Training Report on Gsm

A REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (12th May 2010 – 18th June 2010)

AT

BHARTI HEXACOM LIMITED(AIRTEL),JAIPUR LIMITED(AIRTEL),JAIPUR Submitted for Partial Fulfillment Of B.Tech Degree IN Electronics and Communication Engineering Of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

Submitted to: Mr. Rishabh Sharma E.C.E Department

Submitted by: Sumit Kumar Kaushik B.Tech 7th Sem

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ITS-1, IT Park,Sitapura Jaipur-302022

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Table of Contents Co ntents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................1 COMPANY PROFILE.......................................................................2 INTRODUCTI INTRODUCTION... ON............ .................. .................. .................. ................................................5 .......................................5 EVOLUTION OF GSM......................................................................8 DESCRIPTION.................................................................................10 CONCLUSION.................................................................................34 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................36 ANNEXURE………………………………………………………38















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity with much pleasure to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Mr.Vishal Tiwari (Manager, VAS), Airtel, Jaipur. It gives me Keshav Sharma Sharma imme immens nsee plea pleasu sure re to exte extend nd my grati gratitu tude de towa towards rds Mr. Keshav

(Quality Engineer), Airtel, Jaipur and the entire Network and Quality team of AIRTEL, Jaipur Jaipur for providi providing ng their their coopera cooperatio tion, n, constru constructi ctive ve critici criticism, sm,

valuable guidance and constant encouragement. In addition, I wish to thank Airtel, Jaipur office to provide me the opportunity to acquire the experience of knowing the corporate world and also providing the required facilities, well working systems, besides complete collection of all latest technology software’s. I am especially grateful to the professors and lecturers of our institute ‘Global Institute of Technology’, who has been training us, since the first day, with the knowledge and support in the most lucid manner. It was really a good experience working in a professionally managed firm and learning from such good and knowledgeable people. I hope it will really help me in future.

(Sumit Kumar Kaushik)















COMPANY COMPANY PROFILE PROFI LE

Bharti Airtel Limited formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures LTD (BTVL) is an Indi Indian an comp compan any y offe offeri ring ng tele teleco comm mmun unic icat atio ion n serv servic ices es in arou around nd 19 countries. It is the largest cellular service provider in India India,, with more than 137 million subscriptions as of June 2010. Bharti Airtel is the world's third largest, single-country mobile operator and fifth largest telecom operator in the world in terms of subscriber base. It also offers fixed line services and broadband service services. s. It offers offers its teleco telecom m service servicess under under the Airtel Airtel brand brand and is headed headed by Mr. Sunil Bharti Mittal, Mittal, who is the Chairman & Managing Director of the Company. The company also provides land-line telephone services, under the trade name ‘Touchtel’ and broadband Internet access (DSL) in over 96 cities in India.















Bharti Airtel Airtel is known for being the first mobile mobile phone company company in the world to outsource everything except marketing and sales and finance. Its network (base (base statio stations, ns, microw microwave ave links, links, etc.) etc.) is mainta maintaine ined d by Ericsson and Nokia and Nokia Siemen Sie menss Net Networ work k , busi busine ness ss suppo support rt by IBM IBM and and tran transm smis issi sion on towe towers rs by another company. Ericsson agreed for the first time, to be paid by the minute for installation and maintenance of their equipment rather than being paid up front. This enables the company to provide pan-India phone call rates of less than Rs. 1/minute. During the last financial year (2009-10), Bharti has roped

in

a

strategic

partner Alcatel-Lucent r Alcatel-Lucent to

manage

the

network

infrastructure for the Telemedia Business.

The tabulated summary of various partnering companies is as under: Mobile Services

Nokia Siemens, Ericsson, Huawei

Telemedia & Long

Nokia Siemens, Juniper, Cisco,

Distance Services

Alcatel Lucent, ECI, Tellabs

Network Equipment

Information Technology

IB M IBM Daksh, Hinduja TMT,

Call Centre Operations

Teleperformance, Mphasis, First source & Aegis















•

Mobile,

•

Telemedia,

•

Enterprise, and

•

Digital TV

The The mobi mobile le busi busine ness ss offe offers rs serv servic ices es in 18 coun countr trie iess acro across ss the the Indi Indian an Subcontinent and Africa. The Telemedia business provides broadband, IPTV and telephone services in 89 Indian cities. The Digital TV business provides Direct-to-Home TV services across India. The Enterprise business provides endend-to to-e -end nd tele teleco com m solu soluti tion onss to corp corpor orat atee cust custom omer erss and and nati nation onal al and and international long distance services to telcos. In June 2010, Bharti Airtel as part of its global expansion strategy acquired Zain Telcom of Kuwait. Bharti Airtel through the Zain deal has its business space in 15 African countries. On August 11, 2010, Bharti Airtel announced that it would acquire 100% stake in Telecom Seychelles taking its global presence to 19 countries. Glob Global ally ly,, Bhar Bharti ti Airt Airtel el is the the 3rd large largest st in-co in-coun untry try mobi mobile le oper operat ator or by subscriber base, behind China Mobile and China Unicom.

















INTRODUCTION

.

GSM stands for ‘Global Services for Mobile communication' and is an open, digi digita tall cell cellul ular ar tech techno nolo logy gy used used for for tran transm smit itti ting ng mobi mobile le voic voicee and and data data services. GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s, together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service). This technology is globally accepted and most popular among all countries. It is started in Europe to integrate all countries with wireless communication. Earlier each country in Europe has its own standard for wirel reless communication ,so due to this a person cannot use the same mobile in two differe different nt countr country y and cannot cannot even even commun communica icate te with with the same same mobile mobile in differe different nt countri countries, es, so due to this this fragme fragmenta ntatio tion n proble problem m occurre occurred. d. So to overcome this problem European Union (EU) came with GSM technology that

















Objectives of GSM •

To eliminate the fragmentation problem in European Union.

•

To allow interaction with ISDN and PSTN.

The Goals of GSM •

Improved spectrum efficiency

•

International roaming

•

Low-cost mobile sets and base stations

•

High-quality speech

•

Compatibility with ISDN and other telephone

•

Company services.

•

Support for new services

Specifications and Characteristics for GSM: •

Frequency band – the frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to

















•

Modulation – Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).

•

Transmission rate – GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.

•

Acce Access ss meth method od – GSM GSM util utiliz izes es the the time time divi divisi sion on mult multip iple le acce access ss (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot.

•

Speech coder – GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract.

















EVOLUTION OF GSM In 1982, the Eu Europ ropea ean n Co Conf nfer eren ence ce of Po Post stal al an and d Te Tele leco comm mmun unic icat atio ions ns administrations (CEPT CEPT)) created the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1987, a memorandum of understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone system across Europe. Finally the system created by SINTEF led by Torleiv Maseng was selected. In

1989,

GSM

responsibility

was

transferred

to

the

European

Telecommuni Teleco mmunicatio cations ns Standa Standards rds Insti Institute tute (ETS (ETSI) I) and and phas phasee I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radio linja in Finland with joint technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson Ericsson.. By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries.

GSM around the world

















GSM statistics in India



















DESCRIPTION The basic architecture of the GSM is described in the figure below:



















MS-Mobile station: It consists of mobile equipment and SIM. At the time of manufacturing, an internation international al mobile mobile equipment equipment number (IMEI) (IMEI) is programmed in ME.A SIM is required to activate the GSM services. A international mobile subscriber identification (IMEI) number is programmed along with security parameter and algorithm. The called number is not linked to ME but to SIM.A SIM has foll follow owin ing g data data stor stored ed in it. it. MSIS MSISDN DN (mob (mobil ilee subs subscr crib iber er isdn isdn)) IMSI IMSI (international mobile subscriber identity) - 15 digit number. TMSI (temporary mobi mobile le subs subscri cribe berr iden identi tity ty)) – 4 octe octets ts,, allo alloca cate ted d by VLR, VLR, cont contin inuo uous usly ly changed.IMEI (international mobile equipment identity) unique, permanently assigned to MS.



















AUC- Authentication Authentication Center: AUC is small unit which handles the security end of the system. Its major task is to auth authen enti tica cate te and and encr encry ypt thos thosee para param meter eterss which hich veri verify fy user user’’s identi identific ficati ation on and hence hence enable enabless the confid confident ential iality ity of each each call call made made by subscriber. Authentication center – AUC makes sure mobile operators are safe from different frauds most likely to happen when hackers are looking for even smallest loop wholes in systems. MSC- Mobile Services Switching Center:

MSC is also important part of SS, it handles technical end of telephony. It is bui build ld to perf perform orm swit switch chin ing g func functi tion onal alit ity y of the the enti entire re syst system em.. It’s It’s most most important task is to control the calls to and from other telephones, which means it controls calls from same networks and calls from other networks. Toll ticketing, common channel signaling, network interfacing etc are other tasks which MSC is responsible for.



















VLR- Visitor Location Register: VLR performs very dynamic tasks; it is database which stores temporary data regarding subscribers which is needed by Mobile Services Switching CenterMSC VLR is directly connected to MSC, when subscribe moves to different MSC location, Visitor location register – VLR integrates to MSC of current location and requests the data about subscriber or Mobile station (MS) from the Home Location Register Register –HLR. When subscriber subscriber makes a call the Visitor location location register-VLR register-VLR will have required required informatio information n for making making call already and it will not required to connect to Home Register Location - HRL again.

BSS-The Base Station System: The base station system have very important role in mobile communication. BSS are basically outdoor units which consist of iron rods and are usually of high length. BSS are responsible for connecting subscribers (MS) to mobile networks. All the communication is made in Radio transmission. The Base



















BTS – The Base Transceiver Station: Subscriber, MS (Mobile Station) or mobile phone connects to mobile network through BTS; it handles communication using radio transmission with mobile station. As name suggests, Base transceiver Station is the radio equipment which receive and transmit voice data at the same time. BSC control group of BTSs.





















BSC – The Base Station Controller:





































OSS -The Operation and Support System:



















Encryption:- In GSM, SM, encryp ryption ref refers to the proc rocess of crea reating

auth authen enti tica cati tion on and and ciph cipher erin ing g crypt crypto o varia variabl bles es usin using g a spec specia iall key key and and an encryption algorithm. Ciphering:- Ciphering refers to the process of changing plaintext data into

encry encrypt pted ed data data usin using g a spec specia iall key key and and a spec specia iall encr encryp ypti tion on algo algori rith thm. m. Transmissions between the MS and the BTS on the Um link, are enciphered. Ki:- The Ki is the individual subscriber authentication key. It is a 128-bit

number that is paired with an IMSI when the SIM card is created. The Ki is only stored on the SIM card and at the Authentication Center (AuC). The Ki should never be transmitted across the network on any link.



















Kc:- The Kc is the 64-bit ciphering key that is used in the A5 encryption

algorithm to encipher and decipher the data that is being transmitted on the Um interface. A5:- The A5 encryption algorithm is used to encipher and decipher the data

that is being transmitted on the Um interface. The Kc and the plaintext data are inputted into the A5 algorithm and the output is enciphered data. The A5 algorithm is a function of the Mobile Equipment (ME) and not a function of the SIM card. The BTS also makes use of the A5 algorithm. There are three versions of the A5 algorithm: A5/1:- The current standard for U.S. and European networks. A5/1 is a stream





















GSM Control Channels: 1.

The Broadcast Channel [BCH].

2.

The Common Cont ontrol rol Channel [CCCH]

3.

The De Dedicated Co Control rol Ch Channel nel [D [DCCH]



















•

Operating characteristics of cell such as current control channel structure, channel availability and congestion.

•

List of channels that are currently in use within the cell.

•

Information about BCCH is carried for the neighboring cells.



















o

Access Grant Channel [AGCH]

a. Paging Channel [PCH]: It is used to broadcast the following information. Paging Signals from the BTS to all mobiles in the cell, & notify a specific



















These channels are bi directional & have the same format & function on both forward & reverse link. •

•

They may exist in any time slot & on any ARFCN except TS 0. a)

Stan Stand d Alon Alonee Dedi Dedica cate ted d Cont Contro roll Chan Channe nell [SDC [SDCCH CH]. ].

b) b)

Slow Slow Asso Associ ciat ated ed Cont Contro roll Cha Chann nnel el [SA [SACCH] CCH]..



















Value added services Call waiting:

With Call Waiting on a Hutch phone, you can receive and hold an incoming call when you are already talking to another person. When this service is







































Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)



















International Mobile Equipment Identity:



















GSM Frequency Bands



















Uplink

Downlink











































































































































Training Report on Gsm

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