UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA THERMOFLUIDS THERMOFLUI DS LABORATORY LABORATORY (CGE 536) NAME
:
1) MUHAMMAD ROZAIRY BIN ROSLAN (2015829256) 2) MUHAMMAD QAYYUM QAYYUM BIN AZMAN (2015840046) (20158400 46) 3) MUHAMAD ADNAN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN (201520891204) 4) RABIATUL ADAWIYAH ADAWIYAH BINTI HAMDI (2015238424) (20152384 24) 5) MOHAMMAD ITRI BIN ABU BA!AR (20156"4008)
E#$ERIMENT
:
29TH MAR%H 2016
DATE $ERORMED: &ROU$
:
No. / 3 5 6 8 9 : 7 / 3
LOWMETER DEMONSTRATION
Tit! A*'t%#"t+S,--#% I0t%o$,"tio0 Ai-'+O*1!"ti2!' T4!o% A#%#t,' % %o"!$,%!' R!',t C#",#tio0' Di'",''io0 Co0",'io0 R!"o--!0$#tio0' R!;!%!0"!' A!0$i"!' TOTAL MARKS
R!-#%&'< C4!"&!$ * <
D#t! <
&ROU$ 3 (EH2433B)
Ao"#t!$ M#%&' () 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 /7 7 5 5 5 77
M#%&'
ABSTRACT
T4! #i- o; t4i' !=!%i-!0t i' to i02!'ti>#t! #0$ $!-o0't%#t! t4! o!%#tio0 #0$ "4#%#"t!%i'ti" t4%!! t! o; ;o? -!t!% i0",$i0> it' #"",%#" #0$ !0!%> o''!'. T4! 4$%#,i" *!0"4 #' ?! #' t4! Fo? M!t!% D!-o0't%#tio0 U0it ?#' ,'!$ #' t4! ##%#t,' i0 t4i' !=!%i-!0t. T4!%! #%! t4%!! $i;;!%!0t t! o; ;o? -!t!% ?4i"4 i' t4! O%i;i"! M!t!%@ V!0t,%i M!t!%@ #0$ Rot#-!t!% t4#t ?! 0!!$ to i$!0ti;i!$ #t t4! *!>i00i0> o; t4! !=!%i-!0t. A t4%!! ;o? -!t!% ?!%! #"!$ i0 t4! ,0it #0$ !#"4 ;o? -!t!% ?#' $i;;!%!0t ;%o- t4! ot4!% t?o i0 t!%- o; #%!# #0$ ;o? %#t!'. I0 V!0t,%i -!t!% #0$ O%i;i"! -!t!%@ t4! o,t,t i' 0ot i0!#% ?it4 t4! ;o? %#t!@ #' *ot4 "#0 o0 -!#',%! t4! o,t,t. O0 t4! ot4!% 4#0$@ Rot#-!t!% o,t,t ?4i"4 i' $i%!"t %oo%tio0# to t4! ;o? %#t! "#0 *! -!#',%!$ #0$ t4! %!'',%! $i;;!%!0"! "#0 *! 0!>!"t!$. T4! #2!%#>! ti-!$ ;o? %#t!@ t ?#' "#",#t!$ to *! 5.7// L+-i0 @ ?4i! t4! #2!%#>! V!0t,%i M!t!% ;o? %#t!@ 2 i' 5.659 L+-i0@ t4! Rot#-!t!% #2!%#>!@ % i' "#",#t!$ to *! 5.7/5 L+-i0 #0$ #'t t4! #2!%#>! ;o? %#t! ;o% O%i;i"! M!t!%@ o #%o=i-#t! 5.5 L+-i0. H!0"!@ t4! #2!%#>! 2!o"it #0$ 2!o"it 4!#$ #%! 3.77/7 / --+' #0$ .5:797 5 -- %!'!"ti2!.
ABSTRACT
T4! #i- o; t4i' !=!%i-!0t i' to i02!'ti>#t! #0$ $!-o0't%#t! t4! o!%#tio0 #0$ "4#%#"t!%i'ti" t4%!! t! o; ;o? -!t!% i0",$i0> it' #"",%#" #0$ !0!%> o''!'. T4! 4$%#,i" *!0"4 #' ?! #' t4! Fo? M!t!% D!-o0't%#tio0 U0it ?#' ,'!$ #' t4! ##%#t,' i0 t4i' !=!%i-!0t. T4!%! #%! t4%!! $i;;!%!0t t! o; ;o? -!t!% ?4i"4 i' t4! O%i;i"! M!t!%@ V!0t,%i M!t!%@ #0$ Rot#-!t!% t4#t ?! 0!!$ to i$!0ti;i!$ #t t4! *!>i00i0> o; t4! !=!%i-!0t. A t4%!! ;o? -!t!% ?!%! #"!$ i0 t4! ,0it #0$ !#"4 ;o? -!t!% ?#' $i;;!%!0t ;%o- t4! ot4!% t?o i0 t!%- o; #%!# #0$ ;o? %#t!'. I0 V!0t,%i -!t!% #0$ O%i;i"! -!t!%@ t4! o,t,t i' 0ot i0!#% ?it4 t4! ;o? %#t!@ #' *ot4 "#0 o0 -!#',%! t4! o,t,t. O0 t4! ot4!% 4#0$@ Rot#-!t!% o,t,t ?4i"4 i' $i%!"t %oo%tio0# to t4! ;o? %#t! "#0 *! -!#',%!$ #0$ t4! %!'',%! $i;;!%!0"! "#0 *! 0!>!"t!$. T4! #2!%#>! ti-!$ ;o? %#t!@ t ?#' "#",#t!$ to *! 5.7// L+-i0 @ ?4i! t4! #2!%#>! V!0t,%i M!t!% ;o? %#t!@ 2 i' 5.659 L+-i0@ t4! Rot#-!t!% #2!%#>!@ % i' "#",#t!$ to *! 5.7/5 L+-i0 #0$ #'t t4! #2!%#>! ;o? %#t! ;o% O%i;i"! M!t!%@ o #%o=i-#t! 5.5 L+-i0. H!0"!@ t4! #2!%#>! 2!o"it #0$ 2!o"it 4!#$ #%! 3.77/7 / --+' #0$ .5:797 5 -- %!'!"ti2!.
INTRODUCTION
F,i$ -!"4#0i"' -!"4#0i"' 4#' $!2!o!$ $!2!o!$ #0 #0#ti"# #0#ti"# $i'"ii0! ;%o- t4! #i"#tio0 #i"#tio0 o; t4! "#''i"# #?' o; 't#ti"@ $0#-i"' #0$ t4!%-o$0#-i"'. It ?#' t4! 'it,#tio0 i0 ?4i"4 ;,i$' "#0 *! t%!#t!$ #' "o0ti0,o,' -!$i#. T4! #%ti",#% #?' i02o2!$ #%! t4o'! o; t4! "o02!%'#tio0 o; -#''. Fo% t4! i0;o%-#tio0@ t4i' #? -# *! 'i-i;i!$ i0 #0 #tt!-t to $!'"%i*! ,#0tit#ti2! t4! *!4#2io,% o; t4! ;,i$'. T4! 4$%#, 4$%#,i" i" *!0"4 *!0"4 '!%2i"! '!%2i"! -o$,! -o$,! (F7 (F7)) %o2i$ %o2i$!' !' t4! 0!"!''# 0!"!''#% % ;#"iit ;#"iiti!' i!' to ',o%t # "o-%!4!0'i2! %#0>! o; 4$%#,i" -o$!' !#"4 o; ?4i"4 i' $!'i>0!$ to $!-o0't%#t! #%ti",#% #'!"t' o; 4$%#,i" t4!o%. T4! '!"i;i" 4$%#,i" -o$! t4#t i' "o0"!%0!$ ;o% t4i' !=!%i-!0t i' t4! ;o? -!t!% t!'t %i> (F/). T4i' "o0'i't' o; 2!0t,%! -!t!%@ 2#%i#*! #%!# -!t!% o% %ot#-!t!% #0$ o%i;i"! #t! i0't#!$ i0 # '!%i!' o; "o0;i>,%#tio0' to #o? ;o% $i%!"t "o-#%i'o0'.
Figure 1 Venturi meter
Figure 2 Orifice meter
Figure 3 Rotameter
V!0t,%i -!t!%
V!0t,%i -!t!% i' # t,*! ?it4 "o0't%i"t!$ t4%o#t t4#t i0"%!#'! 2!o"it #0$ $!"%!#'! %!'',%!. V!0t,%i -!t!% i' ,'!$ to -!#',%! t4! ;o? %#t! o; "o-%!''i*! #0$ i0"o-%!''i*! ;,i$ i0 # i!i0!. 4!0 # ;,i$ ;o?' t4%o,>4 # t4%o#t '!"tio0@ ?4i"4 4#' '-#!% "%o'' '!"tio0 #%!# t4#0 i0 # i!@ t4! 2!o"it o; t4! ;,i$ t4%o,>4 # t4%o#t i' 4i>4!% t4#0 i0 t4! i!. I; 2!o"it 4i>4!%@ t4! %!'',%! ?i $%o. B -!#',%i0> %!'',%! $%o@ $i'"4#%>! -# *! "#",#t!$. B!o0$ t4! t4%o#t@ t4! ;,i$ i' $!"!!%#t!$ i0 # i! o; 'o? $i2!%>i0> '!"tio0 i0 o%$!% to %!"o2!% #' -,"4 o; t4! &i0!ti" !0!%> #' o''i*!. I0 o%$!% to ,0$!%'t#0$ t4! %i0"i!' o; 2!0t,%i -!t!%@ ?! -,'t &0o? t4! %i0"i! o; B!%0o,i' !,#tio0. O%i;i"! #t! T4! o%i;i"! -!t!% i' #'o ,'!$ i0 o%$!% to -!#',%! t4! ;o? %#t! o; # %!'!%2oi% o% t4%o,>4 # i!. T4! o%i;i"! -!t!% "o0'i't' o; # ;#t #t! ?it4 "i%",#% 4o! $%i!$ i0 it. T4!%! i' %!'',%! t# ,'t%!#- ;%o- t4! o%i;i"! #t! #0$ #0ot4!% 1,'t $o?0't%!#-. Rot#-!t!% T4! %ot#-!t!% i' # 'i-!@ %!i#*!@ i0!=!0'i2! #0$ !#' to i0't# ;o? -!t!% ?it4 o? %!'',%! $%o #0$ 0o !!"t%i"# "o00!"tio0 t4#t >i2!' # $i%!"t %!#$i0> o; ;o? %#t! ;o% # ?i$! %#0>! o; i,i$' #0$ >#'!'.
OBJECTIVES
•
To i02!'ti>#t! #0$ "o0t%#'t t4! o!%#tio0 #0$ "4#%#"t!%i'ti"' o; t4%!! $i;;!%!0t *#'i"' t!' o; ;o? -!t!% ?4i"4 2!0t,%!@ 2#%i#*!@ #0$ o%i;i"! i0",$i0> #"",%#" #0$ !0!%> o''.
•
To -!#',%! # %!'',%! $%o #t $i;;!%!0t '!>-!0t o; $!2i"!.
•
To $!t!%-i0! # ;o? %#t! t4%o,>4 # i!.
TEOR!
T4! #i"#tio0' o; t4! B!%0o,i' !,#tio0 i!$ t4! ;oo?i0> %!',t ?4i"4 #i!' ;o% *ot4 t4! V!0t,%i -!t!% #0$ O%i;i"! #t!. B!%0o,i' !,#tio0<
P 1 V 12 P 2 V 22 + + Z 1= + + Z 2 ρg 2 g ρg 2 g Z 1= Z 2 P 1− P 2 V 22− V 12 = … .. ( 1 ) ρg 2g Q 1 =Q 2
A 1 V 1= A 2 V 2 V 1 =
A 2 V 2 … .. ( 2 ) A 1
(/) I0 ()<
A 1 A 2 V 2 /¿
¿ ¿2 V 2 −¿ P 1− P 2 =¿ 2
ρg
( )
A 2 2 ] V 2 [ 1− A 1 ∆P = ρg 2g 2
V 2=
1
( )
2
A 2 ] √ [ 1− A 1
.
√ 2 ∆ P … .. ( 3 ) √ρ
Q=CdA 2 V 2 … .. ( 4 )
(3) I0 ()<
FLOW RATE, QY =
√ 2 ∆ P =
CdA 2 √ 2 ∆ P . √ρ A 2 2 ] √ [1 − A 1
( )
√2g ∆h √ρ
4< 4!#$ $i;;!%!0"! i0 -!t!% ;%o- t4! -#0o-!t!% %!#$i0>' ;o% t4! #%o%i#t! -!t!% (-) >< #""!!%#tio0 $,! to >%#2it (-+' /) C$< $i'"4#%>! "o!;;i"i!0t ;o% -!t!% A< #%!# o; t4! t!'t i! ,'t%!#- o; t4! -!t!% (-/) A/< t4%o#t #%!# o; t4! -!t!% (-/) U'! o; $i'"4#%>! "o!;;i"i!0t@ C$ i' 0!"!''#% *!"#,'! o; t4! 'i-i;i0> #'',-tio0' -#$! ?4!0 #i0> t4! B!%0o,i' !,#tio0'. V#,!' o; t4i' "o!;;i"i!0t #%! $!t!%-i0!$ * !=!%i-!0t. T4! !0!%> o'' t4#t o"",%' i0 # i! ;itti0> i' "o--o0 !=%!''!$ i0 t!%- o; 4!#$ o'' #0$ "#0 $!t!%-i0! ;%o- t4! -#0o-!t!% %!#$i0>'. Fo% t4i' !=!%i-!0t@ 4!#$ o''!' ?i *! "o-#%!$ #>#i0't t4! ',#%! o; t4! ;o? %#t! ,'!$. I0 #$$itio0@ %!'',%! o'' ;o% 2!0t,%i #0$ %ot#-!t!% #%! o? #0$ ;o% o%i;i"! -!t!% i' -!$i,-.
A$$ARATUS
5
6
/
8
3
9
:
. /. 3. . 5. 6. 8. 9. :.
M#0o-!t!% Di'"4#%>! V#2! #t!% o,t!t V!0t,%i -!t!% St#$$! V#2! Rot#-!t!% :7 E*o? O%i;i"! ,-
$RO%EDURES
&''*+ S,*,-./ $'.'
T4! Fo? -!t!% M!#',%!-!0t A#%#t,' (Mo$!< FM 7) i' $!'i>0!$ %!#$ ;o% ,'! #0$ o0 %!,i%!' "o00!"tio0 to t4! H$%#,i" B!0"4 (Mo$!< FM 7) #' ;oo?'<
#) T4! ##%#t,' i' #"!$ o0 t4! to o; # ',it#*! 4$%#,i" *!0"4. *) T4! ##%#t,' o0 t4! *!0"4 to i' !2!. ") T4! 4$%#,i" "o,i0> i' "o00!"t!$ t4! o,t!t ', o; t4! 4$%#,i" *!0"4. $) T4! $i'"4#%>! o; t4! ;o? ##%#t,' 4o'! i' "o00!"t!$ to t4! "o!"tio0 t#0& o; t4! 4$%#,i" *!0"4. !) T4! ##%#t,' #%! %!#$ to 't#%t.
St#%ti0> , t4! A#%#t,'<
. T4! ;o? "o0t%o 2#2! o; 4$%#,i" *!0"4 i' ;, "o'!$ #0$ t4! $i'"4#%>! 2#2! i' ;, o!0!$. /. E0',%! t4#t t4! $i'"4#%>! 4o'! i' %o!% $i%!"t!$ to 2o,-!t%i" t#0& o; ;i*!%>#'' *!;o%! 't#%ti0> , ''t!- #0$ t4#t 2o,-!t%i" t#0& $%#i0 2#2! i' !;t o!0!$ to !0',%! ;o? $i'"4#%>! *#"& i0to ',- t#0&. 3. 4!0 't! (*) i' "o0;i%-!$ 't#%t ,@ t4! ,- ', ;%o- 4$%#,i" *!0"4. T4! *!0"4 2#2! i' o!0!$ 'o?. T4!0@ t4! ?#t!% ;o?i0> ?!%! '!!0 ;%o- 4$%#,i" *!0"4 t4%o,>4 to t4! ;o? ##%#t,' #0$ $i'"4#%>! t4%o,>4 i0to t4! 2o,-!t%i" t#0& o; 4$%#,i" *!0"4 #0$ 0!=t $%#i0!$ *#"& i0to ',- t#0& o; 4$%#,i" *!0"4.
. N!=t@ t4! ;o? "o0t%o 2#2! i' ;, o!0!$. 4!0 t4! ;o? i0 t4! i! i' 't!#$ #0$ t4!%! i' 0o t%#!$ *,**!@ t4!0 t4! *!0"4 2#2! 't#%t to "o'! to %!$,"! t4! ;o? to t4! -#=i-,- -!#',%#*! ;o? %#t!.
5. T4!0@ t4! ?#t!% !2! i0 t4! -#0o-!t!% *o#%$ #%! '!!0 t4#t $i'# t4! $i;;!%!0t !2! ?#t!% o; 4!i>4t'. (I; t4! ?#t!% !2! i0 t4! -#0o-!t!% *o#%$ i' too 4i>4 ?4!%! it i' o,t o; 2i'i*! oi0t@ t4! ?#t!% !2! i' #$1,'t!$ * ,'i0> t4! 't#$$! 2#2!. it4 t4! -#=i-,- -!#',%#*! ;o? %#t!@ %!t#i0 -#=i-,- %!#$i0>' o0 -#0o-!t!%. 6. At t4i' oi0t@ 'o? %!$,"! t4! ;o? * "o0t%oi0> t4! ;o? $i'"4#%>! 2#2! o; ##%#t,'< t4! $i'"4#%>! 2#2! tot# "o'!$. 8.
T4! ?#t!% !2! i0 t4! -#0o-!t!% *o#%$ *!>#0 '!!0 to !2! i0to # 't%#i>4t !2!.
T4i' !2! #t t4! o?!% o% #t 4i>4!% !0$ o; t4!
-#0o-!t!% *o#%$ %#0>!. (T#&! 0ot! t4#t t4! ,- ;%o- t4! 4$%#,i" *!0"4 i' #t t4i' ti-!@ 'ti ',i0> ?#t!% #t # "!%t#i0 %!'',%! i0 t4! ''t!-). 9. T4!0@ #'o *! o0 t4! oo&o,t ;o% T%#!$ B,**!' i0 t4! >#'' t,*! o% #'ti" t%#0';!% t,*!. T4i' '4o,$ %!-o2! ;%o- t4! ''t!- ;o% *!tt!% #"",%#". So? %!'' t4! #'ti" t,*! to ,'4 t4! *,**!' , o% i>4t t#* t4! >#'' t,*! to %!!#'! t4! *,**!' ,?#%$'.
Demon"tration of t#e o$eration an% c#aracteri"tic of t#ree %ifferent &a"ic t'$e" of f(o)meter
Procedures:
.
T4! ##%#t,' ?#' #"!$ o0 *!0"4. T4! i0!t i! i' "o00!"t!$ to *!0"4 ', ?4i! t4! o,t!t i! i' "o00!"t!$ i0to 2o,-!t%i" t#0&.
/.
T4! *!0"4 2#2! i' ;, "o'!$ #0$ t4! $i'"4#%>! 2#2! i' ;, o!0!$@ t4!0 t4! ,- ', ?#' 't#%t!$ ;%o- 4$%#,i" *!0"4.
3.
T4! *!0"4 2#2! ?#' 'o? o!0!$ ,0ti it ?#' ;, o!0!$.
.
4!0 t4! ;o? i0 t4! i! i' 't!#$ #0$ t4!%! i' 0o t%#!$ *,**!@ t4! *!0"4 2#2! i' 't#%t!$ to "o'! to %!$,"! t4! ;o? to t4! -#=i-,-!#',%#*! ;o? %#t!.
5.
T4! ?#t!% !2! i0 t4! -#0o-!t!% *o#%$ ?#' #$1,'t!$ * ,'i0> t4! #i% *!!$ '"%!?. T4! -#=i-,- %!#$i0>' o0 -#0o-!t!% ?!%! %!t#i0!$ ?it4 t4! -!#',%#*! ;o? %#t!.
6.
T4! %!#$i0>' o0 -#0o-!t!% (AJ)@ %ot#-!t!% #0$ -!#',%!$ ;o? %#t! ?!%! 0ot!$.
8.
St! 6 i' %!!#t!$ ;o% $i;;!%!0t ;o? %#t!'. T4! ;o? %#t!' "#0 *! #$1,'t!$ * ,tiii0> *ot4 *!0"4 2#2! #0$ $i'"4#%>! 2#2!.
9.
To $!-o0't%#t! 'i-i#% ;o? %#t!' #t $i;;!%!0t ''t!- 't#ti" %!'',%!'@ t4! *!0"4 #0$ ;o? "o0t%o 2#2! #%! #$1,'t!$ to>!t4!% #0$ -#0o-!t!% !2! #' %!,i%!$.
Determination of t#e (o"" coefficient )#en f(ui% f(o)" t#roug# a *+ %egree e(&o)
Procedures:
.
T4! ##%#t,' ?#' #"!$ o0 *!0"4. T4! i0!t i! i' "o00!"t!$ to *!0"4 ', ?4i! t4! o,t!t i! i' "o00!"t!$ i0to 2o,-!t%i" t#0&.
/.
T4! *!0"4 2#2! i' ;, "o'!$ #0$ t4! $i'"4#%>! 2#2! i' ;, o!0!$@ t4!0 t4! ,- ', ?#' 't#%t!$ ;%o- 4$%#,i" *!0"4.
3.
T4! *!0"4 2#2! ?#' 'o? o!0!$ ,0ti it ?#' ;, o!0!$.
.
4!0 t4! ;o? i0 t4! i! i' 't!#$ #0$ t4!%! i' 0o t%#!$ *,**!@ t4! *!0"4 2#2! i' 't#%t!$ to "o'! to %!$,"! t4! ;o? to t4! -#=i-,-!#',%#*! ;o? %#t!
5.
T4! ?#t!% !2! i0 t4! -#0o-!t!% *o#%$ ?#' #$1,'t!$ * ,'i0> t4! #i% *!!$ '"%!?. T4! -#=i-,- %!#$i0>' o0 -#0o-!t!% ?!%! %!t#i0!$ ?it4 t4! -!#',%#*! ;o? %#t!
6.
T4! %!#$i0>' o0 -#0o-!t!% (I #0$ J) #0$ -!#',%!$ ;o? %#t! ?!%! 0ot!$.
8.
St! 6 i' %!!#t!$ ;o% $i;;!%!0t ;o? %#t!'. T4! ;o? %#t!' ?!%! #$1,'t!$ * ,tiii0> *ot4 *!0"4 2#2! #0$ $i'"4#%>! 2#2!.
9.
T4! t#*!' ?!%! "o-!t!$ *!o?.
V
/
s
/g
:.
T4! >%#4
∆H
#>#i0't
;o% :7 $!>%!! !*o? ?#' ott!$ to $!t!%-i0!
t4! "o!;;i"i!0t o; o''!'.
,enera( S#ut-%o)n .roce%ure"
. T4! ?#t!% ', 2#2! #0$ 2!0t,%i $i'"4#%>! 2#2! ?#' "o'!$. /. T4! ?#t!% ', ,- ?#' t,%0!$ o;;. 3. T4! ?#t!% ;%o- t4! ,0it ?#' $%#i0!$ o;; ?4!0 0ot i0 ,'!$.
RESU/TS
Rotamete r F(o)rate 0/min 5 7 5 /7
A
B
C
/3: /67 3/ 38
/39 /55 377 353
//: // /3/ /3
anometer Rea%ing 0mm D E F ,
/36 // /86 37
/39 /9 /96 337
/7 /53 /:5 39
/7 /53 /:5 39
I
J
//7 87 /6 37
//9 /73 :7 5
//8 /7 9: 9
T#*! . Rotameter F(o)rate4 5t 0/min
Vo(ume 0/
5 7 5 /7
3 3 3 3
F(o)rate4 5a 0/min
Time 0"
T1 37.58 5.: 7.5: 8.6
T2 3.7 5.: /.8 9.
T3 35.3: 9./9 /.: :.39
A8erage 33.3/ 6.8/ /.77 9.8
Venturi 5.7/5 7.863 5.7777 /./65
Orifice 5.7/5 7.863 5.7777 /./65
F(o)rate Ca(cu(ate% U"ing Bernou((i6" E7uation4 5t 0/min Venturi Orifice 5.659 5.5 .839 7.9/7 6.773/ .:56/ /.3:67 /7.559
T#*! ./ Vo(ume 0/
3
Time 0"
33.3/
Time 0min
7.5553
F(o)rate4 5a 0/min
5.7/5
anometer Rea%ing 0mm I //9
J //8
Differentia( .ie9ometer ea%4 #6 0mm E(&o) 0#i : # ;
V 0mm"
0mm
3.77/ × −2 10
3
6.8/
7./898
7.863
/73
/7
/
.:6/ × −1 10
3
/.77
7./777
5.7777
:7
9:
V ² 2g
9.3333 × −2 10
.5:79 −5 10
8./:37 −4 10
3.53: −4 10
3
9.8
7./
/./65
5
9
6
8.7939 × −1 10
T#*! .3
CA/CU/ATIONS
. S#-! C#",#tio0' ;o% A"t,# Fo?%#t!@ #
Fo?%#t!@ (L+-i0)
Volume ( L) Time ( min )
Rotameter F(o)rate4 5t 0/min
Ca(cu(ation" 3 L
Fo?%#t!@ (L+-i0)
0.5553 min
5 5.7/5 3 L
Fo?%#t!@ (L+-i0)
0.2787 min
7 7.863 3 L
Fo?%#t!@ (L+-i0)
0.2000 min
5 5.7777 3 L
Fo?%#t!@ (L+-i0)
0.1412 min
/7 /./65
/.5586 −2 10
/. S#-! C#",#tio0 o; A%!# o; t4! C%o'' S!"tio0@ A (A@ B@ C@ D@ E@ F@ G #0$ H) U'i0> Co0ti0,it E,#tio0
π ² A
4
A A%!# o; t4! "%o'' '!"tio0 A@ B@ C@ D@ E@ F@ G #0$ H (- ²) D Di#-!t!% o; t4! "%o'' '!"tio0 A@ B@ C@ D@ E@ F@ G #0$ H (-)
Area
π ( 0.0260 m ) ² A
A
4
5.37:3 ×
−4 10
-²
π ( 0.0216 m) ² B
A
4
3.66 ×
−4 10
-²
π ( 0.0160 m ) ² C
A
4
/.776 ×
−4 10
π ( 0.0200 m ) ² D
A
4
-²
3.6 ×
−4 10
-²
π ( 0.0220 m ) ² A
E
4
3.973 ×
−4 10
-²
π ( 0.0260 m ) ² A
F
4
5.37:3 ×
−4 10
-²
π ( 0.0260 m ) ² A
,
4
5.37:3 ×
−4 10
-²
π ( 0.0160 m ) ² A
4
/.776 ×
−4 10
-²
3. S#-! C#",#tio0 o; A"t,# Fo?%#t! ;o% V!0t,%i M!t!% U'i0> B!%0o,i' #0$ Co0ti0,it E,#tio0
A!
t C$ × At × [ ( A ) ²
¿−
1 /2
[/> (H# H")
4!%!@ C$
Co!;;i"i!0t o; $i'"4#%>! (7.:9)
At
T4%o#t #%!# (6--)
A
I0!t #%!# (5.37:3 ×
G
:.9 -+'²
H#
M#0o-!t!% %!#$i0> #t A (-)
H"
M#0o-!t!% %!#$i0> #t C (-)
E=#-!< 4!0 t4! ;o?%#t! o; %ot#-!t!% i' 5 L+-i0
−4 10
-²)
1 /2
¿
t 7.:9 /.776 7.//:)
−4 10
-
(
−4 2.0106 " 10 m ² ² −4 5.3093 " 10 m ²
)
¿−
1 /2
/(:.9 -+') (7./3:
¿−
/(:.9 -+') (7./67
¿−
/(:.9 -+') (7.3/
¿−
/(:.9 -+') (7.38
1 /2
¿
:.37 ×
−5 10
-P+'
4!0 t4! ;o?%#t! o; %ot#-!t!% i' 7 L+-i0 t 7.:9 /.776 7.//)
−4 10
-
(
−4 2.0106 " 10 m ² ² −4 5.3093 " 10 m ²
)
1 /2
1 /2
¿
.96/3 ×
−4 10
-P+'
4!0 t4! ;o?%#t! o; %ot#-!t!% i' 5 L+-i0 t 7.:9 /.776 7./3/)
−4 10
-
(
−4 2.0106 " 10 m ² ² −4 5.3093 " 10 m ²
)
1 /2
1 /2
¿
/.668/ ×
−4 10
-P+'
4!0 t4! ;o?%#t! o; %ot#-!t!% i' /7 L+-i0 t 7.:9 /.776 7./3)
−4 10
-
(
−4 2.0106 " 10 m ² ² −4 5.3093 " 10 m ²
)
1 /2
1 /2
¿
3.5667 ×
−4 10
-P+'
. S#-! C#",#tio0 o; A"t,# Fo?%#t! ;o% O%i;i"! M!t!% U'i0> B!%0o,i' #0$ Co0ti0,it E,#tio0
A!
t C$ × At × [ ( A ) ²
¿−
1 /2
[/> (H> H4)
1 /2
¿
4!%!@ C$
Co!;;i"i!0t o; $i'"4#%>! (7.63)
At
O%i;i"! #%!# (/.7 ×
A
O%i;i"! ,'t%!#- #%!# (5.37:3 ×
>
:.9 -+'²
H>
M#0o-!t!% %!#$i0> #t G (-)
H4
M#0o-!t!% %!#$i0> #t H (-)
−4 10
-²) −4 10
-²)
E=#-!< 4!0 t4! %ot#-!t!% ;o?%#t! i' 5 L+-i0 t 7.63 /.7 7.//7)
−4 10
-
(
−4 2.011 " 10 m ² ² −4 5.3093 " 10 m ²
¿−
/(:.9 -+') (7./7
−4 2.011 " 10 m ² ² −4 5.3093 " 10 m ²
¿−
/(:.9 -+') (7./53
−4 2.011 " 10 m ² ² −4 5.3093 " 10 m ²
¿−
/(:.9 -+') (7./:5
−4 2.011 " 10 m ² ² −4 5.3093 " 10 m ²
¿−
/(:.9 -+') (7.39
)
1 /2
1 /2
¿
9.585/
−5 10
-P+'
4!0 t4! %ot#-!t!% ;o?%#t! i' 7 L+-i0 t 7.63 /.7 7.87)
−4 10
-
(
)
1 /2
1 /2
¿
.887
−4 10
-P+'
4!0 t4! %ot#-!t!% ;o?%#t! i' 5 L+-i0 t 7.63 /.7 7./6)
−4 10
-
(
)
1 /2
1 /2
¿
/.:/8
−4 10
-P+'
4!0 t4! %ot#-!t!% ;o?%#t! i' /7 L+-i0 t 7.63 /.7 7.737)
1 /2
¿
−4 10
-
(
)
1 /2
3.:3
−4 10
-P+'
5. Co02!%'io0 o; t4! ;o?%#t!' o*t#i0!$ ;o% V!0t,%i #0$ O%i;i"! M!t!% ;%o- t (-P+') to t (L+-i0)
E=#-!< V!0t,%i M!t!% #. t :.37 ×
−5 10
-P+' × (777 L+ -P) (67 '+ -i0)
5.659 L+-i0 *. t .96/3 ×
−4 10
-P+' × (777 L+ -P) (67 '+ -i0)
.839 L+-i0 ". t /.668/ ×
−4 10
-P+' × (777 L+ -P) (67 '+ -i0)
6.773/ L+-i0 $. t 3.5667 ×
−4 10
-P+' × (777 L+ -P) (67 '+ -i0)
/.3:67 L+-i0
O%i;i"! M!t!% #. t 9.585/
−5 10
-P+' × (777 L+ -P) (67 '+ -i0)
5.5 L+-i0 *. t .887
−4 10
-P+' × (777 L+ -P) (67 '+ -i0)
7.9/7 L+-i0 ". t /.:/8
−4 10
-P+' × (777 L+ -P) (67 '+ -i0)
.:56/ L+-i0 $. t 3.:3
−4 10
-P+' × (777 L+ -P) (67 '+ -i0)
/7.559 L+-i0
6. S#-! C#",#tio0 ;o% t4! V!o"it o; ?#t!% Fo?i0> t4%o,>4 t4! :7 ⁰ E*o? )
i##e$en!i%l Pie&ome!e$ 'e%d , ( h ( mm ) V!o"it o; #t!% (-+') Time ( * ) Rotameter F(o)rate4 5t 0/min
Ca(cu(ation" 1 mm
V
5
33.32
*
3.77/ ×
−2 10
--+'
2 mm
V
7
16.72 *
.:6/ ×
−1 10
--+'
1 mm
V
5
12.00
*
9.3333 ×
−2 10
--+'
6 mm
V
/7
8.47 *
8.7939 ×
8. S#-! C#",#tio0 ;o%
−1 10
--+'
V ² 2g
Rotameter F(o)rate4 5t 0/min
Ca(cu(ation"
5
V ² 2 g =
( 3.0012 " 10− mm / * ) ² 2 ( 9810 mm / * ² ) 2
= .5:79 ×
7
V ² 2 g =
5
1
/7
−4 10
--
( 8.3333 " 10− mm / * ) ² 2 ( 9810 mm / * ² ) 2
= 3.53: ×
V ² 2 g =
--
( 1.1962 " 10− mm / * ) ² 2 ( 9810 mm / * ² )
= 8./:37 ×
V ² 2 g =
−5 10
−4 10
--
( 7.0838 " 10− mm/ * ) ² 2 ( 9810 mm / * ² )
= 3.675 ×
1
−2 10
--
DISCUSSION
T4! Fo? M!t!% D!-o0't%#tio0 i' to $!-o0't%#t! t4%!! $i;;!%!0t t! o; ;o? -!t!%@ Rot#-!t!%@ V!0t,%i M!t!% #0$ O%i;i"! M!t!%. B#'!$ o0 t4! %!#$i0> t4#t ?#' t#&!0 $,%i0> t4! !=!%i-!0t@ t4! ;o? %#t! ;o% # t4%!! ;o? -!t!% "#0 *! "#",#t!$ #' ?! #' t4! 4!#$ 2!o"it. I0 t4i' !=!%i-!0t@ t4! "4#%#"t!%i'ti" #0$ o!%#tio0' o; # t4%!! V!0t,%i M!t!%@ O%i;i"! M!t!%@ #0$ Rot#-!t!% "#0 *! '!!0. D,%i0> t4! !=!%i-!0t@ ?! "#0 $!t!%-i0! ?4i"4 o0! o; t4! ;o? -!t!% >i2!' t4! #"",%#t! 2#,! *#'!$ o0 # t4! %!#$i0>' t4#t 4#2! *!!0 %!"o%$!$. T4! 2#,! o; ;o? %#t! o; # t4%!! ;o? -!t!% "#0 *! $!t!%-i0!$ #;t!% t4! !=!%i-!0t' 4#2! *!!0 "o0$,"t!$. T4! %!',t' ;%o- t4i' !=!%i-!0t >i2! ,' t4! #2!%#>! ;o? %#t! ;o% Rot#-!t!% i' 5.7/5 L+-i0@ V!0t,%i M!t!% i' 5.659 L+-i0@ #0$ 5.5 L+-i0 ;o% t4! O%i;i"! M!t!%. V!0t,%i M!t!% i' -o%! #"",%#t! t4#0 O%i;i"! M!t!% #0$ Rot#-!t!% t4!o%!ti"#. I; t4! %!',t o*t#i0!$ $i;;!% ;%o- t4! t4!o%@ t4!%! -,'t *! 'o-! !%%o% o"",%' $,%i0> t4!
!=!%i-!0t. O0! o; t4! -#1o% ;#"to%' t4#t #;;!"t t4! %!#$i0> i' t4! *,**! i0 i!i0! o% -#0o-!t!% t,*!'. B!'i$!' t4#t@ i; t4! !! i' 0ot !%!0$i",#% to t4! ?#t!% !2!@ #0 !%%o% "#!$ t4! #%##= !%%o% -i>4t o"",% $,%i0> t4! %!#$i0> ?#' t#&!0. Mo%! "#i*%#tio0 #o0> t4! -#0o-!t!% ?i %!',t i0 -o%! #"",%#t! %!#$i0>. V!0t,%i M!t!% i' t4! %!"i'! ;o? -!t!% i0 -!#',%i0> ;o? %#t! o; #0 ;,i$ *!"#,'! o; it $i2!%>! o%tio0 ?4i"4 i0"%!#'! t4! 2!o"it #0$ %!$,"!' t4! ;%i"tio0 o'' o; ;,i$ t4#t #'' t4%o,>4 it. G!0!%#@ O%i;i"! M!t!% ?4i"4 "o0'i't o; o%i;i"! #t! i04!%it t4! #$2#0t#>!' o; *!i0> !#' #0$ i0!=!0'i2! to %!#"!@ o? "o't -#i0t!0#0"!@ *,t i0iti# i0't##tio0 -# *! "o't $,! to '!"i# o%i;i"!#t! ;#0>!' "o0t#i0i0> %!'',%! t#'. Ho?!2!%@ -o't i-o%t#0t #$2#0t#>!' i0 O%i;i"! M!t!% i' t4#t it 4#' 0o -o2i0> #%t' #0$ it' $i;;!%!0ti# %!'',%! '!0'o% "#0 !#'i *!i0> %!-o2!$ #0$ %!#"!$ ?it4o,t '4,tti0> $o?0 t4! %o"!''. M!#0?4i!@ t4! #$2#0t#>!' o; V!0t,%i M!t!% "o-#%!$ to O%i;i"! M!t!% #%! t4! "##"it o; V!0t,%i M!t!% to 4#0$! -o%! ;o? ?4i! i-o'i0> !'' !%-#0!0t %!'',%! o'' o0 t4! ''t!- #0$ #'o it' >%!#t!% #"",%#" o2!% # ?i$!% ;o? %#t! %#0>! ?it4 it' #*iit to *! ,'!$ * ;,i$ "o0t#i0i0> o; %!#ti2! 4i>4 !%"!0t#>! !0t#i!% 'oi$'.
RECOENDATION
A;t!% "o0$,"ti0> t4i' !=!%i-!0t@ ?! "#0 '# t4#t 2#,! o; ;o? %#t! #0$ t4! ;o? %#t! !%%o% i' $i;;!%!0t ;%o- t4! t4!o%!ti"# %!',t'. F%o- t4! t4!o%@ t4! -o't #"",%#t! ;o? -!t!% i' t4! 2!0t,%i -!t!%. So@ it -!#0' t4#t t4! -o't !;;i"i!0" ;o? -!t!% 4#' # !'' 2#,! o; ;o? %#t! !%%o%. I0 t4i' !=!%i-!0t@ t4! 2#,! o; ;o? %#t! !%%o% ;o% 2!0t,%i -!t!% i' 4i>4!% t4#0 t4! o%i;i"! -!t!%. Fo% t4! ;i%'t %!"o--!0$#tio0 ;o% t4i' !=!%i-!0t i' -#&! ',%! t4#t t4!%! i' 0o *,**! i0 t4! i!i0!. T4! !=i't!0"! o; *,**! -# "#,'! !'' #"",%#" i0 t4! %!#$i0> o; t4! ;o? -!t!%. T4! '!"o0$ i' to -#&! ',%! t4!%! i' 0o '-# #%ti"!' o% "o0t#-i0#0t i0 t4! ;,i$ *!"#,'! 'o-! o; t4! $!2i"!' #%! 2!% '!0'iti2! to t4!'! #%ti"!'. B!'i$!' t4#t@ $,%i0> %!"o%$i0> t4! -#0o-!t!% %!#$i0>@ -#&! ',%! t4! o'itio0 o; o,% !!' i' #%#! to t4! !2! o; %!#$i0> o% t4! -i0i'",' o; t4! ;,i$ !2!.
REFERENCES
. L#*o%#to% M#0,# CGE536@ F#",t o; C4!-i"# E0>i0!!%i0>@ UiTM S4#4 A#-@ M##'i#
/. F,i$ M!"4#0i"'@ F,0$#-!0t# #0$ Ai"#tio0'@ Y,0,' A. C!0>! #0$ Jo40 M.Ci-*##@ M" G%#? Hi. 3. E0>i0!!%i0> F,i$ M!"4#0i"'@ Jo40 Ro*!%'o0 Q C#to0 C%o?!@ Ho,>4to0 Mi;;i0 Co@ C4#t!% 3.
. Y#4oo #0$ Goo>! '!#%"4 !0>i0!' (&!?o%$< ;o?-!t!%@ 2!0t,%i -!t!%@ o%i;i"! -!t!%)
A..ENDICES
