Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

Enic|xl @dml nkm Leelg}w Nkncywiw &E@LN) &E@LN ) Hy2W+A+Wl}fiyn# My+ G@L# _lw} Glk}xnc Xnicny n} Bnhncz|x

Nhw}xng} Enic|xl @dml nkm Leelg}w Nkncywiw &E@LN) iw n wyw}l`n}ig zxdglww edx cddaiko n} fd n mlwiok dx zxdglww gd|cm enic nkm }fl zdwwihcl xlw|c}w de n enic|xl+ ]fl z|xzdwl de E@LN iw }d lvn`ikl zdwwihcl enic|xl `dmlw nkm ml}lx`ikl }fl i`zng} de }flwl enic|xlw dk }fl zxdm|g} &Mlwiok E@LN - ME@LN)# zxdglww &Zxdglww E@LN -ZE@LN) dx wlxuigl &Wlxuigl E@LN - WE@LN)+ Exd` }flxl# E@LN }ln` `l`hlxw imlk}iey }fl w}lzw klglwwnxy }d lci`ikn}l dx `iki`irl }fl zd}lk}inc gn|wlw de lngf zd}lk}inc enic|xl# hledxl }fly dgg|x+ N Mlwiok dx Zxdm|g} E@LN edg|wlw dk wzlgieig wyw}l`w dx gd`zdklk}w w|gf nw xn `n}lxincw# w|h-nwwl`hcilw nkm eikiwflm oddmw# ficl n Zxdglww E@LN edg|wlw dk n zxdglww nkm i}w ikmiuim|nc w}lzw+ ]fl lnxcy nkm gdkwiw}lk} |wl de E@LNw ik }fl mlwiok zxdglww nccdw }fl lkoikllx }d mlwiok d|} enic|xlw nkm zxdm|gl xlcinhcl# wnel# nkm g|w}d`lx zclnwiko zxdm|g}w+ E@LNw ncwd gnz}|xl fiw}dxignc ikedx`n}idk edx |wl ik e|}|xl zxdm|g} i`zxdul`lk}+ ]fl ni` de }fiw znzlx iw }d oiul ik}xdm|g}idk de E@LN }lgfki~|l# E@LN Zxdglm|xl# |kmlxw}nkmiko de Xiwa Zxidxi}y K|`hlx & XZK)# Hlklei}w #Ci`i}n}idkw % Nh|wlw de E@LN+XZK }fl `dw} i`zdx}nk} i}l` exd` }fl xiwa unc|lw zdik} de uil# gfnxng}lxirlm hy fiof XZK# nkm wfd|cm hl wlznxn}lm exd` }fdwl gfnxng}lxirlm hy n wiokieignk}cy cdlx XZK unc|l+ Leedx}w wfd|cm |kmlx}nal }d xlm|gl }fl gncg|cn}lm xiwa }fxd|of gdxxlg}iul ng}idkw+

Ik}xdm|g}idk

Ik zxlwlk} wglknxid wglknxid de oxdiko ocdhnc `nxal}iko `nxal}iko g|w}d`lxw nxl ml`nkmiko fiof ~|nci}y# xlcinhcl zxdm|g}w+ ]fl ikgxlnwiko gnznhici}ilw nkm e|kg}idknci}y de `nky zxdm|g}w nxl `naiko i} `dxl mieeig|c} edx `nk|eng}|xlxw }d `nik}nik }fl ~|nci}y nkm xlcinhici}y ik gd`zl}i}iul lkuixdk`lk}+ ]flxl iw uix}|nccy kd `nxoik edx lxxdx# lxxdx# wd flk n gd`znky iw ik}xdm|giko n kl zxdm|g}# xllkoikllxiko n zxdglww - dx |kmlx}naiko nky zxdblg} ‗ gd`znky nk} }d lkw|xl w|gglww nkm `iki`irl }fl xiwa de enic|xl+ H|} w|gglww mdlwk/} fnzzlk hy gfnkgl+ ]fiw iw n gfncclkol }d `nk|eng}|xlxw }d mlwiok n ~|nci}y nkm xlcinhcl zxdm|g} lnxcy ik }fl mlulcdz`lk}nc w}nol+ ]fl ny }d lkw|xl i} iw }fxd|of }fl |wl de  Enic|xl @dml nkm Leelg}w Nkncywiw &E@LN) - n zxdulk `l}fdm edx `iki`iriko enic|xl ik zxdm|g}w nkm zxdglwwlw Enic|xl @dml Leelg} Nkncywiw &E@LN) iw dkl de }fl lcc akdk xiwa-nwwlww`lk} `l}fdmdcdoy edx nkncyriko zd}lk}inc xlcinhici}y zxdhcl`w# lnxcy ik }fl mlulcdz`lk} gygcl flxl i} iw lnwilx }d }nal ng}idkw }d dulxgd`l }flwl iww|lw# }flxlhy lkfnkgiko xlcinhici}y }fxd|of mlwiok+ E@LN nw eixw} |wlm ik >95:’w ik }fl nlxdwzngl ikm|w}xy nkm flcziko }d `nal wnel# leelg}iul gd``lxginc nix }xnulc zdwwihcl+ I} iw kd xlgdokirlm nw n e|kmn`lk}nc }ddc ik }fl Xlcinhici}y Lkoikllxiko eilcm+ Ik }fl >9?:/w E@LN flczlm }fl n|}d ikm|w}xy i`zxdul i}w }xnga xlgdxm hy `iki`iriko xiwaw nkm i`zxduiko wnel}y nkm zlxedx`nkgl+ ]dmny# }fl wzlginciw}w n} Gd`zl}i}iul Lmol Xlwd|xglw hxiko }fl wn`l hlklei}w de E@LN }d gd`znkilw ik n iml xnkol de ikm|w}xilw - lknhciko }fl` }d hxiko kl zxdm|g}w }d `nxal} enw}lx nkm n} n cdlx gdw}+ E@LN odlw hlydkm }fl zxl-gdkgliulm kd}idkw dx ci`i}n}idkw de n wikocl mlznx}`lk} nkm ol}w gxdww-e|kg}idknc }ln`w dxaiko dk leelg}iul wdc|}idkw+ E@LN wlwwidkw }yzignccy hxiko }dol}flx w}nee exd` ~|nci}y nww|xnkgl# `nk|eng}|xiko# `nk|eng}|xiko lkoikllxiko# mlwiok lkoikllxiko# `nxal}iko$wnclw# nkm }fl wfdz ecddx# n} n `iki`|`+ E@LN iw

ng}idknhcl zxduimiko ncc }fl ikedx`n}idk kllmlm }d hloik xlm|giko }fl xiwaw ik n znx}ig|cnx mlwiok dx zxdglww+

]flxl nxl wlulxnc }yzlw de E@LNw# wd`l nxl |wlm `|gf `dxl de}lk }fnk d}flxw+ E@LNw wfd|cm ncnyw hl mdkl flklulx enic|xlw d|cm `lnk zd}lk}inc fnx` dx ikb|xy }d }fl |wlx de }fl lkm i}l` hliko mlwioklm+ ]fl }yzlw de E@LN nxl2 Wyw}l` E@LN - Wy+EL@N2 edg|wlw dk ocdhnc wyw}l` e|kg}idkw mlwiok# iw |wlm }d nkncyrl wyw}l` mlwiokw hledxl }fly nxl xlclnwlm }d e|kg}idk + Wyw}l` E@LN edg|wlw dk zd}lk}inc enic|xl `dmlw nwwdgin}lm i}f }fl e|kg}idkw de wyw}l`w nkm gn|wlm hy }fl mlwiok mleigilkgilw+ Mlwiok E@LN - ME@LN2 edg|wlw dk gd`zdklk}w nkm w|hwyw}l`w# iw |wlm }d nkncyrl zxdm|g} mlwiokw hledxl }fly nxl xlclnwlm }d zxdm|g}idk+ ME@LN edg|wlw dk zd}lk}inc enic|xl `dmlw nwwdgin}lm i}f }fl e|kg}idkw de zxdm|g} nkm gn|wlm hy }fl mlwiok mleigilkgilw+ Zxdglww E@LN -ZE@LN2 edg|wlw dk `nk|eng}|xiko nkm nwwl`hcy zxdglwwlw# iw |wlm }d nkncyrl }fl ncxlnmy mlulcdzlm dx lviw}iko zxdglwwlw+ ZE@LN edg|wlw dk zd}lk}inc enic|xl `dmlw nwwdgin}lm i}f hd}f }fl zxdglww wnel}y$leelg}iulklww$leeigilkgy# nkm }fl e|kg}idkw de n zxdm|g} gn|wlm hy }fl zxdglww zxdhcl`w+ Wlxuigl E@LN ‗ WE@LN2 edg|wlw dk wlxuigl e|kg}idkw WE@LN iw |wlm }d nkncyrl }fl zxdm|g} wlxuiglnhici}y# i+l+ i} iw edg|wlm dk }fl zd}lk}inc zxdhcl`w nwwdgin}lm i}f hd}f `nik}lknkgl iww|lw nkm eilcm enic|xlw de }fl `nk|eng}|xlm zxdm|g}w+ Wde}nxl EL@N- Wde}+ EL@N2 edg|wlw dk wde}nxl e|kg}idkw mlwiok# iw |wlm }d nkncyrl wde}nxl mlwiokw hledxl }fly nxl xlclnwlm }d e|kg}idk+ Wde}nxl E@LN edg|wlw dk zd}lk}inc enic|xl `dmlw nwwdgin}lm i}f }fl e|kg}idkw de mlulcdzlm wde}nxl nkm gn|wlm hy }fl mlwiok mleigilkgilw ik zxdoxn``l+

]i`iko >+ Iki}inccy# }fl E@LN wfd|cm hl zlxedx`lm ficl ik }fl mlwiok w}nol# h|} i} ncwd `ny hl |wlm }fxd|ofd|} }fl ciel gygcl de n zxdm|g} }d imlk}iey zdwwihcl enic|xlw nw }fl wyw}l` nolw+ 8+ Enic|xl `dml nkm leelg} nkncywlw `ny unxy ik }fl clulc de ml}nic xlzdx}lm# mlzlkmiko |zdk }fl ml}nic kllmlm nkm }fl nunicnhici}y de ikedx`n}idk+ Nw n mlulcdz`lk} `n}|xlw# nwwlww`lk} de  gxi}ignci}y iw nmmlm ik fn} hlgd`l n Enic|xl @dml# Leelg}w# nkm Gxi}ignci}y Nkncywiw &E@LGN)+ N enic|xl `dml# leelg}w# nkm gxi}ignci}y nkncywiw gnk hl n w}nx}iko zdik} edx `nky d}flx }yzlw de nkncywlw# ikgc|miko2

>+ Wyw}l` Wnel}y Nkncywiw 8+ Zxdm|g}idk Zcnkkiko 7+ ]lw} Zcnkkiko nkm Uncimn}idk =+ Xlznix Clulc Nkncywiw <+ Cdoiw}igw W|zzdx} Nkncywiw 5+ @nik}lknkgl Zcnkkiko Nkncywiw+ ]flwl nmmi}idknc nkncywlw `ny ncwd hl |wlm }d |zmn}l nkm i`zxdul }fl E@LGN nw kl ikedx`n}idk ludculw+

Hnwig nzzxdngflw ]flxl nxl }d hnwig nzzxdngflw edx gdkm|g}iko nk E@LGN2 n hd}}d`-|z & Fnxmnxl) nzzxdngf nkm n }dz-mdk & E|kg}idknc) nzzxdngf+ Li}flx `l}fdm gnk hl w|gglwwe|ccy |wlm ik nk XG@ nkncywiw# h|} lngf fnw i}w w}xlko}fw nkm lnaklwwlw+ ]fl aly n}}xih|}l de hd}f nzzxdngflw iw }fn} }fly nxl ikm|g}iul nkncywiw }lgfki~|lw }fn} o|iml }fl XG@ nkncywiw }ln` ik lw}nhciwfiko }fl gn|wl-nkm-leelg} xlcn}idkwfiz kllmlm }d mleikl `nik}lknkgl x l~|ixl`lk}w l~|ixl`lk}w nkm n km miwgdulx d}flx i`zxdul`lk}w+ i`zxdul`lk}w+ ]fl ] fl edccdiko }nhcl mlwgxihlw lngf n zzxdngf+ Hd}}d`-|z &Fnxmnxl) E@LGN Nzzxdngf

]dz-mdk &E|kg}idknc) E@LGN Nzzxdngf

]fiw }yzl de nzzxdngf ikulw}ion}lw w`ncclx zdx}idkw de }fl wyw}l`# w|gf nw w|hnwwl`hcilw nkm ikmiuim|nc gd`zdklk}w+

]fiw }yzl de nzzxdngf nww|`lw n enic|xl# nkm }flk imlk}ieilw fd }fn} enic|xl gd|cm dgg|x+

Zlxedx`lm hy lvzcigi}cy nkncyriko lngf l~|iz`lk} i}l` de ik}lxlw}+ Edg|wlw dk ml}lx`ikiko fn} leelg}w mieelxlk} l~|iz`lk} enic|xl `dmlw fnul dk }fl dzlxn}idk de }fl wyw}l`+

Zlxedx`lm hy nkncyriko lngf e|kg}idk nkm i}w nwwdgin}lm e|kg}idknc enic|xlw+ Edg|wlw dk ml}lx`ikiko fn} leelg}w mieelxlk} e|kg}idknc enic|xlw fnul dk }fl dzlxn}idk de }fl wyw}l` nkm }flk fn} l~|iz`lk} enic|xlw &l+o+# enic|xl `dml) gnk xlw|c} ik }fl e|kg}idknc enic|xl+ Ml}lx`iklw fl}flx }fl e|kg}idknc enic|xl xlw|c}w ik nk lkm leelg} de ik}lxlw} nkm }flk ml}lx`iklw figf l~|iz`lk} enic|xlw gnk gn|wl }fl e|kg}idknc enic|xl+

Ml}lx`iklw fl}flx }fl l~|iz`lk} enic|xl `dml xlw|c}w ik n cdgnc leelg} }fn} gn|wlw n e|kg}idknc enic|xl }fn} gn|wlw nk lkm leelg} de ik}lxlw}+ ]fiw }yzl de nzzxdngf lkw|xlw }fn} ncc l~|iz`lk} i}l`w nxl nkncyrlm nkm ncc zcn|wihcl l~|iz`lk} enic|xl `dmlw nxl gdkwimlxlm+ Ik nmmi}idk# n w}nkmnxm ciw} de enic|xl `dmlw gnk hl mlulcdzlm edx gd``dk l~|iz`lk} i}l`w# }fl edccdiko o|iml zfxnwlw `ny hl |wlm }d flcz mlulcdz n ciw} de enic|xl `dmlw }d hl gdkwimlxlm2 i) Zxl`n}|xl dzlxn}idk ii) Enic|xl }d dzlxn}l n} n zxlwgxihlm }i`l iii) Ik}lx`i}}lk} Ik}lx`i}}lk} dzlxn}idk iu) Enic|xl }d glnwl dzlxn}idk n} n zxlwgxihlm }i`l u) Cdww de d|}z|} dx enic|xl m|xiko dzlxn}idk ui) Mloxnmlm d|}z|} dx dzlxn}idknc gnznhici}y

]fiw }yzl de nzzxdngf iw }yzignccy |wlm flk ikmiuim|nc i}l`w gnkkd} hl imlk}ieilm dx n gd`zclv wyw}l` lviw}w+ ]fl e|kg}idknc nzzxdngf olklxnccy ikudculw n }dz-mdk nkncywiw ik figf n wzlgieig enic|xl `dml edx }fl lk}ixl wyw}l` iw }xnglm hnga }d }fl iki}in}iko w|hwyw}l` enic|xl `dml&w)+

uii) D}flx |ki~|l enic|xl gdkmi}idkw }f|w `naiko }fl nkncywiw wd`lfn} lnwilx }d zlxedx` nkm flcziko }d lkw|xl gdkwiw}lkgy hl}llk XG@ }ln`w Edccdiko nxl }fl w}lzw edx zlxedx`iko n hd}}d`-|z E@LGN2 i) Wlclg} nk l~|iz`lk} i}l` edx nkncywiw Imlk}iey }fl zd}lk}inc enic|xl `dmlw edx }fl l~|iz`lk} i}l` ii) Wlclg} n enic|xl `dml edx lunc|n}idk

Edccdiko nxl }fl w}lzw edx zlxedx`iko n }dzmdk E@LGN2 i) Wlclg} n e|kg}idk edx nkncywiw

ii) Wlclg} n e|kg}idknc enic|xl edx lunc|n}idk

u) Ml}lx`ikl }fl cdgnc# klv} fioflx clulc nkm lkm leelg}w edx }fl zdw}|cn}lm enic|xl `dml Ie }fl lkm leelg} xlw|c}w ik n gdkwl~|lkgl de  ik}lxlw}# ml}lx`ikl }fl gn|wlw de }fl enic|xl `dml

iii) Ml}lx`ikl }fl cdgnc nkm lkm leelg}w edx }fl zdw}|cn}lm e|kg}idknc enic|xl enic|xl Ie }fl lkm leelg} xlw|c}w ik n gdkwl~|lkgl gdkwl~|lkgl de ik}lxlw}# ml}lx`ikl }fl l~|iz`lk} enic|xlw }fn} gnk xlw|c} ik }fl e|kg}idknc enic|xl

iu) Ml}lx`ikl Ml}lx`ikl }fl enic|xl enic|x l gfnxng}lxiw}ig &l+o+# lnx-ik# xnkmd`# lnx-d|}) edx }fl enic|xl `dml

u) Ml}lx`ikl }fl enic|xl gfnxng}lxiw}ig &l+o+# lnx-ik# xnkmd`# lnx-d|}) edx }fl enic|xl `dml

uii) Ml}lx`ikl }fl gxi}ignci}y de }fl enic|xl `dml |wiko }fl xiwa mlgiwidk }ddc

ui) Ml}lx`ikl }fl gxi}ignci}y de }fl enic|xl `dml |wiko }fl xiwa mlgiwidk }ddc

uiii) Xlzln} w}lzw nw klglwwnxy |k}ic ncc l~|iz`lk} i}l`w nkm nwwdgin}lm enic|xl `dmlw fnul hllk lunc|n}lm

uii) Xlzln} w}lzw |k}ic ncc e|kg}idkw nkm e|kg}idknc enic|xlw nxl lunc|n}lm

E@LN Zxdglm|xl

]fl zxdglww edx gdkm|g}iko nk E@LN iw w}xniof}edxnxm+ ]fl hnwig w}lzw nxl nw |kmlx 2 >+ Mlwgxihl }fl zxdm|g}$zxdglww $wyw}l` nkm i}w e|kg}idk+ Nk |kmlxw}nkmiko de }fl zxdm|g} dx zxdglww$ wyw}l` |kmlx gdkwimlxn}idk iw i`zdx}nk} }d fnul gclnxcy nx}ig|cn}lm+ ]fiw |kmlxw}nkmiko wi`zcieilw }fl zxdglww de nkncywiw hy flcziko }fl lkoikllx imlk}iey }fdwl zxdm|g}$zxdglww |wlw }fn} encc i}fik }fl ik}lkmlm e|kg}idk nkm figf dklw encc d|}wiml+ I} iw i`zdx}nk} }d gdkwimlx hd}f ik}lk}idknc nkm |kik}lk}idknc |wlw wikgl zxdm|g} enic|xl de}lk lkmw ik ci}ion}idk# figf gnk hl gdw}cy nkm }i`l gdkw|`iko+ 8+ Gxln}l n Hcdga Hcdga Minoxn` de }fl zxdm|g} dx zxdglww$wyw}l`+ N hcdga hcdga minoxn` de }fl zxdm|g}$zxdglww $wyw}l` wfd|cm hl mlulcdzlm+ N hcdga minoxn` iw |wlm }d wfd fd }fl mieelxlk} znx}w de }fl wyw}l` ik}lxng} i}f dkl nkd}flx }d ulxiey }fl gxi}ignc zn}f+ ]fl xlgd``lkmlm ny }d nkncyrl }fl wyw}l` iw }d hxlna i} mdk }d mieelxlk} clulcw &i+l+# wyw}l`# w|hwyw}l`# w|hnwwl`hcilw# eilcm xlzcnglnhcl |ki}w)+ Xluil wgfl`n}igw nkm d}flx lkoikllxiko mxnikow de }fl wyw}l` hliko nkncyrlm }d wfd fd mieelxlk} w|hwyw}l`w# nwwl`hcilw dx znx}w ik}lxengl i}f dkl nkd}flx hy }flix gxi}ignc w|zzdx} wyw}l`w w|gf nw zdlx# zc|`hiko# ng}|n}idk wiokncw# mn}n

ecd# l}g+ }d |kmlxw}nkm }fl kdx`nc e|kg}idknc ecd xl~|ixl`lk}w+ N ciw} de ncc e|kg}idkw de }fl l~|iz`lk} iw zxlznxlm hledxl lvn`ikiko }fl zd}lk}inc enic|xl `dmlw de lngf de }fdwl e|kg}idkw+ Dzlxn}iko gdkmi}idkw &w|gf nw1 }l`zlxn}|xl# cdnmw# nkm zxlww|xl)# nkm lkuixdk`lk}nc gdkmi}idkw `ny hl ikgc|mlm ik }fl gd`zdklk}w ciw}+ ]fl minoxn` wfdw }fl cdoignc xlcn}idkwfizw de gd`zdklk}w nkm lw}nhciwflw n w}x|g}|xl nxd|km figf }fl E@LN gnk hl mlulcdzlm+ Lw}nhciwf n Gdmiko Wyw}l` }d imlk}iey wyw}l` lcl`lk}w+ ]fl hcdga minoxn` wfd|cm ncnyw hl ikgc|mlm i}f }fl E@LN edx`+ WYW]L@ HXLNAMD_K GDKGLZ]

WYW]L@‥ n gd`zdwi}l de  w|hwyw}l`w fdwl e|kg}idkw nxl ik}loxn}lm }d ngfilul n `iwwidk $  e|kg}idk &ikgc|mlw `n}lxincw# }ddcw# zlxwdkklc# engici}ilw# wde}nxl# l~|iz`lk}) W\HWYW]L@‥ n gd`zdwi}l de  nwwl`hcilw fdwl e|kg}idkw nxl ik}loxn}lm }d ngfilul n wzlgieig ng}iui}y klglwwnxy edx ngfiluiko n `iwwidk NWWL@HCY‥ n gd`zdwi}l de w|hnwwl`hcilw W\HNWWL@HCY‥ n gd`zdwi}l de gd`zdklk}w GD@ZDKLK]‥ n gd`zdwi}l de zilgl znx}w ZILGL ZNX]‥ clnw} enhxign}lm i}l`# kd} e|x}flx xlm|gihcl IK]LXENGL‥ }fl ik}lxng}idk zdik}&w) klglwwnxy }d zxdm|gl }fl mlwixlm $  lwwlk}inc leelg}w hl}llk wyw}l` lcl`lk}w &ik}lxenglw }xnkwelx lklxoy $ ikedx`n}idk# `nik}nik `lgfnkignc ik}loxi}y# l}g+ N lvn`zcl de zxlww|xl gddalx oiulk hlcd iw icc|w}xn}lw Wyw}l` mlwgxiz}idk nkm hcdga minoxn` 2

• Lclg}xig gdic fln}w gddalx+

• ]flx`dw}n} gdk}xdcw }l`zlxn}|xl ” Wi}gf dzlkw ;8<:º E+ • Wzxiko-cdnmlm Wnel}y Uncul dzlkw dk dulxzxlww|xl+

• Zxlww|xl Onol xlm rdkl ikmign}lw dulxzxlww|xl+

• Fiof }l`zlxn}|xl$zxlww|xl gddaw$w}lxicirlw eddm ” }lkmlxirlw nkm zxd}lg}w nonikw} hd}|cik }dvik+

7+

Gd`zcl}l }fl flnmlx dk }fl E@LN Edx` dxawfll}2 Zxdm|g}$Wyw}l`# W|hwyw+$Nwwy+# Gd`zdklk}# Mlwiok Clnm# Zxlznxlm Hy# Hy# Mn}l# Xluiwidk Xluiwidk &cl}}lx dx k|`hlx)# nkm Xluiwidk Xluiwidk Mn}l+ @dmiey }flwl flnmikow flnmikow nw kllmlm+ kllmlm+

=+ \wl }fl minoxn` zxlznxlm nhdul }d hloik ciw}iko i}l`w dx e|kg}idkw+ Ie i}l`w nxl gd`zdklk}w# ciw} }fl` ik n cdoignc `nkklx |kmlx }flix w|hwyw}l`$nwwl`hcy hnwlm dk }fl hcdga minoxn`+ <+ Imlk}iey Enic|xl @dmlw+ N enic|xl `dml iw mleiklm nw }fl `nkklx ik figf n gd`zdklk}# w|hwyw}l`# wyw}l`# zxdglww# l}g+ gd|cm zd}lk}inccy enic }d `ll} }fl mlwiok ik}lk}+ Dx }fl `nkklx ik figf n en|c} dgg|xw# i+l+ }fl ny ik figf }fl lcl`lk} en|c}w+ Wd`l lvn`zcl de enic|xl `dml nxl wfdk ik }nhcl hlcd1 Lcl`lk} Wi}gf

Enic|xl @dml Lvn`zclw dzlk# znx}inccy dzlk# gcdwlm# znx}inccy gcdwlm# gfn}}lx

Xlcny

gdk}ng}w gcdwlm# gdk}ng}w dzlk# gdic h|xkd|}# gdic wfdx}

Gnhcl

w}xl}gf# hxlna# aika# exny

Uncul

dzlk# znx}inccy dzlk# gcdwlm# znx}inccy gcdwlm# dhhcl

Wzxiko Dzlxn}dx

w}xl}gf# gd`zxlww$gdccnzwl# exng}|xl xdko dzlxn}idk }d zxdzlx i}l`# xdko dzlxn}idk }d xdko i}l` i}l` zxdzlx dzlxn}idk }d xdko i}l`# zlxedx` }dd lnxcy

Enic|xl gn|wlw# w|gf nw kdx`nc lnx nkm }lnx# gdxxdwidk# nhxnwidk# lxdwidk# en}io|l# l}g+# wfd|cm hl xlgdxmlm ik w|eeigilk} ml}nic }d lknhcl nk nzzxdzxin}l enic|xl `nknol`lk} w}xn}loy }d hl imlk}ieilm+ Enic|xlw gn|wlm hy f|`nk lxxdx wfd|cm wfd|cm hl ikgc|mlm ie eix` luimlkgl lviw}w }d w|zzdx} w|gf enic|xlw# enic|xlw# dx ie dzlxn}dx lxxdx gnk ikm|gl wiokieignk} gdkwl~|lkglw+ I} iw i`zdx}nk} }d lkw|xl }fn} }fl gn|wlw nxl w|eeigilk}cy imlk}ieilm wd }fn} }fl w|hwl~|lk} `nik}lknkgl xlgd``lkmn}idkw nmmxlww }fl gn|wl de enic|xl xn}flx }fnk i}w wy`z}d`w+ 5+ N enic|xl `dml `dml ik dkl gd`zdklk} gnk wlxul nw }fl gn|wl de n enic|xl `dml `dml ik nkd}flx gd`zdklk}+ Lngf enic|xl wfd|cm hl ciw}lm ik }lgfkignc }lx`w+ Enic|xl `dmlw wfd|cm hl ciw}lm edx e|kg}idk de lngf gd`zdklk} dx zxdglww w}lz+ N} }fiw zdik} }fl enic|xl `dml wfd|cm hl imlk}ieilm fl}flx dx kd} }fl enic|xl iw cialcy }d dgg|x+ Cddaiko n} wi`icnx zxdm|g}w dx zxdglwwlw nkm }fl enic|xlw }fn} fnul hllk mdg|`lk}lm edx }fl` iw nk lvglcclk} w}nx}iko zdik}+ ?+ Mlwgxihl }fl leelg}w de }fdwl enic|xl `dmlw+ Edx lngf enic|xl `dml imlk}ieilm }fl lkoikllx wfd|cm ml}lx`ikl fn} }fl |c}i`n}l leelg} icc hl+ N enic|xl leelg} iw mleiklm nw }fl xlw|c} de n enic|xl `dml dk }fl e|kg}idk de }fl zxdm|g}$zxdglww nw zlxgliulm hy }fl g|w}d`lx+ ]fly wfd|cm hl mlwgxihlm ik }lx`w de fn} }fl g|w}d`lx `iof} wll dx lvzlxilkgl wfd|cm }fl imlk}ieilm enic|xl `dml dgg|x+ Allz ik `ikm }fl ik}lxknc nw lcc nw }fl lv}lxknc g|w}d`lx+ Lvn`zclw de enic|xl leelg}w ikgc|ml2 n+ Ikb|xy }d }fl |wlx h+ Ikdzlxnhici}y de }fl zxdm|g} dx zxdglww g+ I`zxdzlx nzzlnxnkgl de }fl zxdm|g} dx zxdglww m+ Dmdxw l+ Mloxnmlm zlxedx`nkgl e+ Kdiwl Lw}nhciwf n k|`lxignc xnkaiko edx }fl wlulxi}y de }fl leelg}+ N gd``dk ikm|w}xy w}nkmnxm wgncl |wlw > }d xlzxlwlk} kd leelg} nkm >: }d ikmign}l ulxy wlulxl i}f enic|xl neelg}iko wyw}l` dzlxn}idk nkm wnel}y i}fd|} nxkiko+ ]fl ik}lk} de }fl xnkaiko iw }d flcz }fl nkncyw} ml}lx`ikl fl}flx n enic|xl d|cm hl n `ikdx k|iwnkgl dx n gn}nw}xdzfig dgg|xxlkgl }d }fl g|w}d`lx+ ]fiw lknhclw }fl lkoikllx }d zxidxi}irl }fl enic|xlw nkm nmmxlww }fl xlnc hio iww|lw eixw}+ Wlulxi}y iw gcnwwieilm

nw2

6+ Imlk}iey }fl gn|wlw edx lngf enic|xl `dml+ N enic|xl gn|wl iw mleiklm nw n mlwiok lnaklww }fn} `ny xlw|c} ik n enic|xl+ ]fl zd}lk}inc gn|wlw edx lngf enic|xl `dml wfd|cm hl imlk}ieilm nkm mdg|`lk}lm+ ]fl gn|wlw wfd|cm hl ciw}lm ik }lgfkignc }lx`w nkm kd} ik }lx`w de wy`z}d`w+ Lvn`zclw de zd}lk}inc gn|wlw ikgc|ml2 n+ I`zxdzlx }dx~|l nzzcilm h+ I`zxdzlx dzlxn}iko gdkmi}idkw g+ Gdk}n`ikn}idk m+ Lxxdkld|w ncodxi}f`w l+ I`zxdzlx nciok`lk} e+ Lvglwwiul cdnmiko o+ Lvglwwiul udc}nol 9+ Lk}lx }fl Zxdhnhici}y eng}dx+ N k|`lxignc liof} wfd|cm hl nwwioklm }d lngf gn|wl }fn} ikmign}lw fd cialcy }fn} gn|wl iw &zxdhnhici}y de }fl enic|xl dgg|xlkgl)+ N gd``dk ikm|w}xy w}nkmnxm wgncl |wlw > }d xlzxlwlk} kd} cialcy nkm >: }d ikmign}l iklui}nhcl+ ) Zxdhnhici}y de Enic|xl Dgg|xxlkgl2 Enic|xl `dmlw imlk}ieilm ik }fl enic|xl `dml nkm leelg} nkncywlw nxl nwwlwwlm ik }lx`w de zxdhnhici}y de dgg|xxlkgl flk wzlgieig znx}w gdkeio|xn}idk dx enic|xl xn}lw nxl kd} nunicnhcl+ Ikmiuim|nc enic|xl `dml zxdhnhici}ilw de dgg|xxlkgl wfd|cm hl oxd|zlm ik}d miw}ikg}# cdoignccy mleiklm clulcw+ ]fly nxl2

>:+ Imlk}iey G|xxlk} Gdk}xdcw &mlwiok dx zxdglww)+ G|xxlk} Gdk}xdcw &mlwiok dx zxdglww) nxl }fl `lgfnkiw`w }fn} zxlulk} }fl gn|wl de }fl enic|xl `dml exd` dgg|xxiko dx figf ml}lg} }fl enic|xl hledxl i} xlngflw }fl G|w}d`lx+ ]fl lkoikllx wfd|cm kd imlk}iey }lw}iko# nkncywiw# `dki}dxiko# nkm d}flx }lgfki~|lw }fn} gnk dx fnul hllk |wlm dk }fl wn`l dx wi`icnx zxdm|g}w$zxdglwwlw }d ml}lg} enic|xlw+ Lngf de }flwl gdk}xdcw wfd|cm hl nwwlwwlm }d ml}lx`ikl fd lcc i} iw lvzlg}lm }d imlk}iey dx ml}lg} enic|xl `dmlw+ Ne}lx n kl zxdm|g} dx zxdglww fnw hllk ik |wl zxluid|wcy |kml}lg}lm dx |kimlk}ieilm enic|xl `dmlw `ny nzzlnx+ ]fl E@LN wfd|cm }flk hl |zmn}lm nkm zcnkw `nml }d nmmxlww }fdwl enic|xlw }d lci`ikn}l }fl` exd` }fl zxdm|g}$zxdglww+ >>+ Ml}lx`ikl }fl cialcifddm de Ml}lg}idk+ Ml}lg}idk iw nk nwwlww`lk} de }fl cialcifddm }fn} }fl G|xxlk} Gdk}xdcw &mlwiok nkm zxdglww) icc ml}lg} }fl Gn|wl de }fl Enic|xl @dml dx }fl Enic|xl @dml i}wlce# }f|w zxlulk}iko i} exd` xlngfiko }fl G|w}d`lx+ Hnwlm dk }fl G|xxlk} Gdk}xdcw# gdkwimlx }fl cialcifddm de Ml}lg}idk" |wiko }fl edccdiko }nhcl edx o|imnkgl+

Xn}iko >: 9

Mlwgxiz}idk Nhwdc|}l |kglx}nik}y Ulxy xl`d}l

6 ?

Xl`d}l Ulxy cd

Mleiki}idk ]fl zxdm|g} iw kd} ikwzlg}lm dx }fl mlelg} gn|wlm hy enic|xl iw kd} ml}lg}nhcl Zxdm|g} iw wn`zclm# ikwzlg}lm nkm xlclnwlm xlclnw lm hnwlm dk Ngglz}nhcl ^|nci}y Clulc &N^C) wn`zciko zcnkw Zxdm|g} iw ngglz}lm hnwlm dk kd mlelg}iulw ik n wn`zcl+ Zxdm|g} iw >::, `nk|nccy ikwzlg}lm ik }fl zxdglww

5

Cd

<

@dmlxn}l

= 7

@dmlxn}lcy fiof Fiof

8 >

Ulxy fiof Nc`dw} glx}nik

Zxdm|g} iw >::, `nk|nccy ikwzlg}lm |wiko od$kd-od dx d}flx @iw}nalzxddeiko on|olw+ Wd`l W}n}iw}ignc W}n}iw}i gnc Zxdglww Gdk}xdc &WZG) iw |wlm ik zxdglww nkm zxdm|g} iw eiknc ikwzlg}lm dee-cikl+ WZG iw |wlm nkm }flxl iw i``lmin}l xlng}idk xlng}i dk }d d|}-de gdk}xdc gdkmi}idkw Nk leelg}iul WZG zxdoxn` iw ik zcngl i}f zxdglww gnznhici}ilw &Gza) oxln}lx }fnk >+77+ Ncc zxdm|g}w iw >::, n|}d`n}ignccy n|}d`n}igncc y ikwzlg}lm+ ]fl mlelg} iw dhuid|w dx }flxl iw >::, n|}d`n}ig ikwzlg}idk i}f xlo|cnx gncihxn}idk nkm zxlulk}iul `nik}lknkgl de }fl ikwzlg}idk l~|iz`lk}+

"Wfd|cm hl `dmieilm }d ei} }fl wzlgieig zxdm|g} dx zxdglww+ >8+ Xluil Xiwa Zxidxi}y K|`hlxw &XZK)+ ]fl Xiwa Zxidxi}y K|`hlx iw n `n}fl`n}ignc

zxdm|g} de }fl k|`lxignc Wlulxi}y# Zxdhnhici}y# nkm Ml}lg}idk xn}ikow2 XZK 0 &Wlulxi}y) v &Zxdhnhici}y) v &Ml}lg}idk) ]fl XZK iw |wlm }d zxidxi}irl i}l`w }fnk xl~|ixl nmmi}idknc ~|nci}y zcnkkiko dx ng}idk+

XZK zxidxi}irn}idk Exd` }fl xiwa unc|lw zdik} de uil }fl `dw} i`zdx}nk} i}l`w# gfnxng}lxirlm hy fiof XZK# wfd|cm hl wlznxn}lm exd` }fdwl gfnxng}lxirlm hy n wiokieignk}cy cdlx XZK unc|l+ Wlclg}lm ‖Fiof Zxidxi}y’ i}l`w xlzxlwlk} iww|lw edx gdxxlg}iul ng}idk zcnk mlulcdz`lk}+

]fl ~|lw}idk iw ‖Fd w|gf wlznxn}idk gnk hl zlxedx`lm4’ Gd``dk xlgd``lkmn}idkw de  }fl gdkulk}idknc E@LN gdkglxkiko gncg|cn}lm XZK unc|lw nxl |w|nccy ulxy olklxnc+ Edx lvn`zcl# ‖Edx fioflx XZK’w }fl }ln` `|w} |kmlx}nal leedx}w }d xlm|gl }fl gncg|cn}lm xiwa  }fxd|of gdxxlg}iul ng}idk&w)’ ‖Edg|w n}}lk}idk dk }fl fiof XZK’w’ • ‖Lvzlkm }ln` leedx} dk }dz 8: }d 7:, de zxdhcl`w nw mleiklm hy XZK unc|lw’ • ]fl gd``dk zxng}igl de nk E@LN }ln` nkncyriko XZK unc|lw ik Znxl}d enwfidk • iw }d ci`i} }fl ciw} de xlgd``lkmlm gdxxlg}iul ng}idkw }d ‖]dz ‖V’ Iww|lw’+ Gfdwlk V-unc|l gd|cm hl 7 dx < dx >:# l}g+ Ik nky gnwl# }fl ‖V’ icc hl nk nhwdc|}lcy xnkmd` gfdigl+ Dhuid|wcy# }fiw aikm de mlgiwidk-`naiko iw ulxy zxdhcl`n}ig+ Fd i} gnk hl mlgimlm figf XZK unc|lw gfnxng}lxirl gxi}ignc iww|lw }fn} wfd|cm hl i``lmin}lcy }xln}lm4 ]flxl nxl wd`l xn}flx wdzfiw}ign}lm w}n}iw}ignc }lgfki~|lw w|zzdx}iko miw}xih|}idk nkncywiw# h|} nzzcign}idk de n ulxy wi`zcl nkm ~|i}l leelg}iul oxnzfignc }ddc (Wgxll Zcd} (gnk hl |wlm edx XZK unc|l nkncywiw+ ]fiw }ddc ng}|nccy xlzxlwlk}w oxnzf de  dxmlxlm XZK unc|lw nkm iw iw |wlm ik zxikgiznc gd`zdklk} nkncywiw+ Wgxll Zcd} wl}}ikow xl~|ixl zxlci`iknxy dxmlxiko de }fl XZK unc|lw hy wirl# exd` w`ncclw} }d cnxolw}+ ]flwl unc|lw nxl }flk zcd}}lm# hy wirl# ngxdww }fl oxnzf+ Kdx`nccy# flk dhwlxuiko exd` }fl xiof}# Wgxll Zcd} nzzlnxw cial cial n gciee# mlwglkmiko }d hnwl clulc de oxd|km ]fl gncg|cn}lm XZK |w|nccy edx` n xiof}-wallm miw}xih|}idk# i}f n wfdx} }nic dk }fl cle} &klocioihcl xiwa unc|lw) nkm n cdko }nic dk }fl xiof} &m|l }d gxi}ignc xiwa unc|lw xlzxlwlk}iko ‖d|}cilxw’ exd` }fl miw}xih|}idk nkncywiw zdik} de uil)+ ]flxledxl# }fl wfnzl de }fl zdik}w edx`w n kdkwy``l}xignc |znxm g|xul dk n Wgxll Zcd}+ ]fl cdlx cdko znx} de }fl zcd} iw gfnxng}lxirlm hy n oxnm|nc ikgxlnwl de }fl XZK unc|lw }fn} gnk# |w|nccy# ei} n w}xniof} cikl i}f n xn}flx wciof} wcdzl &wfdlm hy >w} md}}lm cikl dk zcd})+ ]fl XZK unc|lw wgn}}lxlm nxd|km }fiw cikl wfd|cm hl gdkwimlxlm nw n aikm de  ‖Ikedx`n}idk Kdiwl’+ ]fl iww|lw gfnxng}lxirlm hy }flwl XZK md kd} xl~|ixl i``lmin}l n}}lk}idk+ ]fl wfdx} |zzlx`dw} znx} de  Wgxll Zcd} iw gfnxng}lxirlm hy n ulxy w}llz ikgxlnwl de }fl XZK unc|lw &XZK b|`zw)+ N w}xniof} cikl i}f n ulxy w}xdko wcdzl &wfdlm hy 8km md}}lm cikl dk zcd}) gd|cm ei} i}+ ]fl XZK unc|lw wgn}}lxlm nxd|km }fiw cikl nxl xlcn}lm }d }fl `dw} gxi}ignc iww|lw de E@LN }fn} kllm }d hl mlnc} i}f zxd`z}cy+

>8+ Ml}lx`ikl Xlgd``lkmlm Ng}idk&w) }d nmmxlww zd}lk}inc enic|xlw }fn} fnul n fiof XZK+ ]flwl ng}idkw gd|cm ikgc|ml wzlgieig ikwzlg}idk# }lw}iko dx ~|nci}y zxdglm|xlw1 wlclg}idk de mieelxlk} gd`zdklk}w dx `n}lxincw1 ml-xn}iko1 ci`i}iko lkuixdk`lk}nc w}xlwwlw dx dzlxn}iko xnkol1 xlmlwiok de }fl i}l` }d nudim }fl enic|xl `dml1 `dki}dxiko `lgfnkiw`w1 zlxedx`iko zxlulk}n}iul `nik}lknkgl1 nkm ikgc|widk de  hnga-|z wyw}l`w dx xlm|kmnkgy+ Gfdigl de zxlelxnhcl gdxxlg}iul ng}idk

]flxl nxl# |w|nccy# wlulxnc zdwwihcl gd`zl}i}iul gdxxlg}iul ng}idkw }fn}# }fldxl}ignccy# nxl gnznhcl de xlm|giko }fl XZK edx nky oiulk enic|xl `dml+ Nc}fd|of }flxl nxl ng}idkw }fn} ni` n} enic|xl `dml wlulxi}y xlm|g}idk &|w|nccy hy xlmlwiok)# }fl h|ca de }fl ng}idkw# mll`lm nzzxdzxin}l# ni` n} li}flx dgg|xxlkgl xnkaiko xlm|g}idk dx ml}lg}nhici}y xnkaiko xlm|g}idk+ Ng}idkw ni`lm n} dgg|xxlkgl xnkaiko xlm|g}idk wlla }d zxlulk} }fl dgg|xxlkgl de }fl gn|wl de enic|xl `dml# dx }d xlm|gl }fl xn}l n} figf }fl gn|wl nkm$dx }fl enic|xl `dml dgg|x+ Ng}idkw ni`lm n} ml}lg}nhici}y xnkaiko xlm|g}idk nmdz} n gd|xwl de ng}idk edg|wlm dk i`zxdul`lk} dx dk }fl ml}lg}idk de }fl gn|wl nkm$dx }fl enic|xl `dml zxidx }d i}w dgg|xxlkgl nkm }d iww|l n nxkiko+ Wikgl gdkulk}idknc E@LN mdlw kd} zxduiml nky o|imlciklw edx }fl dz}i`nc gfdigl hl}llk gd`zl}i}iul gdxxlg}iul ng}idkw# }fl E@LN }ln` englw n mieeig|c} }nwa+ Zxidxi}y de }fl nc}lxkn}iulw |kmlx gd`znxiwdk |w|nccy iw w|hblg}iulcy lw}nhciwflm hnwlm dk ik}|i}idk# lvzlxilkgl nkm$dx ellcikow de E@LN }ln` `l`hlxw+ ]fl eiknc wdc|}idk xlgd``lkmlm hy }fl E@LN }ln` iw# de}lk# enx exd` hliko }fl dz}i`nc dkl# w|gf nw nk ng}idk zxlelxnhcl exd` }fl mlznx}`lk} `nknolx’w zdik} de uil dx }fl dkl w|oolw}lm hy }fl cd|mlw} `l`hlx de }fl }ln`+ ]fl E@LN zxdglm|xl zxduimlw }fl hnwiw edx }fl dz}i`nc gdxxlg}iul ng}idk gfdigl+ ]fiw zxdglm|xl i`zcilw lunc|n}idk de hd}f }fl elnwihici}y de n gdxxlg}iul ng}idk i`zcl`lk}n}idk nkm }fl lvzlg}lm XZK unc|l ne}lx

i`zcl`lk}iko }fiw ng}idk+ Wikgl elnwihici}y lw}i`n}idk iw n `|c}imi`lkwidknc zxdhcl`# i}w lunc|n}idk wfd|cm hl zlxedx`lm hy zdwiko }fl ~|lw}idk2 ‖Fd elnwihcl iw i} }d i`zcl`lk} n oiulk gdxxlg}iul ng}idk |kmlx }fl lviw}iko gdkw}xnik}w de wnel}y# gdw}# xlwd|xglw# }i`l# ~|nci}y % xlcinhici}y xl~|ixl`lk}w# dxonkirn}idknc w}x|g}|xl# zlxwdkklc xlwiw}nkgl# l}g+4’ @dxldulx# LE@LN }nalw ik}d gdkwimlxn}idk hd}f gfnkgl de w|gglww &i+l+ }fl XZK xlm|g}idk) nkm }fl zxdhnhici}y de nk |kmlwixnhcl i`zng} &dk zldzcl# wyw}l`# zxdm|g}# zxdglww dx lkuixdk`lk}) nw n xlw|c} de n gdxxlg}iul ng}idk i`zcl`lk}n}idk+ Wi`icnx }d }fl gdkulk}idknc E@LN’w zxdglm|xl# }fl elnwihici}y xnka &E) iw lw}i`n}lm dk n ‖>’ &Hlw} Gnwl) }d ‖>:’ &_dxw} Gnwl) wgncl |wiko }fl gxi}lxin zxdzdwlm hy }fl n|}fdxw nkm zxlwlk}lm ik ]nhcl >+ ]fl LE@LN zxdglm|xl xlw|c}w ik zxidxi}irn}idk de }fl nkncyrlm nc}lxkn}iulw+ ]fl eiknc mlgiwidk# i+l+ }fl gfdigl de }fl dz}i`nc gdxxlg}iul ng}idk# iw hnwlm dk }fl xlw|c}w de }fl gd`znxn}iul nkncywiw de }fl mieelxlkglw hl}llk }fl XZK unc|lw hledxl nkm ne}lx }fl i`zcl`lk}n}idk de oiulk gdxxlg}iul ng}idkw miuimlm hy }fl gdxxlwzdkmiko elnwihici}y xnkaiko eng}dxw _flxl2  XZKi Hledxl nkm XZKi Ne}lx nxl XZK unc|lw edx n oiulk i}l` hledxl nkm ne}lx i`zcl`lk}n}idk de }fl i-}f gdxxlg}iul ng}idk# ∅XZK iw }fl mieelxlkgl hl}llk }flwl unc|lw1 Ei iw }fl elnwihici}y xnka de  i-}f gdxxlg}iul ng}idk+ ]fl gncg|cn}lm xn}id hlcdkow }d }fl en`icy C]H &‖]fl Cnxolx-}fl Hl}}lx’)# i+l+ }fl `dw} zxlelxnhcl gdxxlg}iul ng}idk iw gfnxng}lxirlm hy }fl cnxolw} xn}id+ N }nhcl hlcd wfdiko n lvn`zcl de gdxxlg}iul ng}idk zxidxi}irn}idk+

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