Engleski Jezik I i II - GRAMATIKA

VISOKA ŠKOLA MODERNOG BIZNISA Beograd

ENGLESKI JEZIK GRAMATIKA

B e o g r a d, 2 0 1 2

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UVOD

Ovaj sažeti prikaz gramatike engleskog jezika namenjena je studentima Visoke škole modernog biznisa iz Beograda i sastavljen je sa ciljem da im ponudi rešenja  raznih nedoumica sa kojima se

susreću pri učenju ovog jezika. Gramatika se može koristiti samostalno a  pogodna je i za rad uz dodatna skripta, sastavljena od

strane istog predavača Visoke škole modernog biznisa, u kojima se nalaze, osim gramatičkih vežbi, tekstovi za obradu različitih tema, modeli pisama za učenje poslovne korespondencije i razni dodaci za lakše učenje engleskog jezika.

Sastavila: Vesna Hill

Beograd, 2021

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SADR ŢAJ

1. Pomoćni glagoli –  Auxiliary   Auxiliary Verbs ....................................................................................4 2. Podela glagolskih vremena –  Tenses  Tenses Classification...........................................................6 3. GraĎenje vremena –  Building   Building of Tenses.............................................................................7 4. Upotreba vremena –  Usage   Usage of Tenses...............................................................................11 5. Participi –   Participles........................................................................................................17 6. Gerund i infinitiv –  The  The Gerund and Infinitives...............................................................18 7. Modalni glagoli –   Modal Modal Verbs.........................................................................................21 8. Članovi –  Članovi –   Articles..............................................................................................................23 9. Imenice –   Nouns................................................................................................................25 10. Zamenice –   Pronouns.......................................................................................................28 11. Odrenice –   Determiners Determiners and Quantifiers.........................................................................30 12. Pridevi i prilozi –  Adjectives  Adjectives and Adverbs......................................................................32 13. Predlozi –   Prepositions.....................................................................................................34 14. Trpno stanje –  The  The Passive Voice................................................................................... 37 15. Kondicionalne rečenice –  rečenice –  Conditional   Conditional Sentences...........................................................40 16. Direktan i indirektan govor –  Direct  Direct and Indirect Speech................................................41 17. Dodaci.........................................................................................................................46-65 - tabela vremena – 46; nepravilni glagoli –  52;  52; predlozi –  57;  57; - graĎenje reči –  58;  58; pravopisna pravila –  63  63 ; pravila izgovora –  65  65

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1.

 AUXILIARY VERBS POMOĆNI GLAGOLI –  GLAGOLI –  AUXILIARY

U engleskom jeziku postoje 3 pomoćna glagola – to be, to do i to have –  koja  koja se koriste za formiranje trajnih vremena, i za pravljenje upitne i odrične rečenične konstrukcije. U takvim

konstrukcijama se ne prevode. Puno značenje z načenje imaju kada se koriste samostalno i tada se  prevode.

Glagol to be – sadašnje  – sadašnje vreme Potvrdan oblik mnoţina  jednina am are are

Is

Odriĉan oblik  jednina am not

mnoţina 

are not is not

are not

Upitan oblik mnoţina jednina am I are we

are you is s/he

are you are they

 – prošlo vreme Glagol to be – prošlo Potvrdan oblik mnoţina   jednina was were were

was

Odriĉan oblik  mnoţina  jednina was not were not was not

were not

Upitan oblik mnoţina jednina was I were we were you were you

was s/he

were they

Glagol to be – buduće  – buduće vreme Potvrdan oblik mnoţina   jednina

Odriĉan oblik  mnoţina  jednina

will be

will not be

will be

will not be

Upitan oblik mnoţina jednina will/shall I will/shall we  be  be

will you be will s/he be

participi glagola to be

sadašnji

prošli

 being

been

 – sadašnje vreme Glagol to do – sadašnje 4

will you be will they be

Potvrdan oblik  jednina mnoţina  do do do

Odr iĉan oblik  jednina mnoţina  do not do not do not

does

does not

Upitan oblik jednina mnoţina do I do we

do you does s/he

do you do they

Glagol to do – prošlo  – prošlo vreme Potvrdan oblik mnoţina   jednina

Odriĉan oblik  mnoţina  jednina

Upitan oblik mnoţina jednina did I did we

did

did not

did you did s/he

did

did not

did you did they

 – buduće vreme Glagol to do – buduće Potvrdan oblik mnoţina   jednina

Odriĉan oblik  mnoţina jednina

will do

will not do

will do

will not do

Upitan oblik mnoţina jednina will/shall I will/shall we do do

will you do will s/he do

participi glagola to do

sadašnji

prošli

doing

done

will you do will they do

Glagol to have – sadašnje  – sadašnje vreme Potvrdan oblik mnoţina   jednina have have have

Odriĉan oblik  mnoţina  jednina

has

has not

have not

have not

Upitan oblik mnoţina jednina do I have do we have do you have do you have

does s/he have

 – prošlo vreme Glagol to have – prošlo 5

do they have

Potvrdan oblik  jednina mnoţina 

had

had

Odriĉan oblik  jednina mnoţina 

did not have

did not have

Upitan oblik jednina will/shall I have will you have

will s/he have

mnoţina will/shall we have shall you have will they have

 – buduće vreme Glagol to have – buduće Potvrdan oblik mnoţina   jednina

Odriĉan oblik  mnoţina  jednina

will have

will not have

will have

participi glagola to have

Upitan oblik mnoţina jednina will/ shall I will/shall we have have

will not have will you have will s/he have

sadašnji

prošli

having

had

will you have will they have

2. PODELA GLAGOLSKIH VREMENA –  TENSES  TENSES CLASSIFICATION

Podela glagolskih vremena u engleskom jeziku je sledeća: a) Prosta vremena ili simple b) Trajna vremena ili continuous

TakoĎe se dele na: a)

Sadašnje vreme ili present

b)

Prošlo vreme ili past

c)

Buduće vreme ili future.

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d) Sadašnji perfekt –   ili present perfect  –   koji je u upotrebi u engleskom ne postoji u srpskom jeziku.

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e)

Prošli perfekt ili  past perfect

f)

Budući perfekt ili future perfect

GRAĐENJE VREMENA –  VREMENA –  BUILDING  BUILDING THE TENSES

Sadašnje vreme prosto se obrazuje od glagolske osnove , koja ima isti oblik kao i infinitive. U trećem licu jednine osova dobija nastavak s. U odričnim rečenicama se koristi sadašnje vreme pomoćnog glagola to do, negacija not i infinitivna osnova glagola  koji se menja za sva lica jednine i množine, osim za treće lice jednine gde se koristi oblik does. Za

formiranje upitne rečenice, oblik sadašnjeg vremena glagola to do (i does za treće lice  jednine) se stavlja ispred subjekta a infinitivna osnova glagola  koji se menja posle subjekta

u rečenici. Potvrdan oblik work / works

Odriĉan oblik  do not/does not work

Upitan oblik Do / Does ... work?

Sadašnje vreme trajno se obrazuju uz pomoć pomoćnog glagola to be u sadašnjem vremenu i sadašnjeg participa glagola koji se menja. Odrične rečenice se formiraju ubacivanjem negacije not izmeĎu oblika glagola to be i sadašnjeg participa. Upitna rečenica se pravi putem inverzije : pomoćni glagol to be (njegovi oblici u sadašnjem vremenu) ide ispred subjekta

rečenice a sadašnji particip posle njega. Potvrdan oblik am are working is

Odriĉan oblik  am are is

not working

Upitan oblik Am Are Is

... working?

Prošlo vreme prosto se obrazuje na dva načina, zavisno od toga da li je glagol iz grupe pravilnih ed (ili samo ili nepravilnih. Pravilnim glagolima na osnovu se, u svim licima, dodaje nastavak – ed

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 – d ako na kraju glagola već postoji – e) a nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike i oni se nalaze u posebnom spisku u svakom boljem rečniku. U odričnim rečenicama se koristi prošlo vreme glagola to do   (  (did  ), ), negacija not i infinitivna osnova glagola  koji se menja u svim licima di d   jednine i množine. Za formiranje upitne rečenice, oblik prošlog vremena glagola to do (did) se stavlja ispred subjekta a infinitivna osnova glagola  koji se menja posle subjekta u rečenici. Važi

za sva lica i jednine i množine. Potvrdan oblik worked

Odriĉan oblik 

Upitan oblik Did ... work?

did not work

Prošlo vreme trajno se obrazuju uz pomoć pomoćnog glagola to be u prošlom vremenu i sadašnjeg participa glagola koji se menja. Odrične rečenice se formiraju ubacivanjem negacije not izmeĎu oblika glagola to be (u prošlom vremenu) i sadašnjeg participa . Upitna rečenica se

 pravi putem inverzije ; pomoćni glagol to be (njegovi oblici u prošlom vr emenu) emenu) ide ispred subjekta rečenice a sadašnji particip  posle njega.

Potvrdan oblik was were working was

Odriĉan oblik  was were was

not working

Upitan oblik Was Were Was

...working?

Buduće vreme prosto se formira pomoću pomoćnih glagola shall i will i infinitiva glagola koji se menja. Pomoćni glagol shall se koristi iskljuĉivo u prvom licu jednine i mnoţine mada se na tim mestima sve češće kor isti isti i oblik will. Za formiranje odriĉne reĉenice koriste se pomoćni glaglog will/shall  posle koga sledi odrična reĉca not i infinitiv glagola . Pripravljenju upitne

reĉenice, primenjuje se metod inverzije; will/shall ide ispred subjekta rečenice a infinitiv glagola posle njega.

Potvrdan oblik will/shall will work will

Odriĉan oblik  will/shall will will

not work

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Upitan oblik Will/shall Will Will

...work?

Buduće vreme trajno se obrazuju uz pomoć glagola will/shall, glagola to be u infinitivu i sadašnjeg

participa. Odrične rečenice se formiraju ubacivanjem negacije not izmeĎu will/shall

i infinitiva glagola to be. Upitna rečenica se pravi putem inverzije : infinitiv glagola to be ide ispred subjekta rečenice a sadašnji particip posle njega.

Potvrdan oblik will/shall will be working will

Odriĉan oblik  will/shall will will

not be working

Upitan oblik Will/shall Will Will

...be working?

Sadašnji perfekt prosti se obrazuje pomoću pomoćnog glagola to have (u sadašnjem vremenu) i prošlog participa glagola koji se menja. Ubacivanjem odrične rečce not izmeĎu pomoćnog glagola i prošlog participa formira se odrična rečenica. Izbacivanjem pomoćnog glagola ispred

subjekta rečenice i ostavljanjem prošlog participa iza njega dobija se upitna rečenica (metod inverzije).

Potvrdan oblik have have worked has

Odriĉan oblik  have have has

not worked

Upitan oblik Have Have Has

...worked?

Sadašnji perfekt trajni se obrazuje pomoću pomoćnog glagola to have (u sadašnjem vremenu), prošlog participa glagola to be (been) i sadašnjeg participa glagola koji se menja.

Odrična rečenica se formira ubacivanjem odrične rečce not izmeĎu glagola to have i oblika been. Upitan oblik rečenice dobija se inverzijom; pomoćni glagol to have ide ispred subjekta

rečenice a glagol been i sadašnji particip posle njega.

Potvrdan oblik have have been has working

Odriĉan oblik  have have has

not been working

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Upitan oblik Have Have Has

...been working?

Prošli perfekt prosti se gradi pomoću prošlog participa glagola to have (had) i prošlog participa glagola  koji se menja. Rečenica postaje odrična kada se izmeĎu glagola had i prošlog participa

ubaci rečca not. Izbacivanjem glagola had ispred subjekta rečenice a ostavljanjem

prošlog participa iza subjekta, rečenica postaje upitna.

Potvrdan oblik had worked

Odriĉan oblik  had

not worked

Upitan oblik Had

...worked?

Prošli perfekt trajni se gradi pomoću prošlog participa glagola to have (had), prošlog participa glagola to be (been) i sadašnjeg participa glagola koji se menja.

Potvrdan oblik had been working

Odriĉan oblik  had not been working

Upitan oblik Had ... been working?

Budući perfekt prosti se obrazuje pomoću pomoćnih glagola will i shall i infinitiv perfekta glagola (have ... ed)  koji se menja. Za odričan oblik se ubacuje rečca not izmeĎu will/shall  i have. Za pravljenje upitne rečenice, koristimo inverziju.

Potvrdan oblik will/shall have worked

Odriĉan oblik  will/shall not have worked

Upitan oblik Will/shall ... have worked?

Budući perfekt trajni se pravi pomoću pomoćnih glagola will i shall, pomoćnog glagola have,  prošlog participa glagola to be (been) i sadašnji participa glagola (...ing) koji se menja. Za odričan oblik se ubacuje rečca not izmeĎu will/shall i have. Za pravljenje upitne rečenice, koristimo inverziju.

Potvrdan oblik will/shall have been working

Odriĉan oblik  will/shall not have been working

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Upitan oblik Will/shall ... have been working?

4. UPOTREBA VREMENA –  USAGE  USAGE OF TENSES

Sadašnje vreme prosto (present simple) se upotrebljava za radnje, stanja ili zbivanja

- koji su uobiĉajeni - koji se se ponavljaju  u vremenskim razmacima, - koji važe kao pravilo  uvek ili tokom dužeg vremena. Koristi se i - kada navodimo nešto što smo pročitali ili čuli, - sa izvesnim glagolima umesto prošlog vremena, - za traţenje

uputstava

- sa odreĎenim vremenskim prilozima za buduće radnje koje se smatraju delom nekog

odreĎenog programa. - u uskliĉnim reĉenicama koje počinju rečima „here“ i „there“ i u izvesnim utvrĊenim izrazima.

 – uobičajena radnja Primeri:  I watch tv every day. – uobičajena He always travels  first class.  –   pravilo January is the first month of the year. –  pravilo  pravilo koje uvek važi The papers say that a new heat wave is coming. – navoĎenje  – navoĎenje I hear that you have returned. – umesto  – umesto prošlog vremena Where do I pay? – traženje  – traženje uputstava The film starts  at 10 o'clock this evening. –  buduće  buduće radnje Here comes the bus! –usklična rečenica

continuous) se upotrebljava Sadašne vreme trajno (present continuous) - za radnju koja je u toku kada se o njoj govori ili piše. - za blisku budućnost. - u zavisnim rečenicama posle sveza koa što su when, if, while. 11

 trenutna radnja Primeri: What are you doing? –  trenutna When are they coming back? –  bliska  bliska budućnost I like to stay home when it is raining. –  posle  posle sveze when

Prošlo vreme prosto (past simple) se koristi - sa prilozima i prilo škim dodacima koji označavaju odreĊeni period u pro šlosti - za radnju koja se ponavljala u prošlosti - za radnju koja se završila u prošlosti - posle izraza “once upon a time” (nekada davno)  Nekada se iz konteksta teksta ili situacije vidi da je reč o odreĎenom vremenu iz prošlosti.

Primeri:  She saw him last week. – odreĎen  – odreĎen period u prošlosti (last week )

He often came to visit us. – radnja  – radnja koja se ponavljala u prošlosti They produced a lot of food last year.  – radnja  – radnja završena u prošlosti Once upon a time there lived a king who had 3 sons. –  posle  posle izraza “once upon a time” I read a lot of books when I was at school. –  kontekst  kontekst ... at school

Proštlo vreme trajno (past continuous) se upotrebljava - za radnju koja se dešavala u nekom datom trenutku u prošlosti - da p da pokaže poĉetak  neke  neke radnje posle priloških odrednica za vreme - da pokaže da je neka radnja u prošlosti duţe trajala - i da su se dve radnje istovremeno odvijale u prošlosti.

Primeri:  a) I was reading  when the visitors arrived.

(dati tr enutak enutak u prošlosti odreĎen sa “when the visitors arrived”.)  b) Striking the match, he lit the fire. Soon, the whole place was burning . ( početak  početak nek e radnje posle prilošk e odrednice za vreme soon. 12

c) I was working all day yesterday. (duže trajanje radnje) d) He was working in the garden while she was making  lunch. (istovremeno odvijanje dveju radnji povezena veznikom while.) Napomena : za uĉestalo ponavljanje radnji u prošlosti koriste se i konstrukcije used to i would + infinitive .

Used to Potvrdan oblik

Odriĉan oblik 

I You S/he We You S/he

I You S/he We You They



used to

read a lot at school.

Upitan oblik

did not use to

read a lot at school.

Did

I you s/he we you they

use to

read a lot at school?

Potvrdan oblik je identičan za sva lica i u jednini i množini. Odričan oblik se formira upotrebom negacije not, a upitni inverzijom. Pri pravljenju odrične i upitne konstrukcije, used to se tretira kao bilo koji glagol u prošlom vremenu.

Would + infinitive

Odričan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik I You S/he We You S/he 

would

often go for a run in the morning.

I You S/he We You They

Upitan oblik often go for a Would run in the morning

would not

I you s/he we you they

often go for a run in the morning?

Potvrdan oblik je identičan za sva lica i u jednini i množini. Odričan oblik s e formira upotrebom negacije not, a upitni inverzijom. Pri pravljenju odrične i upitne konstrukcije, would +infinitiv se tretira kao bilo koji glagol u budućem buduć em vremenu.

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Buduće vreme prosto (future simple) se koristi -za izražavan je radnji i stanja (odluka, rešenosti, o bećanja, naredbi, pretnji, dozvola, molbi...) u

 budućnosti Primeri:  He will come next week. –radnja koja će se dogoditi u budućnosti (next week)

I shall definitely go to the concert. - rešenost  molba Will you help me? –  molba

Buduće vreme trajno (future continuous) se koristi za buduće radnje ili stanja. Vreme radnje mora da se naznači priloškim dodacima. da ys.- radnja je odreĎena odrednicom in a few days Primeri: We shall be seeing them in a few days.Napomena:

ostali načini za izražavanje budućnosti su pomoću prostog prezenta*, trajnog

 prezenta*, konstukcija “going to+infinitiv”, to be+to+infinitive”, “to be about+to+infinitive”... *obraĎeno u odeljku o sadašnjem vremenu - He is going to help you, don’t worry. –  going  going to+infinitiv - They are to come again. – to be+to+infinitive - I am about to play this song. - to be abou about+to+infinitive t+to+infinitive

Sadašnji perfekt prosti  (present perfect simple) se koristi - za radnju ili stanje koji su se zbili jedno m ili više puta u neko neodreĊeno vreme, tj. u ma

koje vreme do sadašnjeg trenutka. - u rečenicama koje sadrže prilog za vreme koji označava nesvršeni vremenski period. Taj

vremenski period obuhvata i sadašnji trenutak. Ovo vreme se u većini slučajeva na srpski s rpski jezik   prevodi perfektom a u izvesnim slučajevima prezentom. - za radnje, stanja ili zbivanja čije posledice postoje u trenutku kada se govori gov ori - za dogaĎaj koji se tek zbio

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 – radnje se desila u neodreĎeno vreme Primeri: -Michael has gone to school. – radnje

u prošlosti

-They have travelled  to India a few times.  – radnja  – radnja se dogodila više puta u

neodreĎenoj prošlosti -Have you been to the market this morning?  –  prilog  prilog this morning označava

nesvršeni vremenski period -Who has opened the windows? –  posledica  posledica radnje otvaranje prozora je da su on

 još uvek otvoreni -She has just left. – upravo  – upravo završena radnja iskazana pomoću priloga just.

Sadašnji perfekt trajni  (present perfect continuous)  se upotrebljava za neku radnju ili stanje koji su počeli u prošlosti i još uvek traju.

Primeri: He has been sleeping  all day.

Razlike izmeĊu present perfect i past tense-a: 1. Have you heard the bell? 2. Did you hear the bell?

Obe rečenice se prevode kao” Jeste li čuli zvono?” U prvoj rečenici se obaveštavamo da li se zvono oglasilo do trenutka postavljanja pitanja jer ga nismo čuli. U drugoj rečenici se zna da se

zvono oglasilo ali proveravamo da li je onaj kome se obraćamo takoĎe čuo da je zvonilo. Razlike izmeĊu present perfect simple i present perfect continuous-a: 1. They have eaten  all the sandwiches this evening. – Večeras  – Večeras su pojeli sve sendviče. 2. They have been eating  sandwiches all evening. - Jedu sendviče celo veče.

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Prošli perfekt prosti (past perfect simple) se upotrebljava - za radnju koja se dogodila pre neke druge ra dnje u prošlosti ili pre nekog datog trenutak u  prošlosti - u zavisnim priloškim reĉenicama  posle sveza kao što su: when, after, before, till, until, as soon as

Primeri:  John and Jane were sitting on the balcony having coffee. Jane had arrived the night

 before. – radnja  – radnja se dogodila pre one iz prve rečenice koja je iskazana prošlim vremenom

Prošli perfekt trajni  (past perfect continuous) se koristi za radnju koja je trajala do nekog

odreĎenog trenutka u prošlosti ili pre poĉetka neke druge radnje u prošlosti.

Primeri: She denied that anyone had been smoking  in the room.- radnja počela pre neke druge

radnje u prošlosti

Budući perfekt prosti (future perfect simple) se koristi biti završeni pre nekog datog trenutka u budućnosti. Na srpski  jezik se obično prevodi futurom (a) - za radnju ili  stanje koji će

- za izražavanje pretpostavke, u kom slučaju se na srpski jezik prevodi perfektom (b)  (a) Primeri: I shall have finished  my work by 8 this evening. –  (a) You will have heard  of his accident. –  (b)  (b)

Budući perfekt trajni (future perfect continuous)  se upotrebljava za radnju ili stanje koje je poĉelo u prošlosti, ili će poĉeti u ma koje vreme u

sadašnjosti ili u budućnosti, i koje

će još biti u toku nekog odreĎenog trenutka u budućnosti. Primeri: This year I shall have been teaching  at this school for five years.  –  radnja  radnja je počela

 pre 5 godina i nastavlja se 16

5. PARTICIPI- PARTICIPLES Particip  je bezlični glagolski oblik koji ima osobine prideva i glagola. Ima 3 oblika za vreme i

2 za stanje. particip prezenta  –  present   present participle se pravi pomoću

infinitvne osnove glagola i nastavka -ing

sadašnjeg  participa glagola to be (being) i  prošlog participa datog glagola

aktiv

pasiv

help+ing = helping

being helped

Koristi se kao pridev, za formiranje trajnih glagolskih vremena, umesto vremenskih rečenica, u fiksnim izrazima, za označavanje završene radnje. The film was very interesting. –  pridevska  pridevska upotreba We were dancing  all night long. – u  – u sklopu prošlog trajnog vremena (past continuous) Arriving  home he saw nobody was there. –  umesto  umesto When he arrived home ....

Generally speaking, - fiksni izraz

 – završena radn ja Being invited  to the party, they gladly attended. – završena

particip prošli –  past  past participle se pravi za pravilne glagole:  pomoću infinitvne osnove za pravilne glagole:  pomoću infinitvne osnove glagola i nastavka – ed ed glagola i nastavka – ed ed za nepravilne glagole: formira se poseban oblik za nepravilne glagole: formira se poseban oblik  aktiv

help: write:

pasiv

help+ed = helped

help:

written

write:

help+ed = helped written

Upotrebljava se kao pridev, za tvorbu složenih glagolskih vremena i pasiva. I feel bored. –  pridevska  pridevska upotreba 17

He has asked her to help him. – u  – u sklopu sadašnjeg perfekta prostog (present perfect simple) He has been fired. – deo  – deo predikata u pasivoj rečenici

particip perfekta  –  perfect   perfect participle se pravi

 pomoću sadašnjeg participa glagola to have

 pomoću sadašnjeg participa glagola to have

(having) i prošlog participa datog glagola

(having), prošlog participa glagola to be ( been)  been)

i prošlog participa datog glagola aktiv

pasiv

having helped

having been helped

Koristi se da označi završenu radnju. Having finished  work, I went out for a walk.

6. GERUND I INFINITIVI –  THE  THE GERUND & INFINITIVES I NFINITIVES Gerund  je bezličan glagolski oblik koji ima osobine i imenice i glagola. Ima 2 oblika za vreme i

2 za stanje. gerund prezenta  –  present  present gerund se pravi na isti način kao i

od infinitvne osnove glagola i nastavka -ing

particip prezenta

sadašnjeg participa glagola to be ( being)  being) i  prošlog participa datog glagola

aktiv

pasiv

helping

being helped

gerund perfekta  –  perfect  perfect gerund se pravi na isti način kao particip perfekta

 pomoću sadašnjeg participa glagola to have

 pomoću sadašnjeg participa glagola to have

(having) i prošlog participa datog glagola

(having), prošlog participa glagola to be ( been)  been)

i prošlog participa datog glagola 18

aktiv

pasiv

having helped

having been helped

Gerund se koristi:

- kao subjekat glagola u ličnom obliku – My coming here was a surprise to everyone. - kao imenski deo predikata  –  His  His favourite hobby is playing football. - kao objekat glagola u ličnom glagolskom obliku –  We  We love going out for a walk by the lake. - sa predlogom da upotpuni

 She is looking znaĉenje glagola, glagolskog izraza ili prideva –  She

forward to seeing you again. - sa predlogom , u skraćenim priloškim reĉenicama –  Thank  Thank you for coming here today. - kao dodatak pridevima: like, near, worth, busy –  We  We were busy making dinner. - kao atribut , sa predlogom, da upotpuni značenje imenice –  I  I believe that everyone has the capacity for being happy.

Infinitiv je bezličan glagolski oblik koji imenuje radnju ili stanje. Ima 2 oblika za vreme, proste i

trajne oblike, i 2 stanje. infinitiv prezenta  –  present   present infinitive aktiv prost oblik

pasiv trajni oblik

to help

prost oblik

to be helping

to be helped

trajni oblik

to be being helped*

infinitive perfekta  –  perfect   perfect infinitive prost oblik

trajni oblik

to have helped

to have been helping

prost oblik

to have been helped

*neprirodna konstrukcija

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trajni oblik

to have been being helped*

Infinitivi  se koriste kao:

- subjekat  – To live is the most wonderful thing in life.  She wanted to go out again this evening. - objekat posle velikog broja glagola i glag. izraza –  She  We were glag to hear of your success. - dodatak imenici  ili pridevu  –  We - pravi subjekat u rečenici u kojoj it služi kao formalin subjekat –  It  It is easy to understand  why this happened. -posle imenice ili zamenice (modalna upotreba infinitiva ) u značenju koji može/treba/bi: –  This is a song to remember .

Infinitiv može i da se izostavi posle pomoćnih i nepotpunih glagola, naročito u odgovorima.

 –  I  I must go now. Must you? (izostavljeno go)

glagoli koji se koriste

uz to-infinitiv

agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse,  posle izraza: would (not) like/love/prefer  posle izraza: to tell the truth, to begin with, to be honest ...

uz infinitive bez to

većina modalnih glagola, izrazi: had better/would rather, posle make/let/see/hear/feel + objekat,

uz ...ing oblik 

admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forget, go, hate, imagine, involve, keep, like, love, mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, pracise, prefer, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand ... uz izraze: be busy, it’s (no) use, it’s (no) good, it’s (not) worth,

what’s the use, can’t help, can’t stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time  posle izraza: spend/waste time, money ...  posle izraza: look forward to, be/get used to/accustomed, object 20

to, admit to ...

glagoli koji se koriste uz

infinitive i – ing ing oblike bez promena u

 begin, continue, intend, start, advise, allow, encourage, permit, recommend,require, need,

znaĉenju

require, want

infinitive i – ing ing oblike sa promenama u

forget, remember, mean, go on, regret, would

znaĉenju

 prefer, try, want, stop, be sorry, hate, be afraid...

7. MODALNI GLAGOLI- MODAL VERBS Ovo je grupa glagola u engleskom jeziku koja ima samo izvesne oblike. Svi koriste prezent infinitiv (za iskazivanje sadašnjeg vremena) i perfekt infinitiv

(za iskazivanje prošlog vremena)

i imaju iste oblike u svim licima jednine i množine u datom vremenu, osim glagola need i have to koji dobijaju nastavak s u 3.licu jednine. Odričan oblik se pravi dodavanjem rečće not posle

modalnog glagola a upitan oblik se pravi inverzijom.

Ovo su modalni glagoli u engleskom jeziku: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should, have to i need.

pomoću njih se izraţava:

modalni glagol

koji to izraţavaju

sposobnost  –  ability  ability

can, be able to, could, was able to,

I can speak  English.  English. He wasn't able to  come last night. They could try harder.

mogućnost –  possibility  possibility

may, might, could

She may/might/could pass  her test next time. verovatnoća –  probability  probability

ought to, should

He ought to /should have phoned  an hour ago.

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logiĉna predpostavka –  logical  logical assumption

can't, couldn't, must

She can't be rich, her house is too small. His face is red, he must be very angry. dozvola  –  permisson  permisson

can (neformalno), could  (uljudno), may (formalno), might (formalnije), be allowed to

Could I use your computer? May I interrupt you for a moment? Sorry, you can't do that. zahtev –  requests  requests (u upitnom obliku)

can, will, could, may

Will you help me? Can you bring me that book, please? May I have a glass of water?

 offers ponuda  –  offers

will, shall, would,

Shall I help you with that? Would you like some coffee?

 suggestions predlog  –  suggestions

shall, can, could,

Shall we go now, please? We can/could go to the club if you like.

 advice savet –  advice

should, ought to, shall

You should behave yourself. You ought to go to bed earlier. kritika –  criticism  criticism

should, ought to

You shouldn't have been  rude to that man. You ought not have done  that, you know. obaveza  –  obligation  obligation

must, have to, have got to, ought to, need

I must lose some weight. He had to work  on  on Sunday. She needs to see her dentist. We have got to phone them, they'll be worried.  prohibition zabrana  –  prohibition

mustn't can't

You can't park  your  your car here. She mustn't go there.  absence of necessity odsustvo neophodnost  –  absence

needn't, don't need to, didn't need to, didn't have to

You needn't take your umbrella, it's not raininig. I didn't need to buy  more milk, had enough in the fridge. He doesn't have to work tomorrow.

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8.

 ARTICLES ĈLAN –  ARTICLES

Vrste ĉlanova U engleskom jeziku postoje 2 člana; neodreĊeni - a/an i odreĊeni - th e  . NeodreĎeni član, koji uvek ima znaĉenje jednine, se piše na dva različita načina zavisno od toga da li imenica ispred

koje se nalazi počinje samoglasnik om om – tada  – tada se piše kao an  jer  jer olakšava izgovor ili suglasnik om om – u  – u kom slučaju se piše samo a . OdreĎeni član se uvek piše na isti način – th e    - ali

u izgovoru postoje razlike zavisno od toga da li imenica ispred koje se koristi k oristi član počinje samoglasnikom ili suglasnikom.

Upotreba ĉlana NeodreĊeni ĉlan se korsti samo uz brojive imenice u jednini

kada se govori o neodreĎenom

 pojmu, prvi put pomenutom. (I can' .). Kada koristimo oblik .). can' t fi nd a taxi. taxi. Which taxi? Any taxi  taxi 

množine neke brojive imenice, tada umesto a/an upotrebljavamo odrednicu some. Inače, some se koristi i uz nebrojive imenice. A/an se koristi: - uz glagole to be i to have. - He's a driver. - ispred titule Mr/Mrs/Miss i prezimena

osobe koja nam nije poznata, u značenju neki/neka : -

There's a Mr Jones waiting for you. - u izrazima sa novcem koji se broji: a pound, a euro ; razlomica: a half, a quarter ; mernim

 jedinicama: a kilo, a meter, a litre ; celim brojevima: a hundred, a million ; odrednicama

vremenske učestalosti: twice a day, once a year ; odrednicama za udaljenost i brzinu: 100km an hour; nazivima oboljenja: a headache, a fever .

Odreţeni ĉlan se koristi kada govorimo o nekom specifičnom pojmu ili nečemu što je prethodno  bilo pomenuto. (They (They found a   nice  nice new house  . Th e house   is in a very nice neighbourhood ). ). house  Upotrebljava se uz brojive i nebrojive imenice, u jednini i mnoţini .

TakoĎe se koristi uz: - uz nazive reka, planinskih venace, pustinja, mora, okeana, grupe ostrva – the Danube, the Alps, the Sahara, the Atlantic, the Adriatic, the Philipines - sa imena država koje u nazivu sugerišu zajednicu, uniju – the USA, the UK, the Republic of

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Serbia, the Netherlands - sa prezimena u množini – the Simpsons, the Adams family - u kontrukciji the Enlish language

gde se pominje reč language

- u konstrukciji the x of x : the University of Belgrade, the Garden of Eden, the Tomb of the Kings - uz imena gradova i država

koja se koristi pridevski: the Frankfurt Book Fair, the London

Fashion Week, - sa imena naroda u značenju množine: the French, the Americans , - uz nazive bioskopa, pozorišta, muzeja, hotela, restorana – the Odeon, the Metropol, the Ritz - uz jedinstvene/unikatne pojmove – the Sun, the Moon, the sky, the world, the weather, the radio, the telephone - sa imena muzičkih instrumenata i plesova –  the  the piano, the waltz - uz nazive titula –  the  the Pope, the Duke of Norfolk - uz prideve koji se koriste kao imenice u

množini –  the  the sick, the young

- uz superlativ prideva i priloga –  the  the best, the prettiest * - uz nazive delova dana –  the  the morning, the evening -uz nazive istorijskih perioda –  the  the Dark Ages, the French Revolution

onl y, last, first koji se koriste kao pridevi –  the - uz izraze only,  the only person to disagree

Ĉlan se izostavlja: -generalno ispred ličnih imena i prezimena - Tom, Jackson -ispred naziva planina, ostrva, jezera – Mount Everest, Malta, Lake Ontario -gradova*, država*, mostova*, gradskih parkova, trgova, stanica, ulica - Belgrade, England, Albert Bridge, Hyde Park, Trafalgar Square, Victoria Station, Hamilton Road

- ispred naziva restorana, proavnica, banaka i hotela koji nose ime osnivača i završavaju na s ili 's –  Harrods,  Harrods, Barlcays Bank

-dvosložne reči kod kojih je prva reč lično ime –  Buckingham  Buckingham Palace, Chrales de Gaul Airport

-sa nazivima dana, meseci, godišnjih doba –  Friday,  Friday, April, summer -ispred naziva sportova, igara, aktivnosti – tennis, football, 24

-sa imenima boja, jela, pića – blue, coffee, pizza -ispred prisvojinih prideva –  This  This isn't your bag. - sa imenicama: crkva, sud, zatvor, škola, univeritet, bolnica kad ih koristimo u opštem smislu (funkcija) –  Tim  Tim went to university (he is a student there). - sa rečima: Mother, Father, home kad govorimo o vlastitom domu i roditeljima – Mother is at home.  by bus, by car, by train -sa nazivima prevoznih sredstava** u smislu načina prevoza –  by

-ispred imenice koje imaju oblik množine i značenje grupe. – Snakes are dangerous. -u odreĎenim izrazima: He's at sea/work a lot .

Izuzeci:

* – the Hague, pomenuta imena država sa oblikom množine, the Brooklyn Bridge **- on the train, on the bus –  kad  kad mislimo na mesto

 Nazivi bolesti koriste se sa i bez člana: flu/the flue, mumps/the mups. Ali –  He's  He's got diabetes .

9. IMENICE- NOUNS Imenice u engleskom jeziku, kao i u srpskom, mogu biti liĉne (Peter, Jane), opšte (dete, pas), apstraktne  (umetnost, ubeĎenje), konretne  (umetnik, vernik) i zbirne (porodica, grupa).

TakoĎe postoje 3 roda imenica: muški (muškarac, sin, imene životinja kojima se zna pol),

ţenski (žena, kćerka, imena životinja kojima se zna pol, nazivi zemalja, brodova, prevoznih sredstava prema kojima se odnosimo kao prema živim bićima) i srednji (predmeti, bebe i

životinje u opštem smislu, kojima se ne zna pol). Većina imenica ima isti oblik bez obzira na pol: teacher (učitelj, učiteljica), singer (prevač, pevačica), driver (vozač), pupil (Ďak). Postoji

nekoliko izuzezaka: actor-actress (glumac-glumica); bride-groom (mlada-mladoženja). Imenice u engleskom jeziku se dele i na brojive i nebrojive. Brojive imenice su sve one koje u obliku  jednine koriste neodreĊeni ĉlan a/an, a u mnoţini dobijaju nastavak  – s/es s/es , ukjučujući i

imenice koje imaju nepravilnu mnoţinu. U nebrojive imenice  spadaju sve one koje umesto

člana a/an koriste odrednice kao što su: a piece/bar of, a bottle/cap/glass of, a packet/carton 25

of, a slice/loaf of, a kilo/pound/liter/galon of, a to su zbirne i apstraktne. Njihova množina se

iskazuje pomoću izraza: a few/several  ... of ... brojive imenice koje imaju pravilan oblik

nebrojive imenice

mnoţine  jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

letter

letter s

a glass of  water  water

2 glasses of  water  water

 box

boxes

 bread a slice of  bread

 bread a few slices of  bread

chair

chair s

 meat a piece of  meat

 meat 5 pieces of  meat

 bus

buses

a cup of  coffee  coffee

3 cups of  tea  tea

 potato

potatoes

 butter a packet of  butter

several packets of   butter

star

star s 

...

...

a piece of/ some

a few/several/ 2, 5, 10 ... pieces of

brojive imenice koje imaju nepravilan oblik mnoţine

 paper, wood, silk, gold ... child

children

man

men

woman

women

foot

feet

tooth

teeth

mouse

mice

louse

lice

goose

geese

means

means

 paper, wood, silk, gold ...

some

a few/several/ 2, 5, 10 ... pieces of 

information, news, furniture, luggage, equipment, ...

information, news, furniture, luggage, equipment,

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species

species

ox

oxen

apstraktne imenice:

nemaju oblike

 jednine i mnoţine

fish

fish*

cheese

cheese*

sheep

sheep*

deer

deer*

 peace, love, anger, ambition ... ...

Imenice money i time u opštem smislu nemaju

imenice sa oznakom * ne menjaju oblik

oblike jednine i množine. Uz njih idu odrednice: some, (a) little, no, any ali merne jedinice za novac imaju regularnu

množinu (ponašaju se kao brojive imenice) dinar, euro, dollar

dinars, euros, dollars

ali merne jedinice za vreme imaju regularnu

množinu (ponašaju se kao brojive imenice) second, minute, hour, seconds, minutes day, week, month, hours, days, weeks, year .... months, years ....

Upotreba ĉlana, i upitnih i odriĉnih odrednica uz brojive i nebrojive imenice u reĉenici : tip reĉenice

brojive imenice

nebrojive imenice

tip reĉenice

 jedina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

izjavna

a box

some boxes

some luck

some luck

izjavna

odricna

no box

no boxes

no luck

no luck

odricna

upitna

a box

any boxes

any luck

any luck

upitna

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Upotreba odrednica za broj i koliĉinu uz brojive i nebrojive imenice u reĉenici: tip reĉenice

brojive imenice

primer

nebrojive imenice

izjavna

a lot (of)/lots of/many (formalno  ), ), (a) few, some

uptina

any, many

odrična

no, not many, none (bez objekta)

euros, days,  people, shops, cars, computers, apples, oranges,

money, time, love, affection,  progress, success, cheese, coffee, any, much no, not much, none drink, food, (bez objekta)

primer

a lot (of)/lots of/much (formalno  ), ), (a) little, some

10. ZAMENICE - PRONOUNS Zamenice u engleskom jeziku se dele na liĉne, prisvojne, povrante i pokazne. Mogu biti u

 prvom, drugom i trećem licu, u jednini ili množini. Zamenice trećeg lica mogu biti u muškom, ženskom ili srednjem rodu, takoĎe u jednini ili množini. Koristimo ih umesto imenica kojima ukazujemo na ljude, životinje ili predmete. Nazivi svih predmeta i većine životinja, osim nekih izuzetaka, su uvek srednjeg roda.

ZAMENICE

liĉne

 jednina

prisvojne pridevi

zamenice

povratne

lice

kao subjekat, (ispred glagola)

kao objekat, (posle glagola)

sa imenicom

bez imenice

1 2 3

I

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she it

her it

her its

hers -

herself itself

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourselves

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

množina 1 2 3

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Primeri:

2 l.

you

you

your

yours

yourself

This letter is for you.

This is your letter.

This (letter) is yours.

You can do it yourself.

 Napomena: prisvojne zamenice se koriste posle odreĎenih glagola: behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, kill, look at, laugh at, dry, teach

ako su subjekat i objekat rečenice isti. –  Did  Did you enjoy

 yourself? Koriste se i posle: be, feel, look, seem pri opisu emotivnih stanja. –  He  He doesn’t seem himself these days.

Prisvojne zamenice uobičajeno ne koristimo ko ristimo sa glagolima poput: wash, shave, (un)dress, afford, complain, meet, rest, relax, strand up, get up, sit down, wake up  –  He  He got up,

washed, shaved and dressed before having breakfast. Izuzetak su wash i dress u obraćanju deci. – Go wash yourself !

POKAZNE ZAMENICE

 jednina

this

that

 jednina

množina

these  blizina

those daljina

množina

- this (these) koristimo da pokažemo da je nešto blizu nas, za situacije u sadašnjosti ili

 budućnosti, pri predstavljanju. These je oblik množine od this. Primeri: This chair is new. I am going on holiday this week. Hello, this is Melanie speaking. These flowers are for you

- that (those) koristimo da pokažeko da nešto nije blizu nas, za situacije u prošlosti, pri

 ponavljanju već rečenog, pri telefoniranju. Those je oblik množine od that. Primeri: That man over there is a famous singer. That weekend was the best of my life. Who’s that, please? We’ve seen those models before.

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11. ODREDNICE –  DETERMINERS  DETERMINERS & QUANTIFIERS

Ovo su reči koje, zavisno od pozicije u rečenici, utiču na njeno značenje i daju joj potvrdan, upitan ili odričan smisao. Osim članova, prisvojnih prideva i pokaznih zamenica, meĎu odrednice ubrajamo i reči: some, any, no, every, all, both, whole, either, neither, none, every, each, one/ones, enough, several, most .

Some, any, none pridevi

zamenice

pridevi

osobe

predmeti

mesta

 pozitivan oblik

some, any

someone/somebody anyone/anybody

something anything

somewhere nowhere

upitan oblik

any no/not any

anyone/anybody no one/ not anyone nobody/not anybody

anything nothing not anything

anywhere nowhere not anywhere

everybody (all people) everyone

everything (all things)

everywhere (in all places)

odričan oblik 

 pozitivan/odričan/upitan every

upotreba

primeri

all

za više osoba ili predmeta, ima  pozitivno značenje, predikat je u množini, suprotna u značenju od none

both

za dve osobe ili predmeta, pozitivno

značenje, predikat je u množini; suprotnog je značenja od neither/not whole

either  sa brojivim imenicama, uvek sa nekom odrednicom

either

 jedno od dva ponuĎena pojma, sa

All three/four of them passed the exam. All of  them  them are fine now. Both Jane and Jean are good singers. They are both good singers. Both girls are good singers.  them are good singers. Both of  them the whole month/day/week ... Either  man promised to help.

 brojivim imenicima u jednini neither

nijedno od dva ponuĎena pojma, sa  brojivim imenicima u jednini

either/neither of

 predikat može biti i u jednini i množini

30

Do you want to go to the party or the cinema? Neither. I want to stay in. Either of them will help you if you ask.

Neither of us is/are rich. none none of

no every

each every one i each one one/ones

za više od dve osobe ili predmeta, ima negativno značenje, ne prati ga imenica za više od dve osobe ili predmeta, ima negativno značenje, koristi se ispred imenice ili objektaske zamenice,  predikat može biti u jednini ili množini, suprotnog značenja od all  sa imenicom sa brojivim imenicama u jednini, u kombinaciji sa rečima body i thing  u  u znašenju all  sa brojivim imenicama u jednini u značenju one by one (zasebno) sa predlogom of  koristimo da bi izbegli ponavljanje

 brojive imenice u jednini ili množini

Are there any vacancies left? No, none. None of  my  my friends has/have been to Italy.

There’s no place like home. I have to go to work every day. Everything  is all right. Each worker is paid regularly. Every one /each one of  them  them passed the test. Which shirth do you want? This one. Which shoes do you like? The black ones.

Odrednica other i srodni oblici upotreba other

drugi, preostali od dva ...

another

 još jedan ... pored pomenutog

primer

This is your coffee, the other is mine. Can I have another  cup of coffee  please?

sa izrazima za vreme, novac, udaljenost others

više pojmova od već pomenutog

the other(s)

ostali

Some songs on his latest CD are nice  but others are terrible. These are my messages, the others are

each other

isto što i one another  =  =

John’s. Let’s help each other.

every other

 jedan drugog/drugom itd ... svaki drugi put, naizmenično  pre izvesnog vremena

They visit me every other year. We met in the street the other day .

odnosi se na specifičnu alternativu

I don’t like this salad. Can I have the

the other day the other one/ones

other one, please?

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12. PRIDEVI I PRILOZI –  ADJECTIVES  ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS Pridevi su vrsta reči koje opisuju imenice

i idu ispred njih u rečenici. Imaju isti oblik i u jednini

i množini.

Sloţeni pridevi mogu da se prave pomoću: 1. sadašnjeg participa: a never-ending story 2. prošlog participa: a broken-down car  3. prostim brojevima + imenica: a three-week holiday 4. prefiksima i sufiksima + prived/imenica: un fortunate, homeless

5. well, badly, ill, poorly + prošli particip: a well-paid  job, an ill-chosen  advice PoreĊenje prideva Pridevi imaju tri oblika,   pozitiv, komparativ i superlativ. Mogu biti pravilni i nepravilni ,

 jednosloţni, dvosloţni i višesloţni. pravilna komparacija pridev

pozitiv

komparativ

superlativ

 jednosloţni

cold  big safe

colder (than)  bigger (than) saf er er (than)

the coldest (of/in) the biggest (of/in) the safest (of/in)

završavaju na – 

 busy shallow

 busier (than) shallower (than)

the busiest (of/in) the shallowest (of/in)

ly, -y, -w dobijaju nastavke (e) r/-(e) est  – (e) višesloţni koriste more / most

famous interesting

more famous than more interesting than

the most famous (of/in) the most interesting (of/in)

 pridevi dobijaju nastavke – (e) (e) r/(e) est dvosloţni koji

nepravilna komparacija pozitiv

komparativ

superlativ

good / well

better

(the) best 32

 bad / badly

worse

(the) worst

much

more

(the) most

many / a lot

more

(the) most

little

less

(the) least

far

farther *

(the) farthest

far

further *

(the) furthest

*His office is further/farther  away than mine. –  udaljenije  udaljenije (prilog)  further information contact Mr Jones. – više, *For  further  – više, dodatne (pridev)

 pridevi koji prave komparativ i superlativ na oba naĉina, pomoću nastavaka – er/est er/est ili sa more / most clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet

 Neki pridevi sa odreĎenim članom the postaju imenice i menjaju značenje: konotacija u vezi starosti, doba

pridevi koji postaju imenice the elderly, the middle aged, the old, the young ...

fizičkog izgleda, zdravlja

the blind, the deaf, the disabled, the dead, the living, the sick ...

društveno- ekonomska

the homeless, the unemployed, the poor, the rich, the hungry, the strong, the week ...

Prilozi su vrsta reči koji opisuju način na koji se obavlja radnja i koriste se posle glagola. Pravljenje priloga od prideva pomoću

sufiksa -ly

 pridevi koji završavaju na – l dobijaju – ly ly

 pridevi koji završavaju suglasnikom dobijaju  –  ly  ly ic dobijaju -ally  pridevi koji završavaju na – ic le gube – le  pridevi koji završavaju na – le le i

cosy –  cosily,  cosily, happy - happily frantic-frantically, dramatic-dramatically terrible  –  terribly,   terribly, horrible  –  horribly  horribly

dobijaju -ly

 pridevi koji završavaju na – e dobijaju -ly ly u kombinaciji  pridevi koji završavaju na – ly

scarce –  scarcely,  scarcely, izuzetak: true - truly friendly, silly, ugly ... in a friendly manner,

sa a/an ...way/manner

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Napomena: Posle glagola appear, be, become, get, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste koristimo prideve a ne priloge. - The soup tasted delicious. delicious. Prilozi koji imaju dva oblika i razli ĉita znaĉenja: pridev

znaĉenje 

prevod

deep / deeply

a long way down / greatly

duboko / veoma

direct / directly

 by the shortest years / immediately

direktno / odmah

easy / easily

gently and slowly / without difficulty

lagano / bez problema

free / freely

without cost / willingly

besplatno / voljno

full / fully

exactly, very / completely

tačno / potpuno

hard / hardly

with effort / scarcely

teško / jedva

high / highly

at/to a high level / very much

visoko / veoma mnogo

last / lastly

after all others / finally

late / lately

not early / recently

kasno / u skorije vreme

near / nearly

close / almost

blizu / umalo

pretty / prettily

fairly / in a pretty way

sasvim / na lep način

short / shortly

suddenly / soon

iznenada / uskoro

sure /surely

certainly / without doubt

svakako / bez sumnje

wide / widely

fully / to a large extent

potpuno / u velikoj meri

wrong / wrongly

incorrectly / unjustly

netačno / pogrešno

 posle svih / konačno

13. PREDLOZI - PREPOSITIONS

Predlozi, kratke, najčešće jednosložne reči, služe da se odredi mesto i vreme dešavanja neke radnje. Njihovo mesto u rečenici je i spred imenice ili zamenice, nikad ispred glagola. Upotreba engleskih predloga nije logički objašnjiva sa aspekta našeg jezika i tu se ne može pomoći mnogo

34

samo objašnjenjima. Veliki problem predstavlja razlikovanje predologa on i on i at ali se uz vežbu, vremenom, razvije osećaj za njihovu pravilnu upotrebu. predlozi za vreme

upotreba

primer

on

days of the week

on Monday

in

months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) for night  for weekend  a certain point of time (when?) from a certain point of time (past till now)

in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour

for 2 years

ago

over a certain period of time (past till now) a certain time in the past

 before

earlier than a certain point of time

before 2004

to

telling the time

ten to six (5:50)

 past

telling the time

ten past six (6:10)

to / till / until

marking the beginning and end of a  period of time in the sense of how long something is going to last  in the sense of at the latest  up to a certain time

from Monday to/till Friday

at

since for

till / until  by

predlozi za mesto

upotreba

at night at the weekend at half past nine since 1980

2 years ago

He is on holiday until Friday.

I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five  pages.

primer

(pozicija i odredište) in

room, building, street, town, country,  book, paper etc. car, taxi 35

in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi

at

on

 by, next to, beside under  below over

above across through to

into

 picture, world meaning next to, by an object  for table for events  place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) attached for a place with a river  being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio left or right of somebody or something on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else lower than something else but above ground

in the picture, in the world at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio Trevor is standing standing by / next to / beside the car. the bag is under the table

covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) across) overcoming an obstacle higher than something else, but not directly over it

 put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge

getting to the other side (also over ) getting to the other side something with limits on top,  bottom and the sides movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed  enter a room / a building

walk across the bridge swim across the lake drive through the tunnel

the fish are below the surface

climb over the wall a path above the lake

go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house

onto

movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) movement to the top of something

from

in the sense of where from

a flower from the garden

towards

36

jump onto the bed

predlozi - ostali

from of

upotreba

primer

in off out of  by

who gave it who/what does it belong to what does it show who made it walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle entering a car / taxi leaving a public transport vehicle leaving a car / taxi rise or fall of something

at about

travelling (other than walking or horse-riding) for age for topics, meaning what about 

 by on

a present from Jane a page of the book the picture of a palace a book by Mark Twain on foot, on horseback get on the bus get in the car get off the train get out of the taxi  prices have risen by 10  percent  by car, by bus she learned Russian at 45 we were talking about you

14. TRPNO STANJE –  THE  THE PASIV VOICE Tvorba pasiva:  pomoću glagola to be u odgovarajućem vremenu i prošlog

participa datog

glagola. Pomoćni glagol to be je nosilac vremenske oznake u pasivnoj rečenici a prošli particip  je nosilac znaĉenja. aktivna

Sadašnje vreme prosto -

reĉenica 

pasivna reĉenica

He delivers letters

Letters are delivered.

He is delivering letters.

Letters delivered.

He delivered letters.

Letters were delivered.

He was delivering letters.

were Letters delivered.

He will deliver letters.

Letters will be deliverd.

Present simple

Sadašnje vreme trajno Present continuous

Prošlo vreme prosto -

are

being

Past simple

Prošlo vreme trajno Past continuous

Buduće vreme prosto Future simple

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being

Buduće vreme trajno Future continuous

He will letters.

Sadašnji perfekt prosti -

He has delivered letters.

Letters have been delivered.

He has been delivering letters.

neprirodna konstrukcija

He had delivered letters.

Letters had been delivered.

He had been delivering letters.

neprirodna konstrukcija

He will have delivered letters.

Letters will have been delivered.

He will have been delivering letters.

neprirodna konstrukcija

Delivering letters, he ...

Being delivered,  letters ...

prošli

Delivered letters ... 

Delivered letters...

perfekt

Having delivered  letters, he ...

Having been delivered, letters...

Delivering letters, he ...

Being delivered,  letters ...

Having delivered  letters, he ...

Having been delivered, letters...

He has to deliver letters.

Letters have to be delivered.

neprirodna konstrukcija

neprirodna konstrukcija

He must deliver letters.

Letters must be delivered.

be

delivering

Present perfect simple

Sadašnji perfekt trajni Present perfect continuous

Prošli perfekt prosti Past perfect simple

Prošli perfekt trajni Past perfect continuous

Budući perfekt prosti Future perfect simple

Budući perfect trajni –  Future perfect continuous participi:

gerund:

sadašnji

sadašnnji

perfekt

perfekta modalni glagololi + be + prošli particip

neprirodna konstrukcija

Glagol je pasivu onda kada subjekat ne vrši radnju nego se radnja vrši na njemu. –  njemu. – The car was washed. –  subjekat  subjekat the car je „istrpeo“ pranje. 38

U pasiv se stavljaju samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji zahtevaju upotrebu objekta). –  The  The window has been replaced . –  glagol  glagol replace je prelazni. Aktivan oblik ove rečenice glasi: They have replaced the window. Ovde je reč window u ulozi objekta rečenice.

Ako je subjekat u aktivnoj rečenici neko neodreĎeno lice ili stvar, somebody, something, people, they ... onda se on u pasivnoj rečenici izostavlja. – videti – videti prethodnu rečenicu

Subjekat iz aktivne rečenice može da prati glagol u pasivnoj rečenici uz upotrebu predloga by. The Beatles wrote lots of lovely songs.  –  Lots  Lots of lovely songs were written  by the Beatles.

 pni oblici glagola upotrebljavaju se u engleskom jeziku mnogo češće Upotreba pasiva:  tr  nego u srpskom. Koristi se - kada je vršilac radnje nepoznat –  Several  Several people were injured in a car accinent last night. –  nije poznato ko je odgovoran za nesreću - ako ne ţelimo da po menemo lice koje vrši radnju; često u upotrebi u novinarstvu i stručnoj literaturi –  Enough  Enough has been said on the subject. – učesnici  – učesnici razgovora/diskusije su nepoznati - ako subjekat  smatramo nevaţnim ili neodreĊenim - da se istakne glagloski objekat  u rečenici: They regularly add new words to the dictionary. –  new  new words je glagolski objekat u aktivnoj r ečenici. ečenici. –  New  New words are regularly added to the dictionary. - sa izvesnim glagolima  koji se koriste u aktivnom stanju sa pasivnim znaĉenjem. U prevodu na srpski jezik njih prati zamenica se. – The door opens easily. – - Vrata se lako otvaraju . - tamo gde glagole u srpskom jeziku prati se –  He  He is called Tom – Zove se Tom. Dodatak:

u upotrebi su dva specifična oblika, have/get something done,  kojima se označava

nešto što subjkat nije sam uradio već je dao da se uradi . U srpsom jeziku ne označava se uvek razlika izmeĎu onog što sami radimo ili damo da se uradi. Glagoli have i get za potrebe obrazovanja odriĉnih i upitih oblika u ovoj konstrukciji koriste pomoćni glagol to do.

39

Tabela sadrži tri osnovna glagolska vremena, u prostom i trajnom obliku, i u aktivnom i  pasivnom stanju. do something personally

sadašnje vreme

prošlo vreme

buduće vreme

prosto

trajno

prosto

trajno

prosto

trajno

I cut my hair every week.

I am cutting my hair now.

I cut my hair last month.

I was cutting my hair.

I will cut my hair tomorrow.

I will be cutting my hair.

have something done  by someone

sadašnje vreme

prošlo vreme

buduće vreme

prosto

trajno

prosto

trajno

prosto

trajno

I have my hair cut every week.

I am having my hair cut now.

I had my hair cut last month.

I was having my hair cut.

I will have my hair cut tomorrow.

I will be having my hair cut.

15.

 CONDITIONALS SENTENCES KONDICIONALNE REĈENICE –  REĈENICE –  CONDITIONALS

U engleskom jeziku postoje 3 osnovna tipa kondicionalnih reĉenica. Svaka kondicionla

rečenica se sastoji od 2 povezane rečenice: uslovna (if-clause) i nezavisna (main clause). Ako  je if-claus  ispred main clause , odvajamo ih zarezom. U obrnutom slučaju zarez nije potreban.

Kodicionalne rečenice mogu biti potvrdne, odrične i upitne. if-clause tip 1 –  realna  realna

sadašnjost

main-clause

upotreba

verovatnoća da će If + present future /imperative simple, present can/may/might/must/should se nešto dogoditi u sadašnjosti ili u continuous, + goli infinitiv  budućnosti present perfect, If you leave early enough, you will catch the bus. If they have finished their work, they can go outside to play. 40

If you are tired, go to bed! tip 2 –  nerealna  nerealna

sadašnjost

If + past simple ili past continuous

would/could/might + goli infinitiv

 bez verovatnoće da će se nešto dogoditi u sadašnjosti ili u  budućnosti; za davanje saveta

If I were you, I would talk to them. If he knew I had problems, he would offer his help. tip 3 –  nerealna  nerealna prošlost

If + past perfect simple ili past perfect coninuous

would/could/might + have +

nerealna situacija u

prošli particip

 prošlosti; za ispoljavanje

žaljenja i kritike If he had studied more, he would have passed  his exam. If they hadn't driven so fast, there would not have been  an accident.

Will, would ili should

obično se ne koriste u if- reĉenici. U tipu 1, meĎutim, možemo da

upotrebimo will/would da iskažemo zahtev, upornost ili nerviranje . Pomoću should-a, stepen

verovatnoće da će se nešto dogoditi je još manji. If you will give me a hand wiht the dishes, we can go out later. If I should meet  him, I will ask  him.  him. Posle if -a možemo umesto was da koristimo were u svim licima 2.tipa kond. rečenice. Unless

znači isto što i if not.

Umesto if -a -a mogu da se upotrebe izrazi as long as, providing/provided that

16. DIREKTAN I INDIREKTAN GOVOR  DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH  – DIRECT

Ono što je neko rekao, može da se iznese na dva načina. Kada se nečije reĉi doslovno navode, onda takav govor nazivamo direktnim  i stavljamo ga u znake navoda . Kada se nečije reĉi

prepriĉavaju, onda se takav govor naziva indirektnim. direktan govor

indirektan govor

„Go out immediately! „

He told us to go out immeditely.

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Pri prebacivanju rečenice iz direktnog u indirektni govor, dogaĎa se nekoliko promena. Ukoliko  je glagol od kog zavisi rečenica u indirektnom govoru (reporting verb) u prošlom vremenu, onda nastaju sledeće promene: a) Vremena se pomeraju na sledeći način: direktan govor

indirektan govor

 prezent

 prošlo vremen

 prošlo vreme

 prošli perfekt

sadašnji perfekt

 postaje

futur

should (would) + infinitiv prezenta

 budući perfekt

should (would) + infinitiv perfekta

Prosti ili trajni oblici rečenice ostaje nepromenjeni  u direktnom govoru.

Rečenica u prošlom trajnom vremenu u dirketnom govoru ostaje u istom obliku i u indirektnom govoru.

„He was working yesterday.“ He said he was working the day before.  b) Modalni glagoli se menjaju na sledeći način: direktan govor

indirektan govor

can

could, was able to

could

could

may

might

might

might

must

must, had to

ought to

 postaje

ought to

will

would

would

would

shall

should

42

should

should

dare

dared

need

needed

c)

Liĉne zamenice, prosvojni pridevi i  prisvojne zamenice   pomeraju se iz prvog lica u treće, a iz drugog u prvo ili treće lice.

direktan govor

indirektan govor

„I will show you my new dress“, she said.

She said (that) she would show me her new dress.

 Napomena: sveza that može da se izostavi. d) Zamenice i  prilozi  koji pokazuju blizini menjaju se u zamenice i priloge koji pokazuju udaljenost: direktan govor

indirektan govor

here

there

now

then

now that

since

this (these) week, month, year

 postaje

that (those) week, month, year

today

that day

tonight

that evening/night

yesterday

the day before

tomorrow

the day after

come ... ago

... before

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Indirektni govor i zapovedne reĉenice Za raportiranje komandi, zahteva i sugestija, u potvrdnom i odričnom obliku, koristimo sledeće uvodne glagole: advise, ask, beg, offer, order, suggest, tell  i infinitiv, -ing oblik  ili  ili objekatska

reĉenicu (that clause). direktan govor

indirektan govor

„Come in,“ he told us.

He asked/advised/ told  us to go in.

„Can I go out?“ she said. 

She asked is she could go out.

„Let's play a game,“ he said. 

They suggested playing  a game.

„Don't do that,“ they told us. 

They told/advised/asked  us not to do that.

„Don't lie to me,“ she told him.

She asked/told him not to lie to her.

„Don't touch me,“ she told them. 

She asked/ordered/told   them not to touch her.

Indirektni govor i izjavne reĉenice Za raportiranje izjavnih rečenica koriste se sledeći uvodni glagoli: uvodni glagol

primeri

sa to-infinitivom

agree, demand, They agreed to do it again. offer, promise, He promised to help  her. refuse, threaten, claim She threated to punish  him.

sa sb + to-infinitiv

advise, allow, ask, beg, command, encourage, forbid, instruct, invite, order,  permit, remind, urge, warn, want 44

 to  to use her computer. She allowed me   to speak  her He encouraged her  to  her mind.  to  to come with them. They invited u s 

She reminded him to close the door. He warned me   to  to be careful.

sa – ing ing oblikom

sa objekatskom reĉenicom (that clause)

sa how

accuse sb of, apologize for, admit to, boast about, complain to sb about, deny, insist on, suggest

 of  of laying. They accused hi m 

She apologized for being late again. He denied eating/having eaten  my cake. I insisted on them/their   coming  to the  party.

agree, claim, complain, deny, exclaim, explain, inform sb,  promise, suggest

They agreed that she was very nice .

explain to sb

He explained to me   how  how to do the job.

She complained that he never takes her out. He denied that he had ever met her .

sb – skraćenica  – skraćenica za „somebody“

U procesu raportiranja izjavnih reĉenica primenjuju se sva dosad pomenuta pravila o  pomeranju vremena, promenava vezanim za modalne glagole, zamenice, prideve i priloge.

Indireknti govor i upitne reĉenice Pri raportiranju upitnih rečenica važe ista opšta pravila koja se koriste k oriste za raportiranje izjavnih

rečenica a u upotrebi su sledeći uvodni glagoli: ask, want to know, wonder. Zavisno od tipa upitne rečenice, primenjuju se dva različita načina njihovog raportiranja. a) ask + wh-word  - za direktne rečenice koje počinju jednom od ovih upitnih reči:what, where, when, who, which, why, how  b) ask + if/whether  - za direktne rečenice koje počinju pomoćnim ili modalnim glagolom (u bilo  bilo kom vremenu i obliku)

45

Redosled u reĉenici koja je iz direkntog oblika prešla u indirektni, isti je kao u potvrdnoj  – gube se forma upitne rečenice i znak pitanja. reĉenici – gube Direktno pitanje

Raportirano pitanje

He asked me, „Shall I phone

He asked me whether  he He wonder  whether   to phone should phone me later. her/whether he should phone her.

you later?“ He asked me, „Did you like

the film?“

Indirektno pitanje

He asked me whether   I had He wonder  whether   I liked liked the film. the film.

 do you He asked me where   I  I lived He asked me, „Where 

 I  I live? Do you know where 

live?“ He asked me, „What   can  can I do

with this?“

He asked me what    he could Do you know what    I can do do with that. with this?

46

17. DODACI TABELA VREMENA –  glagol  glagol to work work  –  THE  THE TENSES

Sadašnje vreme prosto –  present  present simple Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I work every day.

We work every day.

I do not work every day.

Do I work every day?

Do we work every day?

You work every day.

You work every day.

Do you work every day?

Do you work every day?

S/he works every day.

They work every day.

You do not work every day. S/he does not work every day.

We do not work every day. You do not work every day. They do not work every day.

Does s/he work every day?

Do they work every day?

Sadašnje vreme trajno –  present  present continuous Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I am working now. You are working now. S/he is working now.

We are working now. You are working now. They are working now.

I am not working now. You are not working now. S/he is not working now.

We are not working now. You are not working now. They are not working now.

Am I working now? Are you working now? Is s/he working now?

Are we working now? Are you working now? Are they working now?

Prošlo vreme prosto - past simple Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I worked yesterday.

We worked yesterday.

I did not work yesterday.

We did not work

Did I work yesterday?

Did we work yesterday?

47

You worked yesterday.

You worked yesterday.

S/he worked yesterday.

They worked yesterday.

yesterday. You did not work yesterday. They did not work yesterday.

You did not work yesterday. S/he did not work yesterday.

Did you work yesterday?

Did you work yesterday?

Did they work yesterday?

Did they work yesterday?

Prošlo vreme trajno –  past  past continuous Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I was working yesterday.

We were working yesterday. You were working yesterday. They were working yesterday

I was not working yesterday. You were not working yesterday. S/he was not working yesterday.

We were not working yesterday. You were not working yesterday. They were not working yesterday.

Was I working yesterday? Were you working yesterday? Was s/he working yesterday?

Were we working yesterday? Were you working yesterday? Were they working yesterday?

You were working yesterday. S/he was working yesterday.

Buduće vreme prosto –  future  future simple Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I will/shall work tomorrow. You will work tomorrow.

We will/shall work tomorrow. You will work tomorrow.

I will/shall not work tomorrow. You will not work tomorrow.

We will/shall not work tomorrow. You will not work tomorrow.

Will/shall I work tomorrow? Will you work tomorrow?

Will/shall we work tomorrow? Will you work tomorrow?

S/he will work tomorrow.

They will work tomorrow.

S/he will not work tomorrow.

They will not work tomorrow.

Will s/he work tomorrow?

Will/s/he work tomorrow?

48

Buduće vreme trajno–  future  future continuous Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I will/shall be working.

We will/shall  be working.

Will/shall I be working?

You will be working. They will be working.

We will/shall not be working. You will not  be working. They will not  be working.

Will/shall I be working?

You will be working. S/he will be working.

I will/shall not be working. You will not  be working. S/he will not  be working.

Will you be working? Will s/he be working?

Will you be working? Will they be working?

Sadašnji perfekt prosti–  present  present perfect simple Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I have worked We have a lot. worked a lot.

I have not worked a lot.

We have not worked a lot.

Have I worked a lot?

Have we worked a lot?

You have worked a lot. S/he has worked a lot.

You have not worked a lot. S/he has not worked a lot.

You have not worked a lot. They have not worked a lot.

Have you worked a lot? Has s/he worked a lot?

Have you worked a lot? Have they worked a lot?

 jednina

mnoţina 

Upitan oblik

You have worked a lot. They have worked a lot.

Sadašnji perfekt trajni–  present  present perfect continuous Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

I have been working all week.

We have been I have not We have not working all  been working  been working week. all week. all week.

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

Have I been working all week?

Have we been working all week?

You have You have You have not You have not Have you Have you  been working  been working  been working  been working  been working  been working all week. all week. all week. all week. all week? all week? 49

S/he has been They have S/he has not They have not Has s/he been Have they working all  been working  been working  been working working all  been working week. all week. all week. all week. week? all week?

Prošli perfekt prosti –  past  past perfect simple Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I had worked.

I had worked.

You had worked. S/he had worked.

You had worked. They had worked.

I had not worked. You had not worked. S/he had not worked.

We had not worked. You had not worked. They had not worked.

Had I worked? Had you worked? Had s/he worked?

Had we worked? Had you worked? Had they worked?

Prošli perfekt trajni –  past  past perfect continuous Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik  jednina

mnoţina 

I had been We had been working. working. You had been You had been working. working. S/he had been They had working.  been working.

Upitan oblik

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I had not been working. You had not  been working. S/he had not  been working.

We had not  been working. You had not  been working. They had not  been working.

Had I been Had we been working? working? Had you been Had you been working? working? Had s/he been Had they working?  been working?

Budući perfekt prosti –  future  future perfect simple Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik

Upitan oblik

 jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina 

jednina

mnoţina

I will/shall have worked.

We will/shall have worked.

I will/shall not have worked.

We will/shall not have worked.

Will/shall I have worked?

Will/shall we have worked?

50

You will have worked. S/he will have worked.

You will have worked. They will have worked.

You will not have worked. S/he will not have worked.

You will not have worked. They will not have worked.

Will you have worked? Will s/he have worked?

Will you have worked? Will they have worked?

Budući perfekt trajni –  future  future perfect continuous Odriĉan oblik 

Potvrdan oblik  jednina

I will/shall have been working. You will have  been working.

mnoţina

We will/shall have been working. You will have  been working.. S/he will have They will  been working. have been working.

Upitan oblik mnoţina 

jednina

jednina

I will/shall not have been working. You will not have been working. S/he will not have been working.

We will/shall Will/shall I Will/shall we not have been have been have been working. working? working? You will not Will you have Will you have have been  been  been working. working? working? S/he will not Will s/he Will they have been have been have been working. working? working?

51

jednina

NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI –  IRREGULAR  IRREGULAR VERBS infinitiv

prošlo vreme

prošli particip

arise

arose

arisen

awake

awoke

awoken

 be

was were was were

 been

 bear 

 bore

 borne born  borne born

 beat

 beat

 beaten

 become

 became

 become

 begin

 began

 begun

 bend

 bent

 bent

 bet

 bet

 bet

 bid

 bid

 bid

 bind

 bound

 bound

 bite

 bit

 bitten

 bleed

 bled

bled

 blow

 blew

 blown

 break 

 broke

 broken

 breed

 bred

 bred

 bring

 brought

 brought

 broadcast

 broadcast

 broadcast

 build

 built

built

 burn

 burned burnt  burned burnt

 burned burnt  burned burnt

 burst

burst

 burst

 buy

 bought

 bought

cast

cast

cast

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

cling

clung

clung

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

creep

crept

crept

cut

cut

cut

deal

dealt

dealt

dig

dug

dug 52

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

dream

dreamed dreamt dreamed dreamt

dreamed dreamt dreamed dreamt

drink 

drank 

drunk 

drive

drove

driven

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

fit

fit

fit

flee

fled

fled

fling

flung

flung

fly

flew

flown

forbid

forbade

forbidden

forecast

forecast

forecast

foretell

foretold

foretold

forget

forgot

forgotten

forgive

forgave

forgiven

forsake

forsook 

forsaken

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

gotten got gotten got

give

gave

given

go

went

gone

grind

ground

ground

grow

grew

grown

hang

hung

hung

have

had

had

hear 

heard

heard

hide

hid

hidden

hit

hit

hit

hold

held

held

hurt

hurt

hurt 53

keep

kept

kept

kneel

knelt kneeled knelt kneeled

knelt kneeled knelt kneeled

knit

knit knitted knit knitted

knit knitted knit knitted

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

lead

led

led

lean

leaned leant leaned leant

leaned leant leaned leant

leap

leaped leapt leaped leapt

leaped leapt leaped leapt

learn

learned learnt learned learnt

learned learnt learned learnt

leave

left

left

lend

lent

lent

let

let

let

lie

lay

lain

light

lighted lit lighted lit

lighted lit lighted lit

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

mean

meant

meant

meet

met

met

mislay

mislaid

mislaid

mistake

mistook 

mistaken

overtake

overtook 

overtaken

 pay

 paid

 paid

 prove

 proved

 proved proven  proved proven

 put

 put

 put

quit

quit

quit

read

read

read

rid

rid ridded

rid ridded rid ridded

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

run

ran

run 54

saw

sawed

sawed sawn sawed sawn

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

seek 

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

set

set

set

sew

sewed

sewn sewed sewn sewed

shake

shook 

shaken

shave

shaved

shaved shaven shaved shaven

shear 

sheared

sheared shorn sheared shorn

shine

shone

shone

shoot

shot

shot

show

showed

showed shown showed shown

shrink 

shrank 

shrunk 

shut

shut

shut

sing

sang

sung

sink 

sank sunk sank sunk

sunk 

sit

sat

sat

slay

slew

slain

sleep

slept

slept

slide

slid

slid

slit

slit

slit

smell

smelled smelt smelled smelt

smelled smelt smelled smelt

sneak 

sneaked snuck sneaked snuck

sneaked snuck sneaked snuck

speak 

spoke

spoken

speed

sped

sped

spell

spelled spelt spelled spelt

spelled spelt spelled spelt

spend

spent

spent

spill

spilled spilt spilled spilt

spilled spilt spilled spilt

spin

spun

spun

spit

spat spit spat spit

spat spit spat spit

split

split

split

spoil

spoiled spoilt spoiled spoilt

spoiled spoilt spoiled spoilt

spread

spread

spread

spring

sprang

sprung 55

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick 

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

stink 

stank stunk stank stunk

stunk 

strew

strewed

strewn

strike

struck

struck stricken  

string

strung

strung

strive

strove

striven

swear 

swore

sworn

sweep

swept

swept

swell

swelled

swelled swollen swelled swollen

swim

swam

swum

swing

swung

swung

take

took 

taken

teach

taught

taught

tear 

tore

torn

tell

told

told

think 

thought

thought

throw

threw

thrown

thrust

thrust

thrust

undergo

underwent

undergone

understand

understood

understood

undertake

undertook 

undertaken

upset

upset

upset

wake

woke

woken

wear 

wore

worn

weave

wove weaved wove weaved

woven weaved woven weaved

weep

wept

wept

wet

wet wetted wet wetted

wet wetted wet wetted

win

won

won

wind

wound

wound

withdraw

withdrew

withdrawn

wring

wrung

wrung

write

wrote

written 56

 

VREMENSKE PRILOŠKE ODREDNICE –  PREPOSITIONS  PREPOSITIONS OF TIME Glagolsko vreme

priloške odrednice

Sadašnje vreme prosto -

usually, always, never, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, every day/week/month/year, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night, on Mondays ...

Present simple

Sadašnje vreme trajno Present continuous

Prošlo vreme prosto Past simple

Prošlo vreme trajno -

now, at the moment, at present, always, still, nowadays, today, tonight, yesterday, last week/month..., (how long) ago, then, just now, when, in ... while, when, as ...

Past continuous

Buduće vreme prosto Future simple

tomorrow, tonight, next week/month/year, in ... days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week/month ...

Buduće vreme trajno Future continuous

Sadašnji perfekt prosti -

 just, ever, never, already, yet (za odrične i upitne rečenice),

Present perfect simple

always, how long, so far, recently, since, for, today, this week/month ...

Sadašnji perfekt trajni -

for, since, how long

Present perfect continuous

Prošli perfekt prosti -

for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time ...

Past perfect simple

Prošli perfekt trajni -

for, since

Past perfect continuous

Budući perfekt prosti -

 before, by, by then, by the time, until (samo u odričnim 57

Future perfect simple

rečenicama)

Budući perfect trajni -

 by ... for

Future perfect continuous

58

 WORD FORMATION GRAĐENJE NOVIH REĈI –  REĈI –  WORD Afiksi

Afiksi su male skupine slova/glasova koje dodajemo na osnovu neke reči i na taj način dobijamo novu. Ako dodatak predhodi osnovi, nazivamo ga prefiks a ako prati osnovu onda ga nazivamo sufiks.  Najzastupljeniji prefiksi u engleskom jeziku su: re-, dis-, over-, over-, un-, mis-, out-.  Najzastupljeniji sufiksi su: -ise, -ise, -en,-ate,-(i)fy. Glagoli  - mogu da se prave dodavanjem prefiksa na osnovu drugog glagola Primer: prefiks + glagol

re+ visit

glagol

revisit

Znaĉenje 

Prefiks

Primeri

r e- 

again or back

restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance

dis- 

reverses the meaning of the verb disappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinue

over- 

too much

u n- 

reverses the meaning of the verb unbend, uncouple, unfasten unfasten

overbook, oversleep, overwork

 badly or wrongly

mislead, misinform, misidentify

out- 

more or better than others

outperform, outbid

be- 

make or cause

befriend, belittle

co- 

together

co-exist, co-operate, co-own

de- 

do the opposite of

devalue, deselect

fore- 

earlier, before

foreclose, foresee

mis- 

inter-   between

interact, intermix, interface

pre- 

 before

pre-expose, prejudge, pretest

sub- 

under/below

subcontract, subdivide

trans-  across, over

transform, transcribe, transplant

under-  not enough

underfund, undersell, undervalue, underdevelop

59

Ili dodavanjem sufiksa na imenicu ili pridev

Primer: prefiks + pridev

-ise + simbol -ate + fabric

glagol

symbolize fabricate

Sufiks

Primeri

-ise 

stabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise

-ate 

differentiate, liquidate, pollinate, duplicate, fabricate

-f y 

classify, exemplify, simplify, justify

-en 

awaken, fasten, shorten, moisten

Imenice – njima se najčešće dodaju prefiksi : co- i sub- ili sufiski: -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -

ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery.

Primer: prefiks + imenica

auto + biography

imenica autobiography

Prefiks

Znaĉenje 

anti- 

against

anticlimax, antidote, antithesis

auto- 

self

autobiography, automobile

bi-  bi - 

two

bilingualism, biculturalism, bi-metalism

co- 

 joint

co-founder, co-owner, co-descendant

counter-  against

Primeri

counter-argument, counter-example, counter-proposal

dis- 

the converse of

discomfort, dislike

ex- 

former

ex-chairman, ex-hunter

hyper- 

extreme

hyperinflation, hypersurface

i n - 

the converse of

inattention, incoherence, incompatibility

i n - 

inside

inpatient, 60

inter- 

 between

interaction, inter-change, interference

kilo- 

thousand

kilobyte

mal- 

 bad

malfunction, maltreatment, malnutrition

mega- 

million

megabyte

mis- 

wrong

misconduct, misdeed, mismanagement

mini- 

small

mini-publication, mini-theory

mono- 

one

monosyllable, monograph, monogamy

neo- 

new

neo-colonialism, neo-impressionism

out- 

separate

outbuilding,

poly- 

many

polysyllable

pseudo-  false

pseudo-expert

r e- 

again

re-organisation, re-assessment, re-examination

semi- 

half

semicircle, semi-darkness

sub- 

 below

subset, subdivision

super- 

more than, above superset, superimposition, superpowers

sur- 

over and above

surtax

tele- 

distant

telecommunications,

tri- 

three

tripartism

ultra- 

 beyond

ultrasound

under-   below, too little vice- 

deputy

underpayment, under-development, undergraduate vice-president

Ili dodavanjem sufiksa na osvnovu glagola, imenice ili prideva.

Primer: sufiks + glagol (V), imenica (N), ili pridev (Adj)

-er + drive (V)

driver

61

noun

Znaĉenje

Sufiks -tion -sion  -er 

action/instance of V-ing

Primeri

alteration, demonstration expansion, inclusion, admission

 person who V-s advertiser, driver something used for V-ing computer, silencer

-ment  action/instance of V-ing

development, punishment, unemployment

-ant -ent 

 person who V-s

assistant, consultant student

-age 

action/result of V

breakage, wastage, package

-al 

action/result of V

denial, proposal, refusal, dismissal

-ence action/result of V -ance 

action/instance of V-ing  place of V-ing

-ery/-ry 

Sufiks

Znaĉenje

 preference, dependence, interference attendance, acceptance, endurance  bribery, robbery, misery refinery, bakery

Primeri

-er 

 person concerned with N astronomer, geographer

-ism 

doctrine of N

-ship  state of being N -age 

Suffix -ity 

collection of N

Marxism, Maoism, Thatcherism friendship, citizenship, leadership baggage, plumage

Meaning

Examples

state or quality of being A ability, similarity, similarity, responsibility, responsibility, curiosity curiosity

-ness  state or quality of being A darkness, preparedness, consciousness -cy 

state or quality of being A urgency, efficiency, efficiency, frequency

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Pridevi

Mnogi pridevi su nastali od osnove druge d ruge reči sa dodatkom sufiksa. Mogu da se dobiju i od drugog prideva kome je dodat neki, najčešće negativan, prefiks: prefiks: un-, in- and non-. non-.  Najčešći sufiksi su: -al, -ent, -ive, -ous, -ful, -less. Primer: sufiks + glagol (V) ili imenica(N) al +option (N)

Sufiks -al 

pridev

optional

Primeri

central, political, national, optional,  professional

-ent 

different, dependent, excellent

-ive 

attractive, effective, imaginative, repetitive

-ous 

continuous, dangerous, famous

-ful 

 beautiful, peaceful, careful

-less 

endless, homeless, careless, thoughtless

-able 

drinkable, countable, avoidable,

Primer: negativan prefiks + pridev un + happy unhappy

pridev

Prefiks u n- 

Primeri

unfortunate, uncomfortable, unjust

im-/in-/ir-/il-  immature, impatient, improbable, inconvenient, irreplaceable, illegal non- 

non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral

dis- 

disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest

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PRAVOPISNA PRAVILA - SPELLING RULES lens - lenses, lenses, kiss - kisses, match match - matches, fox - foxes, flash flash - flashes, buzz buzz - buzzes,  buzzes, go - goes patio patio - patio  patio s, kangaroo kangaroo - kangaroos, stereo stereo - stereos, cello - cellos,

-(e)s ending words ending in -s, -ss, -ch, -x, -sh, -z, -o * add – es es nouns ending in vowel + o, double o, short forms' musical instruments proper nouns ending in -o add -s -f/-fe ending nouns ending in -f/-fe drop -f/-fe -f/-fe and add -ves -y ending words ending in consonant + y drop - y and add -ies, -ied, -ier, -iest, -ily words ending in consonant + y add -ing words ending in vowel + y add -s, -ed, -ing, er. -est -ie ending words ending in -ie change -ie to -y before ing

handkerchief  handkerchief  - handkerchieves. handkerchieves. knife - knives copy copy - copies - copied, happy - happier   happiest, happy happiest, happy - happily copy - copying enjoy - enjoys - enjoyed - enjoying, grey enjoying, grey  greyer - greyest

lie - lying

crave - craving - craved (but: be - being) dropping -e words ending in -e drop -e and add -ing, -ed, - large - larger - largest, er, -est  sore  sore - sorely, fine sorely, fine - finely (but: true - truly) adjectives ending in -e add -ly to form their unbelievable - unbelievably (but: whole adverbs wholly) adjectives ending in -le change -le to -ly to  flee - fleeing form their adverbs verbs ending in -ee add -ing

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PRAVILA IZGOVORA – PRONOUNCIATION PRONOUNCIATION RULES Pronunciation of -(e)s ending (noun plurals and the 3rd person singular of verbs in the Present Simple) /s / after /f/,/t/,/p/,/k/

coughs, cuts, leaps, picks

/iz / after /z/,/dz/,/ts/,/s/,/ss/ /z/,/dz/,/ts/,/s/,/ss/

/z/ after  /b/,/g/,/m/,/d/,/l/,/n/,/v/ or any vowel sound loses, lodges, matches, misses, rubs, hugs, dreams, demands,  pushes calls, contains, waves

Pronunciation of -ed ending /id/ after /t/,/d/

/t/ after /k/,/ts/,/f/,/s/,/ss/,/p/

lasted, ended

joked, fetched, coughed, minced, rushed, skipped

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/d/ after /b/,/dz/,/m/,/v/,/g/,/l/,/n/,/z/, vowel + /r/ dabbed, lodged, crammed, waved, mugged, billed, happened, sneezed,