CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY OF NORTHRIDGE
“High Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis”
A Graduate Project submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of Master of Science in
Electrical Engineering
By
Erfan Bamdad
December 2014
The graduate project of Erfan Bamdad is approved:
_________________________
_________________
Dr. Ali Amini
Date:
_________________________
_________________
Dr. Bruno Osorno
Date:
_________________________
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Dr. Kourosh Sedghi Sigarchi, Chair
Date:
California State University, Northridge
ii
Table of Contents Signature Page......................... ......................................... ............................. .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... .......................... ............................. .................. .. ii List of Figures ......................... ......................................... ............................. .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ............................. ..................iv ..iv List of Tables................... Tables................................ ............................ ............................ .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... ............................. ...........................vi ...........vi Abstract .......................... ....................................... ............................. ............................. .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... .......................... ............................. ......................... ......... vii 1.
2.
Introduction Introduction ................ .............................. ............................. ............................ .......................... .......................... ............................. .............................. ........................... ............................. ....................... .......1 1.1.
Problem Statement ......................... ........................................ ............................ .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................. .......................... ....................... ..........1
1.2.
Costs of Solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics ........................... ........................................ .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... .................... .......2
Practical Implemented Implemented PV Systems in the US .............................. ........................................... .............................. .............................. .......................... ........................ ...........4 2.1.
10 MW Plant in Carlsbad, New New Mexico ........................... ........................................ ........................... .............................. ............................. .......................... ............... ..4
2.2.
Colorado State University University Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado.......................... ......................................... ........................... ............5
2.3.
Kapaau Solar Solar Project, Project, Olohena Olohena Road, Kauai, Hawaii Hawaii ......................... ...................................... .............................. .............................. ....................... ..........6
2.4.
2 MW Plant in Fontana, California California .......................... ....................................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... ........................ ...........8
3.
PV model in Simulink MATLAB MATLAB ................... .................................. ............................ .......................... ............................. ............................. ........................... ......................... ...........10
4.
Photovoltaic Photovoltaic System in ETAP Software........................... ........................................ .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... ...................... .........14
5.
4.1.
Photovoltaic (PV) Module ..................... .......... ..................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ..................... .......... 14
4.2.
PV Panel Page.............. Page ........................... ............................ ............................ .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... ......................... ............16
4.3.
PV Array Array Page .......................... ......................................... ............................ .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... ......................... ............20
4.5.
Physical Page ......................... ......................................... ............................. .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... ........................... ..............28
Load Flow Analysis ......................... ........................................ ............................ .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................. .......................... ............................ ...............29 5.1.
Load Flow Calculation Methods.......................... ....................................... .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................. .......................... ............... 29
5.1.1.
Newton-Raphson Method ........................... ........................................ .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... .............29
5.1.2.
Adaptive Newton-Raphson Method.......................... ....................................... .......................... ............................. ............................. .......................... .............30
5.1.3.
Fast-Decoupled Fast-Decoupled Method ............................ ......................................... .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................. .......................... ................ ...31
5.1.4.
Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method ........................... ........................................ .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... .............31
5.2.
Load Flow Convergence Convergence ........................... ........................................ .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................. .......................... ......................... ............32
5.3.
Modeling of Loads......................... ........................................ ............................ .......................... ............................. ............................. .......................... .......................... ..................... ........33
5.4.
Modeling of Variable Variable Frequency Drive Drive (VFD) (VFD) ......................... ...................................... .......................... .............................. .............................. ................. ....35
5.5.
Different Factors Affecting the Load Load Calculation .......................... ....................................... ............................. ............................. .......................... .............36
5.6.
Load Flow Calculation Calculation for Single Single Phase Phase Panel Panel System ......................... ...................................... ............................. ............................. ................... ......38
5.6.1. 5.7.
Special Load Flow Calculation Conditions Conditions for for Single Phase Panel System .......................... ................................. .......38
Load Flow Flow Required Required Data........................... ........................................ .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................. ........................... ....................... .........40
6.
PV Simulation in ETA ETAP P Software ........................... ........................................ .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... .................. .....44
7.
Conclusion......................... ........................................ ............................ .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... .......................... ............................ ...............57
Bibliography Bibliography.......................... .......................................... ............................. .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................. .......................... .......................... .............................. .................... ...59 Appendix: Full Load Flow Reports......................... ...................................... .......................... .......................... .............................. .............................. .......................... .......................... ...............61 iii
List of Figures Fig. 1. US PV installation and average system price ……………………………..……………………….………… 2 Fig. 2. A grid-tied solar electric generation system ………………………..……………………………...………… 3 Fig. 3. Residential grid connected PV system ………………………………………………..…….……………..… 3 Fig. 4. PV System at Colorado State University Foothills campus ..………………….…………………………..… 6 Fig. 5. 1.2 MWDC photovoltaic array on Kauai, Hawaii ...……………..………………………..………….……… 7 Fig. 6. Simplified Kapaa Single-line Diagram ………………………………………………..…….……….……… 8 Fig. 7. View of the 2.0 MW PV system installed on a warehouse rooftop in Fontana, California (photo courtesy Southern California Edison) ……………………...………………………………………………………….……… 9 Fig. 8. PV model in Simulink MATLAB …….………………………..……………………..…...……………… 10 Fig. 9. I-V output characteristics with different Tc …..………………………………..……..…...…………...…… 11 Fig. 10. P-V output characteristics with different Tc ………………………………….……..…...…………...…… 11 Fig. 11. I-V output characteristics with different Lambda ..……………………………..…..…...………………… 12 Fig. 12. P-V output characteristics with different Lambda ….…………………………..…..…...………………… 12 Fig. 13. P-V characteristics with large Lambda ………………..……..……………………….....………………… 13 Fig. 14. PV array ….……………………………………………………………………………....…...…………… 14 Fig. 15. The physics of the PV cell ...……..…...…………………………………………………………………… 14 Fig. 16. Short circuit current a nd open-circuit voltage of the PV module ….…………...…..…...………………… 15 Fig. 17. Current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics of the PV module ….………………....…...………………… 15 Fig. 18. Photovoltaic (PV) Array in ETAP ….………..…...………………………………………………..……… 16 Fig. 19. Rated power of the PV module ….……………………………………………….....…...………………… 16 Fig. 20. Different IV Curves: The current (A) changes with the irradiance and the voltage (V) changes with the temperature .….………..…...………………………………………………………………………….………….… 18 Fig. 21. PV Array library in ETAP ……………………………………………………….....…...………………… 19 Fig. 22. PV Array editor in ETAP ……….……………………………………………….....…...………………… 20 Fig. 23. Series-connected and parallel-connected solar panels ….…………………………..……………………... 21 Fig. 24. Irradiance calculator in ETAP ….…………………………………………..…….....…...………………… 22 Fig. 25. Inverter page of PV Array Editor ….……………………….…………………….....…...………………… 25 Fig. 26. Inverter editor in ETAP ….……………………….…………………….....…...……………...…………… 27 Fig. 27. Cable library quick pick ….……………………….…………………….....…………….………………… 27 iv
Fig. 28. Constant power load ….……………………….…………………………..…….....…...………………… 33 Fig. 29. Constant impedance load ………....……………………….…………………….....…...………………… 34 Fig. 30. Constant current load ….…………………….…………….…………………….....…...………………… 34 Fig. 31. IEEE 9-Bus system with no PV ….…………………….……….……………….....…...………………… 44 Fig. 32. IEEE 9-Bus system load flow results ….…………………….……….………….....…...………………… 45 Fig. 33. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus …………………………… 46 Fig. 34. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses …………………...…… 47 Fig. 35. IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ….…………………….……….…………………………… 48 Fig. 36. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus sy stem containing one solar bus ….…………......………... 48 Fig. 37. IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ….…………………………….....…...………………… 51 Fig. 38. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ….…….…………….. 52 Fig. 39. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus ….……………...................………… 53 Fig. 40. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses ….………….…………….……… 54 Fig. 41. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ….……………...………… 57 Fig. 42. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ….………….………… 58
v
List of Tables Table 1. Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation ………………………………………..…………….………… 36 Table 2. Factors Used for Static Load Calculation ...………………………..…………………..……….………… 36 Table 3. Comparison of System Element Models ……………………………………………………….………… 37 Table 4. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ………..…….. ………… 46 Table 5. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ..………….………. .. 47 Table 6. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus ………………………...………….. 53 Table 7. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses …………..………...…….…….. 54 Table 8. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ……………..…….…….. 57 Table 9. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ………..…….……… 58
vi
ABSTRACT
High Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis
By Erfan Bamdad
Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
High penetration solar energy has been introduced in many different ways; however, it applies to the comparison between the amount of power generation and the maximum load demand on a feeder which can be considered as the minimum load on a feeder. The main highlights of applying high penetration level solar panels are to provide the electrical power for the remote areas. Considering this concept instead of designing and building transmission lines would decrease the power loss throughout the entire power electrical system and increase the overall reliability and stability of the system theoretically. However, dispersed power generation may cause significant voltage regulation and stability problems into the power system. This project demonstrates a typical structure of solar-connected network and analyzes the operation and functionality of PV system comparing the single penetration and dispersed penetration upon the simulation model. The simulation would be analyzed with different cases which are different penetration levels containing PQ and PV control types of generations. The load flow of this system would be analyzed to find the optimal point of voltage quality and stability. At the end the tables are provided to make conclusions about advantages of dispersed PV power generation. The tested power system in this project is modeled by ETAP software which is a perfect package for power system and load flow studies.
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1. Introduction
1.1.
Problem Statement
It has been a long time that engineers are looking forward to substituting the fossil energy with renewable energies which are using the natural energy without polluting the environment. However, they are always dealing with drawbacks and limitation of these type of energies. Solar energy has been recognized as of the easiest and cheapest resources considering the recent vast improvements in PV array materials which decreased the solar panel price drastically [2]. The photovoltaic systems are becoming more famous among the sources of renewable energy for electric power generation since they have pretty small size and no moving mechanical part in their structure which results in smooth operation without any noise. Base on all of these advantages, solar system applications are growing significantly throughout the entire power electrical systems. PV arrays have small amount of energy individually so they need to be used together and in large amount of installations to be considered as a reliable source of energy. High penetration PV systems is one of the recent topics in this field which tries to disperse the solar generation throughout the entire distribution system and even can be generalized to the fact that each home can be considered as a source of PV generation individually [2, 4]. Some of the advantages of the high penetration PV systems are mentioned below: •
Clean energy
•
Low maintenance
•
No noise because of absence of the rotating parts
•
Improving voltage profile
•
Improving voltage stability
•
Reducing power losses
•
Reducing reactive power flow
On the other hand, installing solar panels and interconnect all of them throughout the entire system causes some major issues which mostly are resolved using grid-connected systems, storage devices and dynamic control systems. •
Over voltage of the system
•
Affecting voltage stability
•
Harmonic injection due to the presence of inverters
•
Protection challenges due to bidirectional fault current contribution
•
Affecting the power quality
•
Decrease the overall reliability of the power system
•
No solar generation after daylight
1
In this study, the proper distribution power system is modeled and analyzed to overcome some of the mentioned defects. Dispersed generation is implemented practically in many sites and they satisfied the overall expectations such as introducing the smooth voltage profile and making up the voltage drops during the full load conditions. However, they are still experiencing some challenges [3]. 1.2.
Costs of Solar Photovoltaics
Constant decrease in solar photovoltaic systems price have made the solar generation more efficient compared to the other types of renewable energies. The average price of a typical solar system with the installation fee has dropped by 33 percent since the beginning of 2011 as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. US PV installation and average system price [7]
The cost of solar photovoltaic systems ows the significant improvements in material sience technology. PV cells are the fundamental element of the whole solar panel generation which make the PV arrays when connected together. Currently, the PV cells are cheaper than ever before and they keep becoming cheaper which result in the better efficiency of solar dispersed generation throughout the power electrical distribution system [5].
2
The sample grid connected PV generation systems cosidered as home-based grid connection are demonstrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. A grid-tied solar electric generation system
Fig. 3. Residential grid connected PV system
3
2. Practical Implemented PV Systems in the US [7]
Some of technical challenges with the installation of high penetrations photovoltaic (PV) systems are grid stability, voltage regulation, power quality (voltage variation, sags, flicker, change of frequency and harmonics) and protection and coordination. The current utility grid is designed to allow for power flows from the central generation source to the transmission system and ultimately to the distribution feeders. At the distribution level, the grid is designed to carry power from the source toward the load. Renewable distributed generation, particularly solar panels (PV), generate power at the distribution level challenging this classical paradigm. As these resources become more common, the nature of the distribution network and its operation is changing to handle the power flow in both directions [7]. A large portion of distribution system components, including voltage regulators and protection systems are not designed to coordinate with bidirectional power flow and bidirectional fault currents from dispersed generation and solar systems in particular. Coordinating these devices in the presence of high penetration PV areas introduces additional challenges to feasibility and system impact studies. Some cases require modification of existing protection schemes, additional distribution equipment, or reactive power requirements on the PV inverters [7]. High penetration PV focuses on large solar panel installations where penetration is significantly greater than 15% of maximum daily feeder load. However, this percentage would be different in different studies. Currently the impact on the electric utility and its customers has not been problematic in most of the implemented cases. The solar panel installations described below exceeds what most experts consider high penetration scenarios. The voltage, power quality and other operating parameters have been maintained within the required ranges with minimal negative impact on distribution operations and utility customers. These case studies are intended to demonstrate success stories with integration of large PV plants at the distribution level as well as some of the solutions employed by the utility to ensure safe, reliable operation of both the solar system and the distribution power system [7]. 2.1.
10 MW Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico
This is a 10 MW PV integrated system facility located near Carlsbad, New Mexico. It is connected in the distribution network 0.75 miles from the substation on a dedicated branch of the feeder. It is located within Southwestern Public Service Company’s service territory. Southwestern Public Service Company is a part of the Xcel Energy Group. Data for this case study was compiled from data provided by Xcel Energy’s distribution engineers working with applicable circuits [7]. Xcel Energy Group is the private power company serving several states in the mid-west and west. Its service territory includes portions of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Southeastern New Mexico and northwest Texas are served by Southwestern Public Service Company. Southwestern Public Service Company serves about 350 thousand customers and one million people across its territory. In 4
2011, Southwestern Public Service supplied about 4,700,000 MWh to customers. New Mexico State made the rule 10 percent of its retail energy should come from renewable sources. Additionally at least 20 percent of this renewable energy should to be solar generation and at least 1.5 percent distributed generation. The Carlsbad PV Plant helps to satisfy reaching goals. PV System: The Eddy County PV plant is a 9.9 MWDC power plant supervised by Sun-Edison. It is located 0.7 miles west of the intersection of Old Cavern Highway and Hopi Road near Carlsbad, New Mexico. The plant is integrated to a distribution panel 0.75 miles west of the substation. This plant started working and integrated to the grid on August 2011. The solar panels are Trina TSM270PC14 cells with a max DC output power of 270 W at standard test conditions (STC). The manufacturer stated efficiency of these modules is 13.9 percent at STC. These modules use a single direction tracking system. These solar modules feed a group of online inverters which includes three types of inverters: the PVI-330-TL-EN, PVI-275-TL-EN, and PVI-220-TL-EN which have 330, 275 and 220 kilo watt AC power respectively [7].
2.2.
Colorado State University Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado
Xcel Energy Group manages the dispersed circuit described here which has approximately 47 percent PV penetration. Roughly 5.2 MW AC power is coming from the renewable energy on the Colorado State University (CSU) Foothills Campus, on the western edge of Fort Collins, Colorado. Xcel Energy worries about the integration of this solar system while maintaining voltage levels within the range “A” defined under the IEEE Standard. The solar system was split in two parts. While the Phase one was completed which was 2 MW AC power, there voltage profile or power quality were not within the expected ranges. However, after addition of phase two which had 3.2 MW AC power, the voltage profile and power quality parameters remained within acceptable levels [7]. After completion the whole project, Xcel Energy Group was considered as the fifth highest rank regarding solar system installation capacity according to the Solar Electric Power Association (SEPA) and it got the first rank in wind energy generation based on the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). The Xcel Energy Group companies cover eight states in the US (Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin) which covers almost 3.4 million electric users and 1.9 million natural gas users. The Xcel Energy Company in Colorado is part of the Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo). PSCo has 74 MW AC power of PV interconnected to low voltage circuits and feeders, for a total of over 7,000 subsystems. PSCo has 1,260 MW AC power generated from wind farms which is about 10 percent of the PSCo total generated energy in Colorado, and it is planned to have an extra 700 MW AC power of additional wind power within the next two years. Specifically, PV installations in the solar systems increased drastically because of major financial incentives in Colorado. Xcel Energy Group provides significant part of the funding for the Solar Rewards program projects. Xcel Energy is required to obey the standard of state Renewable Portfolio Standards which was introduced to decrease carbon emissions which this rule is forced in most of the states. In Colorado, Xcel Energy Group has its requirement for electrical dispersed energy 5
resources (DER) and bring the customer and developer incentives for the implementation of solar systems. Xcel Energy Group has established some guidelines for DER interconnections and forced the inter-connections to be complied with some special IEEE standards (IEEE 1547). This makes them to have integrated renewable energy sources connected to the grid as long as the grid can safely connect to the new generation sources and meet the standard requirements. Xcel Energy Group has deployed all proposed DER interconnections throughout the system [7]. The solar system built at the CSU west campus is one of the most significant solar systems in Colorado and one of the most significant solar systems installed in the university campus as a major electrical power source. The electrical energy produced by this power system will provide almost one-third of the energy requirements for the CSU west campus over the next 20 years. This solar system covers the area about 15 acres which uses both single-direction tracking and fixed-mounted PV system. The CSU solar system was built in two separate phases which provides of 5.2 MW. First phase was finished in 2009 using Trina Solar modules [7].
Fig. 4. PV System at Colorado State University Foothills campus [7]
2.3.
Kapaau Solar Project, Olohena Road, Kauai, Hawaii
In late 2005, the Kauai Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) updated its Inter-Connected Resource Plan from the old one which was built in 1997. Considering the importance of renewable energy in the power systems, KIUC came up with a huge plan to integrate the huge amount of renewable energy to the power system from 2008 through 2023. In November 2007, KIUC planned to produce at least 50 percent of its electrical power energy with renewable energy by the end of 2023. Currently, KIUC generates most of its power from diesel generators and combustion turbines which uses naphtha known as the contaminating material for the environment. There is also approximately 7 percent hydro-electric power which is produced directly on the Kauai Island. The island presently has 5 MW AC power of solar dispersed energy throughout the island 6
and the new one MW AC power (1.2 MW DC power) Kapaau Solar PV project has increased the total amount to 5 MW AC power. A 1.5 MW plant scale battery storage (1.5 hours) that was built by Xtreme Power Company has been worked online requiring the voltage and frequency regulation mode standard since October 2011. The Hawaii Renewable Portfolio Standards plans for producing 40 percent of its electrical power energy to be coming from renewable energy sources by 2030. KIUC has planned for substation scale solar systems totaling 30 MW with 12 MW and 9 MWH of Battery Energy Storage to come on-line during the next 2 years. This plan covers the 6 MW solar power generations which is located next to KIUC Port Allen and two other 12 MW solar system facilities on the east and south sides of Kauai Island run by KIUC subsidiaries. This project is planned to be done by the end of 2014 [7]. KIUC is a private company which owns two main electrical power plants on Kauai Island: Port Allen and Kapaau Power Station (KPS). Port Allen has 12 electrical generators which can produce up to 96.5 MW AC power. In addition, it has a heat self-regulatory steam generator. This generator uses the waste heat from two of the combustion turbines to take out steam for additional electrical generation. KPS has a 27.5 MW power steam injected gas turbine plant purchased in 2003 which is KIUC’s the most efficient and cleanest electrical power plant. This plant produces most of the electrical power on the island. Currently KIUC derives 93 percent of its own power from diesel and naphtha. KIUC also owns the Waiahi hydro power plant which covers the Upper and Lower Waiahi hydro-electric units rated at 500 kW and 800 kW power, respectively. The Waiahi hydro plant in addition to several other existing hydro-electric units that KIUC purchased produces nearly 7 percent of the total renewable energy annually [7].
Fig. 5. 1.2 MWDC photovoltaic photovoltaic array on Kauai, Hawaii [7]
Kapaa Solar is a private company owns and finances of the solar systems and worked to negotiate a power purchase agreement with KIUC. REC Solar Inc. was the Kapaa’s contractor in order to mount the solar systems. KIUC, Kapaa Solar, and REC Solar marked the official structure, operating and maintaining of the 1.2 MW DC power solar utilities on February 11, 2011. The Kapaa Solar project is mounted on Olohena Road, Kapaa, Hawaii. Fig. shows an image of the Kapaa 1.2 MW DC power mounted solar system. Features of the Kapaa Solar PV 7
system include specific corrosion resistance on the racking in order to protect against exposure, rapid design and build collision and direct interconnection to the utilities distribution circuit using a three-phase 1000 KVA, 480V/12.8 kV transformer. The solar system is installed with 5376 fixed 225 W DC power solar panels tilted at 21 degrees, and covers an area of nearly 5 acres. There are four 250 kW power inverters installed by Solaron Company with an approximate AC operating voltage of 480 V three- phase star-delta connected. The frequency range required by the standard is 57 to 60.5 Hz. One of the KIUC’s major challenges with the injection of more solar power to its system is the adjustment with the under-frequency loadshedding protection diagram. ANSI Standard inverters usually trip at the ANSI Standard recommended settings of 59.3 Hz. However, KIUC would like the inverters to stay interconnected in order to adjust with its load shedding protection diagram. Thus the Solaron Company inverter under frequency trip set-point is 57.0 Hz. The under-voltage and over-voltage time delay of the inverters are adjusted to 2.5 seconds. Fig. depicts a simplified one-line diagram of the Kapaa PV inter-connection to KIUC 12.47 kV low voltage distribution system [7].
Fig. 6. Simplified Kapaa Single-line Diagram [7]
2.4.
2 MW Plant in Fontana, California
The two MW AC power mounted solar system in Fontana, California is considered as the first installed and interconnected system in Southern California Edison (SCE) Solar Photovoltaic Project (SPVP). This project aims at mounting a sum of 500 MW AC Power of dispersed connected solar systems in total within the area covered by SCE’s by the end of 2015. The solar system and interconnected dispersed circuit explained here is considered under SCE's HighPenetration Photovoltaic Project. A report on the project is available and contains more information about integrating solar systems into the SCE distribution system. SCE provided the technical information in the full report which can be found in SCE website [7].
8
Southern California Edison (SCE) is one of the largest non-profit companies in the United States. It covers nearly 14 million people in the whole southern California area including most of the greater Los Angeles area [7]. The Fontana solar plant denoted as SPVP #1 is located in a warehouse district in the city of Fontana, California. This system was totally designed, installed and interconnected by SCE. The system interconnects to the low voltage and distribution system using an independent transformer to connect the solar system. The system, although located on industrial warehouse rooftop, is not connected to the transformer serving the warehouse which means the system is not a net energy metering installation. The mounted system includes a total amount of 30,472 solar modules which equals 256 DC string combiner boxes, 12 master fuse boxes and four 500 kW power inverters. Each of the inverters is connected to the 200/480 V single- phase transformers that would be connected in parallel to a single 480/12 kV transformer that interconnects with the local distribution system [7].
Fig. 7. View of the 2.0 MW PV system installed on a warehouse rooftop in Fontana, California (photo (photo courtesy Southern California Edison) [7]
9
3.
PV model in Simulink MATLAB
Based on the formulas given in [1], the complete model of photovoltaic system is simulated in MATLAB as it is shown below:
� ��� � � � ��� �� �� � ���� �
Fig. 8. PV model in Simulink MATLAB
The results show that increasing the temperature decreases the voltage and hence the efficiency of the PV system. The other factor which affects the output power of the PV is . Lambda is the solar insulation in kW/m2. Increasing the solar insulation improves the efficiency via increasing the current of the solar cell. 10
I-V output characteristics with different Tc 2.5 Tc = 0 Tc = 25 Tc = 50 Tc = 75 2
Tc = 100
) 1.5 A ( t n e r r u C 1
0.5
0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Voltage (V)
Fig. 9. I-V output characteristics with different Tc
P-V output characteristics with different Tc 1.4 Tc = 0 Tc = 25 Tc = 50 1.2
Tc = 75 Tc =100
1
) 0.8 W ( r e w o P 0.6 0.4
0.2
0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Voltage (V)
Fig. 10. P-V output characteristics with different Tc
11
0.7
0.8
I-V output characteristics with different Lambda Lambda=1.0 [kW/m 2]
2
Lambda=0.8 [kW/m 2] Lambda=0.6 [kW/m 2] Lambda=0.4 [kW/m 2] Lambda=0.2 [kW/m 2]
1.5
) A ( t n e r r u C
1
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Voltage (V)
Fig. 11. I-V output characteristics with different Lambda
P-V output characteristics with different Lambda 1.2 Lambda=1.0 [kW/m 2] Lambda=0.8 [kW/m 2] Lambda=0.6 [kW/m 2]
1
Lambda=0.4 [kW/m 2] Lambda=0.2 [kW/m 2]
0.8
) W ( r e 0.6 w o P 0.4
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Voltage (V)
Fig. 12. P-V output characteristics with different Lambda 12
0.6
0.7
For obtaining higher voltage for the PV system, solar cells need to be connected in series to increase the amount of output power. In that case, the PV can be considered as an acceptable DG source for the load and the network. The larger amount of the solar insulation was used to represent the higher output active power. As it is shown in the figure below, the output power is almost 70 W which is much higher compared to the output power of just one solar cell. P-V characteristics with large Lambda (50[kW/m^2]) 70
60
50
) 40 W ( r e w o P 30
20
10
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Voltage (V)
Fig. 13. P-V characteristics with large Lambda
Solar cell can be simply modeled by a simple electrical circuit with a diode. This causes the PV to have a breaking point in the current as the voltage increases. Since the output for the current in solar cell is almost linear, the output power tracks the voltage waveform and it drops drastically at the maximum power point. The higher the solar insulation, the higher the output current and output power which indicates the direct relation between lambda and the output voltage of the solar cell. The higher the temperature, the less the output current and output power which indicates the inverse relation between lambda and the output voltage of the solar cell. Based on this fact, always the less temperature is desired to be used in modeling of photovoltaic system, although the optimal point should be considered because of the limitations in temperature.
13
4. Photovoltaic System in ETAP Software
4.1.
Photovoltaic (PV) Module
PV array is an the important device in renewable energy field in power electric grids. It takes the solar energy and convert it to dc power by using semiconductors. It gives out the electric power using inverters afterward. ETAP PV Array is used to show individual PV panels integrated in series and parallel schemes with the converter and inverter and displays summation of PV power. As indicated below, a typical PV system consists of a lot of modules which would be connected in different combinations to provide the designed power, current and voltage as the output.
Fig. 14. PV array
The characteristics of the Photovoltaic system (PV) can be defined by introducing irradiance of the PV and setting the parametes of the electrical system inverter in the PV Array Editor. The physical specifications of the PV cell is close to the regular p-n junction diode. As soon as the light is absorbed by the PV cell, the solar energy of the existing photons is transmitted to the electronic system of the material which makes the electrical charges to move and produce the electricity which are dispersed at the junction. The charge carriers may be electron-ion pairs in a liquid electrolyte or electron hole pairs in a solid semiconducting device. The electrical charges enter the region of the electrical field which makes the electrical potential voltage, get much faster and increase speed influenced by the electrical field and moves around while the current goes through the external system. The electrical power of the circuit is calculated by squaring the current multiplied by the resistance of the circuit. The difference between the solar power and the electrical power dissipates the heat and increase the temperature.
Fig. 15. The physics of the PV cell
14
A PV module consists of many solar cells and a PV array consists of many modules. In ETAP, the PV system parameters the number of the PV panels combined in series or parallel can be defined to produce the desired PV array. A PV array would be consists of many PV panels connected in series or parallel. The PV panel specifications such as P-V and I-V curves which represent the PV array can be specified in this part of the editor. I-V curve of the PV system would be specified during either sunlight or dark time of the day. The first quadrant (the top left of the I-V curve) at zero voltage represents the short-circuit current. The short-circuit current is measured when the output ports of the PV panel are shorted (zero voltage). The fourth quadrant (the bottom right of the curve) at zero current represents the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage is obtained when the output ports of the PV are open.
Fig. 16. Short circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the PV module
If the external voltage inserts in the bias direction, e.g. during a short-circuit system fault, the current does not change and the PV cell consumes the power. However, the PV electronic junction collapses after passing the certain amount of bias voltage. Thus the significant shortcircuit current which flows throughout the system. The current stays zero until the voltage reaches the breakdown value which equals the breakdown voltage in the light condition [17].
Fig. 17. Current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics of the PV module 15
4.2.
PV Panel Page
Electrical specification of the photovoltaic panel is defined in the in the PV Panel editor as follows:
Fig. 18. Photovoltaic (PV) Array in ETAP •
Power
The power of the individual PV panel is its nominal power with the unit in watts (W). The power parameters are fixed and cannot be changed if the model is selected directly from the library because all those information are linked to the manufacturer catalog. The nominal power which can be delivered by the PV panel ( ) is the area under the I-V curve which represents the largest rectangle as shown below.
Fig. 19. Rated power of the PV module 16
Tol. P The user can define the proper tolerance of the PV panel power here with the units in watts. However, the tolerance is defined by the manufacturer. This field is only informative and it is not used in the PV calculations. Vmp The user can define the maximum-peak-power voltage of the PV panel with the units in volts (V). Voc The user can define the open-circuit voltage of each individual PV panel in volts (V). % Eff Eff represents the PV panel efficiency which is in percentage: Panel efficiency = Power / (Area in m^2 * Base Irradiance in W/m^2) The physical length and width of the PV Array are used to obtain the area. Imp The maximum-peak-power current of each PV panel is defined in amperes. Isc The short-circuit current of each PV panel is defined in amperes. % Fill Factor The percentage of the fill factor is calculated in percentage. It is specified using the rectangular area in the I-V curve which considers the knee-point as the edges of the rectangle. Fill factor would be greater than 0.7 to represent an efficient panel. Fill factor is calculated as follows: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
� �
�
Performance Adjustment Coefficients The performance of the PV panels is affected by the temperature. This decrease has inverse proportion with respect to the open-circuit voltage (V OC) which means cells with the greater magnitude of V OC have less voltage decrease while the temperature is increasing. For most of the crystalline silicon PV cells, the V OC changes versus temperature with the ratio close to 0.50%/°C. However, the change ratio for the most efficient crystalline silicon PV cells is about 0.35%/°C. In addition, the change ratio for amorphous silicon PV cells is about 0.20%/°C varies to 0.30%/°C, which depends on the structure of the PV cell. The magnitude of the current generated in the PV cell ( I L) rises with the increase of the temperature since it improves the capability of the thermal carriers in the PV cell. However, this change is slight which is about 0.065%/°C for crystalline silicon PV cells and 0.09% for amorphous silicon PV cells. Most of the crystalline silicon PV cells have efficiency around 0.50%/°C and most amorphous PV cells change with the ratio around 0.15-0.25%/°C. The following figure shows the I-V curves which represent the typical crystalline silicon solar cell at various temperatures. •
17
Fig. 20. Different IV Curves: The current (A) changes with the irradiance and the voltage (V) changes with the temperature. •
Alpha Isc
The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for short-circuit current. This coefficient affects the calculation of the short circuit current of the PV panel. •
Beta Voc
The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for open-circuit voltage. This coefficient affects the calculation of the open-circuit voltage of the PV panel. •
Delta Voc
The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for open-circuit voltage. This coefficient affects the calculation of the open-circuit voltage based on the defined irradiance levels but not the base irradiance. •
Base
Temperature, Irradiance and NOCT fields described below are defined in this part: •
Temp
The user can define the base temperature which is usually provided by the manufacturer to calculate the maximum PV panel power in degrees Celsius (C). Default base for temperature is 25 degrees C. However, the base can have optional value if the data is not selected from the library. 18
•
Irrad
The user can define the base irradiance which is provided by the manufacturers to determine rated PV panel power in W/m^2. The base can have optional value if the data is not selected from the library then. Default base for irradiance is 1000 W/m^2 which would be fixed and cannot be modified if the data is selected from the library. •
NOCT
The user can define the normal operating cell temperature (NOCT) in degrees Celsius (C). Default NOCT is 45 degrees C. •
P-V Curve
The P-V curve is plotted based on the PV array rating data. Maximum power point (MPP) will be shown in the graph. •
I-V Curve
The ‘I-V’ curve is plotted based on the PV array rating data. Maximum power point (MPP) will be shown in the graph as well. •
Library
The user would use the default data in the library. Selecting the Library button brings up the Library Quick Pick page which shows all the PV array manufacturers. Choose the desired manufacturer and the PV model from the list to use the data for PV system calculations [17].
Fig. 21. PV Array library in ETAP 19
4.3.
PV Array Page
Electrical specifications of the photovoltaic panel are defined in the PV Array page of the PV Array Editor.
Fig. 22. PV Array Editor in ETAP •
Watt per Panel
This shows the individual panel rated power in watts which is obtained from the PV Panel page of the PV Array. This field cannot be modified and it is display only. •
#in Series
The user can define the number of PV panels connected in series. Series connected panels determine the overall PV panel voltage but the current stays the same. •
#in Parallel
The user can define the number of PV panels connected in parallel. Parallel connected panels determine the overall PV panel current in amps but the voltage stays the same.
20
Fig. 23. Series-connected and parallel-connected solar panels •
PV Array (Total) #of Panels
This field displays the total number of panels by multiplying the number of connected PV panels in parallel and series •
Volts, dc
This field displays the DC voltage of the whole number of PV panels in series. •
kW, dc
This is the total DC power in kW calculated based on the number of panels in series and parallel that make up the PV array. •
Amps, dc
This is the calculated DC current of the entire PV array based on the number of panels in parallel. •
Generation Category
This field displays names of the ten different generation categories. The names can be defined in the project settings and are also representing utility and generator components. •
Irradiance
This field displays the solar irradiance on the PV panel in watts per square meter (W/m^2). The magnitude in this field can be user-defined or it can be updated based on the solar calculations (Irradiance Calculator). The output power of the PV array is determined based on the irradiance value and displayed in the MPP kW column. 21
•
Ta
This field displays the ambient temperature in degrees Celsius (C) and is the temperature of the place where PV panels are installed. Ta is user-defined the output power of the PV array is calculated and displayed in the MPP kW column based on this value. •
Tc
This temperature of the photovoltaic cell is obtained by using the below equation. The cell temperature Tc is calculated dynamically while irradiance and ambient temperature Ta are changing. The temperature has the inverse relation with the efficiency and power output of the PV panel. •
MPP kW
The maximum peak power output of the PV panel is calculated based on the defined irradiance and ambient temperature in kW considering the efficient collector tilt. •
Irradiance Calculator
The irradiance calculator operates based on the information defined by the user and date and time. Also it defines the best hypothetical irradiance in W/m^2. Notice that all calculations are based on the zero altitude which is at sea level.
Fig. 24. Irradiance calculator in ETAP 22
•
Latitude
The user can define the latitude in degrees assuming North portion of the equator is positive direction. •
Longitude
The user can define the longitude in degrees assuming West of the Prime Meridian is the positive direction. •
Time Zone
The user can define the time zone difference from UTC for the desired latitude and longitude. •
Local Time
The local time is autonomously updated by the computer system while the calculator is operating and would be user-defined. •
Date
The date is autonomously updated by the computer system while the calculator is operating and would be user-defined. •
Calculate
This option is gathering the information and using location, time and date to define solar position and the proper irradiance. •
Declination
Declination is the angle of the sun with respect to the earth’s equatorial plane. •
Equation of Time
The equation of time is measuring the offset between real solar time and mean solar time at the desired instant in the determined location of the earth. This calculated value is constant at any instant time for all the locations. •
Solar Altitude
The user can define the solar elevation angle of the sun which is the angle between the geometric focus of the sun imagined disk and the idealized horizon.
23
•
Solar Azimuth
The user can define the solar azimuth angle of the sun which is the angle from the north direction of the earth in a clockwise direction. •
Solar Time
Solar time is the time elapse between movements and different positions of the sun in the sky. The basic unit for the solar time is a day. The calculator at any longitude can measure the sun's position in the sky and calculate its hour angle while the sun is in the sky and it accounts for the local time of that point. •
Sunrise
Sunrise is defined as the time at which the higher edge of the sun passes over the horizon in the east. •
Sunset
Sunset or sundown is defined as the time at which the sun disappears over the horizon in the west caused by the earth's rotation. In astronomy this time is defined as the time at which the lower edge of the sun disappears below the horizon in the west. •
Air Mass
Air Mass represents the amount of sun energy which is either absorbed or dispersed based on the length of the path throughout the air. This direction is basically considers as a vertical distance to sea level, which is defined as air mass = 1 (AM=1). If the angle of the sun is not vertical then Air Mass has avalue more than one. •
Irradiance
The Irradiance of the PV panel illustrates how much solar power is absorbed in the desired location which depends on the time and the season of the year. It also depends on the location of the sun in the sky, and the weather whether it is sunny or cloudy.
24
4.4.
Inverter Page
The user can define the electrical specifications of the inverter in the Inverter page of the PV Array Editor. Notice that all the fields in this page are informative and are not used in any calculation.
Fig. 25. Inverter page of PV Array Editor •
Total Rated
Total Rated illustrates the DC voltage and the DC power and the DC current of the PV Array in PV Array Editor. It demonstrates all PV array and inverter ratings together. •
Inverter
Inverter calculates and demonstrates the AC and DC power of the inverter. •
ID
ID assigns the unique name to the inverter which can be made up of at most 25 alphanumeric characters. •
DC
DC demonstrates all the DC ratings of the inverter.
25
•
kW
This field shows the input DC power rating of the inverter in kW. •
V
This field shows the input DC input voltage to the inverter in volts. •
FLA
This field shows the input DC current of the inverter in amperes. •
%EFF
This field shows the percentage of the DC to AC conversion efficiency for the inverter. •
AC
This field shows the AC rating of the inverter in kW. •
kW
This field shows the output AC power rating of the inverter in kVA. •
kV
This field shows the rated AC output voltage of the inverter in kV. •
FLA
This field shows the AC current rating of the inverter in amperes. •
%PF
This field shows the rated power factor of the inverter as the percentage. •
Inverter Editor
Inverter data can be edited using the regular inverter editor. Click on the “Inverter Editor” button to launch a regular Inverter Editor with Info page, Rating page, Generation page, Harmonic page, etc. You can change/enter inverter data; AC operating mode and other characteristics using this regular inverter editor, and this data will be reflected or affected to the Inverter section of Inverter page of PV Array Editor.
26
Fig. 26. Inverter Editor in ETAP •
PV Array to Inverter Cable
The PV array generally does not include the cable data. In this case all the related fields would be left blank. •
Cable Library
Cable Library Quick Pick brings up all the available cable types with different characteristics to be selected as cable for the inverter if applicable.
Fig. 27. Cable Library Quick Pick
27
•
Cable Editor
Cable editor brings up all the DC cables available in the library in order to allow the user to insert the cable data. This option is invisible when a cable is not selected for the inverter from library. •
Delete Cable
Delete cable option is only available when a cable is selected from the library to be used for the inverter. Using this option will empty the cable selection and disable the Cable Editor [17]. 4.5.
Physical Page
The physical structure data of the PV panel (e.g. length, width, depth and weight) are defined in the physical page of the editor. The physical structure information of the PV panel is predetermined if the PV array is selected from the library. However, this information is user-defined if the PV array is not selected from the library. •
Length
The user can define the length of the PV panel in inches. •
Width
The user can define the width of the PV panel in inches. •
Depth
The user can define the depth of the PV panel in inches. •
Weight
The user can define the weight of the PV panel in lbs. [17].
.
28
5. Load Flow Analysis
The Load Flow Analysis module in ETAP software works based on the voltages of all busses, power factors of the branches, currents and power flows which propagates throughout the electrical system. Different voltage sources can be used as swing, voltage regulated, and unregulated power sources along with different power grids and different generator configurations. ETAP software can run the load flow study for both radial and loop electrical system configurations. Also ETAP offers different types of load flow analysis methods so the user can select the best match for his specific study. Load flow definitions and tools are introduced here in order to run load flow studies in ETAP software. Also different methods of load flow analysis are explained briefly in order to have a better understanding of Load Flow module in ETAP software. The Load Flow analysis shows the way of running a load flow study, creating the output report or displaying the desired results throughout the one-line diagram. The Load Flow Study has a case study similar to all the other modules in ETAP software to define the specifications and proper parameters and adjust the defined parameters considering the desired study. The Display Options gives the electability so the user can display the desired results simultaneously with the one-line diagram of the electrical system including both system parameters and the load flow results as the output of the system. The Load Flow Calculation Methods illustrates the calculations and formulas and assumptions used for different load flow calculation methods. Also different load flow calculation methods are compared with respect to their rate of convergence, accuracy and number of iterations based on different system specifications and topologies and also it shows some factors on how to select the proper load flow method. The required information for load flow analysis is explained and the way that data is used through the calculations is showed. The Load Flow Study also has a section for generating the report for the results and shows that the output can be generated in different formats. Finally, the Load Flow Result Analyzer will be introduced to demonstrate how to put the outputs of different analysis together in order to make the comparison between different studies much easier. 5.1.
Load Flow Calculation Methods
ETAP provides four load flow calculation methods: Adaptive Newton-Raphson, NewtonRaphson, Fast-Decoupled, and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel . These four different load flow calculation methods have different convergence specifications which means each one can be used in a particular situation in order to get better results with less error. Each of these load flow calculation methods can be selected based on the system topology, type of generation, loading condition and also the initial value of bus voltages. 5.1.1. Newton-Raphson Method The Newton-Raphson method calculates the load flow by using the following load flow equation throughout continuous iterations:
�
29
In this equation P and Q are representing real and reactive powers of different buses, respectively. The real and the reactive power are generated because of the mismatch error between the calculated and the real value of the bus voltages. and represent bus voltage magnitude and angle vectors, respectively. J1 through J4 represent the elements of the Jacobin matrix.
The Newton-Raphson method has some advantages to the other load flow calculation methods includes the unique convergence characteristic. Generally, this method has a very quick convergence speed compared to other load flow calculation methods which makes it much faster as well. It also has the advantage that there are some criteria for the convergence characteristic which defines the convergence limit for bus real power and reactive power errors. This specification provides the proper control of the desired error limits specified by the user for the load flow analysis. The typical value convergence criterion for the Newton-Raphson method is about for both active and reactive power. Although the Newton-Raphson method depends on the initial voltage of the buses directly, the proper selection of the initial bus voltages can prevent from the significant error and convergence. That is the reason why ETAP uses some iterations base on Gauss-Seidel method in order to estimate the proper initial values for the bus voltages to be used in the Newton-Raphson method. Generally the Newton-Raphson method is usually used as the default calculation method for load flow analysis [10]. 5.1.2. Adaptive Newton-Raphson Method This improved Newton-Raphson Method provides less number of iterations throughout the load flow calculations; however it has a greater chance of divergence throughout the load flow studies. Although, the smaller increments in this method gives the better chance to the convergence of load flow calculations, the ordinary Newton-Raphson method would diverge in this condition. The Newton-Raphson method is based on the expansion and estimation of Taylor series. The linear interpolation and/or extrapolation of the incremental steps are used in order to make the calculations easier which brings the speed through the whole set of calculations.
� ∗ ∆ � � �
The incremental steps would be adjusted by changing the value of results in the minimum number of iterations.
in order to achieve the best
The test results shows that the adaptive load flow method can control the convergence of distribution and transmission systems in a more efficient way with taking significant series capacitance effects like negative series reactance into account. It is also proved and shown that the adaptive load flow method can improve convergence for systems with very small impedance values; however it is not a fact.
30
Not being fast compared to the regular Newton-Raphson method is one of the disadvantages of this method since it uses smaller incremental steps grows the number of iterations [10]. 5.1.3. Fast-Decoupled Method The Fast-Decoupled method is another way of the regular Newton-Raphson method which uses some simple assumptions to make the number of iterations less. It considers the fact that a small change in the magnitude of bus voltage does not affect the real power significantly and also the small change in the phase angle of the bus voltage does not affect the reactive power of the bus significantly. Having said that, the load flow equation from the Newton-Raphson method can be broken down into two completely separate and independent decoupled sets of load flow equations, which can be calculated throughout the iterations like the regular Newton-Raphson method:
� �� � ��
The Fast-Decoupled method uses less computer memory roughly about fifty percent compared to the regular Newton-Raphson method since it breaks down the Jacobin matrix into two independent sub matrices. In addition, it also calculates the load flow formulas in considerably less time compared to the regular Newton-Raphson method since it breaks down the Jacobin matrix into two independent sub matrices. Compared to the Newton-Raphson method, the Fast-Decoupled method has the typical convergence criteria of real power and reactive power error limits which are about 0.001 for both active power and reactive power. The Fast-Decoupled method does not have as much accuracy as the regular Newton-Raphson method considering the same iteration numbers. However, it uses much less time and computer memory and better convergence criteria which make this method to have an acceptable rate of performance. Generally the Fast-Decoupled method can be used as the alternative option to the NewtonRaphson method especially when time of calculations is vital in order to keep the system running and the regular Newton-Raphson method fails to operate load flow analysis and get divergent specifically in the long radial systems or the systems with long transmission lines or cables since they experience huge amount of voltage drop throughout the whole system [10]. 5.1.4. Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method The system nodal voltage equation can be written as:
� ��
The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method uses the load flow equation and iterations to give the result as follows: 31
� � � �
∗
∗
Where P and Q are the real and reactive power vectors of the bus, V is the bus voltage vector and YBUS is the admittance matrix of the electrical system. Y*BUS and V* are the conjugates of YBUS and V, respectively and VT is the transposed matrix of V which is the bus voltage. The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has less limits and requirements compared to the NewtonRaphson method and the Fast-Decoupled method from the bus initial voltage values aspect of view. The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method checks bus voltage magnitude tolerance between two consecutive iterations instead of using bus real power and reactive power errors as convergence criteria in order to approach the more accurate results. In this method, the typical error limit for the bus voltage magnitude is 0.0001 percent per unit by default. The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has less convergence speed compared to the other methods. However, if the proper acceleration factors are applied, then the convergence speed will be improved significantly. The typical range of the acceleration factor is about 1.2 to 1.7 and it is adjusted to 1.45 by default [10]. 5.2.
Load Flow Convergence
Regardless of the selected method for the load flow calculations, there are some parameters which affect the convergence of the load flow results: •
Negative Impedance
Negative impedance diverge the load flow calculations. For instance, the classic method of modeling the three-winding transformers called Y equivalent model uses one impedance along with two two-winding transformers which sometimes injects the negative impedance to one of the branches of the electrical system. The negative impedance would be interconnected with some other series circuit elements in order to make it positive impedance in such cases. Load flow calculations would diverge if the electrical system has huge negative impedance. ETAP software is capable of modeling three-winding transformers directly without causing any negative impedance to avoid such cases. •
Negative Reactance
Negative reactance diverge the load flow calculations. Series transmission line capacitance would cause the negative reactance in the electrical system branches. Latest versions of ETAP software offer a new method called Adaptive load flow calculation which avoids the significant negative reactance to diverge the load flow results. •
Zero or Low Impedance
A zero or low impedance diverge the load flow calculations. The admittance matrix of the electrical system depends on the branch impedances and zero or low impedance values cause infinity in this matrix which results in convergence in the load flow calculations. However this type of impedance can be cut off from the system by using a tie circuit breaker and avoid divergence in load flow calculations. 32
•
Completely Different Branch Impedance Values
Completely different branch impedance would cause divergence in the load flow calculations. However, using different solutions like interconnecting series branches which has low impedance, not considering the short coverage length of transmission system including cables or representing a branch with little impedance which has tie circuit breakers would solve the issue. •
Long Radial System Topologies
Long radial system Topologies typically take more time to converge compared to the loop system topologies. Typically, the Fast-Decoupled method operates quicker than the NewtonRaphson or the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method considering having only radial system topologies. •
Improper Initial Values of Bus Voltages
Improper initial values of bus voltages would cause divergence in the load flow calculations. However, if the proper initial bus voltage values are selected, the load flow calculations will converge. In addition, if the selected values are close to the final result for bus voltages, the load flow would take less iteration to give the results which make the operation much faster. On the other hand, if the initial bus voltages selected off the final result, the load flow calculations would be slower so using the updated bus voltages through the iterations is suggested in such cases [10]. 5.3. •
Modeling of Loads Constant Power Load
Constant power load covers induction motors, synchronous motors, all different types of loads (static and unbalanced lumped loads combined with some motor loads), UPS and batteries. The load power stays constant regardless of all the changes in the source voltage. Both I-V and P-V diagrams for a constant power load are shown below:
Fig. 28. Constant Power Load •
Constant Impedance Load
Constant impedance loads covers static loads, capacitors, harmonic filters and dynamic and unbalanced lumped loads in addition to some static motors. The square of the source voltage has direct relation to the load power. Both I-V and P-V diagrams for a fixed resistive load are shown below: 33
Fig. 29. Constant Impedance Load
•
Constant Current Loads
Constant current loads cover unbalanced loads in addition to some fixed current loads. The magnitude of current stays fixed regardless of the voltage changes. Both I-V and P-V diagrams for a fixed current load are shown below:
Fig. 30. Constant Current Load •
Generic Load
Generic loads are the special application of dynamic loads which can be modeled by applying the exponential, polynomial or comprehensive functions. A generic load demonstrates the specifications of the dynamic load as a function of time using algebraic equations considering the magnitude of the bus voltages along with the instantaneous frequency. •
Modeling of Converters (AC-DC)
Electric chargers in load flow studies are represented as static loads connected to source side bus which provides the AC input. A converter is illustrated as an AC source which has some the internal impedances. The advantage of converter compared to AC source is having different operating modes. •
Modeling of High Voltage DC Line
The High Voltage DC Line in the load flow studies can be considered as a branch containing a Rectifier feeding a DC line and also an Inverter at the end of the line to be connected to AC system. Both the Inverter and the Rectifier of the High Voltage DC line need to be connected to a swing bus either directly or indirectly through an electrical system. 34
•
Modeling of Static Var. Compensator (SVC)
The Static Var. Compensator in load flow studies can be considered as a variable static load. The SVC adjusts the voltage at the terminal of the bus by regulating the flow of reactive power throughout the whole power system. In the load flow studies, load flow algorithm starts calculating the system bus voltages ignoring the Static Var. Controls. If the calculated voltage magnitude of the bus connected to SVC are less than the initial set voltage, then the SVC acts as a compensator injecting reactive power to the power system. However, if the calculated voltage magnitude of the bus connected to SVC is more than the initial set voltage, the SVC acts as a reactive load consumes the existing reactive power in the power system. •
Modeling of UPS
The UPS in the load flow studies is considered as a fixed static load at its source side and a swing source at its load side energizing the output. The power system which is connected to the load side of the UPS gets disconnected when the UPS is operating as a load category defined in its editor. This case happens if and only if there is no other swing bus in the power system and the UPS should be modeled as a fixed load. The load side of the UPS will be modeled as a swing bus including regulating voltage control for the load side bus of the UPS when the UPS is operating as a load category defined in its editor. This case happens if the calculated voltage of the load side of the UPS is considered as side loading voltage. If some UPS are used simultaneously to share the connected loads to the specific load bus, the calculated bus voltage of the load side of the UPS will have its maximum value considering the fact that all the UPS are using their nominal powers. The calculated values for the load side of the UPS will affect the voltage of the UPS source side bus by taking its efficiency and the nominal power and power factor into account. For instance, if there are some UPS sharing their output power to feed their load side bus P + j*Q, then the UPS loading parameters will affect the source side bus voltage considering the operating power factor of the source side bus as follows: P/EFF + j*P/EFF*sqrt(1-PF*PF)/PF where the EFF represents the UPS efficiency and PF is the operating power factor of the source side bus [10]. 5.4.
Modeling of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
The Variable Frequency Drive in the load flow studies is represented similar to the UPS model considering the below exceptions:
The VFD is modeled as a fixed load with parameters based on the connected load. The bus voltage of the source side of the VFD is affected by the VFD loading type. The load parameters connected to the load side of the VFD affect the bus voltage of the source side. If the VFD is feeding different source branches, it will share the load equally between the connected branches. In such a case, the connected loads to the VFD load side effects the bus voltage connected to the source side [10]. 35
5.5.
Different Factors Affecting the Load Calculation
ETAP has a significant flexibility considering the load variations for modeling using specific load factors like demand factor, loading percentage, service factor and application factor. These factors can be applied differently in loading calculations depends on the specifications of the system under different circumstances:
Load Editor – This is used for calculations of loading categories and voltage drop.
Input for Studies – This is used for calculations of loading parameters for load flow and initial load for motor starting and transient stability analysis.
Studies Results – This is used for calculations of load which is shown in the power system diagram from load flow, motor starting and transient stability analysis.
Bus Editor – This is used for multiple loads connected to a bus.
The following two tables describe the application of introduced factors in different areas [10]: Table 1. Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation Load Editor Load
Bus Nominal kV Bus Operating V Demand Factor Loading % Service Factor App. Factor Load Quantity Bus Diversity Factor Global Diversity Factor
Input to Studies
Loss
x x
x x x x
x
x
Vd
Results from Studies
Load
x x x x * *
Bus Editor
Loss
x
Load
Loss
x x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x * *
x * *
x * *
x * *
x x x
x * *
Table 2. Factors Used for Static Load Calculation Load Editor Load
Loss
Input to Studies Results from Studies
Vd
Load
Loss
Load
Loss
Bus
Vd Editor
Bus Nominal kV Bus Operating V Demand Factor Loading % App. Factor Load Quantity Bus Diversity Factor Global Diversity Factor
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x x x *
36
x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x * *
x * *
x * *
x * *
Vd
x x x x
x x x x
* *
* Specifies the user-defined factor used in the calculations in the correspondent load editor. Notes: •
•
Motor load covers induction motor and induction generator, synchronous motor and the dynamic load which include motor. Static load covers static load, capacitor and the static load which consist of conventional and/or unbalanced loads. Table 3. Comparison of System Element Models
Element
Load Flow
Dynamic
Static
Transient Stability
Motor Acceleration
Motor Starting
Generators
Infinite Bus
Dynamically Modeled
Constant Voltage Behind Xd’
Constant Voltage Behind Xd’
Exciter/Governors
Not Applicable
Dynamically Modeled
Not Modeled
Not Modeled
Utility Ties
Infinite Bus
Constant Voltage Behind X”
Constant Voltage Behind X”
Constant Voltage Behind X”
Operating Motors
Constant kVA
Modeled Dynamically or Constant kVA
Constant kVA
Constant kVA
Starting Motors
Not Applicable
Single1, Single2, DBL1, & DBL2 Models
Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2, & TSC Models
Locked-Rotor Z and Power Factor
Starters
Not Applicable
Modeled
Modeled
Modeled
37
5.6.
Load Flow Calculation for Single Phase Panel System
When the calculated Panel or UPS system is selected in the load flow study case, the panel or UPS system load flow would be calculated considering the three phase system. However, the calculations for single phase system are different from the calculated values for three phase system because of the specific parameters of the single phase panel or UPS systems. When the Calculated Panel or UPS system is not selected in the load flow study case, loads from a panel or UPS system are combined together up to the top device which can be a panel, phaseadaptor or even UPS system inside the panel or UPS system. The top element is considered as a load connected to the three phase system. Loads should be combined not violating the nominal voltage regardless of all the existing power losses and voltage drops in the power system. •
Single-Phase Panel Systems
A panel system is represented as sub system with radial topology feeding the powered to the three phase bus of the power system through a top panel, phase adaptor or single phase UPS. A power system would have different panel systems while each panel system may have a three phase panel or phase adapter as the top element. 5.6.1. Special Load Flow Calculation Conditions for Single Phase Panel System •
Single Phase Panel System with Loop Topology
Single phase panel system is might have radial topology without any existing loops to be calculated by load flow methods. ETAP software checks to see if there are any loops available before starting load flow calculations. An error will pop up if ETAP detects any existing loop inside the power system. •
Transformer Load Tap Changer (LTC)
Transformer LTC cannot be taken into account for any transformer available in single phase panel systems. However, the transformer LTC is ignored inside the single phase panel system for the load flow calculations if the LTC option is not selected. •
Shunt Impedance
Shunt impedance cannot be taken into account in the load flow calculations for single phase panel system regardless of the type of the branch like cable, transmission line and impedance. •
Feeder Cables for Loads inside the Panel
Internal loads inside the panel are combined together and considered as a single load for load flow calculations. This behavior makes the feeder cables losses produced by the internal loads inside the panel to be ignored in the load flow calculations. However, external feeder cables for loads outside the panel are considered in the load flow calculation.
38
•
Calculation Methods
The load flow calculations for single phase panel system are basically done by three phase load flow calculation methods in order to get better and more accurate results. The single phase load flow calculation has three steps: Load flow calculations are done for each single phase panel system for the defined loading parameters and diversity factors before running the load flow calculation for three phase system. The voltage of the source side bus which is the top element is considered the constant value specified by the user during these calculations. The calculated load flow results for the single phase panel system will be more accurate by running these load-flow calculations since it considers the power losses of branches and also considers the voltage drop on the loads during the calculations. The result of single load flow calculations are saved for the top element after the calculations are done. These results will be used for the load flow calculations of three phase system afterward while the top element in any single phase panel system will be considered as a single load interconnected to the three phase bus. After completion of the load flow calculations for the three phase system, the load flow calculation will be done again for each of the single phase panel systems with the new bus voltage values of the top element which are obtained from the load flow calculations for the three phase system. The final obtained values from the load flow calculations are reported after the end of this last step [13].
39
5.7. •
Load Flow Required Data Bus Data
The following data is required for load flow calculations of the buses:
•
Nominal kV Initial percentage and angle of the voltage (if Initial Condition is selected to use Bus Voltages) Load Diversity Factor (if the Loading option is selected to use Diversity Factor) Branch Data
Branch data is defined in the Branch Editors. Branch includes Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable, Reactor, and Impedance. The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the branches:
Z, R, X, or X/R values of the branches, tolerance and temperature only if applicable The length of the cable and transmission line Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings Impedance base kV and base which can be in either kVA or MVA
•
Power Grid Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the power grids:
•
Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, MVAR Control, or PF Control) Nominal kV Initial value and the angle of the voltage sources for swing mode %V, MW loading, and MVAR limits ( & ) for Voltage Control mode MW and MVAR loading, MVAR limits for MVAR Control mode Loading and PF, and MVAR limits for PF Control mode
Synchronous Generator Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the synchronous generators:
Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or MVAR Control) Rated kV Initial value and the angle of the voltage sources for swing mode %V, MW loading, and MVAR limits ( and ) for Voltage Control mode MW and MVAR loading and MVAR limits for MVAR Control mode MW loading and PF, and MVAR limits for PF Control mode
Note: The MVAR limits ( and ) would be obtained from the capability curve. The additional following data is required for this method:
40
The Capability curve including all the information Synchronous reactance ( )
•
Inverter Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the inverters:
•
Inverter ID Inverter DC and AC rating AC output voltage regulating data
Synchronous Motor Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the synchronous motors:
•
Rated power and voltage Power factors and efficiencies at 100, 75 and 50 percent loadings Loading data for desired Loading Category Cable data
Induction Motor Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the induction motors:
•
Rated power and voltage Power factors and efficiencies at 100, 75 and 50 percent loadings Loading data for desired Loading Category Cable data
Static Load Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the static loads:
•
Static Load ID Rated power and voltage Power factor Loading data for desired Loading Category Cable data
Capacitor Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the capacitors:
Capacitor ID Rated power and voltage for each bank and the number of banks Loading data for desired Loading Category Cable data 41
•
Lumped Load Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the lumped loads: Conventional
Load ID Rated power, rated voltage, power factor and motor load data Loading data for desired Loading Category
Unbalanced
Load ID Rated power, rated voltage, power factor, motor load data and static load data Loading data for desired Loading Category
Exponential
Load ID Rated voltage, P0, Q0, a and b Loading data for desired Loading Category
Polynomial
Load ID Rated voltage, P0, Q0, p1, p2, q1 and q2 Loading data for desired Loading Category
Comprehensive
•
Load ID Rated voltage, P0, Q0, a1, a2, b1, b2, p1, p2, p3, p4, q1, q2, q3 and q4 Loading data for desired Loading Category
Charger and UPS Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the chargers and UPS’s:
•
Element ID Rated AC voltage, AC power, power factor and DC rating data Loading data for desired Loading Category
HV DC Link Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the HVDC links:
Element ID All data from the Rating page for Load Flow calculations 42
•
Inverter current margin (
)
SVC Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the SVC’s:
Element ID Rated voltage Inductive Rating (QL, IL or BL) Capacitive Rating (QC, IC or BC) Max Inductive Rating (QL(Max) or IL(Max)) Max Capacitive Rating (QC(Min) or IC(Min))
Note: Q C, QC (Min) and BL must be entered as a negative value since they represent the capacitor reactive power. •
Panel Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the panels:
•
Element ID Rated voltage and current Number of Branch Circuits Loading data Phasing, Number of Poles and State Connection Type (Internal, External, Spare, etc.)
Other Data
Some additional information is required for some of the studies as follows:
Load Flow Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-Seidel) Maximum number of Iterations Precision percentage Acceleration Factor (if Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is selected) Loading Category Initial Voltage Condition Report format Update bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow result
The study case related data is entered into the Load Flow Study Case editor [13]. .
43
6. PV Simulation in ETAP Software
The modeling and simulation of the power system including generation and distribution networks is done in ETAP software. Small power systems are not practical to be considered as high-penetration PV system since the bus voltages in such systems are affected drastically by the power injection from the renewable energy systems. At the first stage of this project, 5 bus system was studied in which overvoltages up to 26 percent per unit were obtained. On the other hand, large systems have their own issues as well. Injecting lots of power at once to the load buses, increase and improve the full load buses at the far end load side of the system while the entire system collapses because of the large amount of generation exists in the system. Load flow analysis got diverged using IEEE 13 bus system having PV penetration above 60percent. As a result, standard IEEE 9 bus system is selected for the analysis in this project since the results are reasonable and the system load flow calculations converge for the all types of PV penetration from zero to hundred percent. However, the high PV penetration system has many limitations in practice. Lack of solar energy after daylight time, necessity to have storage devices to supply the power during night, protection and coordination with the classic power systems and space needed for PV farms are some of the issues cause limitation for high penetration PV systems. So the dynamic and more conservative control systems are needed to observe this type of system and do not let the system to experience any risk causing power outage and decrease the stability of the power system.
Fig. 31. IEEE 9-Bus system with no PV
44
Fig. 31 shows the standard 9 bus system used for the analysis in this project which includes three generators connected to three different buses in the looped network. Generator1 is considered as the swing bus and Generator2 and Generator3 are considered as voltage control bus type. High penetration PV injects a lot of power throughout the system which affect the active and reactive power of all the existing buses. Based on this fact, it was avoided to model Generator2 and Generator3 as PQ control bus type to give more realistic results.
Fig. 32. IEEE 9-Bus system load flow results
Case 1: Single PV penetration applied to the PQ control testing system
In the first case, the voltage profile of the PQ control generation system obtained to determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop as shown in Fig. 32. Then the solar panel along with the inverter connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses feeding a load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels including the PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while the PV penetration percentage is defined as the PV generation over the total generated power in the test system without considering any connected renewable energy. Based on this definition, zero percent penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while hundred percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power generation of three existing generators in the testing system.
45
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Fig. 33. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
Case 2: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the PQ control testing system
In case 2 of this project, the voltage profile of the PQ control generation system obtained to determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then three solar panels along with their inverter are connected to the different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the voltage profile which happens to be the buses feeding load branches. The whole generation are devided equally in all three solar buses to represent the dispersed PV penetration throughout the electrical power system. Based on the voltage profile of the buses shown in Fig. 34., voltages of Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 9 are constantly increasing since they are directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system. However, this increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant effect on the buses connected to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV penetration percentage increases.
46
Table 5. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses � �� �����������
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Case 3: Single PV penetration applied to the PV control testing system
In the third case, the voltage profile of the PV control generation system obtained to determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop as shown in Fig. 32. Then the solar panel along with the inverter connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses feeding a load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels including the PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while the PV penetration percentage is defined as the PV generation over the total generated power in the test system without considering any connected renewable energy. Based on this definition, zero percent penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while hundred percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power generation of three existing generators in the testing system. The summary of load flow reports demonstrates the voltage profiles of the different buses for 10 percent and 90 percent PV penetration are illustrated in Fig. 41; the full reports containing all different PV penetration levels can be found in Appendix A. 47
Table 8 shows the voltage profile of all the buses including 9 existing buses in addition to the added Solar Bus. Voltage on the Solar Bus is increasing constantly by the increase of PV generation. Same scenario occurs for Bus 6 since it is directly connected to the Solar Bus.
Fig. 35. IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
Fig. 36. Load flow results for IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
48
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
10 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage kV
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
* Bus 2
18.000
* Bus 3 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
FLOW
Generation
Load
Mvar
0.0
46.549
25.355
0
0
102.000
10.7
163.000
4.576
0
13.800
102.000
6.3
85.000
-15.039
230.000
102.625
-1.4
0
0
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
99.433
101.860
102.199
101.268
102.975
102.061
-3.0
-1.9
5.1
2.2
3.6
-1.4
0
0
0
0
0
24.792
MW
Load Flow
MW
230.000
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
MW
Mvar
Amp
Bus 4
46.549
25.355
1783.4
87.8
0
Bus 7
163.000
4.576
51 27 .7
1 00 .0
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-15.039
3540.6
-98.5
0
0
Bus 5
37.038
25.370
109.8
82.5
Bus 6
9.510
-1.512
23.6
-98.8
Bus 1
-46.548
-23.858
127.9
89.0
Bus 4
-36.794
-41.263
139.6
66.6
Bus 7
-87.625
-8.495
222.2
99.5
Bus 4
-9.488
-14.887
43.5
53.7
Bus 9
-56.723
-9.427
141.7
98.6
Solar BUS
-24.788
-6.019
62.9
97.2
Bus 5
90.124
-10.040
222.7
-99.4
Bus 8
72.860
-1.358
179.0
-100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
11.398
401.3
-99.8
Bus 9
-26.926
-24.381
90.0
74.1
Bus 7
-72.425
-10.378
181.4
99.0
Bus 6
57.964
-22.715
151.8
-93.1
Bus 8
27.032
3.479
66.4
99.2
Bus 3
-84.996
19.236
212.4
-97.5
Bus 6
24.792
6.213
65719.0
97.0
124.419
30.333
0
0
99.351
0
6.213
ID
49.758
90.998
0
0
Mvar
XFMR
34.759
0
0
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
49
%PF
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
90 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-141.029
35.998
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
20.0
163.000
4.607
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
17.9
85.000
-27.030
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.313
4.4
0
0
0
Bus 6
230.000
98.931
105.517
4.0
11.9
Mvar
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
Mvar
123.166
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-141.029
35.998
4897.1
-96.9
Bus 7
163.000
4.607
5 12 7. 8
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-27.030
3658.5
-95.3
0
Bus 5
12.669
30.030
80.0
38.9
Bus 6
-153.709
-5.314
377.3
99.9
Bus 1
141.040
-24.716
3 51.3
-98.5
Bus 4
-12.506
-46.474
122.1
26.0
Bus 7
-110.659
-2.784
2 80.9
100.0
Bus 4
157.547
9.019
375.4
99.8
Bus 9
-32.323
0.050
76.9
100.0
-222.873
-41.619
539.4
98.3
Bus 5
114.712
-7.785
2 82.4
-99.8
Bus 8
48.272
-3.581
118.9
-99.7
Bus 2
-162.984
11.366
4 01.3
-99.8
Bus 9
-51.835
-24.689
141.9
90.3
Bus 7
-48.081
-10.267
121.5
97.8
Bus 6
32.829
-37.008
119.8
-66.4
Bus 8
52.167
5.497
127.0
99.4
Bus 3
-84.996
31.511
219.5
-93.8
Bus 6
223.159
55.929
563891.7
97.0
49.257
97.648
32.549
Solar BUS Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
102.197
101.555
103.663
107.069
14.4
12.5
15.2
15.4
0
0
0
223.159
0
0
0
0
99.916
0
55.929
34.956
0
0
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
50
MW
XFMR %Tap
Case 4: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the PV control testing system
In case 4 of this project, the voltage profile of the PV control generation system obtained to determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then three solar panels along with their inverter are connected to the different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the voltage profile which happens to be the buses feeding load branches. The test system illustrated in Fig. 37 is used for load flow studies. There are three different solar panels connected to three different buses throughout the power system in this study case as shown in Fig. 38 to represent the better configuration of the high penetration PV systems.
Fig. 37. IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
Three solar buses are connected to Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 9, respectively. The penetration of the PV panels connected to solar buses are gradually increased from no load (zero percent penetration) to full load (100 percent penetration) in steps of 10 percent. The whole generation are devided equally in all three solar buses to represent the dispersed PV penetration throughout the electrical power system. Based on the voltage profile of the buses shown in Fig. 42., voltages of Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 9 are constantly increasing since they are directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system. However, this increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant effect on the buses connected to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV penetration percentage increases.
51
Fig. 38. Load flow results for IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
Bus 2 and Bus 3 have constant voltages regardless of the penetration percentage since they are considered as voltage control bus type. The other buses do not show linear changes in their voltage profiles since the value of the bus voltage is directly related to the reactive power going through the buses and since the testing system has looped configuration, the value and the direction of the reactive power changes based on the penetration percentage. This effect gets worse as the penetration percentage gets closer to hundred percent which represents the full load penetration of the PVs based on Table 9. The summary of load flow reports demonstrates the voltage profiles of the different buses for 10 percent and 90 percent PV penetration are illustrated in Fig. 42; the full reports containing all different PV penetration levels can be found in Appendix A. Case 5: Single PV penetration applied to the IEEE 30-Bus testing system testing
In case 5 of this project, the voltage profile of the IEEE 30-Bus testing system obtained to determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then the solar panel along with the inverter connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses feeding a load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels including the PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while zero percent penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while hundred percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power generation of six existing generators in the 30-Bus testing system.
52
Fig. 39 shows the voltage profile for the Solar Bus along with all of the other 30 buses available in the system. Voltage on the Solar Bus is increasing constantly by the increase of PV generation. However, this increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant effect on the buses connected to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV penetration percentage increases. Same scenario occurs for Bus 16 since it is directly connected to the Solar Bus. Table 6. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus � �� �����������
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Fig. 39. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus
Case 6: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the IEEE 30-Bus testing system testing
In case 6 of this project, the three solar panels along with their inverter are connected to the different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the voltage profile which happens to be the buses feeding load branches. Three solar buses are connected to Bus 14, Bus 16 and Bus 22 of the system, respectively. The penetration of the PV panels connected to solar buses are gradually increased from no load (zero percent penetration) to full load (100 percent penetration) in steps of 10 percent.
53
Table 7. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses � �� �����������
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Fig. 40. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses
The whole generation are devided equally in all three solar buses to represent the dispersed PV penetration throughout the electrical power system. Based on the voltage profile of the buses shown in Fig. 40., voltages of Bus 14, Bus 16 and Bus 22 are constantly increasing since they are directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system. Most of the other buses have almost constant voltages regardless of the penetration percentage since they are pretty close to voltage control bus types. Some of the buses do not show linear changes in their voltage profiles since the value of the bus voltage is directly related to the reactive power going through the buses and since the testing system has looped configuration, the value and the direction of the reactive power changes based on the penetration percentage. This effect gets worse as the penetration percentage gets closer to hundred percent which represents the full load penetration of the PVs. Table 7 shows the voltage profile for the three Solar Buses available in the system. Voltage on the Solar Buses is increasing constantly by the increase of PV generation. However, the changes of the bus voltages are much less compared to the identical system with single penetration PV.
54
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
10 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage kV
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
* Bus 2
18.000
* Bus 3 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 7
FLOW
Generation
Load
Mvar
0.0
45.692
29.386
0
0
102.000
11.6
163.000
3.916
0
13.800
102.000
7.0
85.000
-14.745
230.000
102.401
-1.4
0
0
230.000
230.000
99.234
101.216
102.239
-2.7
-2.1
6.0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
MW
230.000
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
Mvar
MW
Mvar
Amp
Bus 4
45.692
29.386
1827.8
84.1
0
Bus 7
163.000
3.916
5 12 7. 2
1 00 .0
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-14.745
3538.5
-98.5
0
0
Bus 5
30.570
25.619
97.8
76.6
Bus 6
15.121
2.195
37.5
99.0
Bus 1
-45.691
-27.814
131.1
85.4
Bus 4
-30.365
-41.770
130.6
58.8
Bus 7
-93.557
-7.789
237.5
99.7
Bus 4
-15.066
-18.277
58.7
63.6
Bus 9
-66.495
-9.618
166.6
99.0
Solar Bus1
-8.289
-2.055
21.2
97.1
Bus 5
96.419
-8.876
2 37.7
-99.6
Bus 8
74.854
-1.123
183.8
-100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
12.054
4 01.3
-99.7
-8.289
-2.056
21.0
97.1
Bus 9
-24.984
-24.350
86.5
71.6
Bus 7
-74.395
-10.418
186.2
99.0
Bus 6
68.207
-20.228
1 73.5
-95.9
Bus 8
25.078
3.348
61.7
99.1
Bus 3
-84.996
18.937
2 12.3
-97.6
-8.289
-2.056
20.8
97.1
123.922
49.560
89.850
29.950
0
0
ID
0
Solar Bus2 Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
101.282
102.958
3.0
4.3
0
0
0
99.379
0
XFMR
34.768
0
0
Solar Bus3
%PF
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.284
-1.9
8.289
2.078
0
0
Bus 6
8.289
2.078
2 2142.4
97.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.307
6.1
8.289
2.078
0
0
Bus 7
8.289
2.078
21921.1
97.0
Solar Bus3
0.220
103.025
4.5
8.289
2.078
0
0
Bus 9
8.289
2.078
2 1768.2
97.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
55
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
90 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-146.166
68.208
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
28.4
163.000
2.933
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
24.6
85.000
-25.359
0
Bus 4
230.000
100.557
4.6
0
0
0
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
96.819
100.860
102.299
101.575
103.567
7.1
10.2
22.8
20.1
21.9
Mvar
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
117.963
0
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-146.166
68.208
5426.9
-90.6
Bus 7
163.000
2.933
5 12 6. 5
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-25.359
3638.3
-95.8
0
Bus 5
-43.431
41.498
1 50.0
-72.3
Bus 6
-102.750
12.855
258.5
-99.2
Bus 1
146.180
-54.353
3 89.3
-93.7
Bus 4
43.868
-54.925
182.2
-62.4
Bus 7
-161.831
7.749
4 20.1
-99.9
Bus 4
104.598
-18.880
264.5
-98.4
Bus 9
-119.502
6.005
2 97.8
-99.9
Solar Bus1
-74.315
-16.865
189.7
97.5
Bus 5
170.938
7.714
419.9
99.9
Bus 8
66.363
-3.834
163.1
-99.8
Bus 2
-162.984
13.033
4 01.2
-99.7
Solar Bus2
-74.316
-16.914
187.0
97.5
Bus 9
-33.950
-26.360
106.2
79.0
Bus 7
-66.004
-8.610
164.5
99.2
Bus 6
125.201
-18.566
3 06.8
-98.9
Bus 8
34.111
5.731
83.8
98.6
Bus 3
-84.996
29.790
2 18.3
-94.4
Solar Bus3
-74.317
-16.955
184.8
97.5
29.740
0
99.954
ID
47.176
89.220
0
0
Mvar
0
34.970
0
0
MW
XFMR
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.449
11.5
74.351
18.634
0
0
Bus 6
74.351
18.634
198281.4
97.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.881
24.0
74.351
18.634
0
0
Bus 7
74.351
18.634
195522.0
97.0
Solar Bus3
0.220
104.143
23.1
74.351
18.634
0
0
Bus 9
74.351
18.634
193153.2
97.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
56
%Tap
7. Conclusion
I have modified the parameters of the generators and motor loads besides modeling of the PV panel including the inverter device and all the analysis are exclusively done by myself for the defined study cases. The results summary of voltage profiles obtained from load flow studies for both single and dispersed penetration cases are shown below numerically and graphically. It can be concluded from the results that the PV penetration can threaten the voltage stability of the power system considering the over voltages during daylight. However, by controlling the amount of penetration dynamically, the optimal percentage and placement of the PV penetration can be determined which improves the voltage profile as a result and improves the voltage stability of the entire system. PV control generation systems result in better voltage systems and represent the better practical dispersed PV generation compared to the PQ control generation systems since the power factor of the solar panels are pretty high considering the modern inverter technology. Table 8. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus � �� ����������� � �� �� ��
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Fig. 41. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus 57
PV penetration would make up the existing voltage drop in the system which decrease the power losses and make the better system stability by improving the voltage profiles. It was also shown and concluded that splitting the PV generation throughout the entire system improves the voltage profile drastically. In the analyzed testing system with dispersed PV penetration including three different solar panels, the voltage profile range is between 100.1 to 104.2 volts while the voltage profile range in the testing system with single PV source including only one solar bus is between 98.7 to 107.3 volts. It is also concluded that the voltage change in dispersed penetration system is much smoother compared to the single penetration system. Total power loss in the distribution system which is directly influenced by the voltage profile is also much less in the dispersed generation. Table 9. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses � �� � �� �� �� �� �� �
� �� �� � �� � � �
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Fig. 42. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
58
Bibliography
[1] M. Chidi, O. Ipinnimo, S. Chowdhury, S.P. Chowdhury, “Investigation of Impact of Integrating On-Grid Home Based Solar Power Systems on Voltage Rise in the Utility Network”, IEEE 2012 [2] S. J. Steffel ,, P. R. Caroselli, A. M. Dinkel, J. Q. Liu, R. N. Sackey, N. R. Vadhar, “Integrating Solar Generation on the Electric Distribution Grid”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 3, NO. 2, JUNE 2012. [3] S. J. Steffel, “Distribution grid considerations for large scale solar and wind installations,” in Proc. IEEE PES Transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo., New Orleans, LA, Apr. 2010. [4] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems, IEEE 1547, 2003. [5] James Bing, Obadiah Bartholomy, Pramod Krishnani, “Validation of Solar PV Power Forecasting Methods for High Penetration Grid Integration”, IEEE 2012 [6] J.Bank, B. Mather, J.Keller, M. Coddington, “High Penetration Photovoltaic Case Study Report”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, January 2013. [7] J. Bank, B. Mather, J. Keller, and M. Coddington, “High Penetration Photovoltaic Case Study Report”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report, NREL/TP-5500-54742, January 2013 [8] Global Solar Photovoltaic Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2020 press release (March 13, 2009); http://www.prlog.org/10198293-globalsolar-photovoltaic-market-analysis-and-forecaststo-2020.htm [9] Jens Schoene, Vadim Zheglov, Douglas Houseman, J. Charles Smith, Abraham Ellis, “Photovoltaics in distribution systems — Integration issues and simulation challenges”, Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 2013 IEEE, pp. 1-5, 2013 [10] B. Mather et aI., "Southern California Edison High-Penetration Photovoltaic Project - Year 1," NREL Technical Report: TP-5500-50875,2011. [11] B. Mather, "Quasi-static time-series test feeder for PV integration analysis on distribution systems," accepted to the iEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Austin, TX, 2012. [12] G. D. Rodriguez, "SCE Experience with PV Integration," proc. of SEPAIEPRlIDOEISNLlNREL High-Penetration PV Grid integration Workshop, April 28th, 2012, available online at: http://www.solarelectricpower.orglevents/utility-solarconference/uschome.aspx#tab Workshop.
59
[13] B. Braun et aI., "Is the distribution grid ready to accept large scale photovoltaic deployment? - State of the art, progress and future prospects," Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl., Nov. 2011. [14] Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder, online resource: http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacomltestfeeders/index.html. [15] J.W. Smith, W. Sunderman, R. Dugan and B. Seal, "Smart inverter VoltiVAr control functions for high penetration of PV on distribution systems," in proc. of the iEEEIPES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2011. [16] Rossen Tzartzev, W. Mack Grady, Jay Patel “Impact of High-Penetration PV on Distribution Feeders”, 2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), Berlin [17] ETAP Software, www.etap.com [18] N. Srisaen, A. Sangswang, "Effects of PV Grid-Connected System Location on a Distribution System," IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, 2006, APCCAS 2006 , pp. 852-855, Dec. 2006. [19] Y. T. Tan; D. S. Kirschen, "Impact on the Power System of a Large Penetration of Photovoltaic Generation," Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-8, June 2007. [20] M. Thomson, D. G. Infield, "Impact of widespread photovoltaics generation on distribution systems," IET Renewable Power Generation, pp. 33-40, March 2007 [21] W. Mack Grady, Leslie Libby, "A Cloud Shadow Model and Tracker Suitable for Studying the Impact of High-Penetration PV on Power Systems," IEEE Energy Tech 2012 Conference, Cleveland, OH, May 2012. [22] E. Liu and J. Bebic, “Distribution System Voltage Performance Analysis for HighPenetration Photovoltaics”, NREL/SR-581-42298, February 2008. [23] Dave Turcotte ,Tarek H. M.EL-Fouly, ReinaldoTonkoski, “Impact of High PV Penetration on Voltage Profilesin Residential Neighborhoods. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy”, Vol3, No.3, 2012 [24] Tomas stetz, Frank Marten , Martin Braun, “Improve Low Voltage Grid-Integration of Photovoltaic System in Germany”. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,VOL.4,NO.2, 2013
60
Appendix: Full Load Flow Reports
Full Load Flow reports for all the PV penetration levels from zero percent to hundred percent in steps of 10 percent are presented in this part of the project.
61
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program Load Flow Analysis Loading Category (1):
Design
Generation Category (2):
Normal
Load Diversity Factor:
Number of Buses:
Number of Branches:
Swing 1
XFMR2 4
-
None
2
Load 7
10
XFMR3 0
Reactor 0
Line/Cable 6
Im edance 0
Method of Solution:
Newton-Raphson Method
Maximum No. of Iteration:
9999
Precision of Solution:
0.0100000
System Frequency:
60.00 Hz
Unit System:
English
Project Filename:
IEEE9BUS
Output Filename:
C:\ETAP 1260\Example-Other\EB-PV\IEEE9BUS\LF.lfr
62
Tie PD 0
Total 10
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
2
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Adjustments Apply
Individual
Adjustments
/Global
Transformer Impedance:
Yes
Individual
Reactor Impedance:
Yes
Individual
Overload Heater Resistance:
No
Transmission Line Length:
No
Cable Length:
No
Tolerance
Apply
Individual
Adjustments
/Global
Transmission Line Resistance:
Yes
Individual
Cable Resistance:
Yes
Individual
Temperature Correction
63
Percent
Degree C
Normal
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
3
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Bus Input Data Load Bus ID
Constant kVA
Initial Voltage kV
Sub-sys
Bus 1
16.500
Bus 2
Ang.
1
104.0
0.0
18.000
1
102.0
21.2
Bus 3
13.800
1
102.0
19.5
Bus 4
230.000
1
102.0
5.1
Bus 5
230.000
1
98.7
4.9
125.841
50.327
Bus 6
230.000
1
105.6
13.7
87.705
29.235
Bus 7
230.000
1
102.1
15.6
Bus 8
230.000
1
101.5
13.8
96.879
33.894
Bus 9
230.000
1
103.7
16.8
0.220
1
107.3
17.6 310.425
113.456
Total Number of Buses: 10
0.000
Generation Bus ID
Mvar
kV
MW
Constant I
% Mag.
Solar BUS
MW
Constant Z
0.000
Voltage Type
Sub-sys
Mvar
Generation
% Mag.
Angle
MW
Mvar
MW
Generic
Mvar
0.000
MW
0.000
Mvar Limits % PF
Max
Min
Bus 1
16.500
Swing
1
104.0
0.0
Bus 2
18.000
Voltage Control
1
102.0
21.2
163.000
191.765
-191.765
Bus 3
13.800
Voltage Control
1
102.0
19.5
85.000
128.000
-128.000
248.000
64
0.000
0.000
Mvar
0.000
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
4
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Line/Cable Input Data Ohms or Siemens/1000 ft per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line) Length
Line/Cable ID
Library
Size
Adj. (ft)
% Tol.
#/Phase
T ( C) °
R
X
Y
Line1
1000.0
0.0
1
75
5.290000
44.965400
0.0003327
Line2
1000.0
0.0
1
75
8.993000
48.668000
0.0002987
Line3
1000.0
0.0
1
75
16.928000
85.169000
0.0005785
Line4
1000.0
0.0
1
75
20.631000
89.930000
0.0006767
Line5
1000.0
0.0
1
75
6.295100
53.323200
0.0003951
Line6
1000.0
0.0
1
75
4.496500
38.088000
0.0002817
Line / Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.
65
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
5
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
Transformer ID
Rating Phase
MVA
Prim. kV
Sec. kV
Z Variation % Z1
% Tap Setting
X1/R1
+ 5%
- 5%
% Tol.
Prim.
Sec.
Adjusted
Phase Shift
%Z
Type
Angle
T1
3-Phase 100.000
230.000
16.500
5.76
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
5.7600
YNd
0.000
T2
3-Phase 100.000
18.000
230.000
6.25
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
6.2500
Dyn
0.000
T3
3-Phase 100.000
13.800
230.000
5.86
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
5.8600
Dyn
0.000
T5
3-Phase 250.000
0.220
230.000
7.75
50.00
0
0
0
0
0
7.7500
Dyn
0.000
66
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
6
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Connections CKT/Branch
Connected Bus ID
ID
Type
From Bus
% Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVA Base To Bus
R
X
Z
Y
T1
2W XFMR
Bus 4
Bus 1
0.01
5.76
5.76
T2
2W XFMR
Bus 2
Bus 7
0.01
6.25
6.25
T3
2W XFMR
Bus 3
Bus 9
0.01
5.86
5.86
T5
2W XFMR
Solar BUS
Bus 6
0.06
3.10
3.10
Line1
Line
Bus 5
Bus 4
1.00
8.50
8.56
17.5998300
Line2
Line
Bus 6
Bus 4
1.70
9.20
9.36
15.8012300
Line3
Line
Bus 7
Bus 5
3.20
16.10
16.41
30.6026500
Line4
Line
Bus 9
Bus 6
3.90
17.00
17.44
35.7974300
Line5
Line
Bus 9
Bus 8
1.19
10.08
10.15
20.9007900
Line6
Line
Bus 8
Bus 7
0.85
7.20
7.25
14.9019300
67
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
7
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD FLOW REPORT
Bus ID
Voltage kV
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
* Bus 2
18.000
* Bus 3 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
Generation Mvar
0.0
69.477
29.527
0
0
102.000
9.6
163.000
5.617
0
13.800
102.000
4.9
85.000
-11.862
230.000
102.433
-2.2
0
0
230.000
99.320
101.015
-3.9
-3.6
0
0
MW
Load Flow
MW
230.000
Ang.
Load
0
0
Mvar
MW
Mvar
Amp
Bus 4
69.477
29.527
2539.9
92.0
0
Bus 7
163.000
5.617
5128.8
99.9
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-11.862
3520.2
-99.0
0
0
Bus 5
39.670
24.151
113.8
85.4
Bus 6
29.803
2.341
73.3
99.7
Bus 1
-69.473
-26.493
182.2
93.4
Bus 4
-39.414
-39.888
141.7
70.3
Bus 7
-84.721
-9.757
215.5
99.3
Bus 4
-29.641
-17.815
85.9
85.7
Bus 9
-59.853
-12.016
151.7
98.0
0.000
0.000
0.0
99.5
Bus 5
87.059
-9.537
215.2
-99.4
Bus 8
75.925
-0.826
186.6
100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
10.363
401.4
-99.8
Bus 9
-23.673
-24.121
83.9
70.0
Bus 7
-75.452
-10.558
189.1
99.0
Bus 6
61.237
-19.127
156.7
-95.5
Bus 8
23.759
3.116
58.5
99.2
Bus 3
-84.996
16.010
211.2
-98.3
Bus 6
0.000
0.000
0.1
99.5
124.135
ID
49.645
89.493
29.831
Solar BUS Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
102.135
101.152
102.793
101.015
4.0
1.0
2.2
-3.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99.125
0
0
XFMR
34.680
0
0
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
68
%PF
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
8
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Bus Loading Summary Report
Directly Connected Load Constant kVA
Bus ID
kV
Rated Amp
MW
Constant Z
Mvar
MW
Total Bus Load
Constant I
Generic
Mvar
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
MVA
% PF
Amp
Bus 1
16.500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
75.491
92.0
2539.9
Bus 2
18.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163.097
99.9
5128.8
Bus 3
13.800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85.824
99.0
3520.2
Bus 4
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74.354
93.4
182.2
Bus 5
230.000
0
0
124.135
49.645
0
0
0
0
133.694
92.9
337.9
Bus 6
230.000
0
0
89.493
29.831
0
0
0
0
94.334
94.9
234.4
Bus 7
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
163.313
99.8
401.4
Bus 8
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
105.016
94.4
260.6
Bus 9
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
87.121
97.6
212.8
0.220
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99.5
0.1
Solar BUS
0 99.125
0 34.680
69
0
Percent Loading
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
9
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Loading Summary Report
Transformer CKT / Branch ID
Cable & Reactor Type
Ampacity (Amp)
Loading Amp
%
Capability (MVA)
Loading (input) MVA
Loading (output)
%
MVA
%
T1
Transformer
100.000
75.491
75.5
74.353
74.4
* T2
Transformer
100.000
163.313
163.3
163.097
163.1
T3
Transformer
100.000
86.491
86.5
85.824
85.8
T5
Transformer
200.000
0.000
0.0
0.000
0.0
* Indicates a branch with operating load exceeding the branch capability.
70
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
10
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Losses Summary Report
CKT / Branch
From-To Bus Flow
To-From Bus Flow
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
T1
69.477
29.527
-69.473
-26.493
T2
163.000
5.617
-162.984
T3
85.000
-11.862
Line1
39.670
Line2
ID
% Bus Voltage
Losses kvar
From
3.0
3034.9
104.0
102.4
1.57
10.363
16.0
15979.8
102.0
102.1
0.14
-84.996
16.010
4.1
4148.7
102.0
102.8
0.79
24.151
-39.414
-39.888
256.2
-15736.1
102.4
99.3
3.11
29.803
2.341
-29.641
-17.815
162.2
-15473.6
102.4
101.0
1.42
Line3
-84.721
-9.757
87.059
-9.537
2337.7
-19294.3
99.3
102.1
2.82
Line4
-59.853
-12.016
61.237
-19.127
1384.1
-31142.8
101.0
102.8
1.78
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0
0.0
101.0
101.0
0.00
Line6
75.925
-0.826
-75.452
-10.558
473.7
-11384.1
102.1
101.2
0.98
Line5
-23.673
-24.121
23.759
3.116
86.2
-21005.1
101.2
102.8
1.64
4723.2
-90872.8
T5
71
kW
To
Vd % Drop in Vmag
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
11
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Alert Summary Report % Alert Settings Critical Loading Bus
0.0
Cable
0.0
Reactor
0.0
Line
100.0
Transformer
0.0
Panel
100.0
Protective Device
0.0
Generator
0.0
Inverter/Charger
100.0
Bus Voltage OverVoltage
105.0
UnderVoltage
95.0
Generator Excitation OverExcited (Q Max.)
0.0
UnderExcited (Q Min.)
72
Normal
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Page:
12
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Config.:
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION , LOADING & DEMAND
MW
Source (Swing Buses):
Mvar
MVA
% PF
69.477
29.527
75.491
92.03 Lagging
Source (Non-Swing Buses):
248.000
-6.245
248.079
99.97 Leading
Total Demand:
317.477
23.283
318.329
99.73 Lagging
Total Motor Load:
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.38 Leading
Total Static Load:
312.753
114.156
332.936
93.94 Lagging
Total Constant I Load:
0.000
0.000
0.000
Total Generic Load:
0.000
0.000
0.000
Apparent Losses:
4.723
-90.873
System Mismatch:
0.000
0.000
Number of Iterations: 2
73
Normal
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program Load Flow Analysis Loading Category (1):
Design
Generation Category (2):
Normal
Load Diversity Factor:
Number of Buses:
Number of Branches:
Swing 1
XFMR2 4
-
None
2
Load 7
10
XFMR3 0
Reactor 0
Line/Cable 6
Im edance 0
Method of Solution:
Newton-Raphson Method
Maximum No. of Iteration:
9999
Precision of Solution:
0.0100000
System Frequency:
60.00 Hz
Unit System:
English
Project Filename:
IEEE9BUS
Output Filename:
C:\ETAP 1260\Example-Other\EB-PV\IEEE9BUS\LF.lfr
74
Tie PD 0
Total 10
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Adjustments Apply
Individual
Adjustments
/Global
Transformer Impedance:
Yes
Individual
Reactor Impedance:
Yes
Individual
Overload Heater Resistance:
No
Transmission Line Length:
No
Cable Length:
No
Tolerance
Apply
Individual
Adjustments
/Global
Transmission Line Resistance:
Yes
Individual
Cable Resistance:
Yes
Individual
Temperature Correction
75
Percent
Degree C
Page:
2
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
3
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Bus Input Data Load Bus ID
Constant kVA
Initial Voltage kV
Sub-sys
Bus 1
16.500
Bus 2
Ang.
1
104.0
0.0
18.000
1
102.0
0.0
Bus 3
13.800
1
102.0
0.0
Bus 4
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
Bus 5
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
125.841
50.327
Bus 6
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
87.705
29.235
Bus 7
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
Bus 8
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
96.879
33.894
Bus 9
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
0.220
1
101.3
-3.7 310.425
113.456
Total Number of Buses: 10
0.000
Generation Bus ID
Mvar
kV
MW
Constant I
% Mag.
Solar BUS
MW
Constant Z
0.000
Voltage Type
Sub-sys
Mvar
MW
% Mag.
Angle
MW
Mvar
Mvar
0.000
Generation
Generic MW
0.000
Mvar Limits % PF
Max
Min
Bus 1
16.500
Swing
1
104.0
0.0
Bus 2
18.000
Voltage Control
1
102.0
0.0
163.000
191.765
-191.765
Bus 3
13.800
Voltage Control
1
102.0
0.0
85.000
128.000
-128.000
0.220
Mvar/PF Control
1
101.3
-3.7
248.010
62.157
496.010
62.157
Solar BUS
76
97.0
0.000
Mvar
0.000
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
4
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Line/Cable Input Data Ohms or Siemens/1000 ft per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line) Length
Line/Cable ID
Library
Size
Adj. (ft)
% Tol.
#/Phase
T ( C) °
R
X
Y
Line1
1000.0
0.0
1
75
5.290000
44.965400
0.0003327
Line2
1000.0
0.0
1
75
8.993000
48.668000
0.0002987
Line3
1000.0
0.0
1
75
16.928000
85.169000
0.0005785
Line4
1000.0
0.0
1
75
20.631000
89.930000
0.0006767
Line5
1000.0
0.0
1
75
6.295100
53.323200
0.0003951
Line6
1000.0
0.0
1
75
4.496500
38.088000
0.0002817
Line / Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.
77
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
5
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
Transformer ID
Rating Phase
MVA
Prim. kV
Sec. kV
Z Variation % Z1
% Tap Setting
X1/R1
+ 5%
- 5%
% Tol.
Prim.
Sec.
Adjusted
Phase Shift
%Z
Type
Angle
T1
3-Phase 100.000
230.000
16.500
5.76
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
5.7600
YNd
0.000
T2
3-Phase 100.000
18.000
230.000
6.25
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
6.2500
Dyn
0.000
T3
3-Phase 100.000
13.800
230.000
5.86
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
5.8600
Dyn
0.000
T5
3-Phase 250.000
0.220
230.000
7.75
50.00
0
0
0
0
0
7.7500
Dyn
0.000
78
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
6
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Connections CKT/Branch
Connected Bus ID
ID
Type
From Bus
% Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVA Base To Bus
R
X
Z
Y
T1
2W XFMR
Bus 4
Bus 1
0.01
5.76
5.76
T2
2W XFMR
Bus 2
Bus 7
0.01
6.25
6.25
T3
2W XFMR
Bus 3
Bus 9
0.01
5.86
5.86
T5
2W XFMR
Solar BUS
Bus 6
0.06
3.10
3.10
Line1
Line
Bus 5
Bus 4
1.00
8.50
8.56
17.5998300
Line2
Line
Bus 6
Bus 4
1.70
9.20
9.36
15.8012300
Line3
Line
Bus 7
Bus 5
3.20
16.10
16.41
30.6026500
Line4
Line
Bus 9
Bus 6
3.90
17.00
17.44
35.7974300
Line5
Line
Bus 9
Bus 8
1.19
10.08
10.15
20.9007900
Line6
Line
Bus 8
Bus 7
0.85
7.20
7.25
14.9019300
79
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
7
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD FLOW REPORT
Bus ID
Voltage
Generation
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-165.058
43.073
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
21.2
163.000
5.685
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
19.5
85.000
-26.899
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.034
5.1
0
0
0
Bus 6
230.000
230.000
98.684
105.601
4.9
13.7
MW
Mvar
0
0
MW
Load Flow
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
Load
0
0
Mvar
122.550
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-165.058
43.073
5739.4
-96.8
Bus 7
163.000
5.685
5128.8
99.9
0
Bus 9
85.000
-26.899
3656.8
-95.3
0
Bus 5
9.107
29.995
77.1
29.1
Bus 6
-174.181
-2.418
428.6
100.0
Bus 1
165.073
-27.576
411.7
-98.6
Bus 4
-8.952
-46.406
120.2
18.9
Bus 7
-113.598
-2.605
2 89.0
100.0
Bus 4
179.140
12.222
426.8
99.8
Bus 9
-29.288
-0.266
69.6
100.0
-247.658
-44.559
598.2
98.4
Bus 5
117.888
-6.673
290.2
-99.8
Bus 8
45.096
-3.622
111.2
-99.7
Bus 2
-162.984
10.295
401.4
-99.8
Bus 9
-54.902
-24.515
148.7
91.3
Bus 7
-44.929
-10.412
114.0
97.4
Bus 6
29.723
-37.027
115.0
-62.6
Bus 8
55.272
5.651
134.5
99.5
Bus 3
-84.996
31.376
219.4
-93.8
Bus 6
248.010
62.157 625341.0
97.0
49.011
97.806
32.602
Solar BUS Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
102.131
101.512
103.656
107.299
15.6
13.8
16.8
17.6
0
0
0
248.010
0
0
0
0
99.831
0
62.157
34.927
0
0
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
80
MW
XFMR %Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
8
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Bus Loading Summary Report
Directly Connected Load Constant kVA
Bus ID
kV
Rated Amp
MW
Constant Z
Mvar
MW
Total Bus Load
Constant I
Generic
Mvar
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
MVA
% PF
Amp
Bus 1
16.500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
170.586
96.8
5739.4
Bus 2
18.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163.099
99.9
5128.8
Bus 3
13.800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
89.155
95.3
3656.8
Bus 4
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
176.745
98.5
434.8
Bus 5
230.000
0
0
122.550
49.011
0
0
0
0
131.987
92.8
335.7
Bus 6
230.000
0
0
97.806
32.602
0
0
0
0
280.550
98.7
666.9
Bus 7
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
163.309
99.8
401.4
Bus 8
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
105.764
94.4
261.5
Bus 9
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
92.710
91.7
224.5
0.220
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
255.680
97.0
625341.0
Solar BUS
0 99.831
0 34.927
81
Percent Loading
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
9
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Loading Summary Report
Transformer CKT / Branch ID
Cable & Reactor Type
Ampacity (Amp)
Loading Amp
%
Capability (MVA)
Loading (input) MVA
%
Loading (output) MVA
%
* T1
Transformer
100.000
170.586
170.6
167.361
167.4
* T2
Transformer
100.000
163.309
163.3
163.099
163.1
T3
Transformer
100.000
90.602
90.6
89.155
89.2
* T5
Transformer
200.000
255.680
127.8
251.635
125.8
* Indicates a branch with operating load exceeding the branch capability.
82
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
10
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Losses Summary Report
CKT / Branch
ID
From-To Bus Flow
To-From Bus Flow
MW
MW
Mvar
Mvar
% Bus Voltage
Losses kW
kvar
From
To
Vd % Drop in Vmag
T1
-165.058
43.073
165.073
-27.576
15.5
15496.7
104.0
102.0
1.97
T2
163.000
5.685
-162.984
10.295
16.0
15980.2
102.0
102.1
0.13
T3
85.000
-26.899
-84.996
31.376
4.5
4477.0
102.0
103.7
1.66
Line1
9.107
29.995
-8.952
-46.406
155.2
-16411.8
102.0
98.7
3.35
Line2
-174.181
-2.418
179.140
12.222
4959.5
9804.0
102.0
105.6
3.57
Line3
-113.598
-2.605
117.888
-6.673
4290.0
-9277.3
98.7
102.1
3.45
Line4
-29.288
-0.266
29.723
-37.027
435.6
-37292.4
105.6
103.7
1.95
-247.658
-44.559
248.010
62.157
352.0
17598.5
105.6
107.3
1.70
Line6
45.096
-3.622
-44.929
-10.412
167.1
-14034.3
102.1
101.5
0.62
Line5
-54.902
-24.515
55.272
5.651
369.9
-18863.9
101.5
103.7
2.14
1 0765.4
-32523.3
T5
83
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
11
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Alert Summary Report % Alert Settings Critical Loading Bus
0.0
Cable
0.0
Reactor
0.0
Line
100.0
Transformer
0.0
Panel
100.0
Protective Device
0.0
Generator
0.0
Inverter/Charger
100.0
Bus Voltage OverVoltage
105.0
UnderVoltage
95.0
Generator Excitation OverExcited (Q Max.)
0.0
UnderExcited (Q Min.)
Critical Report Device ID
Type
Condition
Rating/Limit
Bus 6
Bus
Over Voltage
230.00
G1
Generator
Under Power
Solar BUS
Bus
Over Voltage
84
Unit
Operating
% Operating
Phase Type
kV
242.88
105.6
3-Phase
0.00
MW
-165.06
0.0
3-Phase
0.22
kV
0.24
107.3
3-Phase
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
12
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION , LOADING & DEMAND
MW
Source (Swing Buses):
Mvar
MVA
% PF
-165.058
43.073
170.586
96.76 Leading
Source (Non-Swing Buses):
496.010
40.943
497.697
99.66 Lagging
Total Demand:
330.952
84.016
341.450
96.93 Lagging
Total Motor Load:
0.000
0.000
0.000
Total Static Load:
320.187
116.540
340.736
Total Constant I Load:
0.000
0.000
0.000
Total Generic Load:
0.000
0.000
0.000
10.765
-32.523
0.000
0.000
Apparent Losses: System Mismatch:
Number of Iterations: 3
85
93.97 Lagging
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program Load Flow Analysis Loading Category (1):
Design
Generation Category (2):
Normal
Load Diversity Factor:
Number of Buses:
Number of Branches:
Swing 1
XFMR2 6
-
None
2
Load 9
12
XFMR3 0
Reactor 0
Line/Cable 6
Im edance 0
Method of Solution:
Newton-Raphson Method
Maximum No. of Iteration:
9999
Precision of Solution:
0.0100000
System Frequency:
60.00 Hz
Unit System:
English
Project Filename:
IEEE9BUS
Output Filename:
C:\ETAP 1260\Example-Other\EB-PV\IEEE9BUS\LF.lfr
86
Tie PD 0
Total 12
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Adjustments Apply
Individual
Adjustments
/Global
Transformer Impedance:
Yes
Individual
Reactor Impedance:
Yes
Individual
Overload Heater Resistance:
No
Transmission Line Length:
No
Cable Length:
No
Tolerance
Apply
Individual
Adjustments
/Global
Transmission Line Resistance:
Yes
Individual
Cable Resistance:
Yes
Individual
Temperature Correction
87
Percent
Degree C
Page:
2
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
3
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Bus Input Data Load Bus ID
Constant kVA
Initial Voltage kV
Sub-sys
Bus 1
16.500
Bus 2
Ang.
1
104.0
0.0
18.000
1
102.0
0.0
Bus 3
13.800
1
102.0
0.0
Bus 4
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
Bus 5
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
125.841
50.327
Bus 6
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
87.705
29.235
Bus 7
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
Bus 8
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
96.879
33.894
Bus 9
230.000
1
100.0
0.0
Solar Bus1
0.220
1
101.3
-3.7
Solar Bus2
0.220
1
108.2
22.3
Solar Bus3
0.220
1
98.5
18.8 310.425
113.456
0.000
Generation Bus ID
Mvar
kV
MW
Constant I
% Mag.
Total Number of Buses: 12
MW
Constant Z
0.000
Voltage Type
Sub-sys
Mvar
MW
Angle
MW
Mvar
Mvar
0.000
Generation
% Mag.
Generic MW
0.000
Mvar Limits % PF
Max
Min
Bus 1
16.500
Swing
1
104.0
0.0
Bus 2
18.000
Voltage Control
1
102.0
0.0
163.000
191.765
-191.765
Bus 3
13.800
Voltage Control
1
102.0
0.0
85.000
128.000
-128.000
Solar Bus1
0.220
Mvar/PF Control
1
101.3
-3.7
82.645
20.713
97.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
Mvar/PF Control
1
108.2
22.3
82.645
20.713
97.0
Solar Bus3
0.220
Mvar/PF Control
1
98.5
18.8
82.645
20.713
97.0
495.933
62.138
88
0.000
Mvar
0.000
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
4
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Line/Cable Input Data Ohms or Siemens/1000 ft per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line) Length
Line/Cable ID
Library
Size
Adj. (ft)
% Tol.
#/Phase
T ( C) °
R
X
Y
Line1
1000.0
0.0
1
75
5.290000
44.965400
0.0003327
Line2
1000.0
0.0
1
75
8.993000
48.668000
0.0002987
Line3
1000.0
0.0
1
75
16.928000
85.169000
0.0005785
Line4
1000.0
0.0
1
75
20.631000
89.930000
0.0006767
Line5
1000.0
0.0
1
75
6.295100
53.323200
0.0003951
Line6
1000.0
0.0
1
75
4.496500
38.088000
0.0002817
Line / Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.
89
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
5
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
Transformer ID
Rating Phase
MVA
Prim. kV
Sec. kV
Z Variation % Z1
% Tap Setting
X1/R1
+ 5%
- 5%
% Tol.
Prim.
Sec.
Adjusted
Phase Shift
%Z
Type
Angle
T1
3-Phase 100.000
230.000
16.500
5.76
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
5.7600
YNd
0.000
T2
3-Phase 100.000
18.000
230.000
6.25
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
6.2500
Dyn
0.000
T3
3-Phase 100.000
13.800
230.000
5.86
1000.00
0
0
0
0
0
5.8600
Dyn
0.000
T5
3-Phase 250.000
0.220
230.000
7.75
50.00
0
0
0
0
0
7.7500
Dyn
0.000
T6
3-Phase 250.000
0.220
230.000
7.75
50.00
0
0
0
0
0
7.7500
Dyn
0.000
T7
3-Phase 250.000
0.220
230.000
7.75
50.00
0
0
0
0
0
7.7500
Dyn
0.000
90
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
6
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Connections CKT/Branch
Connected Bus ID
ID
Type
From Bus
% Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVA Base To Bus
R
X
Z
Y
T1
2W XFMR
Bus 4
Bus 1
0.01
5.76
5.76
T2
2W XFMR
Bus 2
Bus 7
0.01
6.25
6.25
T3
2W XFMR
Bus 3
Bus 9
0.01
5.86
5.86
T5
2W XFMR
Solar Bus1
Bus 6
0.06
3.10
3.10
T6
2W XFMR
Solar Bus2
Bus 7
0.06
3.10
3.10
T7
2W XFMR
Solar Bus3
Bus 9
0.06
3.10
3.10
Line1
Line
Bus 5
Bus 4
1.00
8.50
8.56
17.5998300
Line2
Line
Bus 6
Bus 4
1.70
9.20
9.36
15.8012300
Line3
Line
Bus 7
Bus 5
3.20
16.10
16.41
30.6026500
Line4
Line
Bus 9
Bus 6
3.90
17.00
17.44
35.7974300
Line5
Line
Bus 9
Bus 8
1.19
10.08
10.15
20.9007900
Line6
Line
Bus 8
Bus 7
0.85
7.20
7.25
14.9019300
91
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
7
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD FLOW REPORT
Bus ID
Voltage
Generation
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-170.573
78.725
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
30.6
163.000
4.572
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
27.0
85.000
-24.997
0
Bus 4
230.000
100.096
5.4
0
0
-0.002
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
96.262
100.540
102.199
101.509
103.546
8.4
11.8
25.0
22.5
24.3
MW
Mvar
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
Load
0
0
116.611
0
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-170.573
78.725
6320.7
-90.8
Bus 7
163.000
4.572
51 27 .7
10 0. 0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-24.997
3634.0
-95.9
-0.001
Bus 5
-52.942
44.107
172.8
-76.8
Bus 6
-117.648
15.825
297.7
-99.1
Bus 1
170.592
-59.930
453.4
-94.3
Bus 4
53.501
-56.324
202.6
-68.9
Bus 7
-170.112
9.689
444.3
-99.8
Bus 4
120.092
-18.500
303.4
-98.8
Bus 9
-126.147
7.465
315.5
-99.8
Solar Bus1
-82.600
-18.516
211.3
97.6
Bus 5
180.302
11.418
443.7
99.8
Bus 8
65.283
-4.234
160.7
-99.8
Bus 2
-162.984
11.401
401.3
-99.8
Solar Bus2
-82.602
-18.585
208.0
97.6
Bus 9
-34.890
-26.645
108.6
79.5
Bus 7
-64.935
-8.280
161.9
99.2
Bus 6
132.539
-16.887
323.9
-99.2
Bus 8
35.059
6.109
86.3
98.5
Bus 3
-84.996
29.418
218.0
-94.5
Solar Bus3
-82.603
-18.640
205.3
97.5
29.551
0
99.825
ID
46.635
88.656
0
0
Mvar
0
34.925
0
0
MW
XFMR
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.194
13.3
82.645
20.713
0
0
Bus 6
82.644
20.713 220955.7
97.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.843
26.4
82.645
20.713
0
0
Bus 7
82.645
20.713
217412.4
97.0
Solar Bus3
0.220
104.183
25.6
82.645
20.713
0
0
Bus 9
82.645
20.713 214616.1
97.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
92
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
8
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Bus Loading Summary Report
Directly Connected Load Constant kVA
Bus ID
kV
Rated Amp
MW
Constant Z
Mvar
MW
Total Bus Load
Constant I
Generic
Mvar
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
MVA
% PF
Amp
Bus 1
16.500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
187.864
90.8
6320.7
Bus 2
18.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163.064
100.0
5127.7
Bus 3
13.800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
88.599
95.9
3634.0
Bus 4
230.000
-0.001
0
0
0
0
0
0
180.813
94.3
453.4
Bus 5
230.000
0
-0.001
116.610
46.636
0
0
0
0
179.194
94.9
467.3
Bus 6
230.000
0.001
-0.001
88.655
29.552
0
0
0
0
212.004
98.5
529.3
Bus 7
230.000
0.001
0
0
0
0
0
246.644
99.6
605.8
Bus 8
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
105.758
94.4
261.5
Bus 9
230.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
171.323
97.8
415.3
Solar Bus1
0.220
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85.201
97.0
220956.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85.201
97.0
217412.4
Solar Bus3
0.220
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85.201
97.0
214616.1
-0.002
0 99.825
0 34.925
93
Percent Loading
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
9
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Loading Summary Report
Transformer CKT / Branch ID
Cable & Reactor Type
Ampacity (Amp)
Loading Amp
%
Capability (MVA)
Loading (input) MVA
%
Loading (output) MVA
%
* T1
Transformer
100.000
187.864
187.9
180.813
180.8
* T2
Transformer
100.000
163.382
163.4
163.064
163.1
T3
Transformer
100.000
89.943
89.9
88.599
88.6
T5
Transformer
200.000
85.200
42.6
84.650
42.3
T6
Transformer
200.000
85.201
42.6
84.667
42.3
T7
Transformer
200.000
85.201
42.6
84.680
42.3
* Indicates a branch with operating load exceeding the branch capability.
94
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
10
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Branch Losses Summary Report
CKT / Branch
ID
From-To Bus Flow
To-From Bus Flow
MW
MW
Mvar
Mvar
% Bus Voltage
Losses kW
kvar
From
To
Vd % Drop in Vmag
T1
-170.573
78.725
170.592
-59.930
18.8
18795.1
104.0
100.1
3.90
T2
163.000
4.572
-162.984
11.401
16.0
15973.4
102.0
102.2
0.20
T3
85.000
-24.997
-84.996
29.418
4.4
4421.4
102.0
103.5
1.55
Line1
-52.942
44.107
53.501
-56.324
559.3
-12217.2
100.1
96.3
3.83
Line2
-117.648
15.825
120.092
-18.500
2444.1
-2675.3
100.1
100.5
0.44
Line3
-170.112
9.689
180.302
11.418
10190.0
21107.8
96.3
102.2
5.94
Line4
-126.147
7.465
132.539
-16.887
6391.6
-9422.4
100.5
103.5
3.01
-82.600
-18.516
82.644
20.713
43.9
2197.1
100.5
101.2
0.65
65.283
-4.234
-64.935
-8.280
347.9
-12513.2
102.2
101.5
0.69
T6
-82.602
-18.585
82.645
20.713
42.5
2127.2
102.2
102.8
0.64
Line5
-34.890
-26.645
35.059
6.109
169.7
-20535.5
101.5
103.5
2.04
T7
-82.603
-18.640
82.645
20.713
41.5
2072.8
103.5
104.2
0.64
20269.7
9331.0
T5 Line6
95
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
11
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
Alert Summary Report % Alert Settings Critical Loading Bus
0.0
Cable
0.0
Reactor
0.0
Line
100.0
Transformer
0.0
Panel
100.0
Protective Device
0.0
Generator
0.0
Inverter/Charger
100.0
Bus Voltage OverVoltage
105.0
UnderVoltage
95.0
Generator Excitation OverExcited (Q Max.)
0.0
UnderExcited (Q Min.)
Critical Report Device ID
G1
Type
Generator
Condition
Rating/Limit
Unit
Operating
0.00
MW
-170.57
Under Power
96
% Operating
0.0
Phase Type
3-Phase
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case: LF
Page:
12
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
Base
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION , LOADING & DEMAND
MW
Source (Swing Buses):
Mvar
MVA
% PF
-170.573
78.725
187.864
90.80 Leading
Source (Non-Swing Buses):
495.933
41.714
497.685
99.65 Lagging
Total Demand:
325.360
120.439
346.936
93.78 Lagging
Total Motor Load:
0.000
-0.004
0.004
8.66 Leading
Total Static Load:
305.090
111.112
324.693
93.96 Lagging
Total Constant I Load:
0.000
0.000
0.000
Total Generic Load:
0.000
0.000
0.000
20.270
9.331
0.005
0.004
Apparent Losses: System Mismatch:
Number of Iterations: 2
97
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
10 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage kV
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
* Bus 2
18.000
* Bus 3 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
FLOW
Generation
Load
Mvar
0.0
46.549
25.355
0
0
102.000
10.7
163.000
4.576
0
13.800
102.000
6.3
85.000
-15.039
230.000
102.625
-1.4
0
0
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
99.433
101.860
102.199
101.268
102.975
102.061
-3.0
-1.9
5.1
2.2
3.6
-1.4
0
0
0
0
0
24.792
MW
Load Flow
MW
230.000
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
MW
Mvar
Amp
Bus 4
46.549
25.355
1783.4
87.8
0
Bus 7
163.000
4.576
51 27 .7
1 00 .0
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-15.039
3540.6
-98.5
0
0
Bus 5
37.038
25.370
109.8
82.5
Bus 6
9.510
-1.512
23.6
-98.8
Bus 1
-46.548
-23.858
127.9
89.0
Bus 4
-36.794
-41.263
139.6
66.6
Bus 7
-87.625
-8.495
222.2
99.5
Bus 4
-9.488
-14.887
43.5
53.7
Bus 9
-56.723
-9.427
141.7
98.6
Solar BUS
-24.788
-6.019
62.9
97.2
Bus 5
90.124
-10.040
222.7
-99.4
Bus 8
72.860
-1.358
179.0
-100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
11.398
401.3
-99.8
Bus 9
-26.926
-24.381
90.0
74.1
Bus 7
-72.425
-10.378
181.4
99.0
Bus 6
57.964
-22.715
151.8
-93.1
Bus 8
27.032
3.479
66.4
99.2
Bus 3
-84.996
19.236
212.4
-97.5
Bus 6
24.792
6.213
6 5719.0
97.0
124.419
30.333
0
0
99.351
0
6.213
ID
49.758
90.998
0
0
Mvar
XFMR
34.759
0
0
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
98
%PF
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
20 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage kV
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
* Bus 2
18.000
* Bus 3 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
FLOW
Generation
Load
Mvar
0.0
23.577
22.433
0
0
102.000
11.8
163.000
3.778
0
13.800
102.000
7.7
85.000
-17.805
230.000
102.765
-0.7
0
0
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
99.506
102.610
102.248
101.364
103.134
103.002
-2.2
-0.2
6.2
3.5
5.0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
49.506
MW
Load Flow
MW
230.000
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
MW
Mvar
Amp
Bus 4
23.577
22.433
1094.9
72.4
0
Bus 7
163.000
3.778
51 27 .1
1 00 .0
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-17.805
3562.1
-97.9
0
0
Bus 5
34.333
26.437
105.8
79.2
Bus 6
-10.756
-4.568
28.5
92.0
Bus 1
-23.576
-21.869
78.5
73.3
Bus 4
-34.100
-42.467
137.4
62.6
Bus 7
-90.502
-7.365
229.1
99.7
Bus 4
10.777
-11.981
39.4
-66.9
Bus 9
-53.629
-7.154
132.4
99.1
Solar BUS
-49.491
-11.646
124.4
97.3
Bus 5
93.169
-10.366
230.1
-99.4
Bus 8
69.815
-1.825
171.5
-100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
12.192
401.3
-99.7
Bus 9
-30.124
-24.586
96.3
77.5
Bus 7
-69.416
-10.238
173.8
98.9
Bus 6
54.745
-25.865
147.4
-90.4
Bus 8
30.251
3.812
74.2
99.2
Bus 3
-84.996
22.053
213.7
-96.8
Bus 6
49.506
12.407 130033.6
97.0
124.602
30.781
0
0
99.540
0
12.407
ID
49.832
92.342
0
0
Mvar
XFMR
34.825
0
0
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
99
%PF
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
30 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
16.500
104.000
0.0
0.367
20.714
0
0
Bus 4
0.367
20.714
697.0
1.8
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
13.0
163.000
3.209
0
0
Bus 7
163.000
3.209
51 26 .7
1 00 .0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
9.2
85.000
-20.203
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-20.203
3583.5
-97.3
Bus 4
230.000
102.853
0.0
0
0
0
0
Bus 5
31.527
27.364
101.9
75.5
Bus 6
-31.160
-6.879
77.9
97.6
Bus 1
-0.367
-20.486
50.0
1.8
Bus 4
-31.306
-43.513
135.2
58.4
Bus 7
-93.382
-6.353
236.0
99.8
Bus 4
31.317
-9.059
79.2
-96.1
Bus 9
-50.541
-5.175
123.5
99.5
Solar BUS
-74.317
-16.946
185.3
97.5
Bus 5
96.223
-10.520
237.6
-99.4
Bus 8
66.761
-2.237
163.9
-99.9
Bus 2
-162.984
12.758
401.2
-99.7
Bus 9
-33.299
-24.742
102.7
80.3
Bus 7
-66.396
-10.137
166.2
98.9
Bus 6
51.546
-28.623
143.3
-87.4
Bus 8
33.450
4.121
81.9
99.2
Bus 3
-84.996
24.502
215.0
-96.1
Bus 6
74.351
18.634 193696.4
97.0
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
103.274
102.282
101.443
103.271
103.851
-1.3
1.5
7.3
4.7
6.5
2.8
0
0
0
0
0
74.351
MW
0
0
124.688
93.541
0
0
Mvar
49.866
31.180
0
99.695
0
18.634
ID
0
34.879
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
100
0
0
MW
XFMR
* Bus 1
99.541
Mvar
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
Mvar
Amp
%PF
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
40 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-22.862
20.203
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
14.1
163.000
2.871
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
10.6
85.000
-22.224
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.890
0.7
0
0
0
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
99.537
103.850
102.303
101.504
103.387
104.604
-0.4
3.2
8.5
6.0
7.9
4.9
Mvar
0
0
0
0
0
99.097
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
124.679
94.588
0
0
Mvar
0
24.836
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-22.862
20.203
1026.5
-74.9
Bus 7
163.000
2.871
51 26 .5
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-22.224
3603.6
-96.7
0
Bus 5
28.645
28.148
98.0
71.3
Bus 6
-51.508
-8.441
127.3
98.7
Bus 1
22.863
-19.707
73.6
-75.7
Bus 4
-28.435
-44.397
133.0
53.9
Bus 7
-96.244
-5.466
243.1
99.8
Bus 4
51.934
-6.138
126.4
-99.3
Bus 9
-47.485
-3.512
115.1
99.7
Solar BUS
-99.037
-21.880
245.2
97.6
Bus 5
99.266
-10.503
244.9
-99.4
Bus 8
63.718
-2.591
156.5
-99.9
Bus 2
-162.984
13.095
401.2
-99.7
Bus 9
-36.429
-24.850
109.1
82.6
Bus 7
-63.386
-10.072
158.7
98.8
Bus 6
48.390
-30.976
139.5
-84.2
Bus 8
36.605
4.404
89.5
99.3
Bus 3
-84.996
26.572
216.2
-95.4
Bus 6
99.097
24.836 256304.8
97.0
49.862
31.529
0
99.815
ID
0
34.921
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
101
0
0
MW
XFMR %Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
50 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-46.239
20.888
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
15.2
163.000
2.757
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
12.0
85.000
-23.892
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.878
1.4
0
0
0
Bus 6
230.000
99.495
104.345
0.4
5.0
Mvar
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
Mvar
124.573
95.492
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-46.239
20.888
1707.1
-91.1
Bus 7
163.000
2.757
51 26 .4
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-23.892
3621.5
-96.3
0
Bus 5
25.665
28.795
94.1
66.5
Bus 6
-71.905
-9.278
176.9
99.2
Bus 1
46.240
-19.517
122.5
-92.1
Bus 4
-25.466
-45.125
130.7
49.1
Bus 7
-99.107
-4.695
250.3
99.9
Bus 4
72.736
-3.191
175.1
-99.9
Bus 9
-44.440
-2.154
107.0
99.9
-123.788
-26.485
304.5
97.8
Bus 5
102.318
-10.316
252.3
-99.5
Bus 8
60.666
-2.893
149.0
-99.9
Bus 2
-162.984
13.208
401.2
-99.7
Bus 9
-39.537
-24.910
115.5
84.6
Bus 7
-60.365
-10.042
151.3
98.6
Bus 6
45.255
-32.948
135.8
-80.8
Bus 8
39.741
4.666
97.1
99.3
28.283
217.3
-94.9
31.047 318378.0
97.0
49.820
31.831
Solar BUS Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
102.310
101.549
103.483
105.269
9.6
7.2
9.3
6.9
0
0
0
123.879
0
0
0
99.903
0
31.047
0
34.952
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
102
0
0
MW
XFMR
Bus 3
-84.996
Bus 6
123.879
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
60 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-69.941
22.804
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
16.4
163.000
2.871
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
13.5
85.000
-25.218
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.814
2.2
0
0
0
Bus 6
230.000
99.413
104.762
1.3
6.7
Mvar
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
Mvar
124.369
96.258
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-69.941
22.804
2475.1
-95.1
Bus 7
163.000
2.871
51 26 .5
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-25.218
3636.6
-95.9
0
Bus 5
22.558
29.311
90.3
61.0
Bus 6
-92.503
-9.389
227.0
99.5
Bus 1
69.944
-19.922
177.6
-96.2
Bus 4
-22.369
-45.702
128.5
44.0
Bus 7
-102.000
-4.037
257.8
99.9
Bus 4
93.879
-0.185
224.9
100.0
Bus 9
-41.379
-1.103
99.2
100.0
-148.757
-30.798
364.0
97.9
Bus 5
105.409
-9.951
259.8
-99.6
Bus 8
57.575
-3.144
141.5
-99.9
Bus 2
-162.984
13.095
401.2
-99.7
Bus 9
-42.653
-24.924
122.1
86.3
Bus 7
-57.304
-10.046
143.8
98.5
Bus 6
42.110
-34.552
132.0
-77.3
Bus 8
42.886
4.907
104.6
99.4
29.645
218.2
-94.4
37.315 380542.1
97.0
49.739
32.086
Solar BUS Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
102.303
101.576
103.559
105.852
10.8
8.5
10.8
9.1
0
0
0
148.888
0
0
0
99.957
0
37.315
0
34.971
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
103
0
0
MW
XFMR
Bus 3
-84.996
Bus 6
148.888
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
70 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-93.458
25.921
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
17.6
163.000
3.212
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
14.9
85.000
-26.176
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.700
2.9
0
0
0
Bus 6
230.000
99.294
105.094
2.2
8.4
Mvar
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
Mvar
124.071
96.868
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-93.458
25.921
3263.1
-96.4
Bus 7
163.000
3.212
51 26 .7
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-26.176
3648.0
-95.6
0
Bus 5
19.386
29.685
86.7
54.7
Bus 6
-112.849
-8.773
276.7
99.7
Bus 1
93.463
-20.911
234.1
-97.6
Bus 4
-19.206
-46.116
126.3
38.4
Bus 7
-104.864
-3.503
265.3
99.9
Bus 4
114.901
2.823
274.5
100.0
Bus 9
-38.366
-0.385
91.6
100.0
-173.404
-34.727
422.4
98.1
Bus 5
108.477
-9.415
267.2
-99.6
Bus 8
54.507
-3.340
134.0
-99.8
Bus 2
-162.984
12.755
401.2
-99.7
Bus 9
-45.713
-24.893
128.6
87.8
Bus 7
-54.264
-10.085
136.4
98.3
Bus 6
39.018
-35.756
128.2
-73.7
Bus 8
45.977
5.124
112.1
99.4
30.632
218.9
-94.1
43.503 441606.4
97.0
49.619
32.289
Solar BUS Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
102.282
101.587
103.614
106.343
12.0
9.8
12.2
11.2
0
0
0
173.579
0
0
0
99.978
0
43.503
0
34.978
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
104
0
0
MW
XFMR
Bus 3
-84.996
Bus 6
173.579
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
80 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-117.240
30.318
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
18.8
163.000
3.789
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
16.4
85.000
-26.786
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.533
3.6
0
0
0
Bus 6
230.000
99.133
105.347
3.1
10.2
Mvar
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
Mvar
123.669
97.335
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-117.240
30.318
4074.3
-96.8
Bus 7
163.000
3.789
51 27 .1
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-26.786
3655.4
-95.4
0
Bus 5
16.081
29.926
83.2
47.3
Bus 6
-133.328
-7.417
326.9
99.8
Bus 1
117.248
-22.509
292.3
-98.2
Bus 4
-15.910
-46.376
124.1
32.5
Bus 7
-107.759
-3.083
2 73.0
100.0
Bus 4
136.202
5.899
324.8
99.9
Bus 9
-35.337
0.005
84.2
100.0
-198.200
-38.349
481.0
98.2
Bus 5
111.587
-8.693
274.8
-99.7
Bus 8
51.397
-3.487
126.5
-99.8
Bus 2
-162.984
12.180
401.3
-99.7
Bus 9
-48.783
-24.814
135.3
89.1
Bus 7
-51.181
-10.159
128.9
98.1
Bus 6
35.915
-36.581
124.2
-70.1
Bus 8
49.081
5.321
119.6
99.4
31.259
219.3
-93.9
49.731 502896.8
97.0
49.458
32.445
Solar BUS Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
102.247
101.580
103.649
106.750
13.2
11.1
13.7
13.3
0
0
0
198.428
0
0
0
99.964
0
49.731
0
34.973
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
105
0
0
MW
XFMR
Bus 3
-84.996
Bus 6
198.428
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
90 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-141.029
35.998
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
20.0
163.000
4.607
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
17.9
85.000
-27.030
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.313
4.4
0
0
0
Bus 6
230.000
98.931
105.517
4.0
11.9
Mvar
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
Mvar
123.166
97.648
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-141.029
35.998
4897.1
-96.9
Bus 7
163.000
4.607
51 27 .8
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-27.030
3658.5
-95.3
0
Bus 5
12.669
30.030
80.0
38.9
Bus 6
-153.709
-5.314
377.3
99.9
Bus 1
141.040
-24.716
351.3
-98.5
Bus 4
-12.506
-46.474
122.1
26.0
Bus 7
-110.659
-2.784
2 80.9
100.0
Bus 4
157.547
9.019
375.4
99.8
Bus 9
-32.323
0.050
76.9
100.0
-222.873
-41.619
539.4
98.3
Bus 5
114.712
-7.785
282.4
-99.8
Bus 8
48.272
-3.581
118.9
-99.7
Bus 2
-162.984
11.366
401.3
-99.8
Bus 9
-51.835
-24.689
141.9
90.3
Bus 7
-48.081
-10.267
121.5
97.8
Bus 6
32.829
-37.008
119.8
-66.4
Bus 8
52.167
5.497
127.0
99.4
31.511
219.5
-93.8
55.929 563891.7
97.0
49.257
32.549
Solar BUS Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Solar BUS
230.000
230.000
230.000
0.220
102.197
101.555
103.663
107.069
14.4
12.5
15.2
15.4
0
0
0
223.159
0
0
0
99.916
0
55.929
0
34.956
0
0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
106
0
0
MW
XFMR
Bus 3
-84.996
Bus 6
223.159
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
10 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage kV
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
* Bus 2
18.000
* Bus 3 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 7
FLOW
Generation
Load
Mvar
0.0
45.692
29.386
0
0
102.000
11.6
163.000
3.916
0
13.800
102.000
7.0
85.000
-14.745
230.000
102.401
-1.4
0
0
230.000
230.000
99.234
101.216
102.239
-2.7
-2.1
6.0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
MW
230.000
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
Mvar
MW
Mvar
Amp
Bus 4
45.692
29.386
1827.8
84.1
0
Bus 7
163.000
3.916
51 27 .2
1 00 .0
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-14.745
3538.5
-98.5
0
0
Bus 5
30.570
25.619
97.8
76.6
Bus 6
15.121
2.195
37.5
99.0
Bus 1
-45.691
-27.814
131.1
85.4
Bus 4
-30.365
-41.770
130.6
58.8
Bus 7
-93.557
-7.789
237.5
99.7
Bus 4
-15.066
-18.277
58.7
63.6
Bus 9
-66.495
-9.618
166.6
99.0
Solar Bus1
-8.289
-2.055
21.2
97.1
Bus 5
96.419
-8.876
237.7
-99.6
Bus 8
74.854
-1.123
183.8
-100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
12.054
401.3
-99.7
-8.289
-2.056
21.0
97.1
Bus 9
-24.984
-24.350
86.5
71.6
Bus 7
-74.395
-10.418
186.2
99.0
Bus 6
68.207
-20.228
173.5
-95.9
Bus 8
25.078
3.348
61.7
99.1
Bus 3
-84.996
18.937
212.3
-97.6
-8.289
-2.056
20.8
97.1
123.922
89.850
49.560
29.950
0
0
ID
0
Solar Bus2 Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
101.282
102.958
3.0
4.3
0
0
0
99.379
0
XFMR
34.768
0
0
Solar Bus3
%PF
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.284
-1.9
8.289
2.078
0
0
Bus 6
8.289
2.078
2 2142.4
97.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.307
6.1
8.289
2.078
0
0
Bus 7
8.289
2.078
21921.1
97.0
Solar Bus3
0.220
103.025
4.5
8.289
2.078
0
0
Bus 9
8.289
2.078
2 1768.2
97.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
107
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename: Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date: Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
20 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage kV
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
* Bus 2
18.000
* Bus 3 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
FLOW
Generation
Load
Mvar
0.0
21.935
30.301
0
0
102.000
13.6
163.000
2.556
0
13.800
102.000
9.2
85.000
-17.281
230.000
102.328
-0.7
0
0
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
99.104
101.363
102.322
101.391
103.104
-1.5
-0.6
8.0
5.1
6.5
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
MW
230.000
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
MW
Mvar
Amp
Bus 4
21.935
30.301
1258.6
58.6
0
Bus 7
163.000
2.556
51 51 2 26 6 .3 .3
10 00 0 .0 .0
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-17.281
3557.7
-98.0
0
0
Bus 5
21.466
27.188
85 85.0
62.0
Bus 6
0.468
2.368
5.9
19.4
Bus 1
-21.935
-29.556
90 90.3
59.6
Bus 4
-21.296
-43.596
122.9
43.9
Bus 7
-102.302
-5.834
25 259.5
99.8
Bus 4
-0.450
-18.658
46.2
2.4
Bus 9
-73.117
-7.320
18 182.0
99.5
Solar Bus1
-16.546
-4.060
42.2
97.1
Bus 5
105.739
-7.920
26 260.1
-99.7
Bus 8
73.791
-1.427
181.1
-100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
13.408
40 401.2
-99.7
Solar Bus2
-16.546
-4.061
41.8
97.1
Bus 9
-26.247
-24.582
89 89.0
73.0
Bus 7
-73.345
-10.261
183.4
99.0
Bus 6
75.193
-21.049
19 190.1
-96.3
Bus 8
26.349
3.593
64.7
99.1
Bus 3
-84.996
21.519
21 213.5
-96.9
Solar Bus3
-16.546
-4.063
41.5
97.1
123.597
90.113
99.593
0
ID
49.430
30.038
0
0
0
Mvar
XFMR
0
34.843
0
0
%PF
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.499
-0.3
16.548
4.147
0
0
Bus 6
16.548
4.147
4 41 4108.1
97.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.456
8.3
16.548
4.147
0
0
Bus 7
16.548
4.147
43696.0
97.0
Solar Bus3
0.220
103.237
6.7
16.548
4.147
0
0
Bus 9
16.548
4.147
4 33 3365.5
97.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
108
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename: Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date: Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
30 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage kV
% Mag.
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
* Bus 2
18.000
* Bus 3 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
FLOW
Generation
Load
Mvar
0.0
-1.843
32.278
0
0
102.000
15.6
163.000
1.536
0
13.800
102.000
11.3
85.000
-19.480
230.000
102.212
0.1
0
0
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
98.929
101.459
102.384
101.480
103.230
-0.3
0.9
10.0
7.2
8.6
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
MW
230.000
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
MW
Mvar
Amp
Bus 4
-1.843
32.278
1087.8
-5.7
0
Bus 7
163.000
1.536
51 51 2 25 5 .9 .9
10 00 0 .0 .0
0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-19.480
3576.8
-97.5
-0.001
-0.001
Bus 5
12.341
28.864
77 77.1
39.3
Bus 6
-14.183
2.858
35.5
-98.0
Bus 1
1.843
-31.721
78 7 8.0
-5.8
Bus 4
-12.188
-45.368
119.2
25.9
Bus 7
-110.972
-3.887
28 281.8
99.9
Bus 4
14.236
-18.959
58.7
-60.0
Bus 9
-79.731
-5.117
19 197.7
99.8
Solar Bus1
-24.788
-6.017
63.1
97.2
Bus 5
115.039
-6.668
28 282.5
-99.8
Bus 8
72.732
-1.738
178.4
-100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
14.427
40 401.2
-99.6
Solar Bus2
-24.788
-6.021
62.5
97.2
Bus 9
-27.467
-24.818
91 91.6
74.2
Bus 7
-72.300
-10.087
180.6
99.0
Bus 6
82.206
-21.590
20 206.7
-96.7
Bus 8
27.577
3.851
67.7
99.0
Bus 3
-84.996
23.763
21 214.6
-96.3
Solar Bus3
-24.788
-6.024
62.0
97.2
123.160
90.283
99.768
0
ID
49.255
30.094
0
0
0
Mvar
XFMR
0
34.905
0
0
%PF
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.660
1.3
24.792
6.213
0
0
Bus 6
24.792
6.213
6 59 5978.2
97.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.584
10.5
24.792
6.213
0
0
Bus 7
24.792
6.213
65384.0
97.0
Solar Bus3
0.220
103.428
9.0
24.792
6.213
0
0
Bus 9
24.792
6.213
6 48 4850.4
97.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
109
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename: Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date: Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
40 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-26.080
35.399
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
17.7
163.000
0.848
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
13.5
85.000
-21.371
0
Bus 4
230.000
102.051
0.8
0
0
0
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
98.702
101.501
102.426
101.550
103.338
0.9
2.4
12.1
9.3
10.8
Mvar
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
122.597
90.358
99.905
0
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-26.080
35.399
1479.3
-59.3
Bus 7
163.000
0.848
51 51 2 25 5 .8 .8
10 00 0 .0 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-21.371
3594.9
-97.0
0
Bus 5
3.023
30.684
75 75.8
9.8
Bus 6
-29.103
3.686
72.2
-99.2
Bus 1
26.081
-34.370
10 106.1
-60.4
Bus 4
-2.870
-47.118
120.1
6.1
Bus 7
-119.727
-1.911
3 04 04.5
100.0
Bus 4
29.265
-19.180
86.5
-83.6
Bus 9
-86.457
-2.975
21 213.9
99.9
Solar Bus1
-33.166
-7.964
84.4
97.2
Bus 5
124.491
-5.080
30 305.4
-99.9
Bus 8
71.658
-2.064
175.7
-100.0
Bus 2
-162.984
15.113
40 401.1
-99.6
Solar Bus2
-33.166
-7.970
83.6
97.2
Bus 9
-28.666
-25.062
94 94.1
75.3
Bus 7
-71.239
-9.890
177.8
99.1
Bus 6
89.377
-21.850
22 223.5
-97.1
Bus 8
28.784
4.129
70.6
99.0
Bus 3
-84.996
25.697
21 215.7
-95.7
Solar Bus3
-33.166
-7.976
82.9
97.2
49.030
30.119
0
0
0
Mvar
0
34.953
0
0
MW
XFMR
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.770
3.0
33.173
8.314
0
0
Bus 6
33.173
8.314
8 81 8187.3
97.0
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.692
12.7
33.173
8.314
0
0
Bus 7
33.173
8.314
87394.9
97.0
Solar Bus3
0.220
103.602
11.3
33.173
8.314
0
0
Bus 9
33.173
8.314
8 66 6627.3
97.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
110
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
50 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-49.994
39.588
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
19.8
163.000
0.521
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
15.7
85.000
-22.888
0
Bus 4
230.000
101.848
1.6
0
0
0
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
98.431
101.488
102.446
101.598
103.425
2.1
3.9
14.2
11.4
13.0
Mvar
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
121.924
90.335
100.000
0
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-49.994
39.588
2145.6
-78.4
Bus 7
163.000
0.521
51 25 .7
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-22.888
3610.6
-96.6
0
Bus 5
-6.188
32.593
81.8
-18.7
Bus 6
-43.808
4.830
108.6
-99.4
Bus 1
49.996
-37.423
153.9
-80.1
Bus 4
6.359
-48.789
125.5
-12.9
Bus 7
-128.283
0.029
3 27.2
100.0
Bus 4
44.151
-19.310
119.2
-91.6
Bus 9
-93.077
-0.966
2 30.2
100.0
Solar Bus1
-41.408
-9.836
105.3
97.3
Bus 5
133.791
-3.200
3 27 .9
- 10 0. 0
Bus 8
70.602
-2.394
173.1
-99.9
Bus 2
-162.984
15.439
401.1
-99.6
Solar Bus2
-41.409
-9.846
104.3
97.3
Bus 9
-29.805
-25.309
96.6
76.2
Bus 7
-70.195
-9.677
175.1
99.1
Bus 6
96.473
-21.813
240.1
-97.5
Bus 8
29.931
4.417
73.4
98.9
Bus 3
-84.996
27.252
216.6
-95.2
Solar Bus3
-41.409
-9.856
103.3
97.3
10.381 110054.4
97.0
48.761
30.112
0
0
0
Mvar
0
34.986
0
0
MW
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.822
4.6
41.419
10.381
0
0
Bus 6
41.419
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.777
14.9
41.419
10.381
0
0
Bus 7
41.419
Solar Bus3
0.220
103.753
13.6
41.419
10.381
0
0
Bus 9
41.419
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
111
XFMR
10.381
109032.1
97.0
10.381 108006.0
97.0
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
60 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-73.507
44.806
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
21.8
163.000
0.549
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
17.8
85.000
-24.038
0
Bus 4
230.000
101.604
2.3
0
0
0
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
98.116
101.422
102.444
101.625
103.491
3.3
5.4
16.2
13.5
15.1
Mvar
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
121.145
90.217
100.053
0
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-73.507
44.806
2896.4
-85.4
Bus 7
163.000
0.549
51 25 .7
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-24.038
3623.1
-96.2
0
Bus 5
-15.262
34.583
93.4
-40.4
Bus 6
-58.249
6.277
144.7
-99.4
Bus 1
73.511
-40.859
207.8
-87.4
Bus 4
15.469
-50.377
134.8
-29.4
Bus 7
-136.614
1.928
3 49.5
100.0
Bus 4
58.842
-19.350
153.3
-95.0
Bus 9
-99.569
0.907
2 46.4
100.0
Solar Bus1
-49.490
-11.629
125.8
97.3
Bus 5
142.910
-1.040
3 50.2
100.0
Bus 8
69.565
-2.729
170.6
-99.9
Bus 2
-162.984
15.412
401.1
-99.6
Solar Bus2
-49.491
-11.644
124.6
97.3
Bus 9
-30.883
-25.556
99.0
77.0
Bus 7
-69.171
-9.448
172.4
99.1
Bus 6
103.469
-21.487
256.3
-97.9
Bus 8
31.018
4.714
76.1
98.9
Bus 3
-84.996
28.432
217.4
-94.8
Solar Bus3
-49.491
-11.659
123.3
97.3
12.407 131544.7
97.0
48.449
30.072
0
0
0
Mvar
0
35.005
0
0
MW
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.819
6.3
49.506
12.407
0
0
Bus 6
49.506
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.837
17.1
49.506
12.407
0
0
Bus 7
49.506
Solar Bus3
0.220
103.881
15.9
49.506
12.407
0
0
Bus 9
49.506
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
112
XFMR
12.407
130241.7
97.0
12.407 128933.7
97.0
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
70 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-97.969
51.425
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
24.0
163.000
0.953
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
20.1
85.000
-24.867
0
Bus 4
230.000
101.303
3.1
0
0
0
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
97.736
101.295
102.420
101.631
103.539
4.6
7.0
18.4
15.7
17.4
Mvar
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
120.208
89.990
100.065
0
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-97.969
51.425
3722.7
-88.5
Bus 7
163.000
0.953
51 25 .8
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-24.867
3632.5
-96.0
0
Bus 5
-24.722
36.777
109.8
-55.8
Bus 6
-73.253
8.128
182.6
-99.4
Bus 1
97.975
-44.906
267.1
-90.9
Bus 4
24.986
-51.970
148.1
-43.3
Bus 7
-145.194
3.895
3 73 .0
- 10 0. 0
Bus 4
74.186
-19.296
190.0
-96.8
Bus 9
-106.302
2.743
2 63 .5
- 10 0. 0
Solar Bus1
-57.874
-13.444
147.2
97.4
Bus 5
152.371
1.547
3 73.5
100.0
Bus 8
68.487
-3.088
168.0
-99.9
Bus 2
-162.984
15.008
401.1
-99.6
Solar Bus2
-57.874
-13.467
145.6
97.4
Bus 9
-31.960
-25.820
101.5
77.8
Bus 7
-68.105
-9.189
169.7
99.1
Bus 6
110.767
-20.835
273.3
-98.3
Bus 8
32.104
5.040
78.8
98.8
Bus 3
-84.996
29.285
218.0
-94.5
Solar Bus3
-57.875
-13.489
144.1
97.4
14.510 153930.5
97.0
48.074
29.997
0
0
0
Mvar
0
35.009
0
0
MW
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.757
8.0
57.895
14.510
0
0
Bus 6
57.895
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.877
19.4
57.895
14.510
0
0
Bus 7
57.895
Solar Bus3
0.220
103.992
18.3
57.895
14.510
0
0
Bus 9
57.895
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
113
XFMR
14.510
152254.0
97.0
14.510 150622.0
97.0
%Tap
Project:
ETAP
TS V&V
Location:
Lake Forest, CA
Contract:
123456789
Engineer:
OTI
Filename:
IEEE9BUS
12.6.0C
Study Case:
LF
Page:
1
Date:
03-10-2014
SN:
ETAP-OTI
Revision:
80 Percent
Config.:
Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD
Bus ID
Voltage
FLOW
Generation
* Bus 1
16.500
104.000
0.0
-121.962
59.141
0
0
Bus 4
* Bus 2
18.000
102.000
26.2
163.000
1.737
0
0
* Bus 3
13.800
102.000
22.3
85.000
-25.306
0
Bus 4
230.000
100.958
3.8
0
0
0
Bus 6
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
230.000
230.000
230.000
230.000
97.308
101.110
102.372
101.615
103.564
5.8
8.6
20.6
17.9
19.6
Mvar
0
0
0
0
0
MW
Load Flow
% Mag.
230.000
MW
Load
kV
Bus 5
Ang.
REPORT
0
0
119.158
89.662
100.033
0
ID
Mvar
Amp
%PF
-121.962
59.141
4560.4
-90.0
Bus 7
163.000
1.737
51 26 .0
1 00 .0
0
Bus 9
85.000
-25.306
3637.6
-95.8
0
Bus 5
-34.023
39.059
128.8
-65.7
Bus 6
-87.948
10.298
220.2
-99.3
Bus 1
121.971
-49.357
327.2
-92.7
Bus 4
34.363
-53.472
164.0
-54.1
Bus 7
-153.521
5.817
396.3
-99.9
Bus 4
89.294
-19.142
226.7
-97.8
Bus 9
-112.885
4.427
280.5
-99.9
Solar Bus1
-66.071
-15.173
168.3
97.5
Bus 5
161.626
4.434
3 96.5
100.0
Bus 8
67.430
-3.453
165.6
-99.9
Bus 2
-162.984
14.226
401.2
-99.6
Solar Bus2
-66.072
-15.207
166.2
97.5
Bus 9
-32.973
-26.085
103.9
78.4
Bus 7
-67.060
-8.913
167.1
99.1
Bus 6
117.943
-19.874
289.9
-98.6
Bus 8
33.125
5.375
81.3
98.7
Bus 3
-84.996
29.736
218.3
-94.4
Solar Bus3
-66.073
-15.237
164.4
97.4
16.566 175953.5
97.0
47.655
29.887
0
0
0
Mvar
0
34.997
0
0
MW
Solar Bus1
0.220
101.635
9.7
66.099
16.566
0
0
Bus 6
66.099
Solar Bus2
0.220
102.892
21.7
66.099
16.566
0
0
Bus 7
66.099
Solar Bus3
0.220
104.078
20.7
66.099
16.566
0
0
Bus 9
66.099
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it) # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
114
XFMR
16.566
173804.9
97.0
16.566 171823.1
97.0
%Tap
