PRINCIPAL PARTS Most Latin verbs are put into one of four groups (conjugations) depend depending ing on their their Princi Principal pal Parts. Parts. This This groupi grouping ng system system is found found in modern languages, including French, which has four sorts of verbs: -er, -re, -ir, -oir. The 4th p.p. means -ed (and nothing else). It is a passive
participle – an adjective formed from a verb, describing a noun or pronoun, and followed by a preposition like by, with, from, etc. CONJ.
1st p.p.
2nd p.p.
3rd p.p.
4th p.p.
port-o port-o
port-āre port-āre
port-avi port-avi
port-atus port-atus
I carry
to carry
I carried
carried
doce-o
doc-ēre
doc-ui
doc-tus
I teach
to teach
I taught
taught
trah-o
trah-ĕre
tra-xi
trac-tus
I drag
to drag
I dragged
dragged
audi-o
aud-īre
aud-ivi
aud-itus
I hear
to hear
I heard
heard
1st (Ā)
2nd (Ē)
3rd (ĕ)
4th (Ī)
You must learn all of the Principal Parts and be ready to write them in tests. The Principal Parts give you a quick way of remembering the present present (1st p.p.) and perfect (3rd p.p.) tenses, the present present infinitive infinitive (2nd p.p.) and and the the perfect perfect passive passive participl participlee (4th p.p. which which means means -ed). -ed). •
Tip: most English words ending in -ion come from the 4th p.p.
SPECIAL 4th P.P.s = HAVING -ED Some 4th Principal Parts in Latin mean HAVING -ED. There are not many of these and you learn them as special cases. Most give interesting English words. adeptus, a, a, um
=
having re received, ha having ob obtained, ha having ga gained, having got
ingressus, a, um
=
having entered, having gone in
precatus, a, um
=
having prayed (to)
regressus, a, a, um um
=
having re returned, ha having co come ba back, ha having go gone back
conspi spicatus, a, um
=
having ing no noticed, hav haviing sp spotted, ha having ca caught si sight of
egressus, a, um
=
having departed, having gone out, having left
passus, a, um
=
having suffered
locutus, a, um
=
having said, having spoken
secutus, a, um
=
having followed
senex, deam precatus, anulum extraxit the old man, having prayed to the goddess , took off his ring
fur, anulum conspicatus , se celavit a thief, having noticed a ring, hid himself
fur, anulum adeptus, celeriter fugit the thief, having obtained the ring, escaped quickly
THE CHIEF MASTER’S FAVOURITE VERB KNOW THIS LITTLE VERB AND YOU KNOW THEM ALL EO, IRE, II, ITUS
=
I GO, TO GO, I WENT, GONE
Present
EO IS IT IMUS ITIS EUNT
I go; I am going you go; you are going (s)he goes; (s)he is going we go; we are going you go; you are going they go; they are going
Imperfect
IBAM IBAS IBAT IBAMUS IBATIS IBANT
I was going; I began to go you were going; you began to go (s)he was going; (s)he began to go we were going; we began to go you were going; you began to go they were going; they began to go
Perfect
II IISTI IIT IIMUS IISTIS IERUNT
I went; I have gone you went; you have gone (s)he went; (s)he has gone we went; we have gone you went; you have gone they went; they have gone
Pluperfect
IERAM IERAS IERAT IERAMUS IERATIS IERANT
I had gone you had gone (s)he had gone we had gone you had gone they had gone
TABLE OF NOUN ENDINGS (UMS) DEC
CASE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
1st
Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat.
PUELL - A PUELL - AM PUELL - AE PUELL - AE
PUELL - AE PUELL - AS PUELL - ARUM PUELL - IS
2nd
Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat.
SERV - US SERV - UM SERV - I SERV - O
SERV - I SERV - OS SERV - ORUM SERV - IS
3rd
Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat.
MERCATOR MERCATOR - EM MERCATOR - IS MERCATOR - I
MERCATOR - ES MERCATOR - ES MERCATOR - UM MERCATOR - IBUS
Nominative: says “start with me.” I am the subject. I go before the verb in English. I am the Who in “Who does what?” – “The cat sees the dog” •
Accusative: says “don’t start with me.” I am the object. I go after the verb in English I am the What in “Who does what?” – “The dog sees the cat” • Genitive: says “add of before you translate me”; I tell you who owns something; I am the OF WHOM in “who owns the what of whom” I am the “Who owns something” – “Whose shoes?” •
Dative: says “add to or for before you translate me”; I am the indirect object; I am the TO WHOM in “who does what to whom” I am the “Who you give something to” – “Gimme the money!” •
TABLE OF NEUTER NOUN ENDINGS A small number of 2nd and 3rd declension words in Latin are neuter. 2nd declension neuter nouns end in -UM in the nominative singular and -A in the nominative plural. They keep the same endings in the accusative singular and plural. 3rd declension neuter nouns end in anything in the nominative singular but always -A in the nominative plural. They keep the same endings in the accusative singular and plural. BELLUM, BELLI neuter
=
WAR
DEC
CASE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
2nd
Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat.
BELL - UM BELL - UM BELL - I BELL - O
BELL - A BELL - A BELL - ORUM BELL - IS
NOMEN, NOMINIS neuter
=
NAME
DEC
CASE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
3rd
Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat.
NOMEN NOMEN NOMIN - IS NOMIN - I
NOMIN - A NOMIN - A NOMIN - UM NOMIN - IBUS
Nominative: says “start with me.” I am the subject. I go before the verb in English. I am the Who in “Who does what?” – “The cat sees the dog” •
Accusative: says “don’t start with me.” I am the object. I go after the verb in English I am the What in “Who does what?” – “The dog sees the cat” • Genitive: says “add of before you translate me”; I tell you who owns something; I am the OF WHOM in “who owns the what of whom” I am the “Who owns something” – “Whose shoes?” •
Dative: says “add to or for before you translate me”; I am the indirect object; I am the TO WHOM in “who does what to whom”
•
I am the “Who you give something to” – “Gimme the money!”
LATIN VERBS: PRESENT TENSE The Latin verb consists of two parts: (1)
STEM
tells you what the verb is doing
(2)
ENDING
tells you who is doing the verb
The present tense of port- o (I carry) goes as follows:
PERSON
1st
2nd
3rd
SINGULAR
PLURAL
port - o
porta - mus
I carry
we carry
porta - s
porta - tis
you carry
you carry
porta - t
porta - nt
(s)he carries
they carry
RULE If the verb don’t end in - t
It says “YOU START WITH ME”
LATIN VERBS: IMPERFECT TENSE The imperfect tense sets the scene for a story. Theatres have scenery painted on canvas but stories use verbs in the imperfect tense. In English, the imperfect tense can be translated in three different ways:
(1)I was ________ing, he was ________ing, ________ing, they were ________ing, etc.
we were
(2) I began to ________, he began to ________, we began to ________, they began to ________, etc. (3) I would ________, he would ________, we would ________, they would ________, etc.
PERSON
1st
2nd
3rd
SINGULAR
PLURAL
porta - bam
porta - bamus
I was carrying
we were carrying
porta - bas
porta - batis
you were carrying
you were carrying
porta - bat
porta - bant
(s)he was carrying
they were carrying
LATIN VERBS: PERFECT TENSE The perfect tense tells you about things that happened in the past: As Julius Caesar said “I came, I saw, I conquered”. In English, the perfect tense is translated in three different ways:
(1)I (have) ________ed, he (has) ________ed, we (have) ________ed, they (have) ________ed, etc. (2) I did ________, he did ________, we did ________, they did ________, etc.
English usually puts the ending -ed on the end of the verb to make it perfect tense. Latin puts one of three letters between the stem and the ending: v or u or s.
PERSON
1st
2nd
3rd
SINGULAR
PLURAL
portav - i
portav - imus
I (have) carried
we (have) carried
portav - isti
portav - istis
you (have) carried
you (have) carried
portav - it
portav - erunt
(s)he (has) carried
they (have) carried
PLUPERFECT TENSE In English, the pluperfect tense means “I had -ed”, “he had -ed”, “we had -ed”, “they had -ed”, etc. It is the most distant of all the English tenses: – e.g. Father arrived in the afternoon but mother had arrived an hour before him and James had arrived an hour before her. In Latin, the following endings are put on the end of the 3rd principal part:
-eram -eras -erat
portav- eram portav- eras portav- erat portav- eramus portav- eratis portav- erant
-eramus -eratis -erant
= = = = = =
I had carried you had carried (s)he had carried we had carried you had carried they had carried
e.g. puella erat laetissima quod canem suum invenerat the girl was very happy because she had found her dog Caecilius habebat servum, qui in Britannia habitaverat Caecilius had a slave, who had lived in Britain cena, quam Grumio paraverat, optima erat the meal, which Grumio had prepared, was very good
THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE All the Latin verbs that you have met so far have been indicative (main) verbs, making one sentence and followed by a full stop. You will now meet sentences starting with cum (since / when) + a subjunctive (subordinate) verb, followed by a comma. Latin uses a subjunctive verb when a sentence does not make sense on its own. It is usually found after words like cum (since / when) or ut (in order that) or si (if). These words introduce a sentence but do not make one.
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE RULE: 3rd p.p. + sse + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt portav-issem portav-isses portav-isset portav-issemus portav-issetis portav-issent
= = = = = =
I had carried you had carried (s)he had carried we had carried you had carried they had carried
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE RULE: 2nd p.p. + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt portare-m portare-s portare-t portare-mus portare-tis portare-nt •
= = = = = =
I was carrying you were carrying (s)he was carrying we were carrying you were carrying they were carrying
there are no irregular pluperfect or imperfect subjunctives
LATIN INDIRECT QUESTION •
•
•
How do we recognise an English direct question? (1)
question word at start of sentence (why, what)
(2)
question mark at end of sentence (?)
(3)
subject and verb inverted (what were you doing?)
(4)
pitch of voice raised at end of sentence
How do we recognise an English indirect question? (1)
question word in middle of sentence (why)
(2)
full stop at end of sentence (.)
(3)
subject and verb not inverted (what you were doing)
(4)
voice not raised at end of sentence
How do we recognise a Latin indirect question? (1)
main clause with indicative verb at the start
(2)
question word in the middle
(3)
subordinate clause with subjunctive verb at the end
DIRECT QUESTION quid faciebas?
=
what were you doing?
INDIRECT QUESTION scire volebam quid faceres =
I wanted to know what you were doing.
QUESTIONS IN LATIN
-NE
expects YES or NO venitne?
NONNE
is he coming?
=
SURELY he is coming? He is coming, isn’t he?
YES
=
SURELY he is NOT coming? He is NOT coming, is he?
NO
expects YES NONNE venit?
NUM
YES/NO
=
expects NO NUM venit?
THREE IRREGULAR VERBS SUM, ESSE, FUI I am, to be, I have been present sum es est
I am you are (s)he is
sumus estis sunt
we are you are they are
I was you were (s)he was
eramus eratis erant
we were you were they were
imperfect eram eras erat
POSSUM, POSSE, POTUI I am able, I can present possumI am able, I can possumus we are able; we can potes you are able, you can potestis you are able, you can potest he is able, he can possunt they are able, they can
imperfect poteram poteras poterat
I was able, I could you were able, you could (s)he was able, (s)he could
poteramus poteratis poterant
we were able, we could you were able, you could they were able, they could
VOLO, VELLE, VOLUI I want, I wish present vol-o vi-s vul-t
I want, I wish you want, you wish (s)he wants, (s)he wishes
volu-mus vul-tis vol-unt
we want, we wish you want, you wish they want, they wish
I wanted, I wished you wanted, you wished (s)he wanted, (s)he wished
vole-bamus vole-batis vole-bant
we wanted, we wished you wanted, you wished they wanted, they wished
imperfect vole-bam vole-bas vole-bat
LATIN PURPOSE CLAUSES •
How do we recognise an English Purpose Clause? (1) gives an answer to question why?
(2)
uses the infinitive of a verb
(3)
to / in order to / so that
What is the difference in Latin? The Latin infinitive (because it is a single word) is not strong enough for a purpose clause. The same is true in French, where the infinitive is a single word. Compare these French words that go before the infinitive: pour, à, de. e.g. prêt à porter (ready to wear), maison à vendre (house for sale); pour encourager les autres (to encourage the others) •
P.C.
The boy ran quickly to see the show.
Q.
why did the boy run quickly?
A.
to see the show
•
How do we recognise a Latin Purpose Clause?
RULE
UT + imperfect subjunctive
ENGLISH
The boy ran quickly to see the show
LATIN
Puer celeriter currebat ut spectaculum videret
•
How do we translate a Latin Purpose Clause?
RULE
cross off the ut, cross off the -t (to leave the infinitive) Puer celeriter currebat ( ut) spectaculum videre(t). The boy ran quickly to see the show.
THE LITTLE WORDS LATIN
ENGLISH
A (ab)
from, by
E (ex)
from, out of
I (ite)
go!
O
Oh!
U
-
THE LITTLE ORDERS SINGULAR
PLURAL
MEANING
DIC
dicite
say! speak! tell (me)!
DUC
ducite
lead! take!
FAC
facite
FER
FERTE
ES
do! make!
ESTE
bring! carry! take! be!
DICk had a DUCk with FER on its back, and that’s a FACt, ESmeralda
IMPERATIVES (COMMANDS!) In all languages, commands (!) are the shortest bit of the verb that makes sense: Look! Listen! Stop! Come here! (Be) Careful! CONJ.
2nd P. P.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
PORTARE
PORTA
PORTATE
to carry
CARRY!
CARRY!
DOCERE
DOCE
DOCETE
to teach
TEACH!
TEACH!
TRAHERE
TRAHE
TRAHITE
DRAG!
DRAG!
AUDIRE
AUDI
AUDITE
to listen
LISTEN!
LISTEN!
1st
2nd
3rd to drag
4th
NOLI (singular)
+
infinitive
=
do not (don’t)
NOLITE (plural)
+
infinitive
=
do not (don’t)
NOLI audire!
=
do not listen!
(singular)
NOLITE audire!
=
do not listen!
(plural)
NOLI id facere!
=
don’t do it!
(singular)
NOLITE ridere!
=
don’t laugh!
(plural)
LATIN ADJECTIVES Adjectives tell you more about nouns just as adverbs tell you more about verbs. Adjectives describe nouns and adverbs describe verbs. The word “adjective” means a word “thrown alongside” a noun. e.g. a large house; a fierce dog; a nice school. Adjectives are optional extras and can be missed out from a sentence without ruining the meaning. Nouns cannot be missed out. Adjectives need nouns but nouns do not need adjectives. In Latin and most modern foreign languages (but not in English) adjectives try to look as much like the nouns they describe as possible. They do this in three ways:
(1)
(2)
(3)
GENDER
masculine, feminine, neuter
masculine masculine
laetus servus laetum servum
happy slave happy slave
feminine feminine
laeta puella laetam puellam
happy girl happy girl
neuter neuter
bonum vinum bonum vinum
good wine good wine
NUMBER singular plural
singular, plural laetus servus laeti servi
happy slave happy slaves
singular plural
laeta puella laetae puellae
happy girl happy girls
CASE nom. acc. gen. dat.
nominative, accusative, genitive, dative bonus mercator boni mercatores bonum mercatorem bonos mercatores boni mercatoris bonorum mercatorum bono mercatori bonis mercatoribus
good merchants good merchants of good merchants to good merchants
In Latin, there are three grades of agreement, depending, like families, on how much the adjective tries to “look like” the noun it goes with: (1) IDENTICAL TWINS: the endings so similar that they rhyme: laetus servus; laetam puellam; bonum vinum (2)
BROTHERS / SISTERS: the endings so similar that they almost rhyme: bonum mercatorem; bonos mercatores
(3)
RELATIVES: the endings so dissimilar that they do not rhyme at all: bonus mercator; bono mercatori; boni mercatores
NB:
(1) (2)
All the Latin that you meet is correct and the agreements will be correct. Adjectives are put next to nouns, usually before, but sometimes after.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES THIS hic, haec, hoc = this; he, she, it; him, her, it SINGULAR
CASE
MASCULINE
NOM. HOC
HIC
this
ACC.
HUNC this
GEN.
DAT.
FEMININE
NEUTER
HAEC this
HANC
this
HOC
this
this
HUIUS
HUIUS
HUIUS
of this
of this
of this
HUIC
HUIC
to/for this
to/for this
HUIC to/for this
PLURAL
CASE NOM. ACC. GEN.
MASCULINE
NEUTER
HI
HAE
HAEC
these
these
these
HOS
HAS
HAEC
these
these
these
HARUM
HORUM
HORUM of these
DAT.
FEMININE
of these
of these
HIS
HIS
HIS
to/for these
to/for these
to/for these
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES THAT ille, illa, illud = that SINGULAR
CASE
MASCULINE
NOM.
ILLE that
ACC.
ILLUM
DAT.
FEMININE
NEUTER
ILLA
ILLUD
that
ILLAM
that
ILLUD
that
that
that
ILLI
ILLI
ILLI
to/for that
to/for that
to/for that
PLURAL
CASE
MASCULINE
NOM. ACC.
NEUTER
ILLI
ILLAE
ILLA
those
those
those
ILLAS
ILLA
those
those
those
ILLIS
ILLIS
ILLIS
ILLOS
DAT.
FEMININE
to/for those
to/for those
to/for those
ILLE gives the French words IL (he) and LE (the) and ILLA gives the French words ELLE (she) and LA (the). Latin uses ILLE and ILLA in the the •
same way.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS In English, the relative pronoun means “who”, “whom”, “whose”, or “which” and its job is to join two sentences together, rather like a conjunction. In Latin, the most important relative pronouns are QUI (who) and QUEM (whom) This is the cook. He was preparing a meal.
This is the cook, who was preparing a meal. Hic est coquus, qui cenam parabat This is the cook. I saw him in the shop.
This is the cook, whom I saw in the shop. Hic est coquus, quem in taberna vidi. SINGULAR
CASE NOM. ACC. DAT.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
QUI
QUAE
QUOD
who
who
which
QUEM
QUAM
QUOD
whom
whom
which
CUI
CUI
CUI
to/for whom
to/for whom
to/for which
PLURAL
CASE NOM. ACC. DAT.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
QUI
QUAE
QUAE
who
who
which
QUOS
QUAS
QUAE
whom
whom
which
QUIBUS
QUIBUS
QUIBUS
to/for whom
to/for whom
to/for which
PERSONAL PRONOUNS PERSON
1st
2nd
3rd
CASE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
EGO
I
NOS
we
Acc.
ME
me
NOS
us
Dat.
MIHI
to/for me
NOBIS
to/for us
Nom.
TU
you
VOS
you
Acc.
TE
you
VOS
you
Dat.
TIBI
to/for you
VOBIS
to/for you
Acc.
EUM
him
EOS
them
Acc.
EAM
her
EAS
them
Dat.
EI
to/for him/her
EIS
to/for them
EXAMPLES Ego te video sed tu me non vides =
I see you but you do not see me
Grumio cenam optimam ei parat
=
Grumio prepares an excellent meal for him
Caecilius eam in taberna vidit
=
Caecilius saw her in the shop
Caecilius eum in taberna vidit
=
Caecilius saw him in the shop
Caecilius nos in taberna vidit
=
Caecilius saw us in the shop
Caecilius eos in taberna vidit
=
Caecilius saw them in the shop
LATIN PRESENT PARTICIPLES •
In English, the present participle ends in “-ing” The slaves returned to the house, carrying Barbillus The maids stood near the bed, crying
•
In Latin, the present participle goes like a 3rd declension word -ans, -antem (like Bregans)
1st conjugation
-ens, -entem (like Clemens)
2nd, 3rd, 4th conjugations
Because the 3rd declension has masculine and feminine words in roughly equal numbers, the present participle endings are the same for masculine and feminine words. •
PORTANS = CARRYING
Nom Acc Gen Dat
SINGULAR
PLURAL
PORT-ANS PORTANT-EM PORTANT-IS PORTANT-I
PORTANT-ES PORTANT-ES PORTANT-IUM PORTANT-IBUS
AUDIENS = HEARING
Nom Acc Gen Dat
SINGULAR
PLURAL
AUDI-ENS AUDIENT-EM AUDIENT-IS AUDIENT-I
AUDIENT-ES AUDIENT-ES AUDIENT-IUM AUDIENT-IBUS
EXAMPLES
servi ad villam revenerunt, Barbillum portantes the slaves returned to the house, carrying Barbillus ancillae prope lectum stabant, lacrimantes the maids stood near the bed, crying dominus servum vidit, in horto sedentem the master saw the slave, sitting in the garden
