ii
MỤC LỤC LỜI CẢM ƠN ...................... .................................. ....................... ..................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ....................... .................I .....I MỤC LỤC ..................... ................................. ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ....................... ..................... ........ II CHƯƠNG CHƯƠNG 1 MỞ ĐẦU......................... ĐẦU...................................... ....................... ..................... ....................... ....................... .....................1 ..........1 1.1 Giới thiệu chung ...................... .................................. ....................... ..................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ............. 1 1.2 Tính cấp cấp thiết của đề tài tài........... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... .......................1 ...........1 1.3 Nhiệm vụ, phạm vi của đề tài................. tài... ............................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ............... ....22 1.4 Phương pháp nghiên cứu...................... cứu......... ......................... ......................... ........................... .......................... ................. .....22 1.5 Ứng dụng, dụng, nhu cầu thực thực tế của của đề tài tài ..................... ............................... ....................... ....................... ............... .....22 CHƯƠNG 2 TỔNG QUAN VỀ THIẾT KẾ ĐỘNG CƠ..........................................3 KHÔNG ĐỒNG BỘ................................................................................................3 2.1 Nguyên lý làm việc và kết cấu máy điện không đồng bộ................................3 2.1.1 Đại cương về máy điện không đồng bộ .................... ............................... ....................... ....................3 ........3 2.1.2 Nguyên lý làm việc của động cơ không đồng bộ .......................... ............. ........................ ........... 3 2.1.3 Cấu tạo của động cơ không đồng bộ........................................................6 2.1.4 Công dụng ...................... .................................. ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ............. ...10 10 2.1.5 Kết cấu của máy điện ..................... ................................. ....................... ...................... ....................... .....................10 .........10 2.1 Những vấn đề chung khi khi thiết kế động cơ không đồng bộ .......................... ............ .............. 14 2.2.1 Ưu điểm.......... điểm ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ............... .....14 14 2.2.2 Khuyết điểm........................... điểm.............. ......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ....................... ......... 14 2.2.3 Biện pháp khắc phục ..................... ............................... ....................... ........................ ....................... ................... .......15 15 2.2.4 Nhận xét........................... xét............. ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ........................... .................. 15 2.2.5 Tiêu chuẩn sản xuất động cơ .................... ............................... ....................... ....................... ................... ........15 15 2.2.6 Phương pháp thiết kế........................... kế............. ......................... ......................... .......................... ........................ ............ 15 2.2.7 Nội dung thiết kế...................... kế........ ......................... ......................... ............................ ......................... ................... ........ 16 2.2.8 Các tiêu chuẩn đối với động cơ không đồng bộ rôto lồng sóc................16 CHƯƠNG 3 GIỚI THIỆU PHẦN MỀM MATLAB..............................................18 3.1 Sơ lược về Matlab.............. Matlab......................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............... ....18 18 3.1.1 Matlab là gì........... gì ...................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ....................... ....................... ....................18 ..........18 3.1.2 Cài đặt phần mềm Matlab .................... ............................... ....................... ....................... .......................18 ............18 3.1.3 Khởi động và thoát khỏi Matlab.......... Matlab ..................... ..................... ....................... ....................... ............. ...25 25 3.2 Các phép toán toán trong trong Matlab ..................... .................................. ........................ ..................... ....................... ................ ...30 30 3.2.1 Các toán tử và ký hiệu đặc biệt..............................................................30 3.2.2 Nhóm lệnh lệnh lập trình trình trong Mathlab Mathlab ..................... .................................. ....................... ....................36 ..........36 3.2.3 Các hàm toán học cơ bản ..................... ............................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ................ ...41 41 3.2.4 Các phép tính đại số.......... số ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... .......................47 ...........47
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iii
3.3 Tạo giao giao diện diện trong GUIDE/Matla GUIDE/Matlabb ..................... ............................... ....................... ........................ ............... ....59 59 3.3.1 Tạo GUIDE bằng công cụ đồ họa..........................................................59 3.3.2 Một ví dụ về tạo GUIDE GUIDE ..................... .................................. ........................ ..................... ....................... ................ ...59 59 CHƯƠNG 4: TÍNH TOÁN DÂY QUẤN STATOR ĐỘNG CƠ KHÔNG ĐỒNG BỘ BA PHA................. PHA............................ ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ..................... .....................64 ...........64 4.1 Trình tự tính toán.............................. toán.......................................... ....................... ..................... ....................... ....................... ............. ...64 64 4.1.1 Xác định các tham tham số cần thiết cho việc tính toán ..................... .................................64 ............64 4.1.2 Phỏng định số cực 2p thích ứng kết cấu lõi thép động cơ ...................... ............. ......... 70 4.1.3 Lập biểu thức quan hệ giữa từ thông qua một cực từ ( ) và mật độ từ thông qua khe hở không khí ( B )................... ).............................. ....................... ....................... .......................72 ............72 4.1.4 Xác định quan hệ giữa mật độ từ thông qua gông lõi thép stator (Bg) và mật độ từ thông qua khe hở không khí ( B ).................................................72 4.1.5 Xác định quan hệ giữa mật độ từ thông qua răng stator (B r ) và mật độ từ thông qua khe hở không khí ( B ).......................... )...................................... ....................... ..................... ................. .......74 74 4.1.6 Lập bảng quan hệ giữa mật độ từ thông qua khe hở không khí, mật độ từ thông qua gông lõi thép stator và mật độ từ thông qua răng stator..................75 4.1.7 Chọn kết cấu cho dây cuốn và tính hệ số dây quấn k dq dq ..........................76 4.1.8 Xác định tổng số vòng vòng cho mỗi pha dây cuốn ..................... .................................. .................. .....82 82 4.1.9 Xác định tiết diện rãnh stator, chọn hệ số lấp đầy k ldld cho rãnh, suy ra đường kính dây quấn (d) không lớp men........................................................83 4.1.10 Chọn mật độ dòng điện J và suy ra dòng điện định mức (I đmpha) qua mỗi pha dây cuốn..................... cuốn....... ......................... ......................... ............................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ...............84 84 4.1.11 Dựa theo hiệu suất động cơ (η) và hệ số công suất (cosφ) để xác định công suất định mức (Pđm) cho động cơ.......... cơ ..................... ..................... ....................... ........................ ............... ....85 85 4.1.12 Xác định chu vi khuôn (CV) (CV) và khối lượng dây cuốn (Wdây)..............91 4.2.Thí dụ tính toán mẫu. mẫu. .................... ............................... ....................... ....................... ........................ ....................... ................ ......92 92 CHƯƠNG 5 ỨNG DỤNG MATLAB TRONG TÍNH TOÁN THIẾT KẾ ĐỘNG CƠ KHÔNG ĐỒNG BỘ ..................... ............................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .................. ........100 100 5.1 Giao diện chính và chương trình cho giao diện chính.................................100 5.1.1 Giao diện chính.......................... chính...................................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...........100 100 5.1.2 Viết chương trình cho giao diện chính.................................................101 5.2 Tạo giao giao diện tính toán và viết viết chương trình cho giao diện tính toán........ toán ........ 102 5.2.1 Tạo giao diện tính toán........................................................................102 5.2.2 Viết chương trình cho giao diện tính toán............................................103 5.3 Kết quả tính toán bằng phần mềm GUIDE/Matlab.....................................114 CHƯƠNG CHƯƠNG 6 KẾT LUẬN VÀ ĐỀ NGHỊ 116
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iv
6.2. Kiến nghị.......... nghị .................... ..................... ........................ ....................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ..................... ..........116 116 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO .................... ............................... ........................ ....................... ....................... ....................... ................ ......117 117
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1
CHƯƠNG 1 MỞ ĐẦU 1.1 Giới thiệu chung Ngày nay, động cơ điện được sử dụng rộng rãi trong mọi lĩnh vực của đời sống xã hội, đặc biệt là trong các ngành công nghiệp sản xuất hiện đại, và trong nhiều lĩnh vực của đời sống thì không thể thiếu các động cơ điện. Vì vậy, các loại động cơ điện được chế tạo ngày càng hoàn thiện hơn. Trong đó, động cơ điện không đồng bộ 3 pha chiếm tỉ lệ lớn trong các ngành công nghiệp, do nó có nhiều ưu điểm nổi bật như: giá thành thấp, dễ sử dụng, bảo quản đơn giản, chi phí vận hành và bảo trì thấp… Vì vậy, yêu cầu khi thiết kế động cơ điện phải đảm bảo chất lượng, độ tin cậy cao và giá thành phải phù hợp. Đi đôi với sử dụng thì việc bảo trì, sửa chữa động cơ điện cũng là một vấn đề cần thiết. Tuy nhiên việc thiết kế động cơ nói riêng và động cơ không đồng bộ nói chung còn qua nhiều bước tính toán bằng tay do đó mất nhiều thời gian hơn. Vì vậy chúng ta cần có một phương pháp tính toán nhanh, chính xác hơn. Trong đề tài tốt nghiệp này tôi sẽ trình bày cách thiết kế động cơ không đồng bộ ba pha bằng phần mềm Matlab. Trên giao diện thiết kế, ta chỉ việc nhập thông số đầu vào và việc tính toán các thông số đầu ra, GUIDE/Matlab sẽ tính toán cho chúng ta. 1.2 Tính cấp thiết của đề tài Việc thiết kế động cơ điện phải qua nhiều bước tính toán, cụ thể như để thiết kế được một động cơ không đồng bộ ba pha thì ta phải tính toán dây quấn, rãnh stator, khe hở không khí, gông rôto, tính toán mạch từ và các tham số định mức…như thế đối với một động cơ mà ta đi tính toán lại thì sẽ mất nhiều thời gian và độ chính xác không cao do quá trình tính toán ta thường làm tròn số. Trường hợp này hay xảy ra đối với những động cơ bị mất lý lịch hay những động cơ đã bị cháy dây quấn. Vì vậy đề tài Thiết kế động cơ không đồng bộ bằng phần mềm Matlab là cần thiết. Trên giao diện GUIDE/Matlab, ta chỉ cần nhập các thông số đầu vào và
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2
1.3 Nhiệm vụ, phạm vi của đề tài Nhiệm vụ của đề tài là thiết kế động cơ không đồng bộ ba pha bằng phần mềm Matlab trên giao diện GUIDE trong phạm vi là tính toán thiết kế động cơ không đồng bộ ba pha bằng phần mềm Matlab. 1.4 Phương pháp nghiên cứu Tìm hiểu về cấu tạo và nguyên lý hoạt động của động cơ không đồng bộ ba pha. Thiết kế động cơ với phương pháp thông thường, xác định thông số đầu vào, đầu ra cho động cơ và áp dụng vào cho chương trình của Matlab. Tạo giao diện sử dụng trên GUIDE/Matlab với giao diện là thiết kế động cơ không đồng bộ, viết chương trình cho GUIDE/Matlab thực hiện việc thiết kế. 1.5 Ứng dụng, nhu cầu thực tế của đề tài Sau khi đề tài hoàn thành, nó sẽ được ứng dụng trong các nhà máy chế tạo, các xưởng sửa chữa động cơ. Với tính ưu việt của nó, nhà sản xuất sẽ tiết kiệm thời gian và chi phí cho việc thiết kế động cơ (tính toán dây quấn) mà đảm bảo sự chính xác.
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3
CHƯƠNG 2 TỔNG QUAN VỀ THIẾT KẾ ĐỘNG CƠ KHÔNG ĐỒNG BỘ 2.1 Nguyên lý làm việc và kết cấu cấ u máy điện không đồng bộ 2.1.1 Đại cương về máy điện không đồng bộ Máy điện không đồng bộ do kết cấu đơn giản, làm việc chắc chắn, bảo quản thuận tiện, giá thành rẻ nên được sử dụng rộng rãi trong mọi lĩnh vực. Nhất là loại có công suất dưới 100kW. Động cơ điện không đồng bộ có 2 loại: 1 loại rôto lồng sóc và 1 loại rôto dây quấn. Động cơ điện không đồng bộ rôto lồng sóc có cấu tạo đơn giản nhất, nhất là loại rôto lồng sóc đúc nhôm nên chiếm số lượng khá lớn trong loại có công suất nhỏ và vừa. Nhược điểm của động cơ này là khó điều chỉnh tốc độ và dòng điện khởi động bằng 6-7 lần dòng điện định mức. Để bổ khuyết cho nhược điểm này, người ta chế tạo loại động cơ không đồng bộ rôto lồng sóc nhiều tốc độ và dùng rôto rãnh sâu, lồng sóc kép để hạ dòng điện khởi động, đồng thời tăng mômen khởi động lên. Động cơ điện không đồng bộ rôto dây quấn có thể điều chỉnh tốc độ trong một chừng mực nhất định, có thể tạo mômen khởi động lớn mà dòng điện khởi động không cao lắm. Nhưng chế tạo khó khăn hơn loại rôto lồng sóc do đó có giá thành cao hơn, khó khăn trong việc bảo quản. Hiện nay nước ta sản suất động cơ không đồng bộ theo dãy tiêu chuẩn. Dãy động cơ không đồng bộ công suất từ 0.55 – 90kW ký hiệu là K theo tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam 1987 – 1994. Ngoài tiêu chuẩn trên còn có tiêu chuẩn TCVN 315 – 85, quy định dãy công suất động cơ điện không đồng bộ rôto lồng sóc từ 100kW – 1000kW, gồm có công suất: 110, 160, 200, 250, 320, 400, 500, 630, 800, va 1000kW. Ký hiệu của động cơ điện không đồng bộ rôto lồng sóc được ghi theo ký hiệu về tên gọi của dãy động cơ điện, ký hiệu về chiều cao tâm trục quay, ký hiệu về kích thước lắp đặt do trục và ký hiệu về số trục. 2.1.2 Nguyên lý làm việc của động cơ không đồng bộ
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4
Động cơ không đồng bộ 3 pha có 2 phần chính: stator (phần tĩnh), rôto (phần quay). Stator gồm có lõi thép trên đó có chứa các dây quấn 3 pha. Khi đấu dây quấn 3 pha vào lưới điện 3 pha, trong đây quấn sẽ có dòng điện chạy, hệ thống dòng điện này tạo ra từ tường quay, quay với tốc độ:
f 1 n1 = 60* p
(2.1)
Trong đó:
f 1 : Là tần số nguồn điện. p: Là số đôi cực từ dây quấn. Phần quay nằm trên trục quay bao gồm lõi thép rôto. Dây quấn rôto bao gồm một số thanh dẫn đặt trong các rãnh của mạch từ, hai đầu được nối bởi 2 vành ngắn mạch. Từ trường quay của stator cảm ứng trong dây rôto sức điện động E, vì dây quấn stator kín mạch nên trong đó có dòng điện chạy. Sự tác động tương hỗ giữa các thanh dẫn mang dòng điện với từ trường của máy tạo ra lực điện từ F đt tác dụng lên thanh dẫn có chiều xác định theo quy tắc bàn tay trái. Tập hợp các lực tác dụng lên thanh dẫn theo phương tiếp tuyến với bề mặt rôto tạo ra mômen quay rôto. Như vậy, ta thấy điện năng lấy từ lưới điện đã được biến thành cơ năng trên trục động cơ. Nói cách khác, động cơ không đồng bộ b ộ là một thiết bị điện từ, có khả năng biến điện năng lấy từ lưới điện rồi biến thành cơ năng trên trục của nó. Chiều quay của rôto là chiều quay của từ trường, vì vậy phụ thuộc vào thứ tự pha của điện áp lưới đặt trên dây quấn stator. Tốc độ rôto n 2 là tốc độ làm
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5
Khi hệ số trượt s = 1, lúc đó rôto đứng yên (n 2 = 0), mômen bằng mômen mở máy. Hệ số trượt ứng với tải định mức gọi là hệ số trượt định mức. Tương ứng với hệ số trượt này là tốc độ định mức của động cơ. Tốc độ động cơ không đồng đồn g bộ bằng: n2 = n1*(1-s)
(2.3)
Một đặc điểm quan trọng của động cơ không đồng bộ là dây quấn stator không được nối trực tiếp với lưới điện, sức điện động và dòng điện trong rôto có được là do cảm ứng, chính vì vậy người ta gọi động cơ này là động cơ cảm ứng. Tần số dòng điện trong rôto rất nhỏ, nó phụ thuộc vào tốc độ trượt của rôto so với từ trường.
f 2 p
n1 n2 p *n1 *(n1 n2 ) s * f 1 60 60*n1
(2.4)
Động cơ không đồng bộ có thể làm việc ở chế độ máy phát điện nếu ta dùng một động cơ khác quay nó với tốc độ cao hơn tốc độ đồng bộ, trong khi các đầu ra của nó được nối với lưới điện. nó cũng có thể làm việc độc lập nếu trên đầu ra của nó được kích bằng các tụ điện. Động cơ không đồng bộ có thể cấu tạo thành động cơ một pha. Động cơ một pha không thể tự t ự mở máy được, vì vậy để khởi động động độn g cơ một pha p ha cần các phần tử khởi động như tụ điện, điện trở…
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6
2.1.3 Cấu tạo của động cơ không đồng bộ
Hình 2.1: Cấu tạo động cơ không đồng bộ Động cơ không đồng bộ về cấu tạo được chia thành hai loại: động cơ không đồng bộ ngắn mạch hay còn gọi là rôto lồng lồn g sóc và loại rôto dây quấn. Stator có hai loại như nhau. 2.1.3.1 Stator (phần tĩnh) Stator bao gồm vỏ máy, lõi thép và dây quấn. - Vỏ máy
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7
Vỏ máy là nơi cố định lõi thép, dây quấn và đồng thời là nơi ghép nối nắp hay gối đỡ trục. Vỏ máy có thể được làm từ gang nhôm hay lõi thép. Để chế tạo vỏ máy, người ta có thể đúc, hàn, rèn. Vỏ máy có hai kiểu: vỏ kiểu kín và vỏ kiểu bảo vệ. Vỏ kiểu kín yêu cầu phải có diện tích tản nhiệt lớn. Vì vậy người ta làm nhiều rãnh tản nhiệt trên thân máy. Vỏ kiểu bảo vệ thường có bề mặt nhẵn, gió làm mát thổi trực tiếp trên bề mặt ngoài lõi thép và trong vỏ máy. Hộp cực là nơi để đấu điện từ lưới điện vào. Đối với động cơ kiểu kín, hộp cực yêu cầu phải kín, giữa thân cực và vỏ máy với nắp hộp cực phải có gioăng cao su. Trên vỏ máy phải có bulông vòng để cẩu máy khi nâng hạ, vận chuyển và bulông tiếp đất. - Lõi thép
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8
Hình 2.4: Dây quấn và lõi thép của Stator Dây quấn stator được đặt vào rãnh của lõi thép và được cách điện tốt với lõi thép. Dây quấn đóng vai trò quan trọng trong máy điện vì nó trực tiếp tham gia các quá trình biến đổi năng lượng điện năng thành cơ năng hay ngược lại, đồng thời về mặt kinh tế, dây quấn cũng chiếm giá thành th ành khác cao trong một động độn g cơ. 2.1.3.2 Rôto (phần quay)
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9
- Lõi thép Lõi thép của rôto bao gồm các lá théo kỹ thuật điện như của stator, điểm khác biệt ở đây là không cần sơn cách điện giữa các lá thép vì tần số làm việc của rôto rất thấp, chỉ vài Hz, nên tổn hao do dòng điện Phucô trong rôto rất thấp. Lõi thép được ép trực tiếp lên trục máy hoặc lên một giá rôto của máy. Phía ngoài của lõi thép có xẻ rãnh để đặt dây quấn rôto. - Dây quấn rôto Có hai loại chính: rôto kiểu dây quấn và rôto kiểu lồng sóc Loại rôto kiểu dây quấn Rôto dây quấn có dây quấn giống như dây quấn stator. Máy điện kiểu trung bình trở lên có dây quấn q uấn kiểu sóng hai lớp, vì bớt những đầu dây nối, kết cấu dây quấn trên rôto chặt chẽ. Máy điện cơ nhỏ dùng kiểu dây quấn đồng tâm một lớp. Dây quấn ba pha của rôto thường đấu hình sao. Đặc điểm của loại động cơ kiểu dây quấn là có thể thông qua chổi than đưa điện trở phụ hay sức điện động phụ vào mạch rôto để cải thiện tính năng mở máy, điều chỉnh tốc độ hay cải thiện hệ số công suất của máy.
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10
Trục máy điện mang rôto quay trong lòng stator, vì vậy nó cũng là một chi tiết rất quan trọng. Trục của máy điện tùy theo kích thước có thể được chế tạo từ thép Cacbon. Trên trục của rôto có lõi thép, dây quấn, vành trượt và quạt gió. 2.1.3.3 Khe hở Vì rôto là một khối tròn nên khe hở đều. Khe hở trong máy điện không đồng bộ rất nhỏ ( 0,2 ÷ 1 mm trong máy cỡ nhỏ và vừa) để hạn chế dòng từ hóa lấy từ lưới vào, nhờ đó hệ số công suất của máy cao hơn. 2.1.4 Công dụng Máy điện không đồng bộ là máy điện chủ yếu dùng làm động cơ điện. Do kết cấu đơn giản, làm việc chắc chắn, hiệu quả cao, giá thành rẻ, dễ bảo quản… Nên động cơ không đồng bộ là loại máy điện được sử dụng rộng rãi nhất trong các ngành kinh tế quốc dân với công suất vài chục đến hàng chục kW. Trong công nghiệp thường dùng máy điện điện không đồng bộ làm nguồn động lực cho máy các thép loại vừa và nhỏ, động lực cho các máy công cụ ở các nhà máy công nghiệp nhẹ… Trong hầm mỏ dùng làm máy tưới hay quạt gió. Trong nông nghiệp dùng làm máy bơm hay máy gia công nông phẩm. Trong đời sống hàng ngày, máy điện
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11
kiện làm việc của máy để thiết kế ra một kết cấu thích hợp, sau đó tính toán cơ các bộ phận để xác định độ cứng và độ bền của các chi tiết ti ết máy. Vì vậy thiết kế kết cấu là một phần quan trọng trong toàn bộ thiết kế máy điện. Máy điện có rất nhiều kiểu kết cấu khác nhau. Sở dĩ như vậy vì những nguyên nhân chính sau: - Có nhiều loại máy điện và công dụng cũng khác nhau như máy một chiều, máy đồng bộ, máy không đồng bộ… cho nên yêu cầu đối với kết cấu máy cũng khác nhau. Công suất máy khác nhau nhiều. Ở những máy công suất nhỏ thì giá đỡ đồng thời là nắp máy. Đối với máy lớn thì phải có trục đỡ riêng. - Tốc độ quay khác nhau. Máy tốc độ cao thì rôto cần phải chắc chắn hơn, máy tố độ chậm thì đường kính rôto thường lớn. - Sự khác nhau của động cơ sơ cấp kéo nó ( đối với máy phát điện) hay tải ( đối với động cơ điện) như tuabin nước, tuabin hơi, máy diezen, bơm nước hay máy công tác… Phương thức truyền động hay lắp ghép cũng khác nhau. - Căn cứ vào tính toán điện từ và tính toán thông gió có thể đưa ra nhiều phương án khác nhau. Những phương án này về kích thước, th ước, trọng lượng, tính tiện
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12
cấp đánh số từ 0 đến 6, trong đó số 0 chỉ rằng máy không được bảo vệ ( kiểu hở hoàn toàn) còn số 6 chỉ rằng máy được bảo vệ hoàn toàn không cho người tiếp xúc, đồ vật và bụi không lọt vào, chữ số thứ hai chỉ mức độ bảo vệ chống nước vào máy gồm cấp đánh số từ 0 đến 8, trong đó số 0 chỉ rằng máy không được bảo vệ còn số 8 chỉ máy có thể ngâm nước trong thời gian vô hạn định. Thường có thói quen chia cấp bảo vệ theo phương pháp làm nguội máy. Theo cách này máy được chia thành các kiểu kết cấu sau: - Kiểu hở. Loại này không có trang bị bảo vệ sự tiếp xúc tự nhiên các bộ phận quay và bộ phận mang điện, cũng không có trang bị bảo vệ các vật bên ngoài rơi vào máy. Loại này được chế tạo theo kiểu tự làm nguội. Theo cấp bảo vệ thì đây là loại IP00. Loại này thường đặt trong nhà có người trông coi và không cho người ngoài đến gần. - Kiểu bảo vệ. Có trang bị bảo vệ chống sự tiếp xúc ngẫu nhiên các bộ phận quay hay mang điện, bảo vệ các vật ở ngoài hoặc nước rơi vào theo các góc độ khác nhau. Loại này
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13
lắp đặt và hướng của trục máy. Số thứ tự chỉ kết cấu của đầu trục gồm 9 loại đánh số từ 0 đến 8 trong đó số 0 chỉ máy có một đầu trục hình trụ, số 8 chỉ đầu trục có các kiểu đặc biệt khác. 2.1.5.2 Kết cấu stator của máy điện xoay chiều a) Vỏ máy Khi thiết kế kết cấu vỏ stator phải kết hợp với yêu cầu về truyền nhiệt và thông gió, đồng thời phải có đủ độ cứng và độ bền, không những sau khi lắp lõi thép và cả khi gia công vỏ. Thường đủ độ cứng thì đủ độ bền. Vỏ có thể chia làm hai loại: loại có gân trong và loại không có gân trong. Loại không có gân trong thường dùng đối với máy điện cỡ nhỏ hoặc kiểu kín, lúc đó lưng lõi thép áp sát vào mặt trong của vỏ máy và truyền nhiệt trực tiếp lên vỏ máy. Loại có gân trong có đặc điểm là trong lúc gia công, tốc độ cắt gọt chậm nhưng phế liệu bỏ đi ít hơn loại không có gân trong. Loại vỏ bằng thép tấm hàn gồm ít nhất là hai vòng thép tấm trở lên và những gân ngang làm thành khung. Những dạng khác đều xuất phát từ dạng cơ bản đó. c) Lõi thép stator
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14
trong của lõi thép cắt ra không dùng được vào việc gì có kinh tế lớn mà kết cấu rôto lại được đơn giản hóa. Việc dùng ống lồng cũng hạn chế, chỉ dùng khi cần thiết như ở động cơ điện trên tàu để thay trục được dễ dàng. Khi đường kính rôto lớn hơn 350mm, đường kính trong rôto cố gắng lấy lớn hơn để dùng lõi lấy ra làm việc khác, do đó cần giá đỡ rôto. Khi đường kính rôto lớn hơn 1000mm thì dùng các tấm tôn silic hình rẽ quạt ép lại. Lúc đó dùng giá đỡ rôto hình cánh sao. Giá đỡ rôto trong các máy lớn thường làm bằng thép tấm hàn lại. Lõi thép cần được ép chặt với áp suất từ 5kg/ cm 2 đối với máy cỡ trung, đến 10kg/ cm 2 đối với máy cỡ nhỏ và phải có những vòng ép để đảm bảo giữ áp suất
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15
- Khó điều chỉnh tốc độ. - Đặc tính mở máy không tốt, dòng mở máy lớn ( gấp 6 – 7 lần dòng định mức) - Momen mở máy nhỏ. 2.2.3 Biện pháp khắc phục - Hạn chế vận hành non tải. - Cải thiện đặc tính mở máy bằng cách điều chỉnh tốc độ (bằng cách thay đổi điện áp, thêm điện trở phụ vào mạch rôto hoặc nối cấp), hay dùng rôto có rãnh sâu, rôto lồng kép để hạ dòng dò ng khởi động, đồng thời thờ i tăng momen mở máy. - Chế tạo rôto có khe hở thật nhỏ để hạn chế dòng điện từ hóa và nâng cao hệ số công suất. 2.2.4 Nhận xét
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16
2.2.7 Nội dung thiết kế Xác định kích thước chủ yếu. Xác định thông số các phần tử chủ yếu của máy 2.2.8 Các tiêu chuẩn đối với động cơ không đồng bộ rôto lồng sóc 2.2.8.1 Tiêu chuẩn về dãy công suất Hiện nay các nước đã sản xuất động cơ điện không đồng bộ theo dãy tiêu chuẩn. Dãy động cơ điện không đồng bộ công suất từ 0,55kw đến 90kw, ký hiệu K theo tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam 1987 – 1994: Công suất (kw): 0,55/ 0,75/ 1,1/ 1,5/ 2,2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 11/ 15/ 18,5/ 22/ 30/ 37/ 45/ 55/ 75/ 90 Dãy công suất được đặc trưng bởi bở i số cấp hay hệ số tăng công suất:
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6 chỉ rằng máy được bảo vệ hoàn toàn không cho người tiếp xúc, đồ vật và bụi không lọt vào. Chữ số thứ hai chỉ mức độ bảo vệ chống nước vào máy gồm 9 cấp đánh số từ 0 – 8, trong đó số 0 chỉ rằng máy không được bảo vệ, số 8 chỉ máy có thể ngâm trong nước trong thời gian vô định hạn. 2.2.8.5 Sự làm mát Ký hiệu là IC… Ví dụ: IC01 làm mát kiểu bảo vệ, làm mát trực tiếp. IC141 làm mát kiểu kín, làm mát mặt ngoài. n goài. Cấp cách điện. Dãy A02: cấp E, B
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CHƯƠNG 3 GIỚI THIỆU PHẦN MỀM MATLAB 3.1 Sơ lược về Matlab 3.1.1 Matlab là gì Như chúng ta đã biết, do tính khả dụng của phần mềm Matlab nên Matlab đang được sử dụng rất rộng rãi trong các trường đại học với mục đích giảng dạy, không những thế nó còn được ứng dụng trong nhiều nghành nghề khác nhau. Matlab cho phép các thao tác ma trận, thực hiện các thuật toán, tạo ra các giao diện người dùng, và cho phép lập trình với các chương trình viết bằng ngôn ngữ khác, bao gồm C, C + +, và Fortran. Trong đề tài này, tôi xin phép được đi sâu vào GUIDE/Matlab: GUIDE trong
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Bước 3: Chép từ khóa trong bản license key và dán vào ô cần nhập key rồi nhấn Next để tiếp tục cài đặt.
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Bước 5: Tiếp tục nhấn chuột vào ô Next nếu ta cài đặt chuẩn. Hoặc custom nếu ta cài đặt theo ý muốn loại bỏ những chương trình không cần thiết.
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Bước 8: Chờ máy tính cài đặt chương trình.
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59
3.3 Tạo giao diện trong GUIDE/Matlab 3.3.1 Tạo GUIDE bằng công cụ đồ họa Tạo GUIDE bằng công cụ đồ hoạ: Ta có thể tạo GUIDE bằng công cụ đồ hoạ, khi nhập lệnh GUIDE ta gọi trình đồ hoạ (Graphics User Interface Development Environment) để soạn thảo layout. Kết quả đầu tiên là ta có một layout rỗng sau:
Hình 3.1 Giao diện thiết kế trên GUIDE Việc đầu tiên là ta thiết kế giao diện mong muốn. Ta sẽ dùng chuột kéo các phần tử cần dùng từ bên trái và thả vào layout rỗng bên phải. Ta có thể dịch chuyển các phần tử này đế các vị trí mong muốn và cân chỉnh bằng công cụ Alignment. Với mỗi phần tử ta cấn xác định thuộc tính cho nó bằng cách bấm đúp vào phần tử hay bấm vào công cụ soạn thảo thộc tính Sau khi thiết kế xong ta lưu nó lại. Lúc này Matlab tự động tạo ra file *.fig dùng lưu giao diện vừa tạo và file *.m chưa các mã lệnh cần thực hiện. Việc cuối cùng là viết các mã lệnh vào file *.m. Trong quá trình thiết kế ta có thể chạy thử xem sau mỗi bước thiết kế đã đạt yêu cầu chưa bằng cách bấm vào ô chạy thử.
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60
Ta thiết kế giao diện như sau:
Hình 3.2 Giao diện sau khi thiết kế Nhiệm vụ của bài tập là thiết kế giao diện sử dụng và viết chương chươn g trình tính tổng và hiệu. Trước hết ta gọi GUIDE và có một layout rỗng. Vào property inspector và ghi vào name chuỗi “tinhtonghieu” và chấp nhận thuộc tính tag của nó là figure1. Ta dùng ô Edit text để nhập số cần tính tổng hoặc hiệu và hiển thị kết quả. Ta vào property inspector rồi chọn String và xóa hết chữ trong String của nó. Tiếp theo ta dùng ô Push button sử dụng với 4 ô cần sử dụng: TINH TONG, TINH HIEU, RESET và THOAT. Ta cũng vào property inspector của Push button để thay đổi tên cho từng ô. Như vậy là ta đã thiết kế xong phần giao diện sư dụng với thuộc tính tag của các Push button lần lượt của từng ô TINH TONG, TINH HIEU, RESET, THOAT là
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61
Push button1, Push button2, Push button3, Push button4. Cũng tương tự với các Edit text là Edit1, Edit2, Edit3, Edit4. Nhiệm vụ thiếp theo của ta là viết chương trình cho bài tập vào file tinhtonghieu.m. File này đã được Matlab tự động tạo ra trước. Công việc của ta là thêm vào đó các mã lệnh để khi ta nhập số vào và nhấp chuột vào các ô TINH TONG, TINH HIEU, RESET, THOAT thì cho ta kết quả như ý muốn. Sau đây là chương trình của bài tập: function varargout = untitled(varargin) gui_Singleton = 1; gui_State = struct('gui_Name', 'gui_Singleton',
mfilename, ...
gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @untitled_OpeningFcn, ... 'gui_OutputFcn',
@untitled_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn',
[] , ...
'gui_Callback',
[]);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1}) gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1}); end if nargout [varargout{1:nargout}]
=
gui_mainfcn(gui_State,
varargin{:}); else gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:}); end function untitled_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin) handles.output = hObject; guidata(hObject, handles); function
varargout
=
untitled_OutputFcn(hObject,
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62
varargout{1} = handles.output; function edit1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) if
ispc
&&
isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); end function edit2_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) function edit2_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) if
ispc
&&
isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); end function edit3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) function edit3_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) a=get(handles.edit1,'string'); a=str2num(a); if
ispc
&&
isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); end function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) tinhtong(handles) function tinhtong(handles) global a b a=get(handles.edit1,'string'); a=str2num(a); b=get(handles.edit2,'string'); b=str2num(b); c=a+b; set(handles.edit3,'string',num2str(c)); function pushbutton2_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
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63
global a b a=get(handles.edit1,'string'); a=str2num(a); b=get(handles.edit2,'string'); b=str2num(b); d=a-b; set(handles.edit4,'string',num2str(d)); function edit4_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) function edit4_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) if
ispc
&&
isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); end function pushbutton3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) set(handles.edit1, 'String', 0); set(handles.edit2,
'String', 0);
set(handles.edit3, 'String', 0); set(handles.edit4, 'String', 0); function figure1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) function pushbutton4_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) close;
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64
CHƯƠNG 4: TÍNH TOÁN DÂY QUẤN STATOR ĐỘNG CƠ KHÔNG ĐỒNG BỘ BA PHA 4.1 Trình tự tính toán Trình tự tính toán trong chương trình này, áp dụng cho một trong các trường hợp sau: - Tính toán lại day cuốn stator của những động cơ mất lý lịch. - Tính toán lại số liệu dây cuốn stator theo một số cực chọn trước, trong khi đó kết cấu ban đầu của động cơ được bố trí theo một giá trị số cực khác. - Tính toán 2 bộ dây cuốn bố trí chung trong cùng một lõi thép để động cơ có khả năng vận hành được 2 cấp tốc độ ( tương ứng với 2 giá trị 2p khác nhau). Để khảo sát, ta trình bày từng bước tính toán như sau: 4.1.1 Xác định các tham số cần thiết cho việc tính toán Ta có 3 loại tham số cần xác định: - Kích thước lõi thép. - Điều kiện thông gió, giải nhiệt, cấp cách điện. - Sơ đồ ra dây, đấu dây và điện áp vận hành. * Các tham số liên hệ về về kích thước lõi thép stator gồm có (xem hình 4.1). - Đường kính trong lõi thép stator D t. - Bề dầy lõi thép stator L. - Bề dầy gông lõi thép stator b g
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65
Hình 4.1: Các kích thước của lõi thép stator. - Hình dạng và kích thước rãnh: ta có 2 dạng rãnh thường gặp là hình thang hay quả lê (ovalle) (xem hình 4.2) Trong những động cơ có cấp công suất lớn, lõi thép stator chia thành nhiều xấp, ngăn cách giữa mối xấp là một khoảng trống, ta gọi khoảng trống này là rãnh thông gió hướng kính; bề dầy của khoảng thông gió hướng kính là l g . Nếu L1 là bề dầy lõi thép có luôn cả c ả các rãnh thông gió hướng h ướng kính, bề dầy thực của lõi thép dùng để tính toán là L L 1 (Tổng bề dầy các rãnh hướng h ướng kính).
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66
* Các tham số về sơ đồ ra dây và đấu dây cho động cơ thường thuộc vào vào một trong các trường hợp sau đây: - Dạng ra 6 đầu: đấu Y hay ∆ ( hình 4.3). - Dạng ra 9 đầu: đấu Y nối tiếp hay Y song song. - Dạng ra 9 đầu: đấu ∆ nối tiếp hay ∆ song song. - Dạng ra 12 đầu: đấu vận hành theo 1 trong 4 cách : Y nối tiếp, ∆ nối tiếp, Y song song hay ∆ song song.
Phương pháp đánh số 6 đầu ra dây
Đấu vận hành trạng thái sao
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67
Với trường hợp động cơ ra đầu 6 dây, dấu ∆ hay Y, ta gọi điện áp giữa 2 trong 3 dây nguồn cung cấp vận hành cho động cơ là
U dY (khi vận hành Y) và
U d ( khi vận hành ∆) Ta có:
U dY
3U d
3U đmpha
(4.1)
U d U đmpha
(4.2)
Trường hợp động cơ ra 9 đầu, đấu vận hành Y nối tiếp, Y song song, gọi:
U dY : Điện áp dây của nguồn 3 pha cung cấp cho động cơ ( khi động cơ đấu Y nối tiếp).
U dY // Y
: Điện áp dây của nguồn 3 pha cung cấp cho động cơ ( khi động
cơ dấu Y song song). Ta có quan hệ: Nên
U dY
U dY 2U dY // Y
3 .U đmpha U dY // Y
3 .U đmpha 2
(4.3) (4.4)
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68
Đấu vận hành trạng thái sao song song Hình 4.4: Sơ đồ ra dây và đấu vận hành động cơ 9 đầu dây (dạng Y-Y//Y) Trường hợp động cơ ra 9 đầu, đấu vận hành ∆ nối tiếp, ∆ song song, song, gọi:
U d : điện áp dây nguồn 3 pha cung cấp cho động cơ ( khi động cơ đấu ∆ nối tiếp).
U d // : điện áp dây nguồn 3 pha cung cấp cho động cơ (khi
động cơ đấu ∆ song
song) Ta có quan hệ: U d U đmpha
U d 2U d //
U d //
1 U đmpha 2
(4.5) (4.6)
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69
Đấu vận hành trạng thái tam giác gi ác song song Hình 4.5: Sơ đồ ra dây và đấu vận hành động cơ ra 9 đầu dây (dạng ∆-∆//∆) Các quan hệ giữa
U đmpha
với các cấp điện áp nguồn 3 pha đưa vào vận hành
động cơ 12 đầu trên mỗi cách đấu áp dụng các công thức từ (4.1) đến (4.6) tương tự như 3 trường hợp đã nêu trên.
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70
Đấu vận hành tam giác song song Hình 4.6: Sơ đồ ra dây và đấu vận hành động cơ dạng ra 12 đầu dây. 4.1.2 Phỏng định số cực 2p thích ứng kết cấu lõi thép động cơ Gọi 2 p min là số cực nhỏ nhất ( thích hợp kết cấu sẵn có của stator) s tator)
2 p min
D t = (0,4 đến 0,5). b g
Khi tính toán giá trị
(4.7)
2 p min theo (4.7), kết cấu nhận được có thể rơi vào
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71
Khoảng giá trị của 2 p min bao hàm giá trị 2p = 4; do đó ta chọn 2p = 4 cho trường hợp này. THÍ DỤ 2: Cho lõi thép stator có D t 90 mm và bề dày gông là b g 13 ,5 mm suy ra:
2 p min ( 0 , 4 0 , 5 ).
90 2 ,7 3 ,3 13 , 5
Khoảng giá trị của 2 p min nằm ở vị trí giữa 2 giá trị 2p = 2 và 2p = 4, như vậy trong trường hợp của thí dụ này, ta có thể chọn 2p = 2 hay 2p = 4 cho việc tính toán. THÍ DỤ 3: Cho lõi thép stator có D t 90 mm và bề dày gông là b g
12 mm
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72
4.1.3 Lập biểu thức quan hệ giữa từ thông qua một cực từ ( ) và mật độ từ thông qua khe hở không khí ( B )
= .( . L). B
(4.8)
Trong đó :
: hệ số cung cực từ thuộc dạng từ trường phân bố dưới mỗi bước cực từ, đồng thời phụ thuộc sự bão hòa của lõi thép. Khi tính toán sơ bộ chọn :
= 0,7 đến 0,715
(4.9)
Về đơn vị đo dùng trong (2.8) ta có = Wb
= L = m; B = T :
D t 2 p
(4.10)
là bước cực từ
( .L) : diện tích mặt cực từ. * Tại 4.1.3, 4.1.3, ta chỉ cần thế
,
L vào vào (4.8) để định độ lớn của gấp
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73
Hình 4.7: Phân bố đường sức từ thông qua mạch từ động cơ (tương ứng 2p = 4) Theo lý thuyết điện từ:
Trường hợp từ thông xuyên qua điện tích cực đại (xem hình 4.8)
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74
Hình 4.8: Phân bố đường sức từ thông trên gông stator. 4.1.5 Xác định quan hệ giữa mật độ từ thông qua răng stator (B ) r và mật độ từ thông qua khe hở không khí ( B )
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75
t r
Dt
(4.16)
Z
Tóm lại :
Dt B Br Z .br
(4.17)
Tương tự, như bước 3 và bước 4 ta thế kích thước lõi thép vào ( 4.17) để định quan hệ Br với B . 4.1.6 Lập bảng quan hệ giữa mật độ từ thông qua khe hở không khí, mật độ từ thông qua gông lõi thép stator và mật độ từ thông qua răng stator Hình thức của bảng được thành lập như sau: B (T)
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76
Trong bước này căn cứ theo giới hạn tối đa cho phép của B r và Bg để tìm một giá trị của B sao cho hai giá trị B r và Bg không được vượt quá giới hạn tối đa. Sau khi chọn B ta tính chính xác trị số từ thông theo trị số B vừa chọn. 4.1.7 Chọn kết cấu cho dây cuốn và tính hệ số dây quấn k dq 4.1.7.1 Tính hệ số dây quấn k dq dq a) Trường hợp q nguyên - Theo lý thuyết máy điện, tổng quát trong trường hợp q nguyên, biểu thức xác định hệ số dây quấn là: d sin q. 2 y 0 . sin .90 kqd kr .k n q.sin d
(3.18)
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77
b. Trường hợp q phân số. Khi dây quấn phân bố theo Clément ta lập bảng Pistoye để kiểm tra tính đối xứng của 3 pha dây quấn và định hệ số dây quấn. Phươ Phương ng pháp pháp Pist Pistoy oyee (kiể (kiểm m tra tra tính tính đố đốii xứ xứng ng 3 pha pha và định định hệ số dâ dâyy quấn quấn)) Bước 1: - Sau khi đã lập được bảng phân bố rãnh cho 3 pha theo Clément căn cứ giá trị của
,
ta định ra một số nguyên n bé nhất sao cho tích số (n. ) cũng là số
nguyên. Điều này thực hiện dễ dàng khi số:
không nguyên, ta ghi
m m với là phân số tối giản; m, n là các số nguyên. n n
dưới dạng phân
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78
Ta định vị các rãnh trên cột, cột , theo từng bước cực trên bảng Pistoye như sau:
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79
Bước 2: - Trên bảng Pistoye, ta phân vùng cho 3 pha, sau đó định trục đối xứng trên mỗi pha. Ta công nhận các quy tắc sau: * Trục đối xứng của mỗi pha là đường thẳng chia các cạnh tác dụng của mỗi pha trên bảng thành hai nhóm, số cạnh tác dụng trong mỗi nhóm này phải bằng
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80
Trên hình 4.12, trục đối xứng của pha A nằm giữa cột 2 và 3; trục đối xứng của pha C nằm giữa cột 7 và 8; trục đối xứng của pha B nằm giữa cột 12 và 13. Khoảng cách giữa các trục là 5 cột tương ứng 5 5.120 60 0 điện. Vậy trên bảng Pistoye, hai trục đối xứng của 2 pha liên tiếp nhau lệch 60 0 điện, ta kết luận 3 pha đối xứng.
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81
Ngoài ra muốn bước cực từ có giá trị nguyên ta cần có tối thiểu =3 để q
z có giá trị nguyên, trường hợp tổng quát ta phải có = =3k (trong đó k là giá trị 2 p nguyên tùy ý). Tón lại điều kiện để bố trí dây quấn 1 lớp, tương ứng với 1 số cực từ 2p định
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82
Như vậy khi liên kết các nhóm bối dây theo dạng nối tiếp ta phải liên kết các nhóm bằng cách dấu cực thật. Theo các nhận xét trên, điều kiện để bố trí dây quấn 2 lớp tương ứng với 1 số cực thật 2p định trước ta cần có Z=p.k ( k N ) để đạt q là số s ố nguyên. Trong dây quấn 2 lớp, mỗi nhóm bối dây luôn luôn chứa q bối dây trong
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83
N pha N b tongsoboi / pha
(4.20)
4.1.9 Xác định tiết diện rãnh stator, chọn hệ số lấp đầy k ld ld cho rãnh, suy ra đường kính dây quấn (d) không lớp men
Với các dạng rãnh trong hình 4.2, 4. 2, ta có công thức tiết diện rãnh Sr như sau:
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