PRELIMINERY REPORT “WATERSHED MANAGEMENT OF WATERSHED FOR DRAINS CONNECTING BAD VILLAGE TO YAMUNA RIVER AT ALIPUR VILLAGE”
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING HINDUSTAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, MATHURA
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF Mr. Rajvir Singh Jurel (Sr. Faculty)
Project Members:-
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1. ANIL PATEL
(0706400014)
2. ANKUR GUPTA
(0706400017)
3. ANUJ AGARWAL
(0706400020)
4. NIKITA JAIN
(0706400059)
5. APARNA VERMA
(0706400022)
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6. PARAMHANS SINGH (0606400067)
CERTIFICATE
This is certified to be the bonafide work of the students:1. Anil Patel
(0706400014)
2. Ankur Gupta
(0706400017)
3. Anuj Agarwal
(0706400020)
4. Nikita Jain
(0706400059)
5. Aparna Verma
(0706400022)
6. Paramhans Singh
(0606400067)
In the watershed management project during the academic year 2010-11.
Project Guide Mr. Rajvir Singh Jurel Page
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(Sr. Faculty) Deptt. Of Civil Engineering.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many may think it foolhardy for a group to attempt to practically. Howe ever, my group have made it possible to enlist the criticism and advice of a number of civil engineers, environmental engineers, and field experts for this project. To them, I owe a great deal, for kind encouragement and sometimes deservedly blunt criticism, but also for the insight and perspective that only the real expert can convey. It is perhaps inevitable that some errors of fact, interpretation, or emphasis will be found, but we trust no one will attribute these to anyone. I am also grateful to our colleagues and Department of Civil Engineering of our college. We also owe a great deal to MR. RAJVIR SINGH JUREL (project Guide) who taught us whatever I have learned about this project. I am particularly indebted for invaluable help with proof reading, indexing, checking of problem, and collection of data and reference. Finally, we want to express our deep appreciation to MR. M. Z. AHMAD (HOD, Civil Engg. department) who patiently endured the many weekends and evening that were to devoted to research and who gave encouragement when it was needed.
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CONTENT 1. Introduction 1.1 History 1.2 What is watershed? 1.2.1 Types of watershed 1.2.1.1Based on hydrology 1.2.1.2 Based on drainage divides 1.2.1.3 Based on size of catchment area 1.2.2 Significance of Watershed 1.2.3 Characteristics or parameters of watershed 1.3 What is Watershed management?
2. Objective of Project 3. Project area Detail 3.1 Mathura District at a glance 3.2 Farah Block at a glance 3.3 Bad Area at glance
4. Necessity of the Project 5. Hydrology and Ground water Potential of project Area 6. Calculation of Runoff 7. References
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7.1 Books 7.1 Websites 8. Enclosure
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
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1. Hydrological Cycle
6
2. Watershed
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3. Rainfall Pattern in the state
13
4. Satellite view of Project Area
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5. Figure Showing Runoff
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1. Introduction Watershed is defined as a geohydrological unit draining to a common point by a system of drains. All lands on earth are part of one watershed or other. Watershed is thus the land and water area, which contributes runoff to a common point. In other words watershed is a topographically delineated area draining into a single channel. Watershed is considered as a biological, physical, economic and social system too. Viewed in another angle watershed is a natural unit of land, which collects water and drains through a common point by a system of drains. Hence it comprise of a Catchment area (Recharge Zone), a Command area (Transition Zone) and a Delta area (Discharge Zone). Therefore watershed is the area encompassing the Catchment, command and delta area of a stream. The topmost portion of the watershed is known as the “ridge” and a line joining the ridge portions along the boundary of the watershed is called a “ridgeline”. A watershed is thus a logical unit for planning optimal development of its soil, water and biomass resources.
1.1 History Quantity of water on earth is fixed; which is estimated as 1,38,550 Billion hectare meter, out of which only 3750 Billion hectare meter is fresh water, which is 2.70 % of the total amount of water. Even out of this 2.7% of fresh water about 2.03% is contained as polar ice and glaciers, and only 0.61% is ground water. Out of this 0.61% ground water the exploitable ground water up to 800m depth below ground is only 0.27%.
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1.2.1 What is Watershed?
The term watershed is used (especially in North America and Europe) to indicate an area of land from which all water falling as rain or snow would flow toward a single point. This includes both surface water flow, such as rivers, streams and creeks, and the underground movement of water. The boundaries and the area of such a watershed are determined by first specifying geographic point on land. A line is then drawn which connects all of the points of highest elevation immediately adjacent to that point. The watershed area would be the land area within those boundaries. The watershed of the Amazon River would include all of the tributaries that flow into it so it would actually contain several hundred smaller watersheds. The watershed is thus defined hydrologically, that is, by the specific river or stream. Watershed and drainage basin or catchment are used synonymously and all of them refer to the area of land drained by a river system.
1.2.1 Types of watershed: 1.2.1.1 Based on Hydrology: Page
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Three hydrological types of watershed can be distinguished: •
Exorheic watershed, which empty to the sea and represent the major part of the drainage of all of the continents except Australia.
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Endorheic watershed, which discharge inland, into closed lake basins, and are mainly (but not exclusively) restricted to the arid and semi-arid regions.
•
Arheic regions, which is the region within which no rivers arise (the lower part of the Nile, Oranje and Niger, all in Africa, are a good examples of this category of basin).
1.2.1.2 Based on Drainage Divide: When studying a watershed's drainage divides, there are generally three different classifications used to describe them. • The first is the continental divide. Water on each side of these flows into different oceans. • The second is called a major drainage divide. In this situation, waters on each side of the boundaries do not meet via the same river or stream, but they do reach the same ocean. For example, there is a drainage divide between the Yellow River (Huang He) basin and the Yangtze River in China but both have the same outlet. • The final type of drainage divide is called a minor drainage divide. In these, waters separate at the divide but later rejoin. An example of this situation is shown with the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers
1.2.1.3 Based on Size of Catchment Area:
Watershed (ha) 50,000-2,00,000 10,000-50,000 1,000-10,000 100-1,000 10-100
Classification Watershed Sub-watershed Milli- watershed Micro-watershed Mini-watershed
1.2.2 Significance of Watershed:
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•
•
These features are all important when studying watersheds because watersheds themselves are significant to areas worldwide as people depend on water. It is the watershed that provides drinking water, as well as water for recreation, irrigation and industrial activities. Watersheds are also significant for plants and animals as they provide food and water. By studying the key watershed features in addition to activities along waterways scientists, other researchers and city governments can work to keep them healthy because a small change in one portion of a watershed can drastically affect other parts.
1.2.3 Characteristics of Watershed: •
All characteristics affect the disposal of water.
•
SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received, retained, drained off.
•
SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like geology and structure, e.g. pear, elongated etc.
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PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical disposition.
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SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement:
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CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach.
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DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and so the erosion behavior.
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VEGETATION: Information of species gives a sure ground for selection plants and crops.
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GEOLOGY AND SOILS: Their nature determines size, shape, physiographic, drainage and groundwater conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to greenery
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HYDROLOGY: Basic to final goal of growing greenery in a watershed. It helps in quantification of water available.
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HYDROGEOLOGY: Availability of groundwater.
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SOCIOECONOMICS: Statistics on people and their health, hygiene, wants and wishes are important in managing water.
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1.4 What is Watershed Management? A watershed is an area of land that drains into a common water body, such as a river or lake. A watershed can also be also known as a basin or a catchment. A watershed is an ecosystem with complex interacting natural components. Human activities have a direct influence on the quality and quantity of surface water, groundwater and other natural resources in the watershed. Upstream activities influence river flows and water quality downstream. Surface and groundwater systems have a limited tolerance for stress, and long term problems can develop that are costly and difficult to remediate. By its very nature, watershed management must be integrated and address both water and the related land resources that affect or are affected by water. Water includes floods and droughts, surface water and groundwater, water supply and water quality. Related land resources include streams, wetlands, forests, soil, fisheries, flora and fauna. The premise that “everything is connected to everything else” lies at the heart of watershed management. By understanding the natural functions of a watershed before change Occurs, harmful impacts on the system can be identified so that prevention, remediation, or improvements can be incorporated into management plans. Watershed management is not so much about managing natural resources, but about managing human Activity as it affects these resources. The drainage area of the river provides the natural boundary for managing and mitigating human and environmental interactions. Because human activity includes actions by Governments, municipalities, industries, and landowners, watershed management must be a cooperative effort. Effective watershed management can prevent community water shortages, poor water quality, flooding and erosion. The expense of undertaking watershed management is far less than the cost of future remediation. • It involves management of land, water, energy and greenery integrating all the relevant approaches appropriate to socioeconomic background for a pragmatic development of a watershed. •
Greening of the watershed through proper management of land water and energy resource.
2. Objective of Project: To plan available surface and ground water in such a way so that maximum surface water is utilized in the watershed itself and exploitation of ground water is done in such a way so that there is no appreciable trend of rise and fall of ground water table.
3. Project area Detail: 3.1 Mathura District at a glance: Page
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3.1.1 General Features: •
Location
: 27˚ 15’, 27˚59’N : 77˚15’, 77˚53’ E
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Geographical Area
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Administrative division
: 3329.40 Sq. Km. Tehsil
:3
Block
: 10
3.1.2 Climatology: •
Average annual rainfall
: 620 mm
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Maximum Temperature
: 45˚C
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Minimum Temperature
: 1.5˚C
3.1.3 Land use: •
Total Forest area
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Net Sown Area
: 2677730 Ham.
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Single Crop Area
: 137601 Ham.
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Total Irrigated Area
: 1479 Ham.
Canal Irrigation
•
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: 103306 Ham.
Tube Wells (Pvt. & Govt.)
: 155469 Ham.
Open wells
: 21 Ham.
Other Sources
: 911 Ham.
Ground water Resources: Ground Availability
: 99041.30 Ham.
Present Utilization
: 62258.80 Ham.
Level of Development
: 76.81%
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3.2 Farah block at a glance:
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Area
: 272.20 Sq. Km.
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Population
: 99374
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Average annual rainfall
: 620 mm
3.3 Bad Area at a glance:
3.3.1
General Features: •
Location
: 27˚24’16.37”N, 77˚43’00”E
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Geographical Area
: 7717500 meter2
3.3.1
Climatology : •
Average annual rainfall
: 620mm
•
Maximum Temperature
: 45˚C
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Minimum Temperature
: 2˚C
3.3.1 Land Use :
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•
Total Forest Area
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Net Sown Area
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Single Crop Area
: : W A T E R S H E D
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Total Irrigated Area
:
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Canal Irrigation
:
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Tube wells (Pvt. & Govt.)
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Open wells
:
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Other Sources
:
3.3.1
:
Ground Water Resources: •
Ground water Availability
:
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Present Utilization
:
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Level of Development
:
4. Necessity of the Project:
5. Hydrology & Ground water potential of Project Area: 5.1 Depth of Water Table 5.2 Ground water flow Regime
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**CON
: 5.60-5.98 m
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5.3 Water Table fluctuation 5.4 Deeper Aquifers
6. Calculation of Runoff: 6.1. RUN OFF: The runoff of a catchment area in any specified period is the total quantity of water draining into a stream or into a reservoir in that period. This can be expressed as cm of water over a catchment or total water in cum for given catchment.
OR Runoff (RO) is the total amount of water flowing into a stream, or the sum of direct runoff and base flow. To determine the amount of annual runoff, subtract the amount of annual evapotranspiration from the annual amount of precipitation. Precipitation - Evapotranspiration= Runoff (RO) RO = DRO + BF
or RO = OF + SOF + IF + BF
From here, runoff can be divided into two successively smaller subcategories:
Direct Runoff (DRO) is the sum of surface runoff and interflow. DRO = SRO + IF
or DRO = OF+ SOF + IF
Surface Runoff (SRO) is the sum of overland flow and saturation excess overland flow. SRO = OF + SOF
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The rainfall is disposed off in following manner(i)
Basin recharge
(ii)
Direct run off (or run off)
(iii)
Percolation to ground water
(iv)
Evaporation
(i) Basin Recharge – (a)
Rain intercepted by trees & Plants
(b)
Depression storage
(c)
Hygroscopic water (moisture held by capillary water in pore
Spaces of soil) (ii) Direct run off – The water which reaches the stream just after rain fall. It consists of (a)
Surface flow
(b)
Inter flow •
Surface flow is the portion of water that travels across the ground surface to meet nearest stream.
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•
Interflow is the part of rainfall which infilters the ground and moves laterally through upper crust and reaches the nearest stream.
(iii) Percolation of ground water (Base flow) The water which percolates deep down ward to meet ground water Table is called base flow. (iv) Evaporation – The rain fall which is converted into vapour and go back to atmosphere is called evaporation. 2. Types of stream – There are two types of stream. (a) Influent stream – which recharges the ground water by means of infiltration. (b) Effluent stream – which gets water from ground water. 3. Factors affecting Runoff – The main factors affecting the flow from a catchment area are(a) Precipitation characteristics-intensity duration of rain fall. (b) Shape and size of the catchment-fan shaped more run off at a time, fern leaf reduced discharge long time. (c) Topography, slope, surface smooth or rugged. d) Geological characteristics – soil, subsoil permeability. (e) Meteorological characteristics – Temp, wind velocity (f) Characteristics of catchment surface – drained/undrained, natural/cultivated. (g) Storage characteristics – Ponds, lakes etc. 4. ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF : The runoff from a catchment can be computed daily, monthly or yearly. Following are the methods of estimation of runoff.
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By Runoff formulae and Table
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By Infiltration method
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By unit hydrograph
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By Rational method ➢ Run off formulae and Tables:
Run off coefficient:The runoff and rain fall can be interrelated by runoff coefficient ‘K’ by the expression. R = K.P. Where, R – Run off in cm P – Rain fall in cm K – Coefficient or run off There value of ‘k’ depends upon the factors which affect the run off. This method should not be used for major storms. The values of ‘k’ are given below – 1. Urban - residential Single house – 0.3 Garden apartment – 0.5 2. Commercial and industrial – 0.9 3. Forest area- depending on soil – 0.05-0.2 4. Parks, farm land, pasture – 0.05-0.3 5. Asphalt or concrete pavement – 0.85 Barlow has also given values of ‘k’ (in percent) for various classified catchments. Strange’s Tables and curves can be used for run off calculations.
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References:
Books: 1. Dr. B.C. Punmia, Dr. Pande B.B.Lal, ‘Irrigation and Water Power Engineering’, Laxmi
Publications (P) Ltd. 2. Santosh Kumar Garg, ‘Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures’, Khanna
Publishers, Delhi 3. Bharat Singh, ‘Fundamentals of Irrigation Engineering’, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorki
Websites: 1. http://www.watershed.com 2. http://www.ximb.ac.in 3. http://www.irrigation.up.nic.in 4. http://www. wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed_management
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