FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA DE MINAS
“YACIMINETOS TIPO VMS”
Curso: Geoestadística Docente: Ing. Jorge Sánchez Espinoza Estudiantes:
Quiroz Cholan Maikon
Cajamarca – Perú Abril-2018
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RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se tratará de explicar todo el aspecto teórico relacionado con los depósitos de Sulfuros Masivos Volcanogénicos (VMS), abarcando lo siguiente: definición de depósitos tipo VMS, origen y génesis, proceso evolutivo, formación, mineralogía, zonación, alteraciones hidrotermales, temperatura de formación y la clasificación de estos depósitos.
Los yacimientos de sulfuros masivos están relacionados en su mayor parte con las etapas finales exhalativas de ciertos procesos volcánicos submarinos. En función de su ambiente de deposición y situación tectónica se puede hablar de cinco tipos diferentes: tipo I (Chipre); tipo II (Besshi); tipo III (Kuroko) y tipo IV (noranda o primitivos) y tipo V (Sedex).
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INTRODUCCION Los yacimientos tipo Sulfuros Masivos Volcanogénicos (VMS) son el resultado de dos procesos complementarios: actividad volcánica y circulación convectiva de fluidos. Conjuntamente crean una solución salina, caliente, débilmente ácida, fuertemente reducida y silicatada, que contiene hidrógeno e hidrocarburos. Los yacimientos de sulfuros masivos están relacionados en su mayor parte con las etapas finales exhalativas de ciertos procesos volcánicos submarinos. A menudo, los depósitos consisten en un 90% en pir ita masiva, aunque la pirrotina está presente en algunos de ellos, pero contienen cantidades variables de Cu, Pb, Zn, Ba, Au y Ag; siendo típicamente depósitos polimetálicos. Estos yacimientos reciben el nombre de estrato ligados por estar comúnmente asociados, limitados y hospedados en secuencias de rocas volcánicas, ya sea en lavas o en sedimentos volcánicos
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YACIMIENTOS VMS (SULFUROS MASIVOS VOLCANOGÉNICOS)
1. OBJETIVOS 1.1
OBJETIVO GENERAL
1.2
Conocer las características principales de un yacimiento VMS. VMS.
OBJETIVO ESPECIFICOS Conocer los tipos de rocas y minerales que se encuentran asociadas a este tipo yacimiento.
Conocer la génesis para este tipo de yacimiento. yacimiento.
Especificar los diferentes tipos de yacimientos VMS en función a su deposición.
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CAPITULO I: MARCO TEORICO 1.1
Yacimiento Mineral Es el lugar o sitio donde por obra de la naturaleza existen minerales, que el individuo utiliza para satisfacer sus necesidades. Es el depósito donde naturalmente se hallan los minerales, la concentración de una o más sustancias minerales útiles susceptibles de explotarse económicamente. (Guillermo García Montufar).
1.2
Alteración Una alteración es un proceso (hidratación, oxidación, etc.) generalmente tardío y superficial, que transforma un mineral en otro (u otros). Los tipos de procesos de alteración son múltiples y complejos, varían dependiendo del tipo de mineral y tienen lugar por cambios de temperatura, cambios químicos, exposición atmosférica con abundancia de agua y oxígeno, cambios de pH.
1.3
Mineralogía La mineralogía es la ciencia que se ocupa de identificar minerales y estudiar sus propiedades y origen con el propósito de realizar su clasificación. El estudio de los minerales se efectúa a partir de la observación y del análisis de las rocas que constituyen muestras geológicas.
1.4
Zonación mineral Distribución de mineralización a partir de un centro principal y donde se pueden distinguir halos o aureolas con paragénesis características y diferentes entre sí.
1.5
Ambientes de formación de los depósitos minerales Es aquel que se encuentra formado por diversas condiciones tanto físicas y químicas, pero estos ambientes de formación de yacimientos minerales los clasifican en tres tipos que son: Magmático, Sedimentario y
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CAPITULO II: DESARROLLO DEL TEMA 2.1
Definición Los depósitos del tipo VMS (Volcanic Massive Sulphides) o volcanoexhalatívos corresponden a yacimientos de carácter estrato ligado, en este caso generalmente directa o indirectamente asociados con su roca huésped. Son yacimientos de origen volcanogénico submarino o continental (de carácter metasomático y en algunos casos asociados con sedimentación). Fluidos hidrotermales asociados ocurren a temperaturas entre 50° y 400°C. En el caso de depósitos submarinos, estos ocurren a profundidades del orden de 1000 a 6000 m, bajo condiciones de presión hidrostática. Debajo de los depósitos de sulfuros normalmente existe un stockwork de venillas de sulfuros en rocas intensamente alteradas, el cual parece haber sido el alimentador de los fluidos hidrotermales que penetraron para formar el cuerpo de sulfuro masivo sobre-yacente.
Figura 1.1: Esquema indicando la ubicación de las fuentes termales submarinas que depositan depósitos de sulfuros en los f ondos oceánicos.
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2.2
ORIGEN Y GENESIS El origen de estos depósitos es volcánico exhalativo, es decir se han formado por emanaciones de fluidos hidrotermales asociadas a volcanismo submarino y se trata de depósitos singenéticos formados al mismo tiempo que la actividad volcánica submarina a la que se asocian. El conocimiento de la Génesis de estos depósitos metalíferos se ha incrementado significativamente desde el descubrimiento en 1970 de las fuentes termales submarinas en las dorsales oceánicas conocidas en inglés como "black smokers" debido al color oscuro que adquieren las emanaciones en el agua marina debido a la precipitación microscópica de sulfuros producida por el contacto entre el fluido hidrotermal a temperaturas de 250º a 380ºC y el agua fría del mar. Estas fuentes termales se asocian a sistemas hidrotermales oceánicos que involucran la circulación de aguas marinas dentro de las secuencias volcánicas de los fondos oceánicos y su emisión como fluidos hidrotermales en fallas o fracturas sobre todo a lo largo de escarpes relacionados a la tectónica de la corteza oceánica.
Figura 1.2: Esquemas mostrando el sistema de circulación de aguas marinas que dan origen a depósitos de sulfuros masivos en los fondos oceánicos.
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2.3 Evolución de los depósitos de sulfuros masivos volcanogénicos Aunque la génesis de los depósitos de sulfuros masivos puede tener variaciones la evolución general es la siguiente:
f ormación de depósitos de sulfuros masivos Figura 1.3: Etapas en la formación
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Etapa 1: Precipitación de esfalerita, galena, pirita, tetrahedrita, baritina con cantidades menores de calcopirita por mezcla de fluido a 200ºC con agua de mar.
Etapa 2: Recristalización y aumento del tamaño del grano de minerales por efecto de circulación de fluido a 250ºC, continúa la depositación de esfalerita, galena, etc.
Etapa 3: Influjo de soluciones ricas en Cu a 300ºC, produciendo el reemplazo de la porción inferior (mena ( mena amarilla) y redepositación de minerales reemplazados más arriba.
Etapa 4: Circulación de fluidos calientes sub-saturados en Cu disolución de calcopirita y reemplazo por pirita en la base del depósito.
Etapa 5: Depositación de exhalitas de chert-hematita en torno al depósito (esto también ocurre en las etapas previas), mucho SiO2 se deposita en el stockwork subyacente. GEOESTADÍSTICA
Etapa 6: Preservación por cubierta de lavas o sedimentos. Los depósitos que quedan expuestos a la acción marina se oxidan y se destruyen por acción de meteorización submarina transformándose en capas de "ocre" constituidas por cuarzo, goethita, illita, jarosita. Solo si los depósitos son cubiertos se evita la meteorización submarina y los depósitos pueden preservarse.
2.4
FORMACION El depósito se forma por la acumulación de los sulfuros en el fondo marino, mismos que normalmente constituyen >60% del depósito, esto
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Figura 1.4: Acumulación de sulfuros en el fondo oceánico por exhalaciones hidrotermales involucrando precipitación, formación y colapso de chimeneas y reemplazo desde abajo.
Fuente: Tomado de chiaradia, 2003
La mayoría de los depósitos de sulfuros masivos del mundo son relativamente pequeños y el 80% de los depósitos conocidos está en el rango de 0,1 a 10 Mt (millones de toneladas métricas). De estos la mitad contiene <1 Mt de mineral .Sin embargo, estos depósitos
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2.5
MINERALOGÍA La mineralogía de los depósitos de tipo sulfuro masivo volcanogénicos es simple y corresponde a una mezcla de sulfuros metálicos dominados por pirita y/o pirrotina con cantidades variables de calcopirita, esfalerita y galena. Dependiendo del tipo de depósito la bornita y calcosina pueden ser constituyentes importantes y pueden estar presentes cantidades menores de arsenopirita, magnetita y tenantita-tetrahedrita. Con el aumento del contenido de magnetita estos depósitos gradan a menas masivas de óxidos. La ganga es principalmente cuarzo y baritina, pero ocasionalmente se presenta carbonato, clorita y sericita.
2.6
ZONACION La mayoría de los depósitos de sulfuros masivos están zonados. La galena y esfalerita se ubican en la mitad superior de los depósitos, mientras que la calcopirita se concentra en la l a porción inferior y grada hacia abajo a un stockwork de venillas.
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2.7
ALTERACION La alteración hidrotermal normalmente se restringe a las rocas subyacentes, siendo la sericitización y cloritización los tipos más comunes. La alteración tiene una forma general de chimenea y hacia su porción central contiene el stockwork con calcopirita. El diámetro de la chimenea alterada aumenta hacia arriba (en forma de d e cono invertido) y su porción más ancha coincide con la mena masiva.
Figura 1.6: Esquema de alteración hidrotermal y variación de componentes asociados a depósitos de tipo sulfuro masivo volcanogénico; las dimensiones del sistema hidrotermal pueden variar, pero los depósitos mayores se asocian a los sistemas más grandes.
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En los depósitos antiguos como por ejemplo los de Chipre, las inclusiones fluidas indican temperaturas de 300º-370ºC en los niveles inferiores y de 260º - 350ºC en los niveles superiores. En los depósitos de tipo Kuroko de Japón las etapas tempranas indican 200º - 300ºC y en la culminación de 250º - 350ºC.
2.9
CLASIFICACION Los yacimientos tipo VMS (Sulfuros masivos volcanogenicos), se clasifican en:
2.9.1 TIPO CHIPRE (“Cyprus”) Cu (±Zn) ±Au, asociados a basaltos toleíticos de conjuntos ofiolíticos (generación de corteza oceánica). Formados en fondos oceánicos profundos con volcanismo basáltico. En general se involucra un basamento oceánico que se movió desde el suroeste, como consecuencia de una subducción y que fue levantado a su posición actual, apreciándose una estructura
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hematites, algunas veces goetita por alteración de las partes superiores de sulfuros.
MINERALES DE GANGA Talco, chert, magnetita clorita.
MINERALOGÍA DE LA ALTERACIÓN Clorita, talco, carbonatos, sericita y venas de cuarzo en el núcleo de la zona de estoverca, algunas veces con una capa delgada de alteración de albita e illita.
TEMPERATURA DE FORMACIÓN Por estudio de las inclusiones fluidas se considera que la temperatura de formación es del orden de los 350 °C.
Figura 1.7: Depósito VMS tipo Chipre, Besshi y Kuroko
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2.9.2 TIPO BESSHI Cu-Zn±Au±Ag, asociados a rocas sedimentarias con aporte terrígeno, grauvacas y turbiditas asociadas con basaltos de intraplaca. Formados en cuencas sedimentarias marinas profundas con volcanismo basáltico. La mineralización consiste principalmente de pirita-esfaleritacalcopirita, de carácter estratiforme. Ocurren en ambiente de arco isla asociados a magmatismo calcoalcalino temprano. Ejemplos son Sambagawa, Japón y Folldal, Noruega
MINERALES DE MENA Los principales son: Pirita, pirrotina, calcopirita esfalerita, los secundarios son: cobaltita, magnetita, galena, bornita, tetrahedrita, cubanita, estannina, molibdenita, arsenopirita y marcasita.
MINERALES DE GANGA
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Figura 1.8: Depósito VMS tipo Besshi.
Fuente: Tomado de chiaradia, 2003
2.9.3 TIPO KUROKO Cu-Zn-Pb±Au±Ag, asociados a volcanismo bimodal con lavas toleíticas y lavas y piroclastos calco-alcalinos. Formados en cuencas marinas someras con volcanismo explosivo con
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Las menas silíceas (KEIKO), contienen sulfuros, particularmente calcopirita, diseminada a través de la roca muy silicificada.
Las menas amarillas amarillas (OKO), son principalmente principalmente pirita con cantidades menores de calcopirita.
Las menas negras negras (KUROKO), son son mezclas de esfalerita, galena, baritina y valores menores de pirita y calcopirita; localmente se encuentran cantidades menores de wurtzita, enargita, tetraedrita, marcasita y otros minerales.
Figura 1.9: Depósito VMS tipo Kuroko.
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2.9.4 TIPO SEDEX Zn-Pb±Ag-Ba-Cu, asociados a rocas sedimentarias como lutitas negras carbonosas, areniscas y rocas carbonatadas. Estos se asocian a fluidos expelidos desde cuencas sedimentarias por celdas convectivas de aguas marinas probablemente generadas por calor derivado de fuentes magmáticas subyacentes.
Figura 2: Depósito VMS tipo Sedex.
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3 .DEPOSITOS VMS EN EL MUNDO
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4. EJEMPLOS DE GRAN GRAN TONELAJE DE VMS EN EL MUNDO
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CAPITULO III: ESTIMACION DE RESERVAS DE DEPOSITOS VMS 3.1
Yacimiento Tambogrande 3.1.1 Ubicación Tambogrande se ubica en el distrito de Tambogrande, provincia y departamento de Piura, en el margen derecho del río Piura. Su altitud es de 65 msnm.
3.1.2 Geología El área es una planicie extensa. En la región se encuentran rocas
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Depósitos cuaternarios eólicos al sur sur del yacimiento en el sector norte, el área presenta muy poco plegamiento del Tectonismo Andino en rocas mesozoicas. En el sur, las rocas del Paleozoico presentan pliegues de mayor intensidad formados por la Tectónica Hercínica. El fallamiento es gravitacional, con rumbo longitudinal y transversal al eje andino.
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3.1.4 Depósito Oro-Plata El depósito de óxidos se halla aproximadamente quince metros por debajo de la superficie, y se extiende hasta el depósito de sulfuros aproximadamente a 35 metros. Aloja 10.5 millones de toneladas de mineral de oro 3.05 g/t de ley (que contiene 1.0 millones de onzas de oro) y 53 g/t de plata (que contiene 18 millones de onzas de plata). La mineralización de GEOESTADÍSTICA oro está asociada con la
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3.1.6 Reservas de Mineral El plan de minado se basa en una evaluación mediante “modelo del bloque” de los recursos geológicos, con una ley de corte basada en el
rendimiento neto de la fundición, asociada con las leyes de los bloques con contenido de cobre, zinc, oro y plata para establecer si será rentable extraer y procesar el material.
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