn Xmitrm ko tbn Mcc-Grnmtlvn

hljnislkis ko gkisglkusinss m`snit ko gkfiltlvn mih

njktlkimc strlon clns mt bnmrt ko Xl`ntmi ykfm, m prkgnss tbmt livkcvns mctnrlif (‒jmdlif ktbnr“) kur nj`khlnh nxpnrlnign mih, li sk hklif, prkjktlif mctnrimtn okrjs ko mwmrninss tbmt trmisgnih pnrniilmccy cljltlif pnrspngtlvns mih prnkggupmtlkis. mih prnkggupmtlkis. Xbn orultlki ko Xl`ntmi ykfm, ykfm,

mih `y nxtnislki clon ltsnco, ls tbus tbn uivnlclif ko tbn

Xbn Hzkfgbni pksturn ko tbn Plfbt Xbn skmrlif fmruhm kpnis su`tcn ninrfy

purn ngstmtlg prnsnign prnsnign tbmt snns tbrkufb tbrkufb tbn nyns ko tbn tbn bnmrt litk m wkrch tbmt ls okrnvnr rninwnh `y kur syi -

gbmiincs wltbli tbn `khy sk ms tk rnvnmc tbn snco-nxlstlif, liimtncy purn

nrfntlg pnrgnptlkis mih litnrmgtlkis.

mih nxpmihnh gkisglkusinss tbmt ls

lisnpmrm`cn orkj niclfbtnijnit.

Jmbčslhhbm Dmrimpm mih Cnot Jmbčslhhbm bls gkiskrt hmign gkiskrt hmign li litljmtn uilki.

Kppksltn m`kvn Hmign li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj tmdns vmrlkus okrjs, orkj tbn lgkikfrmpby ko hnltlns

Li Xmitrm mih Hzkfgbni, pkwnrouc njktlkis `ngkjn pkrtmcs litk purn mwmrninss uiltnh wltb prnsnign mih gkjpmsslki. Hzkfgbni mih

tk gbkrnkfrmpbnh jkimstlg hlspcmys.

Jmbčjuhrm mrn rncmtnh tk Wmbmalym, wblgb cltnrmccy jnmis ‒`kri tkfntbnr“ mih slfilns tbn gk-grnmtlvn imturn ko rnmclty mih bujmi nxpnrlnign. Cldn Hzkfgbni, Wmbmalym ls mcsk hnsgrl`nh ms m ‒stmtn ko iki-humc uilty

Ms m ykflg prmgtlgn, Xmitrlg hmign nxprnssns njktlki tbrkufb pksturn,

fnsturn, omglmc nxprnsslki, mih mttlrn. Ms jmbčslhhbm Ičrkpč stmtnh, ‒Xbn bujmi njktlkis mrn tbn frnmt

wlshkj … tbny mrn tbn ykfli“s mcclns.“

ornn ko nxlstnign mih iki-nxlstnign“,

tbn ljpclglt jnmilif ko őŤiymtč, kr njptlinss. Pnmclznh mhnpts ko mcc hnikjlimtlkis gkjpksnh spkitminkus ngstmtlg skifs tk nxprnss tbnlr lislfbt, aky mih gkjpmsslki.

068

Urljmc rmhlmign

Litnfrmc prnsnign

06>

M Inwmr Gčrym hmignr jnrfns wltb bnr gbksni hlnty ( lsbtmhnvmtm ), slfiloylif trmisgnihnign ko gmtmfkrlns mih hlvlslkis, sk ms

tk rnmclzn niclfbtnijnit li mcc nxpnrlnign. Li Xmitrlg @uhhblst

ykfm, tbn psygbkpbyslgmc mffrnfmtns ko tbn `khy ‗ okrj, snismtlki,

pnrgnptlki, jnitmc okrjmtlki, mih gkisglkusinss ‗ mrn rnvnrnh

ms ‒snco-lccujlimtlif cmjps“ tbmt rnvnmc tbmt mcc tbmt nxlsts mrn jkjnits ko gkisglkusinss wltbkut su`stmign kr hurmtlki, suàngt kr kàngt, `lrtb kr hnmtb.

Xbn ykfli just mcwmys slif mih hmign. Bnvmarm Xmitrm, 2tb gnitury

M`kvn Xbn M`kvn Xbn prljkrhlmc snnh-syccm`cn čḮ, li ‒pnrongtnh“ Wlhhbmṇ sgrlpt, jmilonsts wltbli tbn nyn ko spmgn

ms tbn rmhlmit skurgn ko mcc mppmrnit Ḯ syj`kclzns syj`kclzns okrj mih njptlinss4 Ḯ tbn prljkrhlmc stmtn ko purn `nlif, tbn uctljmtn imturn ko tbn jlih, tbn lihlvlsl`lclty ko syccm`cn mih skuih, mih tbn uilty ko njptlinss mih mppnmrmign.

06?

Kvnrcnmo M ykfli li mi uigurtmlinh jnhltmtlki gbmj`nr fmzns gbmj`nr fmzns mt frlhs

mih rmli`kw clfbts tbmt rnvnmc tbn jlih mih `khy“s nssnitlmc imturn ms rmhlmit, mcc-pnrvmhlif cujlikslty. Ms tbn Hzkfgbni jmstnr Umhmjpm

Wmifyn prkgcmljnh, ‒Uurn mwmrninss ls wltbkut xmtlki, cldn m rmli`kw li tbn sdy.“

066

Orkj miy ko tbn okur tljns mih tni hlrngtlkis tbn pnrongt @uhhbm wlcc ikt `n okuih. Jlih, li lts nssnign, ls tbn pnrongt @uhhbm. Hk ikt snmrgb okr tbn @uhhbm ncsnwbnrn. Fubymfmr`bm Xmitrm, ‒Vkj` ko Wngrnts“, 2tb gnitury

Motnrwkrh Xl`ntmi ykfm li tbn Vnst îtlc rngnitcy, Xl`nt“s fnkfrmpblgmc lskcmtlki jnmit tbmt kicy sjmcc mjkuits ko liokrjmtlki m`kut lts gucturn rnmgbnh Nurkpn. Lts sngcuslki cnit tbn gkuitry mi murm ko jystnry mih jmflg. Okr tbls rnmski, Xl`nt koonrnh ltsnco ms m sgrnni upki wblgb Vnstnri omitmslns gkuch `n prkangtnh. Hmfym`Dym`fÿiPlipkgbn, ‒@uhhblsj li tbn Vnst mih tbn Ljmfn ko Xl`nt“ , Xl`nt“ , 055=

Cldn tbn Wlx \kfms tbmt tbn jmbčslhhbm Xlckpč trmisjlttnh tk Ičrkpč ki tbn `mids ko tbn Fmifns Plvnr inmrcy m tbkusmih ynmrs mfk, tbn gkrn tngbilquns ko Bmbm \kfm okrfk nxtnrimc rltumc mih prnsnit liimtn psygbk-pbyslkckflgmc prkgnssns ms tbn jkst noongtlvn noongtlvn jnmis ko nxlstnitlmc cl`nrmtlki. Xbn Mjtmslhhbl Xmitrm, ‒Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Ingtmr“, wblgb hnvnckpnh mt tbn litnrsngM hmiglif ḊčdliĤ wltb m trnmsurn vmsn

mppnmrs ki m jurmc ki tbn kutnr wmcc ko Xl`nt“s Cudbmif tnjpcn. ḃčdliĤs syj`kclzn tbn iujlikus pktnitlmclty wltbli nvnry jkjnit. Cldn tbn hnplgtlkis ko mifncs `y pknt Pmlinr Jmrlm Plcdn, tbny ‒`rnmd yku kpni, kut ko wbk yku mrn.“

tlki ko _marmyčim @uhhblsj mih őmlvlsj mt tbn nih ko tbn rst jlccniiluj MH ls wlhncy upbnch ms tbn rst Lihlg tnxt tk hnsgrl`n pbyslgmc jntbkhs okr hlrngtlif psygbkninrfntlg gurrnits ( ičhl) ičhl) mt tbn gkrn ko tbn `khy tkwmrhs tbn rnmclzmtlki ko m hlvlin stmtn ko `nlif tbmt ‒ls jmhn ko nvnrytblif, gkjpksnh ko mcc ncnjnits, mih mcwmys hwncclif li kjilsglnign“. Xrmiscmtnh Xrmiscmtnh litk Xl`ntmi li tbn =0tb gnitury ms Hóhtslhrupm, tbn Mjtmslhhbl nxpclgltcy stmtns tbmt lts litnfrmc prmgtlgn ko hyimjlg ykfm pksns, nxpmislvn `rnmtblif, mih mj`rkslmc vlsumclzmtlki nisurns ‒cl`nrmtlki wblcn clvlif“ ( aĤvmijudtl ) mih ls rngkjjnihnh tk mcc, wltbkut prngkihltlkis mih lrrnspngtlvn ko skglmc gkitnxt kr

rnclflkus moclmtlki. Mctbkufb tbn Xl`ntmi prmgtlgn ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr, Xrucdbkr, kr ‒jmflgmc jkvnjnits ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“, sbmrns m gkjjki ntlkckfy wlt b _marmyčim-`msnh Bmbm \kfm, tbn sngrngy wltb wblgb Xrucdbkr bms trmhltlkimccy `nni trmisjlttnh ls mt khhs wltb tbn prkhugtlvn kpniinss li wblgb pbyslgmc pksturns, `rnmtblif prmgtlgns mih jnhltmtlki bmvn `nni tmufbt wltbli Bmbm \kfm, ligcuhlif lts gurrnitcy rngkfilznh skurgn tnxt, tbn Mjtmslhhbl. Vbnrnms uirnstrlgtnh mggn ss li Bmbm \kfm cnh hlrngtcy tk Bmbm \kfm“s fck`mclzmtlki, listltutlkimclznh gkistrmlits wltbli Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj bmvn prkfrnsslvncy jmrflimclznh _marmyčim“s jkst hyimjlg psygbkpbyslgmc prmgtlgns. Li tbn =0tb gnitury, tbn Xl`ntmi jmstnr Hrmdpm Fymctsni (==86‗=0=?) gkjpksnh ‒\kflg Nxnrglsns ko Xblrty-Xwk Xblrty-Xwk

Mgtlkis“, gkiingtnh wltb tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm, li wblgb bn lihlgmtnh tbmt tbn `khlcy jmiknuvrns jmiknuvrns ( ymitrm ( ymitrm)) rnjkvn k`stmgcns tk splrltumc rnmclzmtlki mih ‒mrn sultm`cn okr `nfliinrs ms wncc ms okr mhvmignh stuhnits“. Jkimstlg listltutlkis bmvn ikintbncnss rnjmlinh gkistltutlkimccy wmry ko Xrucdbkr, ms tbn ninrflns 025

Jmbčslhhbm Ačcmihbmrm, tbn ‒Int Bkchnr“ , hnjkistrmtns tbn ulhlty

mih nxl`lclty ko `nlif tbmt ls litnfrmc tk tbn prmgtlgn ko Xmitrlg ykfm. Ačcmihbmrm rnikuignh bls okrjnr clon tk jnhltmtn li m gbmrinc frkuih, wbnrn m ḊčdliĤ liltlmtnh blj litk tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm. Ms tbn Bnvmarm Xmitrm stmtns4 ‒Vbni aky mrlsns cnt tbn ykfli hmign wltb oucc mttnitlki . . . okr tbn cl`nrmtlki ko mcc `nlifs“. Wgrkcc pmlitlif. Fymihrmd Jkimstnry, Xl`nt.

tbmt hnnpcy nj`khlnh Xmitrlg prmgtlgns mwmdni mrn ikt mcwmys gkiskimit wltb jkimstlg wmys ko clon. Ms Hzkfgbni Ukickp Plipkgbn nxpcmlis, ‒tbn Xmitrlg pmtb ls jnmit prljmrlcy prljmrlcy okr cmy cmy prmgtltlkinrs prmgtltlkinrs . . . Ko gkursn wn gmi `n jkimstlg ykfls, ùt li jmiy wmys tbnsn jntbkhs mrn jkrn sultm`cn okr cmy prmgtltlkinrs, cmy ykfls mih ykflils.“ Xbls vlnw ls nxpclg lt li tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms tbnjsncvns wblgb typlgmccy `nfli wltb m dlif, sugb ms Lihrm`bŤtl, `nsnngblif tbn @uhhbm tk rnvnmc m jntbkh ko cl`nrmtlki tbmt hkns ikt nitmlc rnikuiglif tbn wkrch mih nigkjpmssns skglk-pkcltlgmc rnspkisl`lcltlns rnspkisl`lcltlns ms wncc ms clon“s trmislnit hnclfbts. Jmiy ko tbn lssuns tbmt gurrnitcy vnx _marmyčim @uhhblsj li tbn Vnst stnj orkj tbn hlsgkrhmign ko nj`khlnh Xmitrlg prmgtlgns wltb jkimstlg krlnitmtlkis, mih su`snqunit listltutlkimc gkignris wltb ‒sngrngy“. Wugb blstkrlgmc prnkggupmtlkis mcsk cnh tk tnxtumc rnlitnrprntmtlkis tbmt skufbt tk rngkiglcn gbmccniflif ljpnrmtlvns li tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms wltb jkimstlg gkhns ko gkihugt. Xbn rltumc su`stltutlkis tbmt bmvn prkclonrmtnh wltbli _marmyčim _marmyčim @uhhblsj, mctbkufb wncc litnihnh, bmvn kotni gmusnh gkiouslki wltbli Xmitrlg @uhhblst gkjjuiltlns gkjjuiltlns tbrkufb ljpclglt listltutlkimc suppkrt okr vlrtumc kvnr vlsgnrmc nxpnrlnign. Li tbn 2tb gnitury, tbn rnikwinh jmbčslhhbm Wmrmbm prkgcmljnh li ngstmtlg vnrsn tbmt, ‒L bmvn vlsltnh jmiy sbrlins mih tnjpcns, ùt ikin mrn ms akykus ms jy kwi `khy.“ Wmrmbm“s Wmrmbm“s skif gcnmrcy lihlgmtns Xmitrlg @uhhblsj“s nxmctmtlki ko nj`khlnh nxpnrlnign mih tbn jmbčslhhbms“ wmrlinss ko listltutlkimclznh

rnclflki. Mctbkufb Xmitrlg Xmitrlg hlsglpclins prkjktnh `y tbn jmbčslhhbms wnrn bnch tk rnvnmc niclfbtnijnit li nvnry jkjnit, tbn gkiaufmc rltns mih nxlstnitlmc hlspnismtlki ko tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms wnrn gcnmrcy ikt vlm`cn okr miykin `kuih `y jkimstlg rnfucmtlkis. @ngmusn ko tbls listltutlkimc hlsskimign, Xmitrlg prmgtlgns sugb ms tbn Bmbm \kfm-cldn hlsglpclins ko Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr gkitliun tk `n trmisjlttnh wltb wltb gmutlki mih nqulvkgmtlki. nqulvkgmtlki. Li gkitrmst wltb tbn blstkrlg rntlgnign li tnmgblif Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn Xmitrlg prmgtlgns sugb ms Xsmcuif Xrucdbkr, tbn kign nqumccy blhhni Frnmt Unrongtlki Unrongtlki tnmgblifs ko Hzkfgbni bmvn `nni trmisjlttnh `y gkitnjpkrmry Xl`ntmi jmstnrs sugb ms tbn cmtn Xucdu ^rfyni Plipkgbn mih Gbÿfymc Imjdbml Ikrù ms cl`nrmtlif litrkhugtlkis tk tbn unit, spkitminkuscy mhmptlvn, bnmrt-gnitnrnh mwmrninss tbmt ls tbn liinrjkst imturn ko bujmi gkisglkusinss mih tbn nssnign ko tbn _marmyčim tnmgblifs. Xbn pbyslgmc prmgtlgns tbmt frkuih mih njpkwnr Hzkfgbni“s ‒purn mih pnrongt prnsnign“ ‗ ms nxpckrnh li tbn imc gbmptnr ko tbls `kkd ‗ bmvn ikintbncnss rnjmlinh cmrfncy gkignmcnh wltbli gkivnitlkis ko sngrngy. Xbls sltumtlki bms rngnitcy `nfui tk gbmifn, li pmrt hun tk hnjmihs `y Vnstnri Vnstnri hlsglpcns okr jkrn jkrn nj`khlnh prmgtlgns mih tbn sljuctminkus sljuctminkus u`lqulty u`lqulty mih tmifl`cn `nints ko Bmbm \kfm mih ]l Fkif. Xbn gkivnrfnign ko Bmbm \kfm mih _marmyčim @uhhblsj li tbn Vnst mrfum`cy `nfmi wltb Xbnks @nrimrh, tbn snco-prkgcmljnh ‒wbltn cmjm“ wbk trmvnccnh tk Xl`nt li =<7? mt tbn livltmtlki ko tbn Xl`ntmi fkvnrijnit.

Mctbkufb tbn Mjnrlgmi mitbrkpkckflst Vmctnr Nvmis-Vnitz Nvmis-Vnitz bmh mutbkrnh okur Motnrwkrh

02=

Xbn Xl`ntmi ykfl Jlcmrnpm

nsgbnwnh listltutlkimc rnclflki1 ‒Cnt ktbnrs fk tk jkimstnrlns tk clfbt cmjps“, bn smif4 ‒L wlcc stmy bnrn mih clfbt tbn ùttnr cmjp li jy bnmrt.“ =2tb-gnitury Xl`ntmi sgrkcc pmlitlif, Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd.

Ktbnrs gkignri tbnjsncvns wltb tbn hnjmihs ko smjmym (Xl`. smjmym (Xl`. hmjslf ), ), tbn nxlstnitlmc gkjjltjnits litrlislg tk Xmitrlg liltlmtlki. \nt \nt ms Gbÿdyl Iljm Plipkgbn bms gcmrlnh, ‒mcc tbn buihrnhs ko tbkusmihs ko smjmyms“ smjmyms“ mrn jmlitmlinh `y nxpnrlniglif ‒tbn mgtumclty tbmt mcc slfbts, skuih mih mwmrninss mrn vlsl`cn njptlinss, muhl`cn njptlinss mih mwmrn njptlinss.“M tbkusmih ynmrs nmrclnr, Jmbčslhhbm Xlckpč stmtnh tbn jmttnr pltblcy li bls ‒Wkif ko Jmbčjuhrč“1 ‒Xbn rnmc vkw ko smjmym ls smjmym ls `rkdni `y tblidlif li tnrjs ko prngnpts, mih lt ls jmlitmlinh wltb tbn gnssmtlki ko xnh lhnms. Cnt tbkufbts rlsn mih su`slhn cldn kgnmi wmvns. Lo yku inltbnr hwncc, pnrgnlvn, ikr strmy orkj tbn uctljmtn

snjlimc wkrds ki _marmyčim @uhhblsj okr Kxokrh îlvnrslty Urnss, ligcuhlif m =<06 trmiscmtlki ko tbn @mrhk Xbÿhnc nitltcnh Xbn Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn Hnmh mih m trmiscmtlki ko Xl`ntmi trnmtlsns ki tbn Wlx \kfms ko Ičrkpč li =<7>

nitltcnh Xl`ntmi \kfm mih Wngrnt Hkgtrlins, Xbnks @nrimrh mgtlvncy prkjktnh Xl`ntmi ykfm tbrkufb tbn Mjnrlgmi Listltutn ko \kfm, wblgb bn nstm`clsbnh li =<7<. M Xl`ntmi bnrjlt bmh rnputnhcy prnsnitnh @nrimrh wltb mi lccustrmtnh Xrucdbkr jmiusgrlpt, wltb clin hrmwlifs ko lts gbmrmgtnrlstlg snqunignh jkvnjnits pnrokrjnh wblcn rntmlilif mih gkitrkcclif tbn `rnmtb. @nrimrh“s wrltlifs mih rmhlk litnrvlnws li tbn îltnh Wtmtns nstm`clsbnh m rj clid `ntwnni tbn pbyslgmc gucturn ko Bmbm \kfm \kfm mih tbn _marmyčim @uhhblsj ko ko Xl`nt, ùt bls prnjmturn hnmtb li m rlkt li Lihlm li =<86 hncmynh tbn trmisjlsslki ko pbyslgmccy `msnh Xl`ntmi ykfm li Nurkpn mih Ikrtb Mjnrlgm `y snvnrmc hngmhns.

jnmilif, tbn Xmitrlg prngnpts mrn mutkjmtlgmccy upbnch, cldn m cmjp wblgb

lccujlimtns hmrdinss.“ Hnspltn sugb gcmrloylif stmtnjnits, _marmyčim li tbn Vnst bms kotni

mtlg, bkwnvnr, ms mttnstnh `y wlhncy pu`clglznh

sugguj`nh tk mrgbmlg iktlkis ko uiqunstlkilif su`jlsslki tk m splrltumc prngnptkr, rmtbnr tbmi tk tbn wlshkj mih gkjpmsslki tbmt m pmrtlgucmr tnmgbnr jmy kr jmy ikt nj`khy. Jmiy suspngt tbmt m jkrn vltmc okrj ko Vnstnri _marmyčim, _marmyčim, mih tbus ko Xmitrlg ykfm, jmy njnrfn orkj _marmyčim“s _marmyčim“s prkhugtlvn gkivnrfnign wltb gkitnjpcmtlvn inurksglnign. Kin ko tbn rst liltlmtlvns li tbls rnfmrh wms Hr Bnr`nrt @niski“s =<20 stuhy ko Xl`ntmi prmgtltlkinrs ko Xujjk, kr ‒nrgn bnmt“, tbn okuihmtlkimc prmgtlgn ko _marmyčim“s Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn. Jkrn rngnit stuhlns mjkif onjmcn Xujjk prmgtltlkinrs mt Fn`gbmd Iuiinry li nmstnri Xl`nt bmvn sbkwi tbmt rnfucmtlif tbn `rnmtb wltb jnitmc okgus prkhugtlvncy

mctnrgmtlkis wltbli Vnstnri @uhhblst listltutlkis. Jmiy

stljucmtns tbn syjpmtbntlg inrvkus systnj, cnmhlif tk nibmignh `khyjlih

lhnmclstlg Vnstnri @uhhblsts bmvn `nni hlsjmynh ms

syigbrkilzmtlki mih gkfiltlvn m`lcltlns. Xmitrlg \kfm \kfm ls ikt rnhugl`cn, bkwnvnr, tk inurk`lkckflgmc gkkrhlimtns

Vnstnri litnrnst mih mwmrninss ko Xl`ntmi

@uhhblsj nsgmcmtnh hurlif tbn =
pkpucmr ljpkrt litk Vnstnri Vnstnri skglnty bms `nni prk`cnjprk`cnj-

mimgbrkilstlg Xl`ntmi pkwnr strugturns gkcclhn wltb 0=st-gnitury lhnkckflns ko nqumclty, trmispmrnigy mih

hlsgcksurn. Xbn nih rnsuct ls tbmt tbn _marmyčim @uhhblsj @uhhblsj nvlhnit li tbn gkckurouc, lo mitlikjlmi clvns ko tbn Xmitrlg jmbčslhhbms ls trmisokrjlif li rnspkisn tk tbn ligrnmslifcy rnstrlgtlvn skglmc vmcuns mih nfmcltmrlmi lhnmcs ko tbn nmrcy 0=st gnitury. gnitury. Wnx `ntwnni tnmgbnrs mih stuhnits ls hnnjnh libnrnitcy mùslvn, nvni tbkufb gkisnisumc uilki wms krlflimccy gnitrmc tk _marmyčim @uhhblst njpkwnrjnits. Jmiy tnmgbnrs, sugb ms Hzkifsmr Dbynitsn Plipkgbn, bmvn hn`mtnh wbntbnr _marmyčim

@uhhblsj“s nxlstnitlmc gkjjltjnit tk grltlgmccy qunstlkilif tbn imturn ko nxpnrlnign gmi survlvn wltbli

gmtnfkrlgmc prkbl`ltlkis mfmlist iki-ikrjmtlvn `nbmvlkur. Li tbls rnfmrh, bn mhvlsnh Vnstnri stuhnits tk livnstlfmtn rkkt tnxts sugb ms tbn _marmgbnhhldč _marmgbnhhldč mih Bnvmarm Xmitrm tk hntnrjlin wbntbnr kr ikt kin mgtumccy onncs gkistltutlkimccy sultnh okr tbn _marmyčim pmtb, ms ‒ktbnr okrjs ko @uhhblst prmgtlgn jmy `n cnss pbyslgmccy, pbyslgmccy, njktlkimccy mih mih litnccngtumccy hnjmihlif.“

020

Motnrwkrh

kr tk pbyslgmc mih psygbkckflgmc rnslclnign, ms lt gmiikt `n snpmrmtnh orkj

Xkp M @butminsn ykfl ‗ bls lhnitlty gkignmcnh `nblih m jmsd ko Jlcmrnpm ‗ hnjkistrmtns tbn vlfkrkus prmgtlgn ko Xrucdbkr wblgb wms vltmc tk Jlcmrnpm“s suggnss li Xujjk, tbn ykfm ko liinr rn. M`kvn Mil Plfsmif , m ykflil li Xnrhrkj, Xl`nt, spnit ilin ynmrs li skcltmry rntrnmt pnrongtlif tbn liinr ykfms ko tbn Iylifjm mih Hrlfuif Dmfyu trmhltlkis. Bnr rnh mih wbltn Xmitrlg sbmwc syj`kclzns tbn hyimjlg pkcmrlty ko jmcn mih onjmcn ninrflns wltbli tbn ykflg `khy.

tbn litnfrmc vlslki ko bujmi kurlsblif orkj wblgb lt mrksn. Li tbls rnspngt, tbn nxlstnitlmc gkmcnsgnign ko Wmsčrm mih Ilrvčm tbmt ls _marmyčim“s _marmyčim“s hlstlifulsblif gbmrmgtnrlstlg ls ourtbnrnh ms jugb `y pkntry mih mnstbntlgs ms lt ls `y sglnign. Xbn clon-nibmiglif ntbks ko Xl`ntmi ykfm ls vlvlhcy nxprnssnh li Xmitrlg @uhhblst mrt, li wblgb rnvnrnh mhnpts sugb ms Umhjmsmj`bmvm, tbn ‒sngkih @uhhbm“, supnrsnhn juihmin bujmi cljlts mih lccujlimtn tbn wkrch wltb

Hlkiyslmi snco-m`mihkijnit. Wljlcmrcy, tbn Mjtmslhhbl Xmitrm ls krlflimccy msskglmtnh wltb tbn Xmitrlg hnlty Gbliimjmstč, ‒sbn wbksn bnmh bms `nni gut koo“. Xbn vlvlh lgkikfrmpby ko tbn bnmhcnss fkhhnss mssmucts mcc listligts okr snco-prnsnrvmtlki wblcn njpkwnrlif snco-trmisokrjmtlki. \nt, ms jmiy pmst mih prnsnit jmstnrs gmutlki, tbn vltmclzlif pmtb ko Xmitrlg Xmitrlg ykfm lsls ikt okr tbn omlit ko bnmrt. Lt jmy, motnr mcc, `n ms Gbÿfymj Xruifpm kign omjkuscy wmrinh1 ‒cldn clgdlif bkiny orkj m rmzkr `cmhn“, m ikurlsblif lo ouihmjnitmccy hmifnrkus pursult tbmt ikintbncnss nxpmihs nxpmihs tbn pmrmjntnrs ko bujmi pkssl`lclty mih, mih, mt lts `nst, ornns `ktb kinsnco mih ktbnrs orkj snco-cljltlif mttltuhns mih `nclnos.

Motnrwkrh

027

Mgdikwcnhfjnits

Iktns mih rnskurgns

Xbls `kkd hrmws ki hngmhns ko ljjnrslki mih rnsnmrgb wltbli tbn Xmitrlg

Xbn kpnilif gbmptnr ko tbls `kkd ‒Kutnr, liinr, sngrnt“ prkvlhns mi kvnrvlnw ko Xl`nt“s _marmyčim, _marmyčim, kr Xmitrlg okrj ko @uhhblsj. Ourtbnr rnmhlifs ki tbls suàngt l igcuhn Pnclflkis igcuhn Pnclflkis ko Xl`nt li Urmgtlgn, Urmgtlgn, nhltnh `y Hkimch W. Ckpnz Ar. (Urligntki îlvnrslty Urnss, =<<6), Fnkoorny Wmjunc“s Krlflis ko \kfm mih Xmitrm1 Lihlg Pnclflkis tk tbn Xblrtnnitb Gnitury Gnitury (Gmj`rlhfn (Gmj`rlhfn îlvnrslty Urnss, 0552) , , Akbi B. Grkkd“s mih Amjns Ckw“s Xbn Ckw“s Xbn \kflis ko Cmhmdb1 M Ulcfrljmfn Mjkif Mjkif tbn Bnrjlts ko tbn @uhhblst Bljmcmyms (Jktlcmc @mimrslhmss, T=<<6Z, 0556) , , Jmttbnw Dmpstnli“s Xbn Xl`ntmis (@cmgdwncc Uu`clsblif, 055?), Pkimch Hmvlhski“s Lihlmi Nsktnrlg @uhhblsj1 @uhhblsj1 M Wkglmc Blstkry ko tbn Xmitrlg Xmitrlg Jkvnjnit (Gkcuj`lm îlvnrslty Urnss, 0550) mih Xl`ntmi Pnimlssmign1 Xmitrlg @uhhblsj li tbn Pn`lrtb ko Xl`ntmi Gucturn (Gkcuj`lm Gucturn (Gkcuj`lm îlvnrslty Urnss, 055>), Gbrlstlmi D. Vnhnjnynr“s Jmdlif Wnisn ko Xmitrlg @uhhblsj1 Blstkry, Wnjlkckfy, mih Xrmisfrnsslki li tbn Lihlmi Xrmhltlkis(Gkcuj`lm Xrmhltlkis (Gkcuj`lm îlvnrslty Urnss, 05=7) mih Jlrmihm Wbmw“s Umsslkimtn Wbmw“s Umsslkimtn Niclfbtnijnit1 Vkjni li Xmitrlg @uhhblsj @uhhblsj (Urligntki îlvnrslty Urnss, =<<8). Vltb rnfmrh tk ykflg prmgtlgn Jlcmrnpm, li Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj, Xsmifiyÿi Bnrudm“s Xbn Clon ko Jlcmrnpm, trmiscmtnh `y Mihrnw ]ulitjmi (Unifuli @kkds, 05=5) prkvlhns m vmcum`cn stmrtlif pklit, wblcn Fcnii Juccli“sXbn Juccli“sXbn Wlx \kfms ko Imrkpm (Wikw Imrkpm (Wikw Clki Uu`clgmtlkis, T=<) mihXbn mih Xbn Urmgtlgn ko tbn Wlx \kfms ko Imrkpm (Wikw Clki Uu`clgmtlkis, T=<<6Z 055?) koonr ljpkrtmit blstkrlgmc kvnrvlnws. Dnltb Hkwjmi“s Jmstnrs Jmstnrs ko Jmbmjuhrm1 Wkifs mih Blstkrlns ko tbn Nlfbty-Okur @uhhblst Wlhhbms (Wtmtn îlvnrslty ko Inw \krd Urnss, =<2>), Wmrmb Bmrhlif“s Ilfujm1 Cmhy ko Lccuslki (Wikw Lccuslki (Wikw Clki Urnss, 05==) mihXbn mih Xbn Pkkts ko Xmitrm, Xmitrm, nhltnh `y Dmtbnrlin Miin Bmrpnr mih Pk`nrt C. @rkwi (Wtmtn îlvnrslty ko Inw \krd Urnss, 0550) lccujlimtn tbn krlflimc ntbks, pkntlgs mih iki-jkimstlg prmgtlgn ko tbn @uhhblst Xmitrms. Ourtbnr ncuglhmtlkis ko tbn ykfm ko plcfrljmfn gmi `n okuih li Lmi M. @mdnr“s Xbn Bnmrt ko tbn Vkrch1 M Akuriny tk Xl`nt“ Xl`nt“ss Ckst Umrmhlsn (Unifuli Urnss, 0558) mih li Xkil Bu`nr“s Xbn Bkcy Cmih Pn`kri1 Pn`kri1 Ulcfrljmfn mih tbn Xl`ntmi Pnlivnitlki Pnlivnitlki ko @uhhblst @uhhblst Lihlm (îlvnrslty Lihlm (îlvnrslty ko Gblgmfk Urnss, 0552). Xbn gbmptnr ‒Ncnjnitmc wlshkj“ koonrs mi kvnrvlnw ko @uhhblst jnhltmtlki wltb lts gucjlimtlki li tbn iki-rnonrnitlmc, kpni prnsnign ko Hzkfgbni. Liglslvn gkitnjpkrmry mggkuits ko @uhhblst jnhltmtlki gmi `n okuih li Hmvlh C. JgJmbmi“s mih Nrld @rmui“s nhltnh vkcujn Jnhltmtlki, @uhhblsj, mih Wglnign Wglnign (Kxokrh (Kxokrh îlvnrslty Urnss, 05=6). Xbn gbmptnr ‒Ljjmgucmtn pnrgnptlki“ kutclins tbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst Grnmtlki Ubmsn li wblgb ljmflimtlki ls nifmfnh ms m vnblgcn ko snco-trmisokrjmtlki. Amjfÿi Dkiftróc Ckhrÿ Xbmyì“s mih Nclk Fumrlsgk“s Grnmtlvn _lslki mih Liinr Pnmclty (Wbmif Pnmclty (Wbmif Wbuif Uu`clgmtlkis, 05=0) prkvlhns 05=0) prkvlhns m blfbcy listrugtlvn kvnrvlnw. kvnrvlnw. Lccujlimtlif pnrspngtlvns ki tbn wlhnr Mslmi pbnikjniki ko ‒hnlty ykfm“ gmi `n okuih li Jlgbmnc A. Uuntt“sXk Uuntt“sXk @ngkjn m Fkh1 Gksjkckfy, Wmgrlgn, mih Wnco-Hlvlilzmtlki li Nmrcy Gblim (Bmrvmrh îlvnrslty Mslm Gnitnr, 0550) mih Ornhnrlgd J. Wjltb“s Xbn Wnco Ukssnssnh1 Hnlty mih Wplrlt Ukssnsslki li Wkutb Mslmi Cltnrmturn mih Glvlclzmtlki(Gkcuj`lm Glvlclzmtlki(Gkcuj`lm îlvnrslty Urnss, 055?). Xbn imturn ko Xmitrlg hnltlns ls ourtbnr nxpckrnh li Akbi G. Buitliftki“s

@uhhblst trmhltlki, ms wncc ms orkj tbn sgbkcmrcy lislfbts ko liiujnrm`cn lihlvlhumcs. L mj pmrtlgucmrcy frmtnouc tk Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn okr bls pnrskimc fulhmign fulhmign ki tbn pmtb ko Hzkfgbni mih bls nxmjpcn ko gkjpmsslkimtn gkjpmsslkimtn prnsnign li nvnry jkjnit. L wkuch mcsk cldn tk mgdikwcnhfn tbn lihlvlhumc listrugtlki tbmt L bmvn rngnlvnh orkj Huhakj Alfhrmc \nsbn Hkran, Dymàì Huifsn Xblicny Ikrù, @bmdbm Xucdu Unjm Xnizli, Xucdu ^rfyni, Hlcfk

Dbynitsn Plipkgbn, Gbÿfymc Imjdbml Ikrù mih jmiy ktbnr frnmt Xl`ntmi mih @butminsn tnmgbnrs. Miy nrrkrs ko uihnrstmihlif mih litnrprntmtlki tbmt mppnmr li tbn `kkd mrn skcncy jy kwi. Okr tbn gkitnjpkrmry mrtwkrd tbmt mppnmrs li tbls `kkd, L mj prljmrlcy lihn`tnh tk Pkco Dcunitnr, wbksn iujlikus pmlitlifs ki bmihjmhn Bljmcmymi pmpnr livkdn Xmitrlg ykfm li vlsumc okrj. L mj mcsk frmtnouc okr tbn vlslkimry mrtwkrd prkvlhnh `y Pk`nrt Ukwncc, Mcnx Frny mih Cudn @rkwi. L mj Wnjk Wmrmswmtl ls

tbn hmufbtnr mih clinmfn bkchnr ko tbn cnfnihmry Hzkfgbni jmstnr Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn. Wbn ls mcsk tbn frmihhmufbtnr ko Xnrtÿi Xucsbud Clifpm mih tbn rngkfilznh rnligmrimtlki ko tbn onjmcn trnmsurn rnvnmcnr Wnrm Dbmihrk Hnwm Hkran, kin ko Gbmtrmc Plipkgbn“s prliglpmc prngnptkrs ko Xmitrlg ykfm mih Hzkfgbni. Wbn ls plgturnh bnrn li tbn blhhnicmih ko @nyuc \kcjk, li =<26.

mcsk vnry tbmidouc tk tbn @nlalif Umcmgn Jusnuj, tbn Pkymc Hmilsb Cl`rmry, Gkpnibmfni, tbn Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd, tbn Inwmrd Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw Anrsny, tbn Jntrkpkcltmi Jusnuj ko Mrt, Inw \krd, \krd, tbn Jusìn Fuljnt, Umrls, tbn @rltlsb Jusnuj, Ckihki, tbn Vnccgkjn Gkccngtlki, Ckihki, mih snvnrmc prlvmtn gkccngtkrs okr blstkrlgmc mrtwkrds onmturnh li tbn `kkd. Okr suppkrt li @butmi, L mj pmrtlgucmrcy frmtnouc tk Hmsbk Dmrjm ^rm mih ktbnr stmoo mt tbn Gnitrn okr @butmi W tuhlns & FIB Pnsnmrgb, Hzkifsmr Dbynitsn Plipkgbn, Fmiftnif Xucdu Plipkgbn, Dmrjm Cbmtruc Plipkgbn,

Xucdu Xnizli Pm`fyn, Cmjm Xmsbl Xnizli, Mjgbl Wbnrm` Xnizli, Imcakrjm Xsnymif ßsnc, Msbl Duizmif Gbkhni, Xsbnrlif Xmsbl, Dunifm Vmifjk, Hngbni Gbkhni, Unjm \uhni, Imjfmy Qmj, Xsbntnj Xsbntnj Ikrù mih Cmxjl Wbnrpm. L mj mcsk blfbcy lihn`tnh tk Mil Plfsmif, Umsmif Cbmjk mih Wnjk Wmrmswmtl. Ktbnrs wbk bmvn gkitrlùtnh tk tbls `kkd li iktm`cn wmys ligcuhn tbn Hkwmfnr Gkuitnss Mifncldm Gmwhkr, Mcmd Qnidmr Plipkgbn, Bki Vml Vml, Xmildm Ukkd Umiymrmgbui, Anoo Vmtt, Hmvlh Wmcjki, Jmym Dcmt, Hmvlh Gbrlstnisni, Putb Fmrhn, Amjns Untk, Hurfm Jmrtli, Mjplinn Wuwuismwnt, Wmiym Xufwui, Cmim Kb, Wblmif \lif Gbmi, Wkjmimihm, Aksbum Dliiny, Wusmi Plgbmrhski, Hmvlh Urltzdnr, Jnfmi Ormsbnsdl, Imchakr, Jnfbmi Cmj`nrt, Ljjm Pmjks, Aksnpb Vmfinr, Vmfinr, Bmjlh Wmrhmr, Ncnim Mitkikvm, Vlcclmj @usbncc, Ncl Anccnig, Pk`nrt Umrnitnmu, Xbkjms Cmlrh, Hr Amjns Jmccliski, Hr Jmrd Wlifcntki, Hmvlh _nrhnsl, Hr Ilhm Gbnimftsmif, Cmurnit Wkckjki, Imcakr Alipm, Cmurnign @rmbj, Almyl Cl, Mdmrpm Ck`smif Plipkgbn mih Cmjm Cmr Wbkrt. Cmstcy L wkuch cldn tk tbmid mcc tbksn mt Xbmjns & Buhski wbksn pmtlnign mih pnrslstnign jmhn tbls `kkd m rnmclty, imjncy Amjln Gmjpcli, Wkpby

Xbkjpski, Akbmiim Inurmtb, Lckim hn Injntby Wmilfmr mih Dmrkclim Uryjmdm. 028

mih Hlim @mifhnc“s Xbn Glrgcn ko @clss1 @uhhblst Jnhltmtlkimc Mrt (Wnrlihlm Uu`clgmtlkis, 0557). ‒Niclfbtninh mimtkjy“ litrkhugns Xmitrlg pbyslkckfy ms wncc ms litnrimc ninrfy tngbilquns (Xsmcuif) `msnh ki litmifl`cn strugturns mih prkgnssns prkgnssns li tbn ykflg `khy. `khy. _mcum`cn wkrds ki tbls suàngt ligcuhn Fymcwm \mifÿipm“sWngrnt \mifÿipm“sWngrnt Jmp ko tbn @khy1 _lslkis _lslkis ko tbn Bujmi Ninrfy Ninrfy Wtrugturn(Wbmif Wtrugturn (Wbmif Wbuif Uu`clgmtlkis, 05=6), Fnkoorny Wmjunc“s mih Amy Akbistki“s Pnclflki mih tbn Wu`tcn @khy @khy li Mslm mih tbn Vnst1 Vnst1 @ntwnni Jlih mih @khy (Pkutcnhfn, @khy (Pkutcnhfn, 05=7), Amjns Jmccliski mih Jmrd Wlifcntki“s Wlifcntki“s Pkkts ko \kfm1 \kfm1 M Wkurgn`kkd Wkurgn`kkd ko Lihlg Xrmhltlkis(Unifuli Xrmhltlkis (Unifuli Gcmsslgs, 05=6) mih Hmvlh Fkrhki Vbltn“sXbn Vbltn“s Xbn Mcgbnjlgmc @khy1 Wlhhbm Xrmhltlkis li Jnhlnvmc Lihlm (îlvnrslty ko Gblgmfk Urnss, =<55 =>55 @.G.

02>

tlcc =?88 M.H (@rlcc, T=), Hkufcms Kstk“s Mctnrnh Kstk“s Mctnrnh Wtmtns1 @uhhblsj @uhhblsj mih Usygbnhnclg Wplrltumclty li Mjnrlgm (Gkcuj`lm îlvnrslty Urnss, 05=?), Jlgbmnc Ukccmi“s Bkw Ukccmi“s Bkw tk Gbmifn \kur \kur Jlih1 Vbmt tbn Inw Wglnign Wglnign ko Usygbnhnclgs Xnmgbns Xnmgbns ^s M`kut Gkisglkusinss, Gkisglkusinss, Hylif, Mhhlgtlki, Hnprnsslki, mih Xrmisgnihnign Xrmisgnihnign(Unifuli (Unifuli Urnss, 05=2) mih okrtbgkjlif sglnitlg rnpkrts `y tbn @ngdcny Okuihmtlki li Kxokrh. Okr ourtbnr rnmhlifs ki Hzkfgbni, ms prnsnitnh li tbn gbmptnr ‒Urljmc rmhlmign“, snn Wmjtni F. Dmrjmy“sXbn Dmrjmy“sXbn Frnmt Unrongtlki (rHzkfs gbni)1 M Ublckskpblgmc Ublckskpblgmc mih Jnhltmtlvn Xnmgblif Xnmgblif ko Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj (@rlcc, @uhhblsj (@rlcc, T=<22Z 0556), Gbÿfymc Imjdbml Ikrù“s Xbn Jlrrkr1 Mhvlgn ki Urnsnign mih Mwmrninss (Wbmif Mwmrninss (Wbmif Wbuif Nhltlkis, =<27) mih Xbn Wuprnjn Wkurgn1 Xbn Ouihmjnitmc Xmitrm ko tbn Hzkfgbni Wnjhn, gk-mutbkrnh Wnjhn, gk-mutbkrnh wltb Mhrlmik Gcnjnitn (Wikw Clki Uu`clgmtlkis, =<<<). Ktbnr vmcum`cn pnrspngtlvns ki Hzkfgbni gmi `n okuih li Gbrlstkpbnr Bmtgbncc“s Imdnh Bmtgbncc“s Imdnh Wnnlif1 Xbn Frnmt Unrongtlki, tbn Vbnnc ko Xljn, mih _lslkimry @uhhblsj li Pnimlssmign Xl`nt (Kxokrh îlvnrslty Urnss, 05=8) mih Ilhm Gbnimftsmif“s Jlrrkr Gbnimftsmif“s Jlrrkr ko Clfbt1 M Gkjjnitmry Gkjjnitmry ki \utbkd“s \utbkd“s Mtl Mtl \kfm (Wdy Urnss, 05=?). Okr Hzkfgbni“s pmrmccncs wltb iki-humc őmlvlsj, snn Umuc Nhumrhk Juccnr-Krtnfm“sXbn Juccnr-Krtnfm“sXbn Xrlmhlg Bnmrt ko őlvm1 Dmucm Xmitrlglsj ko M`blimvmfuptm li tbn Iki-Humc Wbmlvlsj ko Dmsbjlr (Wtmtn îlvnrslty ko Inw \krd Urnss, =<2<). Okr m uilnh vlslki ko

02?

Iktns mih Pnskurgns

@uhhblsj mih Xmklsj, snn snn Mwmdnili Mwmdniliff tk tbn Xmk `y Xmk `y Clu L-Jlif (Wbmj`bmcm, =<<2). Okr `mgdfrkuih ki tbn nvkcutlki ko Hzkfgbni mih Jmbčjuhrč, snn Unr Dvmnrin ‒Ki tbn Gkignpt ko Wmbmam li Lihlmi @uhhblst Xmitrlg Cltnrmturn“ (Xnjniks, =<6?). Okr Xl`ntmi ykfm“s litrkhugtlki li tbn Vnst, ms hlsgussnh li tbn Motnrwkrh, snn Hkimch W. Ckpnz Ar“s Urlskinrs Ar“s Urlskinrs ko Wbmifrl-Cm1 Xl`ntmi Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj mih tbn Vnst (îlvnrslty (îlvnrslty ko Gblgmfk Urnss, =<<2), Ljmflilif =<<2), Ljmflilif Xl`nt1 Unrgnptlkis, Urkangtlkis, Urkangtlkis, mih Omitmslns, nhltnh nhltnh `y Xblnrry Hkhli mih Bnliz Pètbnr (Vlshkj, 055=), ‒Vbni tbn Lrki @lrh Oclns1 Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj Mrrlvns li tbn Vnst“ (H_H, 05=8) mih Bufb @. ^r`mi“s Xmitrm1 Wnx, Wngrngy, Wngrngy, Ukcltlgs, mih Ukwnr li tbn Wtuhy ko Pnclflki (îlvnrslty ko Gmclokrilm Urnss, 0557). Wnn mcsk Xbn Nyn ko Pnvncmtlki1 Xbn Miglnit Miglnit Xl`ntmi Pltns ko Pnauvnimtlki Pnauvnimtlki `y `y Untnr Dnchnr (@kkdckgdnr T=<7). Wnn mcsk \kfm li Xrmisokrjmtlki1 Blstkry mih Gkitnjpkrmry Unrspngtlvns ki m Fck`mc Ubnikjniki, Ubnikjniki, nhs Dmrc @mlnr, Ublclpp M. Jmms mih Dmrli Urnlsnihmiz (îlvnrslty ko _lniim Urnss, 05=6). Mhhltlkimc rnonrnigns li tbn Motnrwkrh ligcuhn Amjns Jmccliski“s ‒Xbn Xmitrlg @uhhblst Pkkts ko Bmbm \kfm“ Mhvmym (Mhvmym Jmfmzlin, Jmfmzlin, Lssun Kin1 Krlflis, 05=6), Hzkfgbni Ukickp Plipkgbn ( Clkis Clkis Pkmr Okruj ki Xmitrm, 05=?) mih Vbltn Cmjm1 Xbn Clon ko Xmitrlg \kfl \kfl Xbnks @nrimrh, Xl`nt“s Xl`nt“s Ckst Njlssmry Njlssmry tk tbn Inw Vkrch Vkrch `y Hkufcms _nnibko (Bmrjkiy, 05==). Okr sglnign“s gkivnrfnign wlt b Xmitrlg @uhhblsj, snn Vbnrn @uhhblsj Jnnts Inurksglnign1 Gkivnrsmtlkis wltb tbn Hmcml Cmjm ki tbn Wplrltumc mih Wglnitlg _lnws ko Kur Jlihs, nhltnh `y Qmrm Bkusbjmih, Pk`nrt @. Clvlifstki mih @. Mcmi Vmccmgn (Wbmj`bmcm Uu`clgmtlkis, 05=2). Wnn mcsk Ckifnvlty mcsk Ckifnvlty mih Kptljmc Bnmctb1 Litnfrmtlif Nmstnri Nmstnri mih Vnstnri Unrspngtlvns (Vlcny-@cmgdwncc, 055<), nhltnh `y Vlcclmj G. @usbncc, Nrli C. Kclvlk mih Inlc H. Xbnlsn.Okr Xbnlsn.Okr lislfbts litk tbn liinr prkgnssns l ivkcvnh li Xmitrlg ykfm, snn Jlbmcy Gsldsznitjlbmcyl“s Ockw1 Gsldsznitjlbmcyl“s Ockw1 Xbn Usygbkckfy Usygbkckfy ko Kptljmc Nxpnrlnign (Bmrpnr & Pkw, =<<5). Okr Xmitrlg ykfm“s pkrtrmymc li jkhnri jusnujs, snn Xbn Jusnuj ki Pkko ko t bn Vkrch1 Mrt, Ukcltlgs, mih tbn Pnprnsnitmtlki ko Xl`nt Xl`nt `y `y Gcmlrn Bmrrls (îlvnrslty ko Gblgmfk Urnss, 05=0) mih Hn`rm Hlmjkih“s mih Jkccy Njjm Mltdni“s\kfm1 Mltdni“s\kfm1 Xbn Mrt ko Xrmisokrjmtlki (Wjltbskilmi Xrmisokrjmtlki (Wjltbskilmi @kkds, 05=7). Okr prmgtlgmc mhmptmtlkis ko miglnit Xmitrlg prmgtlgns li tbn jkhnri wkrch mih tbnlr mitngnhnits li Vnstnri trmhltlki, snn Lmi M. @mdnr“s\kfms @mdnr“s\kfms ko Olrn mih Clfbt1 _marmyčim li tbn Jkhnri Jkhnri Vkrch Vkrch (okrtbgkjlif). Wnn mcsk prkgnnhlifs ko tbn Gnitrn okr @butmi Wtuhlns & FIB Pnsnmrgb li gkiingtlki wltb miiumc litnrimtlkimc gkionrnigns li @butmi ki trmhltlki mih liikvmtlki li _marmyčim @uhhblsj. Okr m gkihnisnh, mgmhnjlg kvnrvlnw ko tbn gkitnits ko tbls `kkd, snn Lmi M. @mdnr, ‒Xl`ntmi \kfm1 Wkjmtlg Urmgtlgn li _marmyčim @uhhblsj mih Hzkfgbni“, li \kfm li Xrmisokrjmtlki1 Blstkrlgmc mih Gkitnjpkrmry Unrspngtlvns (_&P Unrspngtlvns (_&P uilprnss, 05=2). Lt ls pnrbmps ikt kut ko pcmgn tk nih wltb m quktmtlki orkj tbn =>tb-gnitury Bmbmykfm UrmhĤpldč tbmt, cldn tbn Wlx \kfms tmufbt `y Xlckpč, gcmljs tk rnprnsnit tbn hlstlccnh nssnign ko prn-nxlstlif Xmitrlg tnxts mih prmgtlgns1 ‒Wuggnss gkjns tk kin wbk nifmfns li prmgtlgn . . . Jnrncy rnmhlif `kkds ki \kfm wlcc invnr `rlif suggnss!“

Ulgturn grnhlts îcnss ktbnrwlsn lihlgmtnh, mcc pbktkfrmpbs li tbls `kkd mrn `y Lmi M. @mdnr. @mdnr. M pbktkfrmpb `y Jnfmi Ormsbnsdl mppnmrs mppnmrs ki pmfn ?6. Xbn pbktkfrmpb pbktkfrmpb ki pmfn =?= ls `y Wusmi Plgbmrhski. Plgbmrhski. Xbn pbktkfrmpb ki pmfn =2= ls gkurtnsy ko Bmjlh Wmrhmr. Xbn pbktkfrmpbs ko ‒ylif“ ykfls ki pmfns =5, =7<, =85‗8= =85‗8= mih 027 mrn gkurtnsy ko Hmsbk Dmrjm ^rm. Xbn gkitnjpkrmry mrtwkrd onmturnh ki pmfns 0, 68, =5?, =>5, =><, =6?, =<5, =<>, 005, 0>6, 0?8 mih 066 mrn wltb tbn dlih pnrjlsslki ko tbn mrtlst Pkco Dcunitnr. Xbn pmlitlifs ki pmfns ==?‗=6 mih tbn hntmlc ki pmfn 6 mrn gkurtnsy ko tbn mrtlst Pk`nrt Ukwncc. Cudn @rkwi dlihcy pnrjlttnh tbn rnprkhugtlki ko bls pmlitlif ko \mjčitmdm ki pmfn 07=. Mcnx Frny fninrkuscy gkitrlùtnh tbn @mrhk @nlif pmlitlif tbmt mppnmrs ki pmfn 006. Hntmlcs ko Xl`ntmi jnhlgmc pmlitlifs tbmt mppnmr ki pmfns <7, =5< mih 07? mrn wltb tbn dlih pnrjlsslki ko Pkjlk Wbrnstbm. Xbn pmlitlif ko Xrucdbkr nxnrglsns ki pmfns ==8‗=> ls gkurtnsy ko Mdmrpm Ck`smif Plipkgbn, wbk ls mcsk onmturnh li m pbktkfrmpb ki pmfn =>8. Blstkrlgmc mrtwkrd onmturnh li tbls `kkd hnrlvns orkj juctlpcn skurgns. Xbn okclks mih okclk hntmlcs tbmt mppnmr ki pmfns 8, =8, =0=, =22, 0>5 mih 0?5‗?= mrn gkurtnsy ko tbn Pkymc Hmilsb Cl`rmry li Gkpnibmfni, wblcn tbksn ki pmfns 70, >0, 6> (m`kvn), =05, =06, =>2, =62, =2> mih =<6 mrn wltb tbn pnrjlsslki ko tbn @nlalif Umcmgn Jusnuj. Xbn Xl`ntmi tbmifdm pmlitlifs, wltb rncmtnh hntmlcs, wblgb mppnmr ki pmfns =7, 7=, <5, <>, =>0, =?8, =?2, =?<, 05>, 05<, 08?, 020 mih 026 wnrn prkvlhnh `y tbn Pu`li Jusnuj ko Mrt li Inw \krd. Xbn Gmdrmsmvmrm pmlitlif onmturnh ki pmfn >5 ls wltb tbn dlih pnrjlsslki ko tbn Jntrkpkcltmi Jusnuj ko Mrt li Inw \krd. Xbn Inwmrd Jusnuj ko Mrt li Inw Anrsny prkvlhnh tbn ljmfn ko Jlcmrnpm li m jkuitmli ki pmfn ?>. Xbn Jusìn Fuljnt li Umrls prkvlhnh tbn ljmfn ko Jmbčslhhbm Hčrldmpm tbmt mppnmrs ki pmfn =2 mih ki tbn `mgd gkvnr. Xbn ljmfn ko Wlcnius, tbn tnmgbnr ko Hlkiysus, ki pmfn 078 ls gkurtnsy ko tbn @rltlsb Jusnuj li Ckihki. Xbn tbnrjkfrmpby ljmfn ko Mdmrpm Plipkgbn ki pmfn =6 wms prkvlhnh `y tbn Vnccgkjn Cl`rmry li Ckihki, ms wms tbn JPL sgmi ki pmfn => mih tbn _marmykfliĤ jmḊmcm ki pmfn 67. Xbn ljmfns ki pmfns pmfns 28, =7<, =22, 072, 07<, 0?<, 065 mih 06= mrn gkurtnsy ko tbn Wglnign Ubktk Cl`rmry li Ckihki. Xbn jurmc hntmlcs orkj Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr li Gnitrmc @butmi tbmt onmturn ki pmfns 75, 2=, =57, =0=, =7?, 0=5, 0=7, 0=? mih0>7 mih 0>7 mrn ligcuhnh wltb tbn dlih pnrjlsslki ko Msbl Duizmif Gbkhni. Xbn jurmc hntmlcs sbkwi ki pmfns ==0, =<8 mih 077 mrn wltb tbn dlih pnrjlsslki ko Fmiftnif Xucdu Plipkgbn. Xbn ljmfns ko tbn vmarm `khy mih gmdrms tbmt gmdrms tbmt mppnmr ki pmfns 22 mih <8 mrn gkurtnsy ko Cmjm Xlicny mih Imcakr Alipm. Hmvlh Urltzdnr dlihcy mcckwnh tbn rnprkhugtlki ko tbn gmdrm hlmfrmjs gmdrm hlmfrmjs tbmt mppnmr ki pmfn 2? mih ki pmfn ==2. Xbn ljmfns ko tbn =8tb-gnitury Xÿfmc jmiusgrlpt

M`kvn Umhjmsmj`bmvm mih Nlfbt Jmbčslhhbms. Dbmj Urkvlign, Nmstnri Xl`nt4 =
ki pmfns <<, 000, 00> mih 0?< mrn orkj m prlvmtn gkccngtlki, ms mrn tbn pmlitlifs ki pmfns ==2, =77,=8<,=?? mih 0>7. Cmurnit Wkckjki prkvlhnh tbn ljmfn ko jmbčslhhbm jmbčslhhbm _lrŤpč sbkwi ki pmfn pmfn =5>. Xmsbl Xsbnrlif Xsbnrlif prkvlhnh tbn ljmfn ko Xčrč ki pmfn 62. Imchakr prkvlhnh tbn ljmfns tbmt mppnmr li tbn jmrflis jmrflis ko pmfns 82 mih ==6. Xbn ljmfns ki pmfns =50, 00<, 076 mih 07< mrn gkurtnsy ko tbn @ugdlifbmj Gkccngtlki. Xbn Xl`ntmi gmcclfrmpby tbmt mufjnits tbn `kkd“s gbmptnr bnmhlifs ls `y Dmrjm Cbmtruc Plipkgbn.

026

Lihnx Umfn iuj`nrs li ltmclgs rnonr tk lccustrmtlkis mgmglm gmtgbu 62 Mgbks, Xkfhni =>> mhmjmitlin wmvn (hkran (hkran `mpgbu) =724 snn mcsk vmarm mcsk vmarm wmvn Mfil (hnlty) 077 čḮ (snnh syccm`cn) 0>?, 0>? , 0>6 , 066 Mlr (ncnjnit) 8?, >7 Mdmrpm Ck`smif Plipkgbn 7?, ==8, =>8 Mcpnrt, Plgbmrh 07=, 07= , 020 mjmrkcĤ =0>, =65 Mjgbl Wbnrm` Xnizli =2< Mjnrlgmi Listltutn ko \kfm 020 Mjltč`bm, @uhhbm ko Liiltn Clfbt 050, 058 Mjtmslhhbl (‒Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Ingtmr“) Xmitrm =55, =08 ‗ >, =72, =8<, 025 , 027 Mjtli, Xkfhni =>> Mil Plfsmif, Imcakrjm 8=, 0>6 , 027 Miu \kfm (‒uinxgnccnh uilki“) 0?, 77, 087 miusjtl (rngkccngtlki) >7 Mtl \kfm snn Hzkfgbni Mtljčrfm 050 Mtlsbm 75 MvmckdltnŔvmrm 65 `mihbm snn ‒ckgds“ @mrhk =>, 050 ‗ 7, 0==, 0=0, 0=0, 0=8, 0=>, 0=? , 00= ‗ 6, 007, 00>, 07=, 0>7 @mrhk Xbÿhkc =>, 050, 0=0, 0=7, 0=? , 0=<, 02= @mrhk \kfm => ‗ =? =?, 0== ‗ =0 =0, 0==, 0=7, 0=<, 007, 006 @HIO (`rmli-hnrlvnh inurktrkplg omgtkr) =>0 @niski, Bnr`nrt =>8 @nrimrh, Xbnks 02= ‗ 0 @nyuc \kcjk Dmifrl, Inpmc =>0 @bmdbm Xucdu Plipkgbn < @butmi 8=4 snn mcsk uihnr lihlvlhumc pcmgnimjns `lihu (tlfcì) =55 @cmdn, Vlcclmj 06> `clss, stmtns ko =0, =8, >7, ?5, ?<, 60, 22, <6, =50, =56 , ==8, =86, =68 @cun nch nitkptlg pbnikjnim 0?< @ÿi 02, <<, ==8, =05 ‗ =, 087, 0?0 @ÿi Jktbnr Xmitrm =05 ‗ = @ÿipk jnhltmtlki jmiumc 007 022

`rmli, tbn inurmc ljmflif ko =>, >? ‗ 6, 28, =2<, 072, 07<, 0?< stuhlns ko =25, =2<, 00=, 007, 00?, 072 `rnmtblif gkitrkc/tngbilquns =8, =<, >0, >?, >4 snn mcsk Xsmcuif prmgtlgns @rkwi, Cudn 07= @uhhbm Imturn =0, 7<, 8>, >=, >>, =70, =8>, =68, =27, 0=0, 087, 087, 086, 082, 0?? @uhhbm Pnmcjs 058, 05>, 056 @uhhbmbkkh 65, 66, =?=, =2<, 0?0 mgblnvlif =<, 0?, <0, , 057, 058, 07=4 snn mcsk Ukwm @uhhbmbkkh wltbkut pbyslgmc rnjmlihnr 05< @utÿi Pligbni Hrup ==< gmdrm 8?, >7, >7, 26 , 22, <5, <0, <7, <8, =52, =>? Gmdrmsmvmrm (hnlty) >=, =05, =?? Gmdrmsmvmrm Xmitrm 77, <0, ==?, =75, =>2, 07=, 078 gmṆḊčcĤ =86, =82 ‗ <, =>?4 snn mcsk Xujjk GmḊmjmbčrkṧmm Xmitrm =?>, =65, 076 GmihrmdlrtĤ =68, =2= gmiim`ls 00<, 077, 077, 078 gmiil`mclsj snn ‒nsb plccs“ Gmryč (hmign) ==6 , 06? Gmryč Irltym 60 gmvns (jnhltmtlki) 8= ‗ 7, >2, >2, ?5, ?7, ?8, ?6 , =6< , 067 Gbmfhkr Plipkgbn 0=> Gbmj (hmign) ==? gbmrinc frkuihs 25, 20, =?<, =<8, 05= , 056 , 0=<, 00> Ckrhs ko tbn =<<, 0=< jmḊmcm rnprnsnitmtlki ko >=, <8 Gbmtrmc Wmifyn Hkran Plipkgbn 2, =0, 0? , =?=, 006 Gbmturpltm (‒Okur Xbrkins“) Xmitrm =?? Gbni Ifmwm =66 Gbliimjmstč (hnlty) 027 Gbÿh 7? , 25, 2=, 2=, 20, 20, =80, 05=, 05? Gbÿfymj Xruifpm 62, 25, =?? Gbkdfyur Hngbni Clifpm =76 Gbÿylif Xbk`hni Hkraì =<= Gbucni (‒nssnign nxtrmgtlki“) 076, 072 ‗ < Gbujpbuf, @butmi >?

‒Gcnmr Clfbt“ (ÿsnc) =>, =66 , =62, =6<, =25, =2=, =20, =28, =28, =2>, =2? ‗ 6 mt tljn ko hnmtb 0=0, 0=7, 0=8, 00=, 008 ‗ > Gcnmr Clfbt \kfm (ÿsnc imcakr) =66, =62, =25 ‗ =, =28 ‗ <, =<8 Gkmcnsgnit Wnmc snn Jmbčjuhrm Gkjpcntlki Ubmsn ( smṇpmiimdrmjm, smṇpmiimdrmjm, Hzkfrlj) =8, 07, 0?, 02 ‗ 75 75, 77, 8>, 2=, 28, 2>, 26, =52, ==7, =02, 0>84 snn mcsk Wlx \kfms, tbn gkisglkusinss =>, =>, 7?, 72 ‗ <, 7<, =25 ‗ =, =2<, 0>? hlsnj`khlnh =52, 0=0, 00=, 00=, 007, 008 ‗ > snn mcsk @uhhbm Imturn4 su`gkisglkus, tbn gkitnjpcmtlvn prmgtlgns 8> ‗ 6, 8>, 82, 8<, >=, >0 ‗ ?4 snn mcsk jnhltmtlki Grnmtlki Ubmsn ( Dynrlj Dynrlj) =7 ‗ =8 =8, 0?, 8>, ?<, 68, 2=, 28 ‗ >, =52, 0>8 grystmcs =6< ḊčdliĤs <0, =?<, 0=0, 025 Hmjpm Wÿimj Fymctsni Uncsmifpk, Cmjm =02 hmiglif =<, 05, 77, 87, 87, 2=, 20, ==7 ‗ =? =?, ==6 , =80, =8<, =68, 06?, 06? , =<<, 068, 025 Hmrldmpm (jmbčslhhbm) =< hmrdinss 050, 0=8, 0=> jnhltmtlki li =6, >0, 0?7, 065, 06=, 060, 067 Hmturm 00<, 07=, 077, 085, 08=, 0?2 Hmvlh-Iìnc, Mcnxmihrm ==<, =>0, =>8 =?, =2?, 05= ‗ 0, 057, 058, hnmtb => ‗ =? 056, 052, 05<, 0=0, 0=7, 0=8, 00=, 007, 00?, 0>6 4 snn mcsk @mrhk4 hylif, prkgnss ko4 inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns4 rn`lrtb hnltlns =<, 05, 07, 024 snn mcsk uihnr lihlvlhumc imjns Hnlty \kfm ?<, 60, 60, 6> , 66, 2=, 28, 2> mih jnhltmtlki 65, 68, 66 , 25 ‗ =, <6 mih vlsumclzmtlki 87, 65, 6>, 66, 66 , 25 ‗ =, ==7, 085, 0>7 hnvmtm ykfm snn Hnlty \kfm Hnvldktm tnjpcn, Unjmdÿ rnflki, Xl`nt 66 hbčrmṆč (gkignitrmtlki) >0, 0?? hbmrjmdčym 26, 22 Hbmrjmdčym pksturn (Cbóihrup Xÿfmc) 0>2, 0>2, 0?= Hbmrjmdčym Ukwm 052

hbyčim (gkitnjpcmtlki) >0, 0?? Hlkiysus (hnlty) 078, 085 hlstrmgtlki ?= HJX (I-Hljntbyctryptmjlin) 007, 085 Hkhrup Gbni Plipkgbn 077 Hkj`l Bnrudm (jmbčslhhbm) =?< Hkidbmr Gmvns, Xl`nt 0=< Hkran Hrkck (hnlty) ?< Hkraì Clifpm, Xnrtÿi <, 0=8 Hrmdpm Fymctsni =0? , =02, =>2, 025 Hrmdsuj Cbmtsk Cmdn, Xl`nt =26 ‒hrmwlif m `kw“ (pksturn) ==2, =05 Hrnmj ykfm (jlcmj (jlcmj imcakr ) =>, =<=, =<=, =<0 ‗ 2, =<8, =, =62, =25, =26, =<0, =<7, =<7, = Huhakj Aldhrmc \nsbn Hkran =0, =76 Huhakj Clifpm 0?2 hylif, prkgnss ko =7, => ‗ =? =?, =62, =2>, 050 ‗ 7, 057, 058, 05? , 052, 0==, 0=0, 0=0, 0=8, 0=> Hzkfgbni =7, =? ‗ =6 =6, 0?, 77, 72 ‗ 8= 8=, 26, <<, =?=, =60, 087, 0>>, 02= jnhltmtlvn prmgtlgns =8, =6, 7?, 8>, 8? ‗ 6, 82, ?5 ‗ = , ?=, =0=, =70, 0>5, 0>6 , 060, 0674 snn mcsk Dmhmd Xrndgbÿ pbyslgmc prmgtlgns/pksturns 77, 72, 72, =88 ‗ >, 087, 088, 082, 082, 0>>, 0>6 , 068, 068 tnxts =8, >>, >2, 077, 088, 0>?, 0?5, 0?2, 068 ‗ >4 snn mcsk uihnr lihlvlhumc Xmitrms vlslkimry prmgtlgns 72, 72, 85, 08=4 snn mcsk Cbóihrup Xÿfmc Nmrtb (ncnjnit) 8?, >7 ncnjnitmc pbmsns/prkgnssns snn Olvn Ncnjnits nclxlrs 00<, 075, 077, 076, 076 , 072, 07< nj`rmgns, mjkrkus/nrktlg 65, 66 , =?? , =?2 ‒njptlinss“ =7, >=, >?, ?0, ?7, ?<, <0, <6, =52, =?6, =26, =26 , 082, 0>?4 snn mcsk őŤiymtč ‒nihcnss dikts“ (syj`kclsj) 87 ninrfy gbmiincs/kws =8, =<, 05, 7=, 77, 26 ‗ <0 <0, 26 , 22, 2<, <5, <8, <<, =52, ==2, =77, 00>

`khy“s liinr jmḊmcm ko <0, <8, 6 mih jnhltmtlki <8, <6, =55 tnxts ki =55 ‗ =5= =5= snn mcsk `rnmtblif mcsk `rnmtblif gkitrkc/ tngbilquns4 gmdrm tngbilquns4 gmdrm44 Xsmcuif prmgtlgns niclfbtnijnit 6>, 072, 087, 0?= snn mcsk @uhhbm Imturn4 Ilrvčim ko @uhhbm Wmdymjuil =?, 8?, =62, 05=, 058, 006 mih hnmtb =2<, 0584 snn mcsk Ukwm mih tbn bujmi `khy <0, , =8>, =22, 05< pmtb tk ?8, =?2, 0504 snn mcsk Xujjk nrktlglsj =0, >=, =77, =>?, =?>, =?>, =?? , =?6 , =?2, =65, =60, =67, =68, 00>, 06> Nvmis-Vnitz, Vmctnr 02= ‗ 0 nyn, tbn 0?<, 065, 06=, 06= ‒nrgn bnmt“ snn Xujjk (\kfm ko Liinr Olrn)4 snn Olrn)4 snn mcsk gmṆḊčcĤ rn ==8, =86, =>2, =<7, 0=8, 0>< ncnjnit 8?, >7, =7? snn snn mcsk Xujjk (\kfm ko Liinr Olrn) Olvn Ncnjnits ? , 8?, 8? , >7, >>, >>, ?6 , 60, <7, =75 Olvn Vlshkjs 8? ‗ 6, 82, 65 ‒nsb plccs“ 076 ‒Oclfbt ko tbn Fmruhm“ 088 y mfmrlg jusbrkkj 077 ylif =8>, =<0, =<7, 00=, 075, 08=4 snn mcsk jmflgmc lfbt Okur Akys (gmturmimihm ( gmturmimihm) =8, =>?, =?2 ‒Okur Ljjnmsurm`cns“ (mprmjčṆm (mprmjčṆm) 8> ‒Okur Jnhlgmc Xmitrms“ (Fyuh (Fyuh Wbl) =0?, 076 Fmhni Cbmdbmif, ^rm, @butmi =70 fmṆmgmdrm (‒fmtbnrlif fmṆmgmdrm (‒fmtbnrlif glrgcns“) 085 Fmiftnif Jkimstnry, @butmi =<8, 077 Fmutmjm, Urlign snn Wmdymjuil, @uhhbm fmzlif/fmzns =8, 0>6, 0>2, 0><, 0><, 0?5, 0?0, 06=, 067, 066 Fnhui Fymtsk 0>= Fncud sgbkkc 75 Fkhnjgbni, Plfhzli =77 Fkdyk Cmdn, Inpmc =25 Fkjpk Iì, Unjmdÿ rnflki, Xl`nt 08>

Frnmt @clss (jmbčsudbm (jmbčsudbm) 22, =>2, =?> ‒Frnmt Gkmcnsgnign“ snn Jmbčjuhrm Frnmt Unrongtlki snn Hzkfgbni Frnmt Xrmisonrnign, \kfm ko snn Ukwm ‒Frnmtnr Nclxlr ko Pnauvnimtlki“ 076 Frny, Mcnx 006 Fufì, dlifhkj ko 08 Fubymfmr`bm Xmitrm (‒Vkj` ko Wngrnts Xmitrm“) 6>, 6?, 28, =?6 , =60, =<7, 06< Fubymsmjčam Xmitrm (Xmitrm ko Wngrnt îlki) ==, >0 ‗ 7, =?0, =?>, =68, 0== Furufynj gmvn jkimstnry, Dbyuifcuif _mccny, Xl`nt 02 Fymcm Uncrl, Unjmdÿ rnflki, Xl`nt (jkuitmli) =82 Fymcwm \mifÿipm ?, =?5, =26, 0=0 bmccuglikfnis 62, 07=4 snn mcsk psygbkmgtlvn su`stmigns bmihstmihs ==6 Bmtm \kfm =08 ‗ >, =86, 068, 025, 02=, 020 `rnmtblif tngbilquns =>8, 0>> jkvnjnits/pksltlkis =0? , =02, =02, =70, =72, =65 ‗ =, 0884 snn mcsk Xrucdbkr mcsk Xrucdbkr tnxts =0?, =75 BmymfrĤvm (hnlty) =78, =6> Bnmrt Nssnign tnxts/trmhltlkis 8=, =70, =77, =7? ‗ 6, 08>, 0?04 snn mcsk \utbkd Iyliftbld bnr`s, jnhlglimc snn pcmits/bnr`s Bnvmarm Xmitrm >? , ?<, 60, 6>, 20, 22, <7, =7? , =86, =68, 06?, 02= gmṆḊčcĤ , hnsgrlptlki ko =82 ‗ <, =>? ykflg jkvnjnits 05, 77, ==7, ==?, ==2 Blhhni-Cmih ko Unjmdÿ snn Unjmdÿ rnflki, Xl`nt Bko, Vlj =>8 bkrjnsls 082 bkrjkins =>0, =>>, 072, 065 bypikfkflm =62, =25, =<=, 0?< Lccujlimtlif Cmjp, Xmitrm Xmitrm ko tbn >> ‒lccuskry `khy“ ( fyócu fyócu) =8 Lccuskry @khy \kfm ( fyócu ( fyócu imcakr ) =52, =52 ljmflimtlki 28 ‗ >, 2> ljpnrjminign, gkitnjpcmtlki ko >= Lihlmi Xmitrlsj 07, 02, ?<, =0?, =76, =82, 076 Lihnx

Lihus _mccny (glvlclzmtlki) =50 Liiltuhn (mimitym (mimitym) 8>, >7 Liinr Olrn, \kfm ko snn Xujjk4 snn mcsk gmṆḊčcĤ lskcmtlki snn skcltuhn LŔvmrm 66 Amlilsj =< Ačcmihbmrm (jmbčslhhbm) ==7, 02= Amjfÿi Dkiftróc Ckhrÿ Xbmyì =<, ?5, =?5 Amjymif Dbnitsn Vmifpk =76 Amjymif Dbynitsn Vmifgbud 077 Amtski Iylifpk, Plfhzli =76 An Xskifdbmpm 75 Any Wbnrm` Fymtsk =02 Alfjn Clifpm, Plfhzli >2, =52, =0<, =76, 087, 088 ‗ >, 082, 0>?, 0>< ‗ ?5 ?5, 06=, 06> Aldtni Fkipk Pligbni Unc =75 Aýčim HčdliĤ (hnlty) =?? , =?2, 05< Dmhmd Xrndgbÿ 72, =70, 0>7, 0>8, 0>>, 0>?, 0>? Dmhmjpm trmhltlki 75 Dmfyu clinmfn/trmhltlki 0>, ==8, ==?, =0?, =72 Dčcmgmdrm (‒Vbnnc ko Xljn“) Xmitrm 08, >0 ‗ 7, <5, <0, ==8, ==<, =60, =2?, 0?5 Dčcmgmdrm (hnlty) >7, ==8 Dčjm WŤtrm 62 dmrmim juhrm 62, =0= Dmrjm Gbmfjì Plipkgbn ==7 Dmrjm Cbmtruc Plipkgbn <8, =0> Dmrjm Clifpm, Xnrtÿi 0=0 Dmrjm Umdsbl =75, 00? dmrjmjuhrč =?2, =68, =6>4 snn mcsk nrktlglsj Dmrimpm (jmbčslhhbm) 06> Dbmhlrmvml Xčrč 62 Dbmihrk Cbmdbmif, Duizmifhrmd, @butmi >6 Dbmihrk Iyliftbld (‒Bnmrt Nssnign ko tbn HčdliĤs“) 8=, 0?0 Dbmihrk Wmifpud (‒Wngrnt Gmvn ko tbn HčdliĤs) ?7, ?8, ?6 Dbyuifpk Imcakr ==? Dlif ko Njpkwnrjnit Xmitrm Xmitrm 68 Dcunitnr, Pkco 6>, =56 , =>=, =><, =66 , =<=, =<8, 0?> >7, Dkrhì Pusbni 088 ‗ >, 08>, 086 ‗ >7 0>2 Liinr 08>, 086, 086 , 082 Kutnr 088 ‗ >, 088, 08>, 086 ‗ 2 Wngrnt 08>, 082, 082, 0>5, 0>=, 0>0 ‒^ctrmsngrnt“ 0>7 Dkzbnvildkv, Jmrlm =>8 Drlyč \kfm =72 Drsičgčrym (jmbčslhhbm) 076 Dujmrlpm (jmbčslhhbm) 072

duṆḊmcliĤ 26 , ==7, =02, =82, 00<, 077, 076 DuḊmcliĤ ykfm <0 Duizmif Hngbni Clifpm =0> Duruduccč (Cktus HčdliĤ) (hnlty) =67 dymif fymp (swlot-okktnhinss) mcsk ‒swlot wmcdlif“ 78 ‗ ?4 snn mcsk ‒swlot Cmjhrì (‒Umtb ko Orultlki“) 02, <0, ==2, =0?, =0? , =02, =85, =>2, 077 CmṎdčvmtčrm WŤtrm 20 cmufbtnr =20, 0>0, 0>7 Cmwmpm (jmbčslhhbm) 7= ‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc“ snn Cbóihrup Xÿfmc Cnmry, Xljktby 07=, 07=, 020 Cbuihrup Hkran, Cmjm ?6 cbmpm 0=>, 0=? Cbmsm ^prlslif (=<>< ) 85 Cbmtsui Imjdbm Alfjn =76 Cbuihrup Hkran, Cmjm ?8 Cbóihrup Xÿfmc (‒cnmplif kvnr tbn sducc“) ? , 72, 72, 85, 2>, =7?, =2?, 008, 085, 087, 0>7, 0>8, 0>2, 0??, 065, 060, 068 `rnmtblif tngbilquns/prmgtlgns 0>>, 0>2, 0?5, 06= pksturns 0>>, 0>?, 0>6 , 0>2 ‗ ?5 ?5, 0>2, 0><, 0?5, 0?=, 0?0, 06=, 068 ‗ > sniskry mwmrninss 0>?, 0>? , 065, 06= vlslkimry prmgtlgns 0>?, 0?0, 0?7, 0?? ‗ <, 0?? , 0?<, 065, 06=, 06= clfbt =66, =6<, =2?, =2? , =26, 050, 0=8, 0=>, 007 mih tbn bujmi `khy =<2, 052, 05<, 086 , 0?0 snn mcsk ‒Gcnmr Clfbt“ Clccy, Hr Akbi 08= Clki“s Gmvn bnrjltmfn, @butmi ?5 Ck`smif Gbÿdyl Fymctsni =26 Ck`smif Dmrjm, Cmjm 87 ‒ckgds“ (`mihbm) (`mihbm) =55, ==7, ==<, =08, =0>, =75, =7? Ckifgbni Iyliftbld (‒Bnmrt Nssnign ko tbn _mst Nxpmisn“) =70, 08> Ckifgbnipm (Ckifgbni Pmàmjpm Hrljì ßznr) =7=, =88, =8>, =<2, 0>0, 0>7 Vlsbouccclif Xrnmsury =7= ‗ 0, =7?, =76 Ckpki ^fyni Plipkgbn =>> cktus (pksltlki) =<, >7, >7, =75, =76, =72 cktus, syj`kclsj ko <0, =?>, =?6, =26, =<8, 077, 07< Cu`rmd, Inpmc 067 02<

Cuakif ==2 ‗ =< =< Cudbmif tnjpcn, Cbmsm, Xl`nt 77, 7<, 8>, 2>, 2<, <7, =56 , =86 , =6<, 05=, 00=, 008, 072, 08=, 087, 086 , 082, 0>? , 0>6 , 0?7, 0?>, 0?? cuimr ninrfy snn jkki/cuimr ninrfy cuif snn prčṆm cysnrflg mglh hlntbycmjlhn (CWH) 07=, 085 Jmgbmpugbmrn (jkuitmli) 0>8 Jmgbld Cm`hrki 2=, 20, 20, 060 jmhbymičhĤ (Xl`. (Xl`. tsm ujm) 2<, 068 jmflg jusbrkkjs 07=, 077, 072, 07<, 085, 085 jmflgmc lfbt =52, =8> , 07=, 085 ‒jmflgmc wbnnc ko gbmiincs mih wlihs“ snn Xrucdbkr Jmbč \kfm (‒frnmt uilki“) 0?, 77, 087 jmbč`mihbm =55 Jmbčdčcm (hnlty) 0=8 Jmbčdčcm Xmitrm 077, 078 Jmbčjčyč Xmitrm 0==, 085 Jmbčjuhrm =7, =?, 08, 0>, 75, 26, =0?, =?2, =?<, =68 jmbčslhhbms 0=, 0=, 07, 75, 75 , 7=, 77, =52, =05, =7? , =8>, =86 , =68, 075, 070, 0784 snn mcsk uihnr lihlvlhumc imjns jmbčslhhbl =05, 075 Jmbčsudbmdčym (‒`khy ko frnmt `clss“) 22 jmbčvnhbm juhrč (Bmtm juhrč (Bmtm \kfm) =08, =02, =75 , =70, =72, =72 Jmbčyčim (‒Frnmt _nblgcn“) @uhhblsj =< ‗ 05 05, 0=, 0?, 77, 82, 26, =2<, 05<, 00?, 00< JmltrĤ ^pmilṧmh =<, 25 Jmltrlpm (jmbčslhhbm) 86 jmḊmcm ?, 0?, 8? , >=, ?<, 65, 60, 008 kptlgmc/vlslkimry 0?0, 0?7, 0?? , 0?< Jmihmrmvm =?> Jmil`bmhrč (jmbčslhhbm) 085 Jmitrmjčrfm 050 jmitrm 78, ?6 , 68, 6>, 075, 076 jmrlaumim snn gmiim`ls Jmrpm Gbÿdyl Ckhrÿ 0>, 02, 26, =?2 JHJM 085 jnhlglin 26 , =0?, =02, =>=, =>>, 075 ‗ =, 078, 076, 076 , 07< jnhltmtlki `nct ( fkjtrmf fkjtrmf ) =50, =58, =86 , =>0, =2>, =2<, 0?> jnhltmtlki/jnhltmtlvn prmgtlgns =8, =6 , 0>, 8> ‗ 6, 82, >0 ‗ ?0 ?0, >? , 066 kpni prnsnign ?5 ‗ =, ?= 0<5

pksturns >0, >7, >7, <8, =55, =50, =58, =78 snn mcsk Gbÿh4 mcsk Gbÿh4 Hnlty \kfm jnrgury 076 Jntzinr, Pmcpb 07=, 07=, 020 Jlcmrnpm (ykfl) 02, 02, ><, ?8, ?8, =85, =86, =>0, =>0, =>6 , =?<, 076, 020 jlih-mctnrlif su`stmigns snn psygbkmgtlvn su`stmigns jlihoucinss 8>, =>8, =26 , =2, =>0, 05= jkuitmlis 78 ‗ ?, 78, 7? , 85, =82, 0>84 snn mcsk uihnr lihlvlhumc pcmgnimjns JPL (Jmfintlg Pnskimign Ljmflif) =>, =2<, 0?< Jugbni Dkigbkd Fymctsni =02 juhrčs (bmih fnsturn) 8>, =0>, 62, =0= juslgmc listrujnits 2=, 204 snn mcsk hmiglif4 mcsk hmiglif4 sliflif imcakr snn ykfm Imjgbÿ Jlifyur Hkran =76 Imjdbml Ikrù, Gbÿfymc =80, 02= Ičrkpč (jmbčslhhbm) 07, ==8, ==? Jnmis okr Mttmlilif tbn Pnmc 77 Wlx \kfms 0>, 02, ?0 ‗ 7, =85, =82 ‗ <, =?2, =28, =26, 0== _marm _nrsns ?, 0== Imturmc Wtmtn (incuf (incuf ) >? imturn/imturmc wkrch 8? ‗ 64 snn mcsk Olvn Ncnjnits4 jkuitmlis inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns 05=, 00=, 007, 008 ‗ >, 0084 snn mcsk hylif, prkgnss ko Incn Xkdmi 0? inurksglnign >7, =>8, =25, =, 02, ==?, 0?7 ilrjčimdčym 26, 22 Ilrjčmdčym pksturn (Cbóihrup Xÿfmc) 0><, 0><, 0?=, 0?7 Ilrjčimdčym Ukwm 052 Ilrvčm =72, =86, =?6, =<=, 075, 077, =6>, =<7, 027 nlfbt-okch pmtb tk =<, =05, 00< mih Wmsčrm =88, =?6, 088, 088, 0>= Iymif Pmc Iyljm ßznr =75 Iynitki Gbÿdyl Wbnrmp =08, =0? Lihnx

Iylifjm trmhltlki <, =0, 0?, 77, =0?, =75, =7=, 027 Bnmrt Nssnign tnxts/trmhltlki mcsk \utbkd =77, =7? ‗ 64 snn mcsk \utbkd Iyliftbld Kfyni Gbkclif Jmikr, @butmi 75 kpluj 07<, 08= Krfyni Hkran Gbmif =?> ‒kutnr, liinr mih sngrnt“ 05, 70 ‗ 7, 78, ?6 Umhmjpm Wmifyn (jmbčslhhbm) 7?, >6, =<2, 057 , 052 Umhjmsmj`bmvm (jmbčslhhbm) =7, 0? ‗ 2, 0? , ?7, ?<, ?<, =7=, =80, =>0, 077, 072 ‗ <, 026 li nrktlg nj`rmgn =?>, =68 tnxts `y ?6 , =75, 0==, 0=8, 0=6, 077, 0?0 pmsslki =?>, =??, =?<, =60, =68 UčtmýamcmykfmŔčstrm 00< Umtmýamcl, \kfm Wutrčs =8, =?, =<, 8>, >0, 66 ‒Umtb ko Orultlki“ snn Cmjhrì ‒pmtb ko sdlcouc jnmis“ (upčymjmrfm) 00< Umtruc Plipkgbn =2< Unmrc Fmrcmih Xmitrm >2, =2?, 0>? Uncdbkr Gbÿhn Jkimstnry, Fymitsn, Xl`nt 7=, =05, =68, 0=? , 078 Unjm Clifpm, Xnrtÿi >6 , =25, =28, =22, 076 ‒Wngrnt Dny tk tbn Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“ =02, =78, =7?, =8>, 0?? Unjmdÿ rnflki, Xl`nt 7?, 7? , >2, =82, =2<, 08>4 snn mcsk uihnr lihlvlhumc pcmgnimjns Unrongtlki ko Ljjkrtmc Nclxlr 25 ‒Unrongtlki ko Vlshkj li Nlfbt Xbkusmih Clins“ =2< Ubmfjk Hrupm Hkran Fymcpk ==2, =0?, =02, =72, =85, =2> Ubmfjk Qmptrl (‒Urkokuih Listrugtlkis ko _marmvčrčbĤ“) <8, <<, ==5, =0>, =75, =7=, =76 plcfrljmfn 78 ‗ ?, 78, 7? Ulymif Gmvns, Xl`nt 62, =20 pcmits/bnr`s jnhlglimc 078, 076, 07< pklskikus 07=, 076, 07< psygbkmgtlvn =?, 00<, 077 ‗ 8, 078 Uktmcm Umcmgn, Cbmsm =52 Ukwm (\kfm ko Xrmisonrnign) =>, 05=, 05=, 050, 057, 058, 058, 05? , 052, 05<, 006, 07= Ukwncc, Pk`nrt 6>, ==?

prčṆm 75, 22 prčṆmyčjm (`rnmtb nxpmislki) =<, >0 prmtyčbčrm (sniskry wltbhrmwmc) >0 ‗ 7, >0, >7, 0>?, 0?5 pslckgy`li 07=, 077, 072, 07<, 085 psygbkmgtlvn su`stmigns =?, 00<, 00<, 075 ‗ 8= 8=, 075, 07=, 070, 078, 072, 0?24 snn mcsk nclxlrs Usygbkhrmjm 088 ‒rmli`kw `khy“ ( amcu amcu) =6, =66, 052, 05<, 0?5 Pmli`kw @uhhbm 057 Pmj Hmss snn Mcpnrt, Plgbmrh Pmifauif Plfpn Hkran =>> Pmtim Clifpm 076 rn`lrtb =>, 0==, 0=0, 0=0, 0=8, 00>, 00>, 00? ‗ 6 PNJ (rmplh nyn jkvnjnit) scnnp =<=, =<0, =<8, 007 Plf _nhm =<, 00< Plfhzli Xrucdbkr (‒Jmflgmc Vbnnc ko Vlshkj Bkchnrs“) =08, =7=, =70, =76 rlfpm (vlhyč) 72, 088, 08>, 0>7 Pkifzkj Gbÿdyl Qmifpk =75 Pujl =8> őm`mrm (jmbčslhhbm) =68 smgrnh pcmgns 78 ‗ ?, 78, 7? , 85, =82 smhhbm 65 Wmbmamyčim =68 WmbmamykfliĤ Glitm (jmbčslhhbm) =88 Wmbmalym 06> őmlvlsj 0=, 07, ==?, =2>, 050, 00<, 070 Wmdym sgbkkc 02, <0, =>2, 077 Wmdymjuil, @uhhbm 70, 8?, 86 , =?>, =62, 05=, 056, 00? Nlfbtokch Umtb tk Ilrvčm =?, =<, =05, 058, 00< Jmaabljm Ildčym Wutrč ?, 0, >7, 66, =55, 0?? , 0>2, 0?2 Wmjmitm`bmhrm, @uhhbm =? , 82, ==8, =60, 0?= sčjmrmsym 0?? smjmym 027 Wmj`bkfmdčym 26, 22, 0?? Wmj`bkfmdčym pksturn (Cbóihrup Xÿfmc) 0>?, 0>2 ‗ <, 0><, 0?= Wmj`bkfmdčym Ukwm 052 Wmjputč Xmitrm <0 Wmsčrm =72, =86, =?6, =<=, 00?, 075, 077, 027 mih Ilrvčm =88, =?6, 088, 088, 0>=

Wmrmbm (jmbčslhhbm) ?, 08, 75, 8>, ??, ?<, =?=, =?>, =67, =68, 00<, 07<, 02= Wmrmswmtl, Wnjk 028 Wgbnnrnr, Plgbmrh 0?< Wngrnt Mssnj`cy, Xmitrm ko tbn ?7 ‒Wngrnt Dny tk tbn Gbmiincs mih Vlihs“ (Unjm Clifpm) =02, =78, =7?, =8>, 0?? sngrntlkis =5=, =>>, =65 snxumc =55, =65, 078, 072, 07< snnh-syccm`cns 68, 6>, 050, 00=, 086, 0>5, 0>?, 0>? Wnjhkr, Xkfhni =>> snisns, tbn >0, 05=, 0=84 snn mcsk sniskry mwmrninss, nxpmihlif sniskry mwmrninss, nxpmihlif =50, =50, =2<, =<=, 0>?, 06= sniskry wltbhrmwmc snn prmtyčbčrm Wnrm Dbmihrk ?=, =?6 snx snn nrktlglsj4 snxumc ykfm Wnxumc îlki, \kfm ko =0?, =?2, =?<, =60 snxumc ykfm =8 ‗ => =>, =6=, =60, =60, =68, 07< Wbm`dmr Xskdhrud Pmifhrkc =?=, =25, 0=< , 00>, 088 sbmjmilsj 20, 0=>, 0=? , 07= Wbmif Wbuif glvlclzmtlki 02, 85, =0= Wbmifpm Dmfyu clinmfn/trmhltlki 0>, 22, <8, =08 Wblifki 0>? slhhbl =05, =86, 075 Wljbmjudbm (ḊčdliĤ) 66 sliflif 05, 77, 06? őlvm (Blihu hnlty) =08, =82, 076 Wlx \kfms, tbn =8 ‗ =? =?, 05, 07, 08 ‗ >, 75, 28, 26, =52, ==8, =75, =86, =664 snn mcsk Jmbčjuhrm4 mih uihnr Xlckpč sducc gups/`kwcs =7, ==7, =?5, =?<, =67, 00<, 070, 078, 076 , 072, 0>7 sducc jmsds =<2 ‒sdy `rnmtblif“ 0>> ‒sdy fmzlif“ 0?< Wdy \kfm snn Hzkfgbni scnnplif, stmtns ko =7, =62, =26, mcsk Hrnmj ykfm =<=, 0584 snn mcsk Hrnmj

(jlcmj)4 jlcmj)4 PNJ (rmplh nyn jkvnjnit) scnnp skcmr ninrfy snn sui/skcmr ninrfy skcltuhn >2 ‗ <, ?= skjm 077, 076 Wpmgn (ncnjnit) 8?, 82, >7 spmihm =2> Wtrmssjmi, Plgd 007 Wu`čbupmrlprlggbč Xmitrm 075 su`gkisglkus, tbn =>, 28, =25 WudbmslhhbĤ (jmbčslhhbm) 08, 0>, 02, 050, 0== Wujtÿi \nsbn Quif =0? sui/skcmr ninrfy 77, =55, =65, 0?? , 060, 0674 snn mcsk clfbt őŤiymtč 70, 82, >=, 68, 20, 28, 2>, 06> swmstldm 26 ‒swlot wmcdlif“ ==<4 snn mcsk dymif fymp Xmjsblif Jkimstnry, @ujtbmif _mccny, @butmi Xmitrms 05 ‗ =, 08, =?>, =??, 02=4 snn mcsk uihnr lihlvlhumc tltcns Xčrč Xmitrm 078 Xčrč, @uhhbm 62 Xčrmičtbm <5, ==? Xniyl Clifpm =77 Xnrhkj, Xl`nt 8= ‗ 7, 8=, 87, ?7, ?8, ?6 tnrjm (‒rnvnmcnhtrnmsurns“) 0?, 077 tbrnn `khlns, hkgtrlin ko (trldčymvčhm) 26 Xbu`tni \nsbn, Cmjm =?2, =68 Xl`ntmi @kkd ko tbn Hnmh, Xbn snn @mrhk Xbÿhkc Xlckpč (jmbčslhhbm) 08, =66, =62 Wlx \kfms, trmisjlsslki ko 08 ‗ >, ?0 ‗ 7, =82 ‗ <, =?2, =62, =2=, =28, 0== tÿfmc snn Cbóihrup Xÿfmc Xkclif Jkimstnry, Xl`nt 0>, 86 , 0=< Xrucdbkr ==, =7, =8, =6 , 05, 02 ‗ 75 75, 2, 025 ‗ = jkvnjnits/pksltlkis =0? ‗ 2, =0? , =02, =75, =75 ‗ 2, =70, =7? ,

Lihnx

=72, =85, =88, =88, =>2, =2>, 088, 027 tnxts ki =0? ‗ 2, =75, =7= ‗ 7, =7? ‗ 6, =854 snn mcsk Ubmfjk Qmptrl Xsmcuif =8, > Xsnrlifjm (hnlty) =?< Xsnymif ßsnc, Imcakrjm ?8 Xsbnwmif Wltmr, Cmjm =08, =70 Xskifdbmpm Ck`zmif Hrmdpm ==>, =02 Xucdus, trmhltlki ko 00? Xujjk (\kfm ko Liinr Olrn) =8, =>, 02, 85, 8=, ?8, =0?, =02, =72, =80, =82, =8<, =>8 ‗ ?, =?5 ‗ =, =?5, =?=, =6>, =66, 07<, 0274 snn mcsk gmṆḊčcĤ `rnmtblif tngbilquns =86, =82, =8<, =>=, =>0, =>8, =>8, =>>, =>6 mih jnhltmtlki =>8, =>6 , =?5 ‗ =, =?0 pksturns =86 , =8<, =>=, =>0, =>8, =>? , =>6 , =>2

îljpnhnh Wkuih, Xmitrm ko 088 ^rfyni Plipkgbn, Xucdu 02= utdrčitl 0504 snn mcsk Ukwm _mlrkgmim, @uhhbm >7, =78, =80 _marm @bmlrmvm Xmitrm 25 ‒vmarm `khy“ (vmarmdčym (vmarmdčym) 22, <=, <6, =5= _marm Fmrvl 05< vmarm pksturn ==?, =02, =72, =80, =82, 082 , 082 vmarm wmvn (hkran (hkran `mcmp) =28, =2>4 snn mcsk mhmjmitlin wmvn _marmggbnhldč (‒Hlmjkih Guttnr“) WŤtrm 2= _marmbčsym =20 vmarmičḊl 26 , =72 _marmsmttvm 65, 05< _marmvčrčbĤ (hnlty) 07, 7? , >=, 60, 26 , =82, =?5 ‗ =

li nrktlg uilki >=, =78 , =?? , =6> snn mcsk Ubmfjk Qmptrl _marmykfliĤ 60, =67, 076 vmarkcĤ juhrč (Bmtm \kfm) =0>, =77, =65 ‗ =, =65 ‒vmsn `rnmtb“ =55, =50, =75, =>6 _lrŤpč (jmbčslhhbm) 02, 22, =58 vlsumclzmtlki/vlslkimry prmgtlgns =8, 72, 72, 85 ‗ =, 65, 68, =77, =86, =86 , 050, 076, 06? 4 snn mcsk Hnlty \kfm4 Cbóihrup Xÿfmc4 inmr hnmtb nxpnrlnigns _lsuhhbljmffm (‒Umtb ko Uurlgmtlki“) =2? Vmifgbud, Umwk 0=> Vmtnr (ncnjnit) 8?, >7, >>, >> wbltn `mt clcy (Xmggm (Xmggm litnfrlokclm) 078 wlihs 75, 22, =50, =50, =52, =75, mcsk `rnmtblif 0>8, 0??4 snn mcsk `rnmtblif tngbilquns Vkj` ko Wngrnts Xmitrm snn Fubymfmr`bm Xmitrm \mjčitmdm 07= \mifÿipm, Fymcwm, Blhhni Fymcwm, Blhhni Hnsgrlptlki ko tbn _marm @khy ?0, ?7, 26, <= \mifsmif Plvnr, Xl`nt =2< \mitrm \kfm =80, =80 \nsbnXskfymc ?, 02, 8=, 8=, ?5, ?7, ?8, ?6 , =5<, =86, =?=, =?>, =68, 05=, 077 \lcuif Cbmtsk cmdn, Xl`nt 0>= ykfm (imcakr (imcakr ), ), hniltlkis ko 2, ==, =< \kfčgčrm =< ‗ 05 05, 26 \kfmj`mrm (hnlty) =?? , =?2 ykfnsbwmr 076 ykflil 05, 05, 0>, 7? , ?= \kfliĤ Xmitrms 02, ?<, ==7 ykflis (imcakrpm/imcakrjm (imcakrpm/imcakrjm) 2, 05, 05, 0= \utbkd Iyliftbld (‒Xurquklsn (‒Xurquklsn Bnmrt Nssnign“) Nssnign“) ?6 , =0?, =72, =6<, =27, =2> \utbkd \ÿitni Fÿipk =0?

0<=

Lmi M. @mdnr ls mi mitbrkpkckflst mitbrkpkckflst mih gucturmc blstkrlmi mih tbn mutbkr ko snvnrmc `kkds ki Xl`ntmi @uhhblsj mih Bljmcmymi Bljmcmymi mrt mih gucturn, ligcuhlif Xbn Hmcml Cmjm“s Wngrnt Xnjpcn Xnjpcn mih Xbn Xl`ntmi Mrt ko Bnmclif (`ktb pu`clsbnh `y Xbmjns & Buhski). Bn wms aklit gurmtkr ko tbn 05=? nxbl`ltlki ‒Xl`nt“s Wngrnt Xnjpcn1 Xnjpcn1 @khy, Jlih mih Jnhltmtlki li Xmitrlg Xmitrlg @uhhblsj“ mt tbn Vnccgkjn Gkccngtlki, Ckihki. Bn cnmhs trmvnc snjlimrs li Xl`nt mih @butmi mih wms imjnh `y tbn Imtlkimc Fnkfrmpblg Wkglnty ms kin ko snvni ‒Nxpckrnrs okr tbn Jlccniiluj“ okr bls frkuih-`rnmdlif olnch rnsnmrgb li Xl`nt“s Xsmifpk Fkrfns.

Liinr Xrmhltlkis Kin Umrd Wtrnnt Pkgbnstnr, _nrjkit 5>6?6 www.LiinrXrmhltlkis.gkj Gkpyrlfbt © 05=< `y Lmi M. @mdnr Uu`clsbnh `y mrrmifnjnit wltb Xbmjns & Buhski Cth, Ckihki Hnslfinh `y Dmrkclim Uryjmdm Mcc rlfbts rnsnrvnh. Ik pmrt ko tbls pu`clgmtlki jmy `n rnprkhugnh kr trmisjlttnh li miy okrj kr `y miy jnmis, ncngtrkilg kr jngbmilgmc, ligcuhlif pbktkgkpy, pbktkgkpy, rngkrhlif kr miy ktbnr liokrjmtlki stkrmfn mih rntrlnvmc systnj, wltbkut prlkr pnrjlsslki li wrltlif orkj tbn pu`clsbnr. pu`clsbnr. Gmtmckflif-li-Uu`clgmtlki Gmtmckflif-li-Uu`clgmtlki Hmtm okr tbls tltcn ls mvmlcm`cn orkj tbn Cl`rmry ko Gkifrnss LW@I <62-=-?05>>-<=0-7 (bmrhgkvnr) Urlitnh li Gblim `y Pnclmign Urlitlif (Wbnizbni) Gk. Cth

=5 < 2 6 ? > 8 7 0 =

ÎGKPPNGXNH UMFN UPKKOW Ikt Okr Pnsmcn

Xl`ntmi \kfm Urliglpcns mih Urmgtlgns LMI M. @MDNP

Okrnwkrh `y @bmdbm Xucdu Plipkgbn M vlsumc vlsumc prnsnitmtl prnsnitmtlki ki ko Xl`ntmi Xl`ntmi ykfm, ykfm, tbn blhhni blhhni trnmsurn trnmsurn mt mt tbn bnmrt bnmrt ko tbn Xl`ntm Xl`ntmi i Xmitrl Xmitrlg g @uhhblst @uhhblst trmhltlki trmhltlki • Nxpcmlis tbn gkrn prliglpcns mih prmgtlgns ko Xl`ntmi ykfm wltb lccustrmtnh listrugtlkis • Nxpckrns nsktnrlg prmgtlgns cnss omjlclmr li tbn Vnst, ligcuhlif snxumc ykfm, cuglh hrnmj ykfm, mih ykfm nibmignh `y psygbkmgtlvn su`stmigns • Hrmws ki sglnitlolg rnsnmrgb mih gkitnjpcmtlvn trmhltlkis tk nxpcmli Xl`ntmi ykfm orkj m blstkrlgmc, mitbrkpkckflgmc, mih `lkckflgmc pnrspngtlvn • Ligcuhns oucc-gkckr rnprkhugtlkis ko prnvlkuscy uipu`clsbnh wkrds ko Bljmcmymi mrt

Xl`ntmi ykfm ls tbn blhhni trnmsurn mt tbn bnmrt ko tbn Xl`ntmi Xmitrlg @uhhblst trmhltlki1 m splrltumc mih pbyslgmc prmgtlgn tbmt snnds mi nxpmihnh nxpnrlnign ko tbn bujmi `khy mih lts ninrfntlg mih gkfiltlvn pktnitlmc. Li tbls plkinnrlif mih blfbcy lccustrmtnh kvnrvlnw, Lmi M. @mdnr litrkhugns tbn gkrn prliglpcns mih prmgtlgns ko Xl`ntmi ykfm mckifslhn blstkrlgmc lccustrmtlkis ko tbn jkvnjnits mih `nmutlouc, oucc-gkckr wkrds ko Bljmcmymi mrt, invnr `nokrn pu`clsbnh. Hrmwlif ki Xl`ntmi gucturmc blstkry mih sglnitlolg rnsnmrgb, tbn mutbkr nxpckrns Xl`ntmi ykflg prmgtlgns orkj blstkrlgmc, mitbrkpkckflgmc, mih `lkckflgmc pnrspngtlvns, prkvlhlif m rlgb `mgdfrkuih tk nim`cn tbn rnmhnr tk uihnrstmih tbls miglnit trmhltlki wltb `ktb tbn bnmh mih tbn bnmrt. Bn prkvlhns gkjpcntn, lccustrmtnh listrugtlkis okr jnhltmtlkis, vlsumclzmtlkis, mih snqunigns ko prmgtlgns okr tbn `rnmtb mih `khy, ms wncc ms nsktnrlg prmgtlgns ligcuhlif snxumc ykfm, cuglh hrnmj ykfm, mih ykfm nibmignh `y psygbkmgtlv p sygbkmgtlvnn pcmits. Bn nxpcmlis bkw, wblcn Xl`ntmi ykfm m`skr`nh mspngts ko Lihlmibmtbm Lihlmibmtbm ykfm ykfm mih Xmklst ninrfy guctlvmtlki, tbls miglnit prmgtlgn cmrfncy `nflis wbnrn pbyslgmccy-krlnitnh ykfm mih gbl-fkif nih, `y hlrngtlif prmim, hlrngtlif prmim, kr kr vltmc ninrfy, tkwmrh tbn mwmdnilif ko cmtnit bujmi m`lcltlns mih gkfiltlvn stmtns. Bn sbkws bkw Xl`ntmi ykfm tngbilquns omglcltmtn trmisgnihnign ko tbn snco mih suoonrlif mih uctljmtncy cnmh tk @uhhblst niclfbtnijnit tbrkufb trmisokrjmtlvn prkgnssns ko `khy, `rnmtb, mih gkisglkusinss. Plgbcy lccustrmtnh wltb gkitnjpkrmry ntbikfrmpblg pbktkfrmpby ko Xl`ntmi ykfm prmgtltlkinrs mih rmrn wkrds ko Bljmcmymi mrt, ligcuhlif Xl`ntmi tbmifdm tbmifdm pmlitlifs, pmlitlifs, jurmcs orkj tbn Hmcml Cmjm“s kign-sngrnt jnhltmtlki gbmj`nr li Cbmsm, mih ljmfns ko ykflg prmgtlgn orkj blstkrlgmc prmgtlgn jmiumcs mih jnhlgmc trnmtlsns, tbls frkuih`rnmdlif `kkd rnvnmcs Xl`ntmi ykfm“s uctljmtn nxprnsslki ko tbn litnrgkiingtnhinss ko mcc nxlstnign. Lmi M. @mdnr stuhlnh cltnrmturn mih gkjpmrmtlvn rnclflki mt Kxokrh îlvnrslty mih Gkcuj`lm îlvnrslty. Bn ls mi liltlmtn ko @uhhblst ms wncc ms Xmklst mih Blihu Xmitrlg clinmfns mih clvnh okr jkrn tbmi 0> ynmrs li Lihlm mih Inpmc wbnrn bn stuhlnh wltb skjn ko tbn frnmtnst cujlimrlns ko tbn Xl`ntmi trmhltlki, ligcuhlif B.B. tbn Hmcml Cmjm. Mi litnrimtlkimc oncckw ko tbn Nxpckrnrs Gcu` mih tbn Pkymc Fnkfrmpblg Wkglnty, bn bms cnh trmvnc snjlimrs li Xl`nt, @butmi, mih Jymijmr. Xbn mutbkr ko 6 `kkds, bn wms aklit gurmtkr ko tbn 05=? nxbl`ltlki –Xl`nt“s Wngrnt Xnjpcn‚ mt tbn Vnccgkjn Gkccngtlki, Ckihki. Liinr

Xrmhltlkis • LW@I <62-=-?05>>-<=0-7 • $85.55 (GMI $8<.<<) Bmrhgkvnr 0<0 pmfns, 6³ x <�/ 2 • Oucc-gkckr tbrkufbkut Plfbts1 ^.W. mih Gmimhm • \kfm

Jmy 05=<

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