waray morphology

WARAY-WARAY MORPHOLOGY: I. Pronouns The table below shows the summary of pronouns of Waray-waray. Singular 1st 2nd 3rd Plural 1st person (inclusive)

Nominative ʔaku ʔikaw hija kita

1st person kami (exclusive) 2nd person kamu 3rd person hira

Objective ku mu nija natun

Possessive akun imu iya atun

namun

amun

niyu nira

iyu ira

To make a clearer understanding, each pronoun is used in a sentence. A. Nominative 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

malipajun ʔaku malipajun ka malipajun sija maghahamis kita maglilinis kami malipajun kamu malipajun hira

‘I am happy’ ‘You are happy’ ‘S/He is happy’ ‘We will clean’ ‘We will clean’ ‘You are happy’ ‘They are happy’

B. Objective (Ergative) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ginhamisan ku an sulud ginhamisan mu an sulud ginhamisan nija an sulud hamisan natun an sulud ginhamisan namun an sulud ginhamisan niju an sulud ginhamisan nira an sulud

‘The room was cleaned by me’* ‘The room was cleaned by you’* ‘The room was cleaned by him/her’* ‘Let us clean the room’ ‘The room was cleaned by us’* ‘The room was cleaned by you’* ‘The room was cleaned by them’*

C. Possessive (Oblique) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

mahamis an ʔakun sulud mahamis an ʔimu sulud mahamis an ʔija sulud mahamis an ʔatun sulud mahamis an ʔamun sulud mahamis an ʔiju sulud mahamis an ʔira sulud

‘My room is clean’ ‘Your room is clean’ ‘His/Her room is clean’ ‘Our room is clean’ ‘Our room is clean’ ‘Your room is clean’ ‘Their room is clean’

*The sentences are in passive voice to show the objective case of pronouns.

II. Word Formation Strategies A. affixation 1. prefixing and deletion The /n/ in the verb prefix pan- is deleted and replaced by a nasal sound when it is followed by the verb which starts with any sounds: /p, b, k, t, d, s/. a. [p, b]  [m] pamatiʔ pan-batiʔ IMP-greet ‘greet’ pamariguʔ pan-pariguʔ imp-bathe ‘bathe’ b. [k]  [ŋ] paŋaʔun pan-kaʔun IMP-eat ‘eat’ paŋahuj paŋ-kahuj IMP-hew ‘hew’ c. [t, d, s]  [n] panaguʔ pan-taguʔ IMP-hide ‘hide’ panalagan pan-dalagan IMP-run ‘run’ pa · ‘na · jaw pan-sajaw IMP-dance ‘dance’

d. The /n/ in the verb prefix pan- is deleted and /g/ is replaced if the prefix is followed by the verb that starts with /l/sound. [l]  g + [l] pagliwan pag-liwan IMP-to put on clothes ‘put on clothes’ pagluksu pag-luksu IMP-hop ‘hop’ 2. prefixing The /n/ in the verb prefix pan- remains /n/ and no changes with any sounds of the verbs which have any initial sounds of /g, h, w/. a. [g]  n + [g] pangabut pan-gabut IMP-pull out ‘pull out’ b. [h,w]  n + [h, w] panhujaŋ pan-hujaŋ IMP-lean ‘lean’ panwadas pan-wadas IMP-shake ‘shake’ 3. infixation pinalit p-in-alit p-PST-alit buy PST ‘bought’

4.

suffixing a. ʔapuj ʔapu-j grandchild-NSUF ‘grandparent’ b. higdaʔan higda-ʔan lie on-NSUF ‘bed’ c. ʔujasan ʔujas-an play-NSUF ‘toy’

B. reduplication 1. partial: Aside from putting prefix, the present (progressive) and future tense of the verb is formed by repeating the initial syllable of the root word. a. nagbubunak nag-bu-bunak PRES-initialRED-wash clothes ‘wash clothes’ b. maghahamis mag-ha-hamis FUT-initialRED-clean ‘will clean’ 2. full gawas gawas RED-gawas ‘always in and out’ III. Typology: The Waray-waray language, most of the times, is fusional. Though, it is sometimes identified as isolating and agglutinating. The following data show their distribution. fusional

fusional

ʔaku

hi

1SG

NMK

isolating

hajmi kampaniru Jaime Campanero

‘I am Jaime Campanero’

fusional

fusional

an

ʔakun

isolating

agglutinating

ʔidad

DET 1SINGPOSS age ‘I am fifty-six years old’

agglutinating

ʔigin

kalim

ʔan

fifty

linker

fusional

fusional

ʔaku

ha

ʔanak

PSTPASS BORN 1SINGPOSS NMKR ‘I was born in General Mc Arthur Eastern Samar’

fusional

ʔan

isolating

fusional

ŋaran

han

kag

six

isolating

isolating

fusional

ʔan

ŋaran

han

isolating

isolating

fusional

jana

hahani

ʔaku

fusional

buŋtu town

fusional

fusional

ʔakun

NMKR name NMKR 1SINGPOSS-NMKR ‘The name of my mother is Felisa Campenero’

General Mc Arthur Eastern Samar

PREP

ʔamaj father

General Mc. Arthur Eastern Samar

fusional

hi NMKR

isolating

Conrado Campanero Conrado Campanero

isolating

fusional

ʔinaj

hi

Felisa Campanero

NMKR

Felisa Campanero

mother

agglutinating fusional

naukuj

isolating

ha

isolating

ʔakun

NMKR name NMKR 1SINGPOSS-NMKR ‘The name of my father is Conrado Campenero’

fusional

ʔunum

ha

isolating

isolating

NPC Village Tandang Sora Quezon City

ADV ADV 1SINGNOM PRES-reside PREP NPC Village Tandang Sora Quezon City ‘I am currently residing here in NPC Village Tandang Sora, Quezon City’