OBSERVA de Innovación Educativa del Tecnológico de Monterrey
E d u Trends
Aprendizaje Basado en
Retos
OCT
2015
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Índice › Introducción: El Aprendizaje Basado en Retos desde la perspectiva del Aprendizaje Vivencial
6
› Rol del profesor
14
Relevancia del Aprendiza A prendizaje je Basado Bas ado › Relevancia en Retos para el Tecnológico de Monterrey
18
› Aprendizaje Basado en Retos en el Tecnológico de Monterrey
22
› Casos relevantes de Aprendizaje Basado en Retos en otras instituciones educativas
27
› ¿Hacia dónde se dirige esta tendencia?
30
› Una mirada crítica
32
› Acciones recomendadas para profesor líderes académicos
35
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Aprendizaje Basado en Retos Es un enfoque pedagógico que involucra activamente al estudiante en una situación problemática real, relevante y de vinculación con el entorno,, la cual implica la defnici entorno defnición ón de un reto y la implementación de una solución.
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Introducción:
El Aprendizaje Basado en Retos desde la perspectiva del Aprendiza Aprendizaje je Vivenci V ivencial al La intención de este documento es presentar la tendencia educativa del Aprendizaje Basado en Retos, la cual orma parte de una perspectiva más general del Aprendizaje Vivencial. Primero se abordarán elementos del Aprendizaje Vivencial, para después enocar la discusión hacia el aprendizaje centrado en la solución de retos. Existen diversas perspectivas para abordar este acercamiento, por lo que en este documento se presentan algunas de ellas con el objetivo de alimentar la discusión y relexión de la comunidad académica. Actualmente, los estudiantes acceden a la inormación de una orma sustancialmente distinta a la de hace algunos años. Regulan mucho de su conocimiento a través de un aprendizaje inormal y han pasado de ser consumidores de inormación, a productores de la misma. Como resultado, los métodos tradicionales de enseñanza–aprendizaje están siendo cada vez menos eectivos para atraer a los estudiantes y motivarlos a aprender. Aunado a ello, la educación universitaria enrenta hoy el enorme desaío de preparar proesionistas para prosperar en un mundo mediado por el rápido avance tecnológico. Los estudiantes no solo deben dominar habilidades en áreas como lenguaje, matemáticas y ciencias, sino también deben poseer habilidades transversales tales como el pensamiento crítico, la resolución de problemas, la persistencia y el trabajo colaborativo. Sin embargo, en muchos países, los estudiantes no están desarrollando estas habilidades (World Economic Forum, 2015). La situación se agrava ante la brecha entre lo que los estudiantes necesitan aprender para desempeñarse en ambientes laborales más competitivos y globalizados, y lo que están obteniendo en la educación ormal. Los estudiantes perciben el mundo como un lugar con abundantes problemas que necesitan ser atendidos
y que demandan una solución en la que ellos pueden participar. Ellos desean y esperan que la escuela los prepare para este escenario y cuando lo hace, el compromiso aumenta dramáticamente. Una alternativa para ortalecer la conexión entre lo que los estudiantes aprenden en la escuela y lo que perciben uera de ella, es aprovechar su capacidad para investigar problemáticas sobre los eventos que ocurren a su alrededor. En este contexto, el rol de los proesores adquiere gran relevancia pues los docentes actúan ac túan como acilitadores en comunidades de práctica centrados en el estudiante, atendiendo inquietudes y preguntas individuales, y dosiicando el apoyo para mantener el enoque en un problema que parece largo y complejo. El Aprendizaje Basado en Retos tiene sus raíces en el Aprendizaje Vivencial, el cual tiene como principio undamental que los estudiantes aprenden mejor cuando participan de orma activa en experiencias abiertas de aprendizaje, que cuando participan de manera pasiva en actividades estructuradas. En este sentido, el Aprendizaje Vivencial orece oportunidades a los estudiantes de aplicar lo que aprenden en situaciones reales donde se enrentan a problemas, descubren por ellos mismos, prueban soluciones e interactúan con otros estudiantes dentro de un determinado contexto (Moore, 2013). El Aprendizaje Vivencial es un enoque holístico integrador del aprendizaje, que combina la experiencia, la cognición y el comportamiento (Akella, 2010). En el campo de la educación, destacados psicólogos y ilósoos como John Dewey, Jean Piaget, William Kilpatrick, Carl Rogers y David Kolb han realizado importantes aportaciones a las teorías del aprendizaje a través de la experiencia. El modelo de Kolb (1984) describe al aprendizaje como el resultado integral de la orma en la que las personas perciben y procesan una
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experiencia. La Figura 1 describe las cuatro ases del Modelo de Kolb. • • Experimentación Experimentación Concreta Relexiva Implica compromiso sensorial y emocional del estudiante.
Implica ver, escuchar y discutir la experiencia.
Es la ase del hacer, donde la experiencia se pone a prueba en un contexto especíico.
Fase de relexión prounda, que integra teorías y conceptos en el proceso de aprendizaje.
• •
Experimentación Experimentación Abstracta Activa
• •
planteamiento de las preguntas, la solución del problema y es creativo a lo largo de la experiencia. El estudiante se involucra intelectual, creativa, emocional, social y ísicamente. El proesor y los los estudiantes pueden experimentar éxito, racaso, incertidumbre y tomar riesgos, porque los resultados de la experiencia pueden no ser totalmente predecibles. El proesor reconoce reconoce y promueve las oportunidades espontáneas de aprendizaje. El proesor tiene entre sus unciones el planteamiento del problema, el establecimiento de límites, acilitar el proceso de aprendizaje, dar apoyo a los estudiantes, así como también el aseguramiento de la integridad ísica y emocional de los estudiant es tudiantes. es. Los resultados del aprendizaje son personales y son la base de la experiencia y el e l aprendizaje uturo. Las relaciones entre, el estudiante estudiante consigo mismo, mismo, el estudiante con otros estudiantes y el estudiante con el mundo, son desarrolladas a lo largo de toda la experiencia.
Figura 1. Modelo de Kolb: Aprendizaje a través de la Experiencia.
Sin embargo, el acercamiento del Aprendizaje Vivencial implica mucho más que los estudiantes “hagan algo”. De acuerdo con la Asociación para la Educación Vivencial, las principales condiciones para promover un aprendizaje vivencial eectivo son las siguientes (Association or Experiential Education, 2015): 2015): • Las experiencias de aprendizaje diseñadas o seleccionadas implican actividades de relexión, análisis crítico y síntesis. • Las experiencias de aprendizaj aprendizajee están estructuradas de tal orma que promueven en
El Aprendizaje Basado en Retos es un enoque pedagógico que se ha incorporado en áreas de estudio como la ciencia y la ingeniería, y demanda una perspectiva del mundo real porque sugiere que el aprendizaje involucra el hacer o actuar del estudiante respecto a un tema de estudio (Jou, Hung y Lai, 2010). Este acercamiento orece un marco de aprendizaje centrado en el estudiante que emula las experiencias de un lugar de trabajo moderno (Santos, Fernandes, Sales y Nichols, 2015). Es así que el Aprendizaje Basado en Retos aprovecha el interés de los estudiantes por darle un signiicado práctico a la educación, mientras desarrollan competencias claves como el trabajo
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Acercamientos asociados al Acercamientos Aprendizaje Basado en Retos Es posible identiicar en dierentes técnicas técnicas y contextos el empleo de situaciones problemáticas reales como detonadoras del aprendizaje. El Aprendizaje Basado en Retos tiene algunos elementos comunes con técnicas de aprendizaje activo como el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas y el Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos. Asimismo, se relaciona con la Instrucción Basada en Retos del Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería (VaNTH ERC, por sus siglas en inglés) de educación superior; por otra parte, también tiene estrecha relación con el denominado Challenge Based Learning acuñado por Apple. A continuación se describe brevemente cado uno de estos acercamien acercamientos tos en los cuales el aprendizaje se basa en el proceso puesto en marcha para solucionar retos.
Relación con el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas / Proyectos El Aprendizaje Basado en Retos comparte características con el Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos. Ambos acercamientos involucran a los estudiantes en problemas del mundo real y los hacen partícipes del desarrollo de soluciones especíicas. Sin embargo, estas estrategias diieren en que en lugar de presentar a los estudiant es tudiantes es un problema a resolver, el Aprendizaje Basado en Retos orece problemáticas abiertas y generales sobre las cuales los estudiantes determinarán el reto que abordarán (Gaskins, Johnson, Maltbie y Kukreti, 2015).
Relación con la Instrucción Basada en Retos del Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería El Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería VaNTH ERC, conormado por las Universidades de Vanderbilt, Northwestern, Texas, Harvard y MIT, implementó en el 2000 un conjunto de innovaciones educativas basadas uertemente en dos aspectos: un marco de reerencia llamado How People Learn (HPL, Cómo Aprenden las Personas), mostrado en la Figura 2, y un diseño instruccional conocido como Sofware Technology Action Act ion Relec Relection tion Legacy Cycle (STAR, Tecnología de Sofware para la Acción y Relexión), descrito en la Figura 3. A la integración de ambos elementos le llamaron Challenge Based Instruction (Instrucción Basada en Retos) (Cordray, Harris y Klein, 2009)
Centrado en la comunidad
Centrado en el estudiante
Centrado en el conocimiento
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Tabla 1.
Análisis comparativo entre el Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos, Problemas y Retos.
Técnica / Característica
Aprendizaje Aprendizaj e
Enfoque
Producto
Proceso
Aprendizaje Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos
Aprendizaje Basado en Aprendiza Aprendizaje Aprendizaje je Basado Problemas en Retos
Los estudiantes construyen su conocimiento a través de una tarea especíica (Swiden, 2013). Los conocimientos adquiridos se aplican para llevar a cabo el proyecto proyec to asignado.
Los estudiantes adquieren nueva inormación a través del aprendizaje autodirigido en problemas diseñados (Boud, 1985, en Savin-Baden y Howell Major, 2004). Los conocimientos adquiridos se aplican para resolver el problema planteado. planteado.
Enrenta a los estudiantes a una situación problemática relevante y predeinida, para la cual se demanda una solución (Vicerrectoría de Normatividad Académica y Asuntos Estudiantiles, 2014). Se requiere que los estudiantes generen un producto, presentación, o ejecución de la solución (Larmer, 2015).
Enrenta a los estudiantes a una situación problemática relevante y normalmente icticia, para la cual no se requiere una solución real (Larmer, 2015).
Los estudiantes trabajan con el proyecto asignado de manera que su abordaje genere productos para su aprendizaje (Moursund, 1999).
Los estudiantes trabajan con maestros y expertos en sus comunidades, en problemáticas reales, para desarrollar un conocimiento más proundo de los temas que están estudiando. Es el propio reto lo que detona la obtención de nuevo conocimiento conocimient o y los recursos re cursos o herramientas necesarios. Enrenta a los estudiantes a una situación problemática relevante y abierta, para la cual se demanda una solución real.
Se enoca más en los procesos de Se requiere que estudiantes aprendizaje que en los productos creen una solución que resulte de las soluciones (Vicerrectoría en una acción concreta. de Normatividad Académica y Asuntos Estudiantiles, 2014).
Los estudiantes trabajan con el problema de manera que se ponga a prueba su capacidad de razonar y aplicar su conocimient conocimiento o para ser evaluado de acuerdo a su nivel de aprendizaje (Barrows y Tamblyn, 1980). Facilitador y administrador Facilitador, guía, tutor o consultor
Los estudiantes analizan, diseñan, desarrollan y ejecutan la mejor solución para abordar el reto en una manera que ellos y otras personas pueden verlo y medirlo. Coach, co-investigador
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Reto
Publicar la solución
Generar ideas
Múltiples perspectivas
Probar la destreza
Investigar y revisar
Figura 3. STAR Legacy Cycle (Cordray, Harris y Klein, 2009).
El ciclo STAR Legacy provee de un escenario que permite per mite a los estudiantes involucrarse de manera colaborativa en la resolución de un problema o reto relevante para ellos, al tiempo que les brinda la oportunidad de autoevaluarse (Rowe y Klein, 2007). Los elementos de este ciclo son: • Reto: Problemática y deinición. • Generar ideas: Primeras relexiones sobre el reto. • Múltiples perspectivas: Dierentes acercamientos sobre el reto y posibles ormas or mas de abordarlo. • Investigar y revisar: Participación Participación en actividades de investigación y revisión de datos e inormación.
Relación con el Challenge Based Learning de Apple El término Challenge Based Learning se atribuye a la empresa Apple y también se reconoce su aportación metodológica a este modelo. Este acercamiento se presentó al mundo como un enoque práctico, en el que estudiantes trabajan en equipo con otros estudiantes, proesores y expertos locales e internacionales. Esta iniciativa de colaboración educativa tiene como propósito promover un conocimiento más proundo de los contenidos que se están estudiando, identiicar y resolver retos en sus comunidades, así como compartir los resultados con el mundo (Johnson, Smith, Smythe y Varon, 2009). 2009). Este modelo hace relevante el aprendizaje, pues da a los estudiantes problemas suicientemente grandes para aprender nuevas ideas y herramientas para resolverlos, pero a la vez, lo suicientemente cercanos para que les sea importante encontrar una solución. Una gran variedad de contenidos curriculares pueden ser abordados bajo este enoque, puesto que genera sus ideas a partir de situaciones reales, que los estudiantes deben traducir en soluciones soluciones de aplicación aplicación local. De esta manera, los estudiantes son capaces de investigar un aspecto del reto en términos de los eventos que ocurren a su alrededor, ortaleciendo la conexión entre lo que aprenden en la escuela y lo que perciben pe rciben uera de ella. El acceso a la tecnología es una parte integral del Aprendizaje Basado en Retos, pues no solo proporciona a los estudiantes un medio para explorar distintas uentes de inormación al tiempo que generan nuevas ideas, sino también les orece las herramientas para comunicar su trabajo. Un aspecto importante en la
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Idea general Pregunta esencial Reto Preguntas guía
Actividades guía
Recursos guía
Solución - Implementación Evaluación Publicación: Implementación de los estudiantes
Publicación: Documentación / Refexión de los
estudiantes
Figura 4. Marco metodológico del Aprendizaje
Basado en Retos de Apple (2011)
A continuación se deinen los elementos que se integran en el marco propuesto por Apple para el Aprendizaje Basado en Retos: • Idea general: Es un concepto amplio que puede
• Preguntas, actividades y recursos guía: Son generados por los estudiantes, representan el conocimiento necesario para desarrollar exitosamente una solución y proporcionar un mapa para el proceso de aprendizaje. Los estudiantes identiican lecciones, simulaciones, actividades, recursos de conten contenido ido para responder las preguntas guía y establecer el undamento para desarrollar las soluciones innovadoras, proundas y realistas. • Solución: Cada reto establecido es lo suicientemente amplio para permitir una variedad de soluciones. La solución debe ser pensada, concreta, claramente articulada y actible de ser implementadaa en la comunidad local. implementad • Implementación: Los estudiantes prueban la eicacia de su implementación en un ambiente auténtico. El alcance de esta puede variar enormemente dependiendo del tiempo y recursos, pero incluso el esuerzo más pequeño para poner el plan en acción en un ambiente real es crítico. • Evaluación: Puede y debe ser conducida a través del proceso del reto. Los resultados de la evaluación ormal e inormal conirman el aprendizaje y apoyan la toma de decisiones a medida que se avanza en la
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Beneicios del prendizaje
A
R
B
asado en
etos para los estudiant estudiantes es
A continuación se enlistan los principales beneicios de este e ste enoque.
Los estudiantes logran una comprensión más prounda de los temas, aprenden a diagnosticar y deinir problemas antes de proponer soluciones, así como también desarrollan su creatividad (J. Icaza, comunicación personal, junio 1, 2015). Los estudiantes se involucran tanto en la deinición del problema a ser abordado como en la solución que desarrollarán para resolverlo (Gaskins et al., 2015).
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Rol del profesor En el Aprendizaje Basado en Retos los proesores se convierten en más que expertos de inormación: se transorman en colaboradores de aprendizaje, buscan nuevo conocimiento junto con los estudiantes, al mismo tiempo que moldean hábitos y nuevas ormas de pensamiento. Este enoque puede incrementar la motivación y generar una actitud positiva en el estudiante y el maestro hacia el aprendizaje (Apple, 2011; Martin, Rivale y Diller, 2007). Los proesores que han implementado conjuntamente este acercamiento reportan que la colaboración con otros proesores es uno de los aspectos más benéicos y amenos para su crecimiento y desarrollo proesional (Johnson et al., 2009). Por ello, este enoque unciona especialmente bien cuando proesores de dierentes disciplinas trabajan juntos.
• Se asegura que exista una relación clara entre los objetivos de aprendizaje, la idea general del reto y todas sus etapas. • Integra las competencias claves que desarrollarán los estudiantes a través de los retos que serán abordados. • Promueve en el alumno la responsabilidad de su propio aprendizaje, su compromiso e involucramiento involucram iento en el desarrollo des arrollo de los retos. • Es un acilitador durante durante el desarrollo de los retos, supervisa actividades, ac tividades, revisa avances de los equipos y guía a través de preguntas detonadoras pero sin dar respuestas ni soluciones. • Colabora con proesores de distintas áreas en equipos de especialistas para apoyar a los estudiantes. • Asesora o canaliza asesorías con otros otros colegas. • Es un mediador con asociaciones vinculadas vinculadas en los proyectos. • Evalúa en conjunt conjunto o con otros proesores y evaluadores externos las soluciones dadas al reto y garantiza que la evaluación se lleve a cabo a través de una rúbrica elaborada previamente.
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Adicionalmente, la implementación del Aprendizaje Basado en Retos requiere del proesor las siguientes acciones: • Renunciar Renunciar a tener el control habitual habitual de la clase con el in de guiar a los estudiant es tudiantes es en todo el proceso. • Permitir que los estudiantes comentan errores para que posteriormente ellos mismos puedan descubrirlos y corregirlos. • Documentarse en caso de que los estudiantes seleccionen un tema que no sea de su total conocimiento o una tecnología que vaya más allá de su dominio. • Saber trabajar de orma colaborativa con otros colegas de dierentes áreas ya que comúnmente los retos son multidiscipl multidisciplinarios. inarios. • Para el proesor y los estudiantes este enoque implica un compromiso mayor de tiempo comparado con las actividades académicas más tradicionales. El rol del proesor en e n la implementación del Aprendizaje Basado en Retos es crucial; la naturaleza de su unción en dicho proceso cambia a medida que los estudiantes progresan a través de las etapas (Apple, 2011):
El proesor transitará hacia el rol de director del producto, apoyando a los estudiantes a medida que implementan,, evalúan, y publican sus implementan soluciones y resultados.
Etapa inal
Los estudiantes están proundamente involucrados con su trabajo, mientras que el proesor se asegura de que dominan los conocimientos y las habilidades requeridas mediante evaluaciones apropiadas.
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Evaluación estrategias de evaluación: ormativa y sumativa. La evaluación ormativa ocurre continuamente durante todo el proceso, guiando y acilitando el aprendizaje; mientras que la evaluación sumativa valora el progreso en puntos clave o en la inalización del mismo (Apple, 2011; Johnson et al., 2009; Johnson y Adams, 2011). Evaluación Formativa
Uno de los aspectos cruciales del Aprendizaje Basado en Retos está relacionado con la evaluación. En términos generales, este enoque pedagógico no cuenta con un método de evaluación general y uniicado. Sin embargo, e mbargo, es posible identiicar estrategias comunes empleadas por docentes, líderes académicos e investigadores para valorar los procesos y productos de las soluciones implementadas, así como para retroalimentar cada una de las ases que intervienen en la experiencia de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Es importante recordar que la deinición y el
Puesto que el Aprendizaje Basado en Retos se apoya en el uso de tecnologías de inormación y comunicación, los estudiantes recuentemente trabajan en ambientes colaborativos inormales o en línea. Por ejemplo, además de la retroalimentación del proesor, reciben comentarios de otros estudiantes que trabajan en los mismos espacios ísicos y virtuales, a través wikis, blogs, interacciones verbales o mensajes de audio y video. Fuentes más ormales de evaluación ormativa varían considerablemente, e incluyen diarios de estudiantes, revisiones de pares, observaciones del proesor, conerencias proesor – estudiantes, revisiones graduales
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tradicionales escolares tradicionales e scolares para determinar el conocimient conocimiento o del contenido. Otras ideas incluyen deensas orales, exposiciones del reto, evaluaciones del trabajo para el rol especíico que desempeñaron en el equipo, etc. Es importante deinir las evaluaciones sumativas durante el proceso de planeación y darlas a conocer a los estudiantes mediante rúbricas y explicaciones especíicas. Herramientas de evaluación alternativas Aunque los métodos de evaluación tradicionales pueden ser útiles para retroalimentar el proceso, la experiencia del Aprendizaje Basado en Retos orece la oportunidad de integrar una gran variedad de herramientas de evaluación alternativas. Dichas herramientas están
Una de las herramientas de evaluación que se ha empleado para acilitar y documentar experiencias auténticas de aprendizaje son los e-portaolios, también llamados portaolios electrónicos o virtuales. El empleo de esta herramienta de evaluación en la educación superior ha tenido una aceptación creciente como instrumento alternativo a evaluaciones tradicionales de aprendizaje (Díaz Barriga, Romero y Heredia, 2012). En términos generales un e-portaolio es una colección digital de evidencias, que incluye demostraciones, recursos, y logros obtenidos por los estudiantes (Reese y Levy, 2009). Estos recursos pueden ser empleados para tener un registro del progreso del aprendizaje, evidenciar logros, documentar autoevaluaciones, etc. El énasis de los portaolios virtuales se centra en los procesos en lugar
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Relevancia del Aprendizaje Basado en Retos para el Tecnológico de Monterrey Con el propósito de ormar proesionistas competentes acorde a las demandas y necesidades actuales, el Tecnológico de Monterrey ha lanzado el Modelo Educativo Tec21. Tec21. Se trata de un modelo lexible en su plan de estudios que promueve la participación de los estudiantes en experiencias retadoras e interactivas de aprendizaje. En este modelo se contemplan también elementos relacionados con espacios educativos y aulas de vanguardia con alto grado de interacción, el empleo hábil de la tecnología, así como el aporte de proesores altamente
En este contexto, las experiencias de aprendizaje que se orecen al alumno deben estar en conexión con el entorno y aportar valor a este. Al dar a los alumnos la oportunidad de enocarse en un reto de signiicancia global y aplicarlo en el desarrollo de soluciones locales, se crea un espacio que les permite dirigir su investigación y pensar críticamente sobre cómo aplicar lo que aprenden. Es preciso notar que la naturaleza de la experiencia de aprendizaje relevante y retadora que se presenta a
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aprendizaje con prácticas reales en empresas, instituciones o con la comunidad. Los talleres verticales son una uente de proyectos trascendentes de vinculación académica con la industria e instituciones. Han permitido orecer a los estudiantes experiencias prácticas en entornos reales de operación, participar en actividades colaborativas y disciplinarias, así como tener un impacto positivo en su comunidad. Por ello, estos talleres representan un ejercicio académico alineado alineado a las actividades del Modelo Educativo Tec21. Algunas de las actividades y proyectos realizados a través de los talleres verticales son: Taller vertical 2011 en Campus Guadalajara, Guadalajara , en el que participaron alrededor de 700 alumnos de las carreras Ingeniero Industrial y de Sistemas (IIS) y Licenciado en Diseño Industrial (LDI). En este proyecto
Mercadotecnia y de la Licenciatura en Comunicación y Medios Digitales con prácticas reales en empresas. Para el proyecto, los estudiantes presentaron una campaña publicitaria y una estrategia de mercadotecnia a dos empresas hoteleras, representantes de estas ungieron como evaluadores de las propuestas a ser implementadas (Pacheco, 2015).
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Las actividades que tuvieron lugar durante Innovative comparten las siguientes características: Week comparten • • • • •
Están vinculadas vinculadas a la la práctica proesional. proesional. Fomentan la la competitividad internacion internacional. al. Demandan trabajo colaborativo. colaborativo. Son multidiscipl multidisciplinarias. inarias. Están basadas en problemas o situaciones reales. Apoyan la ormación del sentido humano.
tradicional, tendrán lugar en todos los campus de la institución y contemplan al 100% de los estudiantes. La Semana i se llevó a cabo en todos los campus del Tecnológico de Monterrey simultáneamente del 21 al 25 de septiembre de 2015 2015.. Semana i. Es un espacio del semestre en el que los alumnos de todas las carreras participan simultáneamente en actividades de aprendizaje disciplinares, multidisciplinares y retadoras. Durante esta semana las actividades académicas regulares se detienen para que los alumnos se involucren de tiempo completo en la experiencia retadora a la que se hayan inscrito. Las actividades a realizar durante la Semana i están orientadas a:
• Enriquecer la ormación y peril p eril de competencias
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Las actividades de la Semana i involucran
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Aprendizaje Basado en Retos en el Tecnológico de Monterrey En el Tecnológico de Monterrey se han realizado diversas iniciativas sobre la exploración e implementación del Aprendizaje Basado en Retos como técnica didáctica. A continuación se enlistan algunos ejemplos en los que se
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equipo y la innovación. La evaluación del reto se ligó a las competencias que debían desarrollar los estudiantes y se diseñó una rúbrica que releja los criterios, los objetivos académicos y de innovación, misma que ue evaluada por proesores, representantes de la empresa y de MOFILM, así como también
una metodología híbrida que usionó elementos de aprendizaje basado en problemas, orientado a proyectos, aprendizaje - servicio y aprendizaje basado en la investigación. Cada equipo de trabajo contó con un tutor; se utilizaron rúbricas en todos los procesos (inmersión, estudio, propuestas y
matemáticas, habilidades de aprendizaje) con niños y jóvenes de escasos recursos que requieren apoyo en el desarrollo y pereccionamiento de estas competencias Trabajo Traba jo colegiado de proesores
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los estudiantes en las actividades. Los resultados ueron muy satisactorios ya que inclusive algunos de los estudiantes ueron contratados por empresas como Ford Motor Company para estructurar los periles y descripciones de puesto de la compañía. Trabajar en este reto logró que los estudiantes hicieran un
desarrollaron habilidades como trabajo en equipo, comunicación, liderazgo, creatividad, pensamiento crítico, capacidad para identiicar y resolver problemas, capacidad para la toma de decisiones, responsabilidad, cultura de trabajo, compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible y conciencia clara de las
alumnos, el proesor o los directores de carrera y departamento. Para la implementación se siguieron dos metodologías: Engineering Design sugerida por George Dieter y Design Thinking de Stanord. De manera general, las etapas que se desarrollan en la implementación tuvieron la
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aprendizaje, realizaron búsquedas de soluciones, experimentaron y ueron adquiriendo mejores prácticas de ingeniería. La metodología que se siguió ue una mezcla de aprendizaje basado en problemas, aprendizaje colaborativo y una técnica del modelo universitario rancés (1/3 curso, 1/3 prácticas
los proesores líderes del reto, quienes continuaron con la deinición de los aspectos que se involucraron en el reto. Los alumnos ueron guiados por proesores y por grupos de expertos exper tos para diseñar una propuesta de solución al reto asignado. La estructura de los retos se llevó a cabo de la orma Xprize Xpr ize (http://
Mtra. Patricia Mora (
[email protected] [email protected]); ); Mtro. David Romero (
[email protected] (
[email protected]); ); Mtra. Claudia Quintanilla (
[email protected] [email protected]); ); Mtro. Miguel Ramírez (
[email protected] [email protected]); ); Dr. Raael Batres (ra
[email protected] (ra
[email protected]); ); Lic.
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investigadores que desean desarrollar un producto para comercializarlo. Los participantes de los tres mejores proyectos tienen la oportunidad de presentar su producto ante inversionistas.
▲
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