TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT SUBMITTED BY: HANZ MATSUO ARCHANGEL LOPEZ
CHAPTER 1 – TOURISM PLANNING MEANING OF PLANNING PLANNING IS THE PROCESS OF SETTING GOALS, SELECTING ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION TO ACHIEVE THOSE GOALS, IMPLEMENTING THE CHOSEN ALTERNATIVE AND EVALUATING THE CHOICES TO FIND OUT IF IT IS SUCCESSFUL. PLANNING IS THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF ANY ACTIVITY.
THE NEED FOR TOURISM PLANNING IN TOURISM, SUCCESS IS NEITHER GUARANTEED NOR PERMANENT. MANY AREAS HAVE EXPERIENCED TOURISM CYCLES WHICH START WITH FEW RICH VISITORS, PROCEED THROUGH A SERIES OF EXPANSION PROGRAMS, ATTAIN SATURATION, THEN GO INTO DECLINE. IF AN EVENTUAL DECLINE IS TO BE AVOIDED, RESPONSIBLE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ARE ESSENTIAL. A TOURISM PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM CAN PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR AREAS IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE SECTORS HAVE LITTLE OR NO EXPERIENCE ON HOW TO DEVELOP THESE AREAS. THROUGH AN INTEGRATED TOURISM PLAN, THE VARIOUS DIRECT AND INDIRECT ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TOURISM CAN BE ACHIEVED. A RESPONSIBLE TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS TO ATTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS, FACILITIES, AND INFRASTRUCTURES. A CAREFUL TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS TO ACHIEVE CULTURA CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES AND PRODUCE SOCIOCULTURAL BENEFITS. A GOOD TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS IN WHICH THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES FOR TOURISM ARE MAINTANED, NOT DESTROYED, IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS. THE RIGHT TYPE OF TOURISM PLAN CAN BE USED TO INVIGORATE POORLY DEVELOPED TOURISM DESTINATIONS. CAREFUL PLANNING IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP SPECIALIZED TRAINING FACILITIES FOR THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR PARTICULAR MANPOWER SKILLS AND ABILITIES.
TOURISM PLANNING APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES •
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SYSTEMS APPROACH – REQUIRES THAT ADEQUATE INFORATION ABOUT THE SYSTEM IS AVAILABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND ANALYZE IT. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IS NEEDED TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE THIS DATA. COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH – ALL ASPECTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ARE ANALYZED AND PLANNED ON A BROAD SCOPE. INTEGRATED APPROACH – TOURISM IS PLANNED AND DEVELOPED AS AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM WITHIN ITSELF AND INTEGRATED INTO THE OVERALL PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT PATTERN OF THE AREA. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH – TOURISM IS PLANNED, DEVELOPED AND MANAGED IN SUCH A WAYTHAT THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ARE NOT USED UP SO THAT THEY ARE AVAILABLE FOR CONTINUOUS AND PERMANENT USE IN THE FUTURE. CARRYING CAPATICY ANALYSIS IS AN IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE USED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH. COMMUNITY APPROACH – PLANNING IS FOR THE RESIDENTS OF THE AREA. THE LOCAL RESIDENTS SHOULD BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PLANNING OF THE COMMUNITY’S FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPRESS THEIR OPINION ON THE TYPE OF COMMUNITY THEY WANT TO LIVE IN. IMPLEMENTABLE APPROACH – TOURISM PLAN, POLICIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE EXPRESSED IN A PRACTICAL AND ACHIEVABLE MANNER. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH – TOURISM PLANNING IS BASED ON AN ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT OF ACTIVITIES.
LEVELS OF TOURISM PLANNING INTERNATIONAL PLANNING THIS LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING INVOLVES INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORATION SERVICES, THE MOVEMENT AND SCHEDULING OF THE TOURS OF TOURIST AMONG DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND FACILITIES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES AS WELL AS THE WORKING STRATEGIES AND PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMS OF MANY COUNTRIES. PLANNING AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL USUALLY TAKES PLACE THROUGH THE WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (WTO) AND ITS REGIONAL COMMISIONS, THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO), THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA), THE PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL COUNCIL OF THE SOUTH PACIFC (TCSP), THE SUB-COMMITTEE ON TOURISM (SCOT) OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN), THE TOURISM COORDINATION UNIT (TCU) OF THE SOUTHEAST AFRICA DECELOPMENT COORDINATION CONFERENCE (SADCC) AND THE TOURISM COMMITTEE OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR THE ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OEDC). THE MAIN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN THE WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (WTO) WHICH HAS BEEN APPOINTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS AS THE AGENCY WHICH ENFORCES TOURISM RELATED PROJECTS SPONSORED BY THE UNITED NATIONS.
NATIONAL PLANNING THE NATIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS CONCERNED WITH THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: • TOURISM POLICY • INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES • A PHYSICAL STRUCTURE PLAN WHICH INCLUDES IMPORNTANT TOURIST ATTRACTIONS, SELECTED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT REGIONS, INTERNATIONAL ENTRY POINTS, FACILITIES, AND SERVICES. • THE AMOUNT, KINDS, AND QUALITY OF ACCOMMODATIO AND OTHER REQUIRED TOURIST FACILITIES AND SERVICES. • THE IMPORTANT TOUR ROUTES IN THE COUNTRY AND THEIR REGIONAL CONNECTIONS. • TOURISM ORGANIZATIONAL ENTITIES, LAWS, AND INVESTMENT POLICIES. • TOURISM MARKETING STRATEGIES AND PROMOTION. • EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS. • DESIGN STANDARDS AND FACILITY DEVELOPMENT. • ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSES. • NATIONAL LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION METHODS INCLUDING THE SHORT-TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND PROJECT SCHEDULING.
REGIONAL PLANNING THE REGIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS FOR ONE REGION OF A COUNTRY, USUALLY A STATE OR PROVINCE OR AN ISLAND. IT IS OFTEN DEVISED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF AN EXISTING NATIONAL POLICY. REGIONAL PLANNING EMPHASIZES THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS. • REGIONAL POLICY • REGIONAL ENTRY POINTS AND TRANSPORATION FACILITIES AND SERVICES • KINDS OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND THEIR LOCATIONS • THE AMOUNT, KINDS, AND LOCATION OF TOURIST ACCOMMODATION AND OTHER TOURIST FACILITIES, AND SERVICES • LOCATION OF TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AREAS INCLUDING RESORT AREAS • SOCIO-CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND IMPACT ANALYSES • EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS ON THE REGIONAL LEVEL • MARKETING TECHNIQUES AND PROMOTION • ORGANIZATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS, LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND INVESTMENT POLICIES • IMPLEMENTATION METHODS WHICH INCLUDE PROJECT PLANS AND REGIONAL ZONING REGULATIONS THE REGIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS MORE SPECIFIC THAN THE NATIONAL PLANNING LEVEL
TYPES OF TOURISM PLANNING LAND USE PLANNING • TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AREAS SELECTED AS TOURIST RESORTS, RESORT TOWNS, TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND URBAN TOURISM IMPOSE LAND USE PLANS. FACILITY SITE PLANNING • SITE PLANNING IS PLANNING FOR INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS SUCH AS HOTELS, COMMERCIAL CENTERS, AND VISITOR FACILITIES. THE ACTUAL LOCATION OF BUILDINGS, RECREATION AREAS, STREETS, WALKWAYS, PARKING, LANDSCAPING AREAS, AND OTHER LAND USES ARE SHOWN IN MAPS. FACILITY DESIGN • DESIGNS FOR LANDSCAPING, ARCHITECTURE, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND ENGINEERING MUST BE PREPARED FOR RESORTS, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, ATTRACTIONS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES, INFORMATION AND CULTURAL CENTERS, VISITOR FACILITIES AT NATIONAL PARKS AND OTHER TOURIST FACILITIES. SPECIAL STUDIES • SPECIAL STUDIES ON TOURISM ARE OFTEN UNDERTAKEN BASED ON THE NEEDS OF THE AREA. THESE STUDIES PERTAIN TO ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIO-CULTURAL, ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSES, MARKETING ANALYSIS AND PROMOTION PROGRAMS.
PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING IF A TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IS TO SUCCEED, A STRUCTURAL PROCESS SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE FOR CONTROLS OVER EXPENSES AND PROTECTION FOR THE PEOPLE, CUSTOME, FUNDS, LAND AND OTHER RESOURCES INVOLVED. A 10 STEP PROJECT STRUCTURE FOR TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IS SUGGESTED.
PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING •
ACQUIRE UNDERSTANDING –
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PRELIMINARY POSITION STATEMENT –
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THE FIRST STEP IN TOURISM PLANNING IS EDUCATION. PERSONS WHO WILL MAKE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DECISION MUST ACQUIRE THE UNDERSTANDING NECESSARY TO PORTRAY A FRAMEWORK FOR THEIR DECISIONS. THE RESPONSIBLE GROUP SHOULD DEVELOP A FORMAL STATEMENT OF INTEREST. THIS WOULD SHOW THE OBJECTIVES THEY WOULD LIKE TO OBTAIN AND THE RESULT THEY WISH TO ACHIEVE. ALSO IMPORTANT ARE FORMAL STATEMENTS REGARDING RESTRICTIONS ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.
COMMITMENT FOR TOURISM STUDY –
THERE SHOULD BE AN INTENSIVE STUDY WHICH ESTABLISHES FEASIBILITY AND SERVES AS A BASIS FOR ACTUAL DEVELOPMENT. THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS COMMITMENT IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT THERE IS A TENDENCY TO SHORTEN AND MINIMIZE THIS ACTIVITI AND ITS IMPORTANCE. SUCH TENDENCY SHOULD BE CONTROLLED AND SUPPRESSED.
PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING •
MARKET AND RESOURCES ANALYSIS –
THIS ACTIVITY GATHERS AND CORRALATES DATA ON THE OVERALL SIZE OF THE DESTINATION OR PROSPECTIVE MARKET AND THE SHARE THAT MARKET IS EXPECTED TO GAIN. THIS ACTIVITY ALS ODETERMINES WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL MARKET ANY DESTINATION WILL ATTRACT SUCH AS: • • • • • • • • • •
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CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RECREATIONAL GUEST FACILITIES TRANSPORTATION SUPPORT INDUSTRIES LAND AVAILABILITY AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE LABOR CAPITAL GOVERNMENT ATTITUDES
CONCEPTUAL PLANNING –
THIS ACTIVITY USES THE RESULTS OF THE MARKET FORECAST TO ESTABLISH THE IMAGE AND IDENTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT AREA. THIS IS DONE AT AN OVERALL, COMPREHENSIVE BUT NON-TECHNICAL LEVEL. THIS INVOLES A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WHAT THE AREA SHOULD LOOK LIKE AND HOW IT WILL FUNCTION AFTER DEVELOPMENT HAS TAKEN PLACE.
PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING •
PLAN APPROVAL –
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MASTER PLANNING –
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MASTER PLANNING INVOLVES EXPENSES OF TIME AND MONEY WHICH ARE 5-10 TIMES MORE EXPENSIVE THAN PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES. THE REASON FOR THIS IS BECAUSE A MASTER PLAN IS MORE DETAILED AND FREQUENT CHANGES TAKE PLACE BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF COOPERATION REQUIRED BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS.
FINAL COMMITMENT –
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THIS IS A RECOGNITION OF THE NECESSITY OF THE PLAN. AFTER A THOROUGH REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTUAL PLAN, THE RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKERS SHOULD MAKE A DECISION ON WHETHER THE TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS SHOULD PROCEED TO THE MASTER PLAN.
AFTER THE COMPLETION OF A MASTER PLAN, MANY COMMITMENTS ARE NEEDE. THE GOVERNMENT MUST PLEDGE LEGISLATION POLICIES, FUNDS, AND PROGRAMS TO ENCOURAGE TOURISM. BANKERS AND OTHER INVESTORS MUST PLEDGE MONEY. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR AGENCIES MUST PLEDGE THE BUILDING OF HOTELS AND OTHER FACILITIES.
STAGED IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM –
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES FILL THE GAP BETWEEN ACCEPTED DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND THE CREATION OF AN OPERATIONAL, INTEGRATED TOURISM INDUSTRY. THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS MUST BE COORDINATED. CONTINUOUS PLANNING IS NEEDED BECAUSE TOURISM ITS ELEMENTS TEND TO BE DYNAMIC.
PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING
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EVALUATION AND DIRECTION –
ESTABLISHED OPERATIONS MUST BE MONITORED TO ASSURE CONTINUING QUALITY OF SERVICES AND OPERATION SUCCESS. MECHANISMS MUST BE ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK ON TOURISM VOLUMES AND LEVELS OF SATISFACTION PROVIDED. SUCH PROGRAMS WILL PREVENT THE DECLINE OF RESORTS, ATTRACTIONS, OR DESTINATIONS.
MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING A TOURISM DESTINATIONS •
THE MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS ARE: 1. MARKET ANALYSIS 2. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES A. B. C. D. E. F.
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VISITOR ATTRACTIONS CULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION SUPPORT SERVICES VISITOR ACCOMMODATIONS
MARKETING ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL IMPACTS
MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING A TOURISM DESTINATIONS •
MARKETING ANALYSIS –
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MARKET ANALYSIS REQUIRESA THOROUGH STUDY OF PAST AND PRESENT TRENDS, TRAVELER PROFILES, TRAVELER PERFORMANCES AND HABITS, MARKET POSITION, AND DESTINATION IMAGES.
ASSESMENT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES – – – –
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VISITOR ATTRACTIONS – THE SUCCESS OF A DESTINATION DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON ITS POWER TO ATTRACT VISITORS BUT ALSO ON ITS ABILITY TO MAINTAIN THEM. CULTURE – DESTINATION PLANNING ENCOURAGES THE INCLUSION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN TOURISM. MANPOWER – IN DESTINATION PLANNING, AN ADEQUATELY TRAINED LABOR FORCE IS REQUIRED. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE – THE TERM INFRASTRUCTURE REFERS TO ALL UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE CONSTRUCTION OF A REGION. SUPER STRUCTURE ARE THE CAILITIES AND SERVICES THAT ARE ABOVE THE GROUND SUCH AS HOTELS, RESORTS, RESTAURANTS, SHOPPING CENTERS, AIRORT BUILDINGS, MUSEUMS, STORES AND SIMILAR STRUCTURES. TRANSPORTATION – A STUDY OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE TRANSPORTATION NEEDS SUCH AIR, HIGHWAYS, RAIL AND WATER IS NECESSARY IN THE MOVEMENT. SUPPORT SERVICES – THEY INCLUDE SERVICES SUCH AS MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR FACILITIES, POLICE STATION, FIRE PROTECTION, RETAIL SHOPS, SPORTS FACILITIES, GAMING, FESTIVALS , PHARMACIES, HANDICRAFT FACILITIES, BOOKSTORES, DEPARTMENT STORES AND OTHERS.
MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING A TOURISM DESTINATIONS •
MARKETING –
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ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS –
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IT INVOLVES A CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS FEASIBILITY STUDIES, CASH FLOW, AVAILABLE CAPITAL AND INTEREST RATES.
ENVIRONMENT –
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MARKETING IS THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A TARGER, CHOOSING STRATEGIES TO REACH THE MARET, ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVES, COORDINATING THE EFFORTS OF THOSE INVOLVED IN PROMOTING THE DESTINATION AND EVALUATING SUCCESS AND FAILURES.
THE AIM OF TOURISM PLANNING IS TO DEVELOP THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE AREA WITHOUT DESTROYING THEM AND TO IMPROVE THE NATURAL BEAUTY OF THE AREA.
SOCIAL IMPACT –
DEVELOPERS OF A TOURIST DESTINATION SHOULD CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF TOURISM GROWTH ON THE LOCAL POPULATION. TOO MUCH CONTACT BETWEEN THE RESIDENT POPULATION AND VISITORS CAN LEAD TO INTERNAL TROUBLE.
STAGES OF DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT •
STAGE 1 – INCEPTION – DISCOVERY –
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STAGE 2 – GROWTH – LOCAL RESPONSE AND INTIATIVE –
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FOR STAGE 2, THE NUMBER OF TOURIST INCREASES. THE AREA HAS DEVELOPED A GOOD REPUTATION BY THE WORD OF MOUTH. ALTHOUGH TOURISM IS GROWING, THE FACILITIES AND SERVICES ARE OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY THE RESIDENTS. THE INCREASED INTERACTION BETWEEN TOURIST AND RESIDENTS RESULT IN A DESIRE OF RESIDENTS FOR BETTER EDUCATION, INCREASED AWARENESS OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD, TREND EQUALITY, AND A CHANGE OF TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLES.
STAGE 3 – MATURITY – INSTITUTIONALIZATION –
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DURING THIS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, A FEW ADVENTUROUS TOURIST VISIT THE AREA. THESE ARE ALL THE ALLOCENTRIC TYPES OF TOURIST. SOME OF THEM DECIDE TO STAY IN THE AREA AND BECOME EXPATRIATES. DURING STAGE, TOURISTS ARE GENERALLY WELCOMED BY THE RESIDENTS.
MATURITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS AND THE FORMALIZATION OF SERVICES, ITINERARIES, AND ROLES. THERE IS A LOSS OF LOCAL DECISIONMAKING AND CONTROL IN THE TOURIST INDUSTRY. DURING THE MATURITY – INSTITUTIONALIZATION STAGE FACILITIES AND PROCEDURES ARE STANDARDIZED WHICH RESULT IN GREATER EFFICIENCY.
STAGE 4 – DECLINE – SATURATION AND ALIENATION –
IN THE FINAL STAGE, THE DESTINATION HAS BECOME SATURATED. THE RESIDENTS HAVE BECOME DISILLUSIONED BECAUSE TOURISM HAS NOT PRODUCED ALL THE BENEFITS THEY EXPECTED.
CHAPTER 2 – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT GOALS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – THE FOLLOWING ARE THE AIMS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT • • • •
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PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR RAISING THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE PEOPLE THROUGH THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TOURISM DEVELOP THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROVIDE RECREATION FACILITIES FOR TOURISTS AND LOCAL RESIDENTS. ESTABLISH TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE TOURIST CENTERS AND RESORTS THAT ARE SUITABLE TO THE PURPOSES OF THESE AREAS. PROVIDE A DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM THAT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PEOPLE OF THE HOST COUNTRY OR DESTINATION.
HINDRANCES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPLY – TO CHANGE POTENTIAL SUPPLY TO ACTUAL SUPPLY, THE FIRST OBSTACLE IS THE LACK OF TRANSPORTATION AND ACCESS ROUTES TO THE TOURIST CENTER. SECOND IS THE LACK OF ACCOMMODATION. THE THIRS IS INADEQUATE FINANCING OF INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS WATER SUPPLE, SANITATION, POWER SUPPLY. THE LAST IS THE LACK OF SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF TRAINED PERSONNEL.
THE MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROMOTION OF TOURISM IN THE COUNTRY AND FOR THE FORMULATION OF A TOURIST PROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT, IT HAS ALSO RESPONSIBILITIES WITH REGARD TO ITS IMPLEMENTATION. A BASIC ISSUE WHICH THE GOVERNMENT WILL HAVE TO DETERMINE IS THE DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS. THERE ARE FIVE FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GOVERNMENT IN ASSISTING TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. THESE ARE: – –
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BASIC MAREKET RESEARCH INTO FUTURE TOURISM DEMAND THE PUBLICITY PROMOTING THE COUNTRY AND ITS TOURIST ASSESTS AND CREATING THE CONDITIONS OF GOODWILL, INTEREST, EASE OF ENTRY ET. WHICH WILL NOT ONLU ATTRACT TOURIST BUT MAKE SURE THAT THEY WILL GO AWAY WITH A GOOD IMPRESSION AND WISH TO RETURN THE REGULATION AND CONTROL OF THE VARIOUS SERVICES WHICH CONSTITUTE THE INDUSTRY THE SUCCESS OF WHICH WILL DEPENDE ON THE MUTUAL COOPERATION AND CONFIDENCE BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT MAKING ARRANGEMENTS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR TOURISM PROMOTION WITH OTHER GOVERNMENTS
GOVERNMENT REGUALTION AND ASSISTANCE THE GOVERNMENT CAN DO MUCH TO CREATE A FAVORABLE CLIMATE FOR INVESTMENT BY A PRUDENT SYSTEM OF REGULATION. THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD FIRST CONSULT THE INDUSTRY BEFORE MAKING THE REGULATIONS SINCE THE REGULATORY SYSTEM CAN ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT ONLY IF IT HAS THE CONFIDENCE OF THE INDUSTRY. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INCENTIVES: – –
SUBSIDIES – IT IS THE MOST ATTRACTIVE INCENTIVE FROM THE INVESTOR’S POINT OF VIEW. IT IS A MEANS OF INITIATING INVESTMENT IN A NEW DEVELOPMENT AREA. CREDITS – THE GOVERNMENT ECOURAGES TOURISM INVESTMENT BY PROVIDING SPECIAL CREDITS FOR INVESTMENT IN AREAS DECLARED TO BE OF NATIONAL TOURIST INTEREST. • •
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GUARANTEED CREDITS: INTEREST REBATES – THE GOVERNMENT MAY GUARANTEE CREDITS OBTAINED THROUGH NORMAL BANKING ARRANGEMENTS TECHINICAL ADVICE – THE STAFF OF THE CREDIT INSTITUTION SHOULD BE ABLE TO GUIDE THE INVESTOR IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT.
PREFERENTIAL RATES OF INTEREST – THE GOVERNMENT MAY OFFER CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT AT LOWER THAN MARKET RATES OF INTEREST. SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR LAND PURCHASE – THIS IS A STRONG INCENTIVE TO TOURIST DEVELOPMENT ESPECIALLY IN NEW TOURIST AREAS. FISCAL AIDS – MOST GOVERNMENTS RECOGNIZE TOURISM AS AN EXPORT INDUSTRY AND GIVE IT THE SAME CONCESSIONARY ARRANGEMENT AS OTHER EXPORT INDUSTRIES. RELIEFS ON OPERATING COSTS - THE GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE TOURISM INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVE BY OFFERING SPECIAL CONCESSIONS AT THE OPERATING STAGE IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE PROFITABILITY OF THE PROJECT. RECRUITING AND TRAINING EMPLOYEES – A VERY IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT IS TO HELP IN RECRUITING EMPLOYEES. THIS IS OFTEN ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH AN EMPLOYMENT SERVICE.
CHAPTER 3 – THEORIES IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THERE ARE SEVERAL THEORIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS, HOW THEY HAVE EMERGED, GROWN, AND IN SOME CASES DECLINED. CHRISTALLER, A GERMAN GEOGRAPHER AND PLANNER, PUBLISHED AN ARTICLE IN 1963, IN WHICH HE SUGGESTED THAT THERE WAS A PROCESS OF CONTINUOS DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST AREAS. CHRISTALLER’S IDEAS ON HOW TOURIST AREAS DEVELOP CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS – – – – – –
DESTINATIONS DEVELOP AND CHANGE OVER TIME. THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VISITORS AT DIFFERENT TIMES. THE TOURIST EXPERIENCE CHANGES OVER TIME. THE IMPACTS ON THE DESTINATIONS CHANGE OVER TIME. THE INVOLVEMENT OF LOCALS IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS CHANGE OVERTIME. NEW CYCLES INVOLVING NEW TOURIST DESTINATIONS WILL OCCUR.
THEORIES IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN 1973, STANLEY PLOG, AN AMERICAN RESEARCHER, DEVELOPED A THEORY THAT THE POPULARITY OF A DESTINATION IS RELATED TO THE INHERENT PERSONALITIES OF TRAVELERS. HE HYPOTHESIZED THAT TRAVELERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES, AS PSYCHOCENTRICS AND ALLOCENTRICS. PSYCHOCENTRICS LIKE TO VISIT FAMILIAR ENVIRONMENTS OR CULTURE. ALLOCENTRICS, ON THE OTHER EXTREME, HAVE AS TRONG NEED FOR NEW AND VARIED EXPERIENCES. MAJORITY OF TOURIST ARE LOCATED CLOSE TO A MIDPOINT BETWEEN THE PSYCHOCENTRICS AND ALLOCENTRICS. THESE ARE THE MIDCENTRICS. THE MIDCENTRIC PERSONALITY COMPRISES THE MASS MARKET FOR TRAVEL. MIDCENTRICS ARE NOT ADVENTUROUS BUT THEY ARE NOT AFRAID TO TRY NEW EXPERIENCES SO LONG THAT THESE ARE NOT TOO CHALLENGING.
THEORIES IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT COHEN IN 1972, DEVELOPED A THEORY WHICH IS RELATED TO THE BEHAVIOR OF TOURISTS. HE CLASSIFIED THE TYPOLOGY INTO FOUR NAMELY; – – – –
ORGANIZED MASS TOURIST – THESE TOURIST TRAVEL IN GROUPS. INDIVIDUAL MASS TOURIST – EACH MEMBER OF THE GROUP HAS A CERTAIN DEGREE OF CONTROL OVER HIS TIME AND ITINERARY AND IS NOT BOUND TO A GROUP. EXPLORERS – SUCH TOURIST ARRANGE THEIR OWN TRIP. DRIFTERS – THESE TOURIST AVOID CONTACT WITH OTHER TOURISTS.
DOXEY IN 1975, PROPOSED A THEORY CALLED IRRITATION INDEX OR IN SHORT IRRIDEX. THE THEORY SUGGEST THAT OVER TIME, AS THE LOCALS BECOME MORE HOSTILE TO VISITORS, THE NUMBER OF VISITORS WILL NOT CONTINUE TO GROW AT THE SAME PREVIOUS RATE AND MAY ACTUALLY DECLINE. – – – –
EUPHORIA – VISITORS ARE WELCOME AND THERE IS LITTLE PLANNING APATHY – VISITORS ARE TAKEN FOR GRANTED AND CONTACT BECOMES FORMAL ANNOYANCE – SATURATION IS APPROACHED AND THE LOCAL PEOPLE HAVE MISGIVINGS. ANTAGONISM – OPEN EXPRESSION OF IRRITATION AND PLANNING IS REMEDIAL, YET PROMOTION IS INCREASED TO OFFSET THE DETERIORATING REPUTATION OF THE RESORT.
THEORIES IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT BUTLER, A GEOGRAPHER, DEVELOPED HIS THEORY OR MODEL WHICH WAS BUILT ON THE IDEAS OF CHRISTALLER, PLOG, COHEN AND DOXCY. BUTLER’S THEORY APPEARED IN 1980 IN WHICH HE, NOT ONLY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT HIS THEORY WAS BASED ON EARLIER THEORIES BUT HE ALSO INDICATED THAT IT WAS BASED ON THE BUSINESS CONCEPT OF THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE. IN 1988, BUTLER RECONSIDERED HIS MODEL. HE SHOWED THAT DESPITE SOME CRITICISMS, AFTER ALMOST 20 YEARS, THERE WAS MUCH SUPPORT FOR HIS ORIGINAL MODEL. HE SUGGESTED THAT THE FOLLOWING KEY POINTS CONFIRMED THA VALIDITY OF HIS ORIGINAL THEORY: – – – – – – – –
THE KEY CONCEPT IS DYNAMISM THERE IS A COMMON PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS THERE ARE LIMITS TO GROWTH THERE ARE TRIGGERS OR FACTORS THAT BRING ABOUT CHANGE IN A DESTINATION MANAGEMENT IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR LONG-TERM VIEW. THERE IS A NEED TO LOOK AHEAD FOR 50 YEARS, NOT 5 YEARS, TO AVOID THE FAILURES SUGGESTED BY THE MODEL SPATIAK COMPONENT. THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT TOURIST WILL GO ELSEWHERE AS THE DESTINATION DECLINES UNIVERSAL APPLICABILITY. THE MODEL APPLIES TO ALL DESTINATIONS
THEORIES IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT EXPLORATION – – –
FEW ADVENTUROUS TOURIST, VISITING SITES WITH NO PUBLIC FACILITIES VISITORS ATTRACTED TO THE RESORT BY A NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURE SPECFIC VISITOR TYPE OF A SELECT NATURE
INVOLVEMENT – – –
LIMITED INTERACTION BETWEEN LOCAL RESIDENTS AND THE DEVELOPING TOURISM INDUSTRY LEADS TO THE PROVISION OF BASIC SERVICES INCREASED ADVERTISING INDUCES A DEFINABLE PATTERN OF SEASONAL VARIATION DEFINITE MARKET AREA BEGINS TO EMERGE
DEVELOPMENT – – –
DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL TOURIST FACILITIES AND INCREASED PROMOTIONAL EFFORTS GREATER CONTROL OF THE TOURIST TRADE BY OUTSIDERS NUMBER OF TOURIST AT PEAK PERIODS FAR OUTWEIGHS THE SIZE OF THE RESIDENT POPULAION
CONSOLIDATION – – – –
TOURISM HAS BECOME A MAJOR PART OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY A WELL-DELINIATED BUSINESS DISTRICT HAS TAKEN SHAPE SOME OF THE OLDER DETERIORATING FACILITIES ARE PERCIEVED AS SECOND RATE LOCAL EFFORTS ARE MADE TO EXTEND THE TOURIST SEASON
STAGNATION – – –
PEAK NUMBERS OF TOURIST AND CAPACITY LEVELS ARE REACHED THE RESORT HAS A WELL ESTABLISHED IMAGE, BUT IS NO LONGER IN FASHION THE ACCOMODATION STOCK IS GRADUALLY ERODED AND PROPERTY TUROVER RATES ARE HIGH
POST-STAGNATION –
FIVE POSSIBILITIES, REFLECTING A RANGE OF OPTIONS THAT MAY BE FOLLOWED, DEPENDING PARTLY ON THE SUCCESS OF LOCAL MANAGEMENT DECISIONS.
CHAPTER 4 – SUSTAINABLE TOURISM SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – ONE OF THE STRONGEST MOTIVATIONS FOR TRAVEL AT THE PRESENT TIME IS INTEREST IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS THE HERITAGE, ARTS, HISTORY, LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS AND CULTURE OF PEOPLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES. AN IMPORTANT ATTRACTION IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT MAY BE A BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPE, AN IMPRESSIVE MOUNTAIN, AND THE LOVELY FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE AREA AND AN ATTRACTIVE FOREST.
MEANING OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MEANS ACHIEVING QUALITY GROWTH IN A MANNER THAT DOES NOT DEPLETE THE NATURAL AND BUILT EVIRONMENTS AND PRESERVES THE CULTURE, HISTORY, AND HERITAGE OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY. THE WORD ENVIRONTMENT INCLUDES THE NATURAL HABITATS, BUILT SCTRUCTURES, CULTURE, HERITAGE, HISTORY, AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS. – THE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IS TO BALANCE THE NUMBER OF VISITORS WITH THE CAPACITY OF THE GIVEN ENVIRONMENT IN A MANNER THAT ALLOWS THE GREATEST INTERACTION AND ENJOYMENT WITH THE LEAST DESTRUCTION.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM FRAMEWORK IN THE BEGINNING OF LIFE AND IT WILL BE UNTIL THE END, PEOPLE ARE UNITED WITH NATURE. THIS IS THE BEGINNING TRIAD OF TIME, PEOPLE, AND NATURE, THE INTERGRITY OF CREATION. DRAWING FROM THE FILIPINO’S MYTHICAL PAST OF MALAKAS AND MAGANDA OR THE BIBLICAL STORY OF ADAM AND EVE, IT IS SECOND NATURE TO THE FILIPINO TO SEE THE OTHER PERSON AS A “FELLOW HUMAN BEING” (KAPWA TAO). HENCE THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY AND PARTNERSHIP IS NOTHING NEW TO THE FILIPINO. THIS IS THE CONCEPT THAT IS AT THE HEART OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN THE Philippines. BECAUSE OF THIS UNITY WITH NATURE AND THIS CONCEPT OF EQUALITY AND PARTNERSHIP, EVEN FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CAN BE ONE IN OWNING UP THE ACCOUNTABILITY TO BE STEWARDS OF THE FUTURE: – – –
•
AS A WAY OF GIVING GLORY TO THE CREATOR AS A WAY OF VALUING HUMAN LIFE AND THE LEGACY OF OUR FOREFATHERS, AND OUT OF RESPECT FOR THE DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
WHAT EVERY TOURISM MASTER PLANNER OR PRACTICIONER SHOULD KEEP TOPMOST IN THEIR MIND WHEN THINKING CUSTOMER FOCUS IS: –
“IF YOU WANT TOURIST TO FIND YOUR CITY/PROVINCE/MUNICIPALITY/BARANGAY ATTRACTIVE, THE RESIDENTS MUST FIRST FIND IT ATTRACTIVE”
CURRENT TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TRAVELER MAGAZINE CREATED IN 2002 THE WORLD LEGACY AWARDS TO RECOGNIZE OUTSTANDING BUSINESSES, ORGANIZATIONS AND PLACES THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED VERY MUCH IN PROMOTING THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TRAVELER IN ITS MARCH ISSUE 2004. PUBLISHED CRITERIA TO MEASURE THE EXTENT TO WHICH WORLDWIDE TOURISM DESTINATIONS FOLLOW THE BEST PRACTICES IN A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. THESE CRITERIA ARE THE FOLLOWING: • • • • • •
ENVIRONTMENT AND ECOLOGICAL QUALITY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INTEGRITY CONDITION OF ANY HISTORIC BUILDING AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE AESTHETIC APPEAL QUALITY OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT OVERALL OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE
GLOBAL IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM GLOBALLY, THE INTEREST OF TOURIST IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM HAS GROWN TREMENDOUSLY SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 ST CENTURY. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM POLICY IN THE WORLD TODAY IS A POSITIVE APPROACH WHICH AIMS TO MAINTAIN QUALITY TOURISM PRODUCTS IN ORDER TO SATISFY THE GROWING DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TOURISM EXPERIENCE. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPLES CONTAINED IN THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR TOURISTS PUBLISHED IN THE PARKS CANADA VACATION PLANNER: • • • • •
ENJOY OUR DIVERSE NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND HELP US TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE IT. ASSIST IN OUR CONSERVATION EFFORTS THROUGH THE EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES INCLUDING ENERGY AND WATER. EXPERIENCE THE FRIENDLINESS OF OUR PEOPLE AND THE WELCOMING SPIRIT OF OUR COMMUNITIES. AVOID ACTIVITIES WHICH MAY THREATEN WILDLIFE OR PLANT POPULATION OR WHICH MAY POTENTIALLY DAMAGING TO OUR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. SELECT TOURISM PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WHICH DEMONSTRATE SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY.
THE BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN BOTH THE NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTS ARE IMPORTANTE FACTORS FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH, UNSPOILED NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, WELL-MAINTAINED HISTORIC SITES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE EVENTS CAN PRODUCE ECONOMIC AND QUALITY OF LIFE BENEFITS. SATISFIED VISITORS ARE LIKELY AND CAN SURELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF TOURISM TO A LOCAL COMMUNITY. THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SUCCESSFUL SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT INCLUDE DEVELOPING NEW BUSINESSES, EXPANDING JOB OPPORTUNITIES, INCREASING INCOME, MARKETING NEW PRODUCTS, IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE, ENCOURAGING DIVERSIFICATION, INTEGRATING THE LOCAL ECONOMY AND SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES WITH OTHER SERVICES AND PRODUCTS, PROMOTING COMMUNITY PRIDE AND HIGHER QUALITY OF LIFE TO THE LOCAL POPULATION.
CHAPTER 5 – THE KEY PLAYERS IN TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT TOURISTS –
TOURIST ARE A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THE PLANNING ANG MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM. UNFORTUNATELY, TOURIST ARE OFTEN REGARDED AS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF THE PROBLEMS OF TOURISM. SINCE THEY ARE “OUTSIDERS,” THEY ARE USUALLY BLAMED BY THE “INSIDERS” OR THE LOCAL RESIDENTS FOR THE NEGATIVE CONCESQUENCES OF TOURISM
THE HOST COMMUNITY –
APPROPRIATE TERMS GIVEN TO THE HOST COMMUNITY ARE LOCAL COMMUNITY, RESIDENT COMMUNITY, OR DESTINATION COMMUNITY. THE HOST COMMUNITY IS HETEROGENOUS BECAUSE IT IS MADE UP OF LONG-TERM INDIGENOUS RESIDENTS AS WELL AS DOMESTICE AND INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRANTS. SWASBROOKE SUGGESTED THAT A HOST COMMUNITY IS DIVIDED INTO: • • • • • • • • •
ELITES AND THE REST OF THE POPULATION INDIGENOUS RESIDENTS AND IMMIGRANTS THOSE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN TOURISM AND THOSE NOT INVOLVED PROPERTY OWNERS AND PROPERTY RENTERS YOUNGER PEOPLE AND OLDER PEOPLE EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES, SELF-EMPLOYED THOSE WITH PRIVATE CARS, THOSE RELYING ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT AFFLUENT AND LESS WELL-OFF RESIDENTS MAJORITY COMMUNITYES/MINORITY COMMUNITIES
THE KEY PLAYERS IN TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES –
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE USUALLY THE PUBLIC SECTOR OF TOURISM. THEY ARE NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE FUNDED FROM THE TAXES PAID BY THE CITIZENS. THE PRINCIPLAL REASONS FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING: • • •
THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS MANDATED TO REPRESENT THE WHOLE POPULATION AND NOT ONLY ONE SET OF STAKEHOLDERS OR INTEREST GROUP. THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS INTENDED TO BE IMPARTIAL, WITHOUT PARTICULAR VESTED OR COMMERCIAL INTEREST. THE PUBLIC SECTOR CAN TAKE A LONGER-TERM VIEW OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THAN THE PRIVATE SECTOR.
THE TOURISM INDUSTRY –
THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IS DIFFICULT TO DEFINE BECAUSE IT IS COMPLEX AND HAS MANY DIMENSIONS. THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IS OFTEN BLAMED FOR CAUSING DAMAGES TO DESTINATIONS AND SHOWING UNWILLINGNESS TO BE INVOLVED IN PLANNING FOR LONG-TERM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITY OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY, IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF THE PROBLEMS. •
THE TOURISM INDUSTRY HAS BEEN BLAMED FOR: – – – – – –
BEING MAINLY CONCERNED WITH SHORT-TERM PROFIT, RATHER THAN LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY EXPLOITING THE ENVIRONMENT AND LOCAL POPULATION RATHER THAN CONSERVING THEM BEING RELATIVELY FICKLE AND SHOWING LITTLE COMMITMENT TO PARTICULAR DESTINATIONS NOT DOING ENOUGH TO RAISE TOURIST AWARENESS OF ISSUES SUCH AS SUSTAINABILITY GETTING ON THE SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE WHEN IT WILL PRODUCE GOOD PUBLICITY BEING INCREASINGLY OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY LARGE TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS WHO HAVE LITTLE REGARD FOR INDIVIDUAL DESTINATIONS
CHAPTER 6 – TOURISM IMPACTS ECONOMIC IMPACTS OR TOURISM – THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM CANNOT BE ONLY POSITIVE OR BENEFICIAL BUT ALSO NEGATIVE OR DETRIMENTAL. THE FOLLOWING ARE USUALLY REGARDED AS POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM. • • • •
CONTRIBUTION TO FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS CONTRIBUTION TO GOVERNMENT REVENUES GENERATION OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING: • • •
INFLATION OPPORTUNITY COSTS OVER-DEPENDENCE ON TOURISM
TOURISM IMPACTS SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – A DISCUSSION OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM WIL LREQUIRE A DISCUSSION OF THE MEANING OF TERMS SOCIETY AND CULTURE. SOCIETY IS CONCERNED WITH THE PEOPLE IN GOUROS, THEIR INTERACTION, THEIR ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR. CULTURE IS ABOUT THE SOCIAL INTERACTION OF PEOPL, THEIR SOCIAL RELATIONS AND MATERIAL ARTIFACTS – CULTURAL ATTRACTIONS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: • • • • • • • • • • • •
HANDICRAFTS LANGUAGE TRADITIONS GASTRONOMY ART AND MUSIC HISTORY OF THE TOURIST AREA TYPES OF WORK ENGAGED IN BY THE LOCAL RESIDENTS ARCHITECTURE RELIGION EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS DRESS LEISURE ACTIVITIES
TOURISM IMPACTS POSITIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE BENEFICIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING: • • • •
CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE RENEWAL OF CULTURAL PRIDE CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE
NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ARE: • • • •
OVERCROWDING AND LOSS OF AMENITIES FOR RESIDENTS OVER COMMERCIALIZATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS AND CRAFTS DEMONSTRATION EFFECT ACCULTURATION
TOURISM IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS –
–
THE ENVIRONMENT IS RECOGNIZED AS THE MAJOR RESOURCE FOR TOURISM. TOURISM DEPENDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENT IS A MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTION. THERE IS MUTUAL DEPENDENCE BETWEENT TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT WHICH HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS SYMBIOTIC. THE TERM ENVIRONMENT REFERS TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IS WHAT EXIST IN NATURE SUCH AS CLIMATE AND WEATHER, THE LAND AND ITS SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, WATER FEATURES, FLORA, FAUNA AND ECOLOGY SYSTEMS. THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT CONSISTSOF MAN-MADE PHYSICAL FEATURES SUCH AS BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURE, ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTOTORIC SITES.
POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS • • • • • •
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS: CONSERVATION OF IMPORTANT NATURAL AREAS CONSERVATION OF ARCHAELOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENHANCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
TOURISM IMPACTS
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS –
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS:
• • • • • • • • •
WATER POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION VISUAL POLLUTION WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD DAMAGE TO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES LAND USE PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 7 – COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIPS IN TOURISM MEANING OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP –
– –
DIFFERENT TERMS ARE USED TO DESCRIBE COLLABORATION. THESE INCLUDE COALITION, FORUMS, ALLIANCES, TASK FORCES. COLLABORATION OCCURS WHEN A GROUP OF INDEPENDENT STAKEHOLDERS OF A PROBLEM DOMAIN ENGAGE IN A INTERACTIVE PROCESS, USING SHARED RULES, NORMS AND STRUCTURES TO ACT OR DECIDE ON ISSUES RELATED TO THAT DOMAIN. A PARTNERSHIP IS AN ON-GOING ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN TWO OR MORE PARTIES CHARACTERIZED BY DURABILITY OVER TIME, INCLUSIVENESS, COOPERATION AND FLEXIBILITY. COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIPS CAN HAVE MANY FORMS. THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN PARTNERSHIP MAY VARY FROM VERY FORMAL TO VERY INFORMAL.
POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP – – – – –
THE INVOLVEMENT OF A WIDE RANGE STAKEHOLDER WHO ARE IN THE BEST POSITION TO INTRODUCE CHANGE AND IMPROVEMENT. THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF TORISM DECISION MAKING MAY BE REALIZED WITH THE INVOLVEMENT OF MANY STAKEHOLDERS. INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL STAKEHOLDERS MAY INCREASE THE SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF POLICIES. THE PARTIES WHO ARE DIRECTYLE AFFECTED BY THE ISSUES MAY BRING THEIR KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND OTHER CAPACITIES TO THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS. A CREATIVE SYNERGY MAY RESULT FROM WORKING TOGETHER, LEADING TO GREATER INNOVATION AND EFFECTIVENESS.
COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIPS IN TOURISM POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIPS THE FOLLOWING ARE THE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIPS: • • • • • •
• •
COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS MAY BE UNDER-RESOURCED IN RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL STAFF TIME, LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATIVE RESOURCES. INVOLVING A RANGE OF STOCKHOLDERS IN POLICY-MAKING MAY BE COSTLY AND TIME-CONSUMING. THE COMPLEXITY OF ENGAGING DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS IN POLICY-MAKING MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO INVOLVE THEM EQUALLY. THE VESTED INTERESTS AND ESTABLISHED PRACTICES OF THE VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN COLLABORATIVE WORKING MAY BLOCK INNOVATION. THE NEED TO DEVELOP CONSENSUS AND THE NEED TO DISCLOSE NEW IDEAS IN ADVANCE OF THEIR INTRODUCTION MIGHT DISCOURAGE ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT. THERE MAY BE FRAGMENTATION IN DECISION MAKING AND REDUCED CONTROL OVER IMPLEMENTATION
THE POWER OF SOME PARTNERSHIPS MAY BE TOO GREAT, LEADING TO THE CREATION OF CARTELS. SOME COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS MAY OUTLIVE THEIR USEFULLNESS, WITH THEIR BUREUCRACIES SEEKING TO EXTEND THEIR LIVES UNRESONABLY.
CHAPTER 8 – THE FUTURE OF TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON TOURISM –
THE MAJOR CHALLENGE TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF TOURISM IN THE NEXT FIFTY YEARS IS THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING. IN 2008, IT WAS ACCEPTED BY SEVERAL SCIENTIST THAT GLOBAL WARMING IS OCCURRING. THE INCREASE IN EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS OVER THE PAST TEN YEARS HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO GLOBAL WARMING. A MAJOR GLOBAL CONSEQUENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING IS THE MELTING OF BOTH POLAR ICE CAPS. THE GLOBAL EFFECT WILL BE A RISE IN SEA LEVEL. IF THIS OCCURS, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT LOW-LYING COUNTRIES AND SMALL ISLAND NATIONS WILL BE FLOODED. THIS MAY RESULT IN THE DISAPPEARANCE OF COASTAL TOURISM IN THESE PARTS OF THE WORLD.
THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON TOURISM –
IN THE EARLY PART OF THE 21ST CENTURY, OTHER TOURISM DESTINATIONS SUFFERED FROM LOCAL PROBLEMS WHICH AFFECT TOURIST ARRIVALS. THESE INCLUDE THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS SUCH AS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, STORMS AND FLOODING. AIRLINE DISRUPTIONS CAUSED BY STORMS RESULT IN DELAYS AND CANCELLATIONS IN WEATHER AFFECTED LOCATIONS. IN ADDITION, AFFECTED AIRLINES SUFFER NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT BECAUSE DELAYS AND GROUNDINGS CAUSE AIRPLANES TO BE MISALLOCATED FOR THE START OF THE NEXT ROUND OF FLIGHTS.
THE FUTURE OF TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT THE IMPACT OF HEALTH ISSUES ON TOURISM –
FEAR OF DISEASE REDUCES TRAVEL DEMAND. MOST TRAVELERS AVOID AREAS THAT HAVE HIGH HEALTH RISKS. DISEASES SPREAD MORE RAPIDLY DUE TO TRAVEL, PARTICULARLY THROUGH AVIATION. REPORTS RELEASED BY HARVARD RESEARCHERS SHOW THAT THE BIRD FLU VIRUS SPREAD MORE RAPIDLY DUE TO INTERNATIONAL TOURISM, ESPECIALLY AIR TRAVEL.
IMPACT OF TERRORIST ATTACKS ON TOURISM –
THE BOMBING OF WORLD TRADE CENTER IN NEW YORK ON SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 HAD A LONG-TERM EFFECT ON THE GLOBAL TOURISM INDUSTRY. TERRORIST ATTACKS ARE BEING VIEWED AS PART OF GLOBAL, NOT A LOCAL THREAT. IN UNITED STATES, THE TERRORIST ATTACKS HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON POTENTIAL AND REAL TRAVELERS. THE IMPACTS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 HAVE CONTINUED EVEN AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF THE EVENT. THE BANKCRUPTCY OF AMERICAN AIRLINES IN 2002 HAS BEEN LINKED CLOSELY TO THE DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS SINCE THE TERRORIST ATTACKS. THE DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF TOURIST ARRIVALS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE AUTUMN OF 2001 WAS ATTRIBUTED PARTLY TO THE RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF US VISITORS WHO VISITED BRITAIN IN THE AUTUMN OF 2001 COMPARED TO PREVIOUS YEARS.
THE FUTURE OF TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT THE BALI TERRORIST ATTACK ON TOURIST CALLS INTO QUESTION WHETHER TOURISM WILL CONTINUE TO EXPAND IN TERMS OF VISITOR ARRIVALS AND AT THE SAME TIME SPREAD TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. IT IS APPROPRIATE TO ASSUME THAT THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS WILL CONTINUE TO INCREASE ON A GLOBAL SCALE IN THE FUTURE IN SPITE OF SIGNIFICANT HINDRANCES AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS. IF TOURISM REACHES ALMOST ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT CAREFUL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES ARE ADOPTED AND APPLIED. IN THE PAST, RECENT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN REGARDED AS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GOVERNMENT. IN THE FUTURE, IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR WILL BE MORE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN PLANNING AND MANAGING TOURISM. THE SUCCESS OF TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21 ST CENTURY IN PROMOTING THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM WILL DEPEND NOT ONLY ON STRUCTURES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS BUT IN THE POLITICAL WILL THAT IT IS POSSIBLE AND DESIRABLE TO PLAN AND DEVELOP TOURISM.
CHAPTER 9 – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TOURISM PLANNING DEVELOPMENT TOURISM IS A COMPLICATED WORLDWIDE INDUSTRY AND INFORMATION IS ITS ANIMATING FORCE. INFORMATION ABOUT THE TOURISM PRODUCT IS IMPORTANT TO HELP THE CUSTOMER IN MAKING CHOICES. SINCE THE TOURISM PRODUCT IS INTANGIBLE, SELLING THE PRODUCT REQUIRES DESCRIPTION BY THE TRAVEL TRADE. ELECTRONIC FORMS OF MESSAGES ABOUT TOURISM PRODUCTS HAVE MORE ADVANTAGES THAN PRINTED SOURCES. ELECTRONIC FORMS ARE MORE UP-TO-DATE, MORE VISUAL AND MORE COLORFUL. COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS SUCH AS THE INTERNET, CAN PROVIDE TOUR OPERATORS AND TOURISM PROVIDERS ACCESS TO LARGE NUMBERS OF POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS SIMULTANEOUSLY.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TOURISM PLANNING DEVELOPMENT GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) –
–
IN THE PAST, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OR IT WAS NOT USED EXTENSIVELY IN TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. IN THE EARLY 1990’S, DESTINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) WAS APPLIED TO TOURISM DESTINATIONS. THIS INVOLVED THE COORDINATION AND DELIVERY OF THE DESTINATION TOURISM PRODUCT. IN NEW ZEALAND, GIS WERE USED IN CONNECTION WITH THE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ACT (RDA) WHICH WAS INTRODUCED IN 1991. GIS HAVE BEEN USEFUL IN NEW ZEALAND IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS: • • •
CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT. HELPING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REGIONAL POLICY STATEMENTS. ASSISTING WITH DECISIONS ON PLANNING PERMISSION.
MACADAMS CONDUCTED A RESEARCH ON THE USE OF GIS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. HIS INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT GIS HAD AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF: • • • • • • • • • • •
THE PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION PARTICULARLY IN TERMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT THE USE OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES INTERVIEWING LOCAL REPRESENTATIVES AND LOCAL PEOPLE INTERPRETING SITES USING THE RESULT OF VISITOR SUREVEYS FEASBILITY STUDIES FOR A TOURIST FACILITY STRATEGY PROGRAMSN INCLUDING AN ACTION PLAN TRAFFIC MODELLING FROM HIGHWAY ENGINEER’S DATA WILDLIFE DATA FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ECOLOGY IN LOCAL AREAS INFRASTRUCTURE AUDIT IN HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS POLICY STUDIES
THAT’S ALL THANK YOU!
