Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica Informe de Laboratorio Nº 4 “Fuerza electromotriz electromotriz” ”
Integrantes: Lino CarbajaL, Franklin Steven 20110146D apata, !r"in López 201#4$0%& Ca'()o *a(a, +i(aro 2012262%* Soto, Diego Cr-z 201#216/&
C-rso: FISIC III * 226 ro3esor: 5(tor *eón onzón Se((ión: 7 Fe()a e realiza(ión: #0 e 8(t-bre el 2014 Fe()a e entrega:
Lenin Daniel L-is .oel
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6 e 9oviebre el 2014
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226 Contenido !9 2.
8*.!?I@8S
#= !A>I !A>I8 8S S B ?!+I ?!+IL L!S !S 4= F>9 F>9D!9 !9?8 ?8 ?!+ ?!+IC IC8 8 $= CLC CLC>L >L8S 8S B +!S +!S>L >L? ?D8S D8S 6= C>!S?I89+I8 %= C89CL>SI89!S E= *I*LI8&+F
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226 1. RESUMEN !l presente in3ore re(ono(e el (oportaiento eGperiental H-e tienen las resisten(ias e eleentos reales, en n-estro (aso -n alabre e ni(roo= ara n-estro n-estro n e (ontrast (ontrasta(ió a(ión, n, se eGaina eGaina la teor;a teor;a isp-esta isp-esta por libros libros (oo Física para ciencias e ingeniería” ' Física universitaria” (on el n e analizar analizar l-ego l-ego los res res-lta -ltaos os eGperi eGperiental entales= es= !l eGperi eGperiento ento base e este in3ore in3ore (onsis (onsistió tió en -n (ir((ir(-ito ito,, isp-e isp-esto sto en ra(t ra(ti(a i(ass e Labor Laborato atorio rio e F;si(a F;si(a77 pg=1 pg=12/ 2/,, H-e H-e se aró aró en el labo labora rato tori rio o para para obte obtene nerr ato atoss e long longit it- - ' resisten(ia, resisten(ia, ' nalente (ontrastarlo (on las resisten(ias resisten(ias teóri(as= ro-(to e esto se obtiene -na no(ión e la esvia(ión el (oportaiento ieal H-e tienen los eleentos reales, ae
allar e anera eGperiental la 3-erza ele(trootriz J3eK, la resisten(ia interna ' la e(ien(ia e la pila a -tilizar (oo 3-ente e (orriente (ontin-a= ejorar la (oprensión e interpreta(ión en el arao e -n (ir(-ito el5(tri(o real= nalizar las i3eren(ias entre la resisten(ia teóri(a ' eGperiental e -n eleento real=
3. EQUIPOS Y MATERIALES MATERIALES Una fente de !o""iente En ne#t"o !a#o na $i%a& "e$"e#enta e% o'(eto de e#tdio.
Un )o%t*+et"o ,e#tinado a +edi" e% )o%ta(e.
Un +%t*+et"o ,e#tinado a +edi" %a !o""iente - %a "e#iten!ia
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226
Ca'%e# Ne!e#a"io# $a"a "ea%ia" %a# !one/ione#.
Re#i#ten!ia )a"ia'%e Confo"+ada $o" n a%a+'"e de ni!"o+o.
0. UN,AMENTO TERICO e"a e%e!t"o+ot"i ara ara (op (oprrene enerr e ejo jorr es este te (on( (on(ep epto to,, es til til analizar -n ejeplo observable= B este es el (aso el ag-a en -na t-ber;aM la (-al, ebio al (apo grav gravit itat ator orio io e la ?ier ierra, ra, va e -n pote poten( n(ia iall gravitatorio a'or a -no enorM es e(ir, (ae= !s por ello H-e se reH-iere -na boba H-e le e ip-lso para H-e s-ba e -n poten(ial gravitatorio enor enor a -no a'or= a'or= De la isa isa 3ora, 3ora, ser ser;a ;a iposible H-e el N-jo e (argas se irija e -n pote poten n(ial (ial baj bajo a -no alto lto, al eno enos H-e -n ele eleen ento to (oo (oo en el eje ejepl plo o ante anteri rior or les les e ipip-ls lso o ' los los elev eleve e e pote poten( n(ia iall el5( el5(tr tri( i(o= o= La inNinN-en en(i (ia a H-e H-e ejer ejer(e (er; r;a a es este te obje objeto to sobr sobre e los los ele(trones se enoina F-erza ele(trootriz, ' a pesar e s- nobre, no es -na 3-erza, sino H-e es -na (antia e energ;a por -nia e (arga, por lo H-e tiene -niaes e volt= J Bo-ng, Bo-ng, -g) D= ' +oger = Freean,200/K
Fig-ra 1= F-ente e 3e en -n (ir(-ito=J (ir(-ito= J Bo-ng, Bo-ng, -g) D= ' +oger = Freean,200/K
l anal analiz izar ar la 3-n( 3-n(ió ión n e la 3-en 3-ente te e -na -na 3e 3e en -n (ir (ir(-it (-ito, o, poe poeo oss es esta tabl ble( e(er er -na -na rela( ela(ió ión n a ate te<
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226 Debio a H-e -g) D= Bo-ng, = Le"is For ' +oger = Freean le ei(an -n a'or espa(io a este (on(epto, es b-eno saber lo H-e eGpresan: Las Las 3-en 3-ente tess rea eale less e 3e 3e en -n (ir (ir(-it (-ito o no se (op (opor orta tan n eGa(ta eGa(taen ente te el oo oo es(ri es(ritoM toM la i3er i3eren( en(ia ia e poten( poten(ial ial a trav5s e -na 3-ente real en -n (ir(-ito no es ig-al a la 3e (oo en la e(-a(ión 1= La razón es H-e la (arga en oviiento a trav5s el aterial e (-alH-ier 3-ente real en(-entra -na resisten(ia, a la H-e llaaos resisten(ia interna e la 3-ente, ' se enota (on r=7 s; p-es, si esta resisten(ia interna se (oporta e a(-ero (on la le' e 8), r es (onstante e inepeniente e la (orriente I= De esta rela(ión se estable(e la e(-a(ión 2 en la H-e se (onsiera -na 3-ente real (on resisten(ia interna= ε − Ir=V ab
J2K
ara (oprener (oprener ejor est< e(-a(ión, poeos a'-arnos e la g-ra 2, en la (-al se observa (oo var;a el voltaje en -n (ir(-ito= Con3ore pasa e la terinal negativa a la positiva, el poten(ial a-enta en -na (antia ε = Sin eba e barg rgo, o, (on3 (on3or ore e se -ev -eve e a trav trav5s 5s e la res esis iste ten( n(ia ia r, el pote poten( n(ia iall isin-'e en -na (antia Ir, one I es la (orriente el (ir(-ito= J+a'on Ser"a' O .o)n .e"ett 200EK
Fig-ra 2= @aria(ión el voltaje en -n (ir(-ito=J (ir(-ito=J Bo-ng, Bo-ng, -g) D= ' +oger +oger = Freean,200/ Freean,200/KK
Poten!ia en !i"!ito# e%!t"i!o# !n (ir(-itos el5(tri(os es -' til re(ono(er la energ;a, ' -()os
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226 U = qV ab
J#K I
=
L-ego, L-ego, (oo (oo sabeos sabeos H-e
dQ dt
' la poten(ia poten(ia es ig-al ig-al
dU dt poeos
obtener la rela(ión ate
P V ab ab I εI I r =
=
4. C5LCULOS C5LC ULOS Y RESULT RESULTA,OS
−
J6K
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226
)# ?abla ?abla 1= DatosRe#i#ten!ia6R7 e intensia intensia e (orriente ' resisten(ia eGperientales '
Lon8itd6%7
2
1=$ 1
+eGp
3JGK P 0=0$G 0=#% +R PP10=0$G Q 0 3JGK +R P 1 Linear J+eGpK
+teo
Linear J+teoK
0=$ 0 10
1$
20
Lon8it d
Re#i#ten! ia e/$e"i+e nta%
Re#i#ten! ia te9"i!a
13.4! + 1: !+ 1;.4 !+ 2< !+ 22 !+ 24 !+ 2= !+ 2> !+
1T
0=6E/ T
1=1 T 1=2 T
0=E16 T 0=/44 T
1=# T 1=4 T 1=$ T 1=6 T 1%T
1=02 T 1=122 T 1=2%6 T 1=#%E T 1 4E T
2$
#0
#$
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226 innito tener< a 0, p-es la istan(ia no se in(reente, ientras H-e la re(ta s;=
Vo%ta(e6V7 )# Inten#idad ?abla ?abla 2= Datos e intensia intensia e 1(orriente ' voltaje=
de !o""iente6i7
0=E 0=6
3JGK P Q 1=#6G 1=0# @oP lta0=/E je Linear J@oltajeK +R
0=4 0=2 0 0=1
0=2
0=#
Co""ien Vo%ta(e te <.=3A 0=1@ <.4>A 0=2@ <.41A 0=#@ <.04A 0=4@ <.3=A 0=$@ <.3A 0=6@ <.20A 0=%@ <.1>A 0=E@ <.20A 0=%4$@
0=4
0=$
0=6
0=%
0=E
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226
Poten!ia Pote 6P7?E@!ien!ia6 en!ia6e7 Inten# idad de !o""iente6i7 !o ""iente6i7 ?abla ?ablan!ia6P7?E@!i #= Datos e intensia intens iae7e)# Inten#i (orriente, 0=E poten(ia ' e(ien(ia= 0=%
oten(ia 3JGK P Q 1=#2G Sol1'no:ial Joten(iaK +R P 1 0=6
!I(ien(ia
0=$ 0=4 0=# 0=2
Linear J!I(ien(iaK
0=1 0 0=1
Co""ien te <.=3A <.4>A <.41A <.04A <.3=A <.3A <.20A <.1>A <.20A <.21A
3JGK P Q 1=#2GU2 S 1G S 0 +R P 1 0=2
0=#
0=4
Poten!i E@!ien! a ia 0=0#2%2 0=0#6 V 0=1#4V 0=221 0=1%2V 0=#2% 0=1EEV 0=41 0=1/$V 0=$11 0=1E6V 0=604 0=16/V 0=6E# 0=146V 0=%$ 0=16/V 0=6E# 0=1$6V 0=%2#
0=$
0=6
0=%
0=E
Fig-ra $= &r<(as e la poten(ia ' la e(ien(ia respe(to a la intensia e (orriente
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226 1K Con los valore valoress el paso 1 )alle la resiste resisten(ia n(ia por -nia -nia e longitlongit- el alabre e ni(ro= Del gr<(o resiten(ia eGperiental vs= longit- e la g-ra #, se p-ee obtenerlo H-e pien, p-es s- valor H-ea representao por la peniente e esta esta gr< gr<(a (a== s; s; p-es p-es,, el valo valorr pei peio o es 0=04 0=0461 61== De a ane nera ra ai(ional, poeos observar H-e teóri(aente el valor peio ebió ser 0=0$11, ' H-e (orrobora lo analizao= 2K Con los valor valores es el paso 2 graH graH-e -e @P3JiK @P3JiK la (-al segn segn la e(-a(ión e(-a(ión 2 ebe ser -na re(ta e peniente negativa= De aH-; por eGtrapola(ión obtener el valor e la 3e ' e r= alle tabi5n i((= La gr<(a peia se p-ee apre(iar en la g-ra 4, por lo H-e no es ne(esario volverla a realizar= ?abi5n se (opr-eba H-e es -na re(ta e peniente negativa, negativa, (oo se se es(rib;a ae
ε r
ε =¿
1=02/%= e
P0=%$E2=
#K Deteri Deterine ne el valor valor e + para para (aa (aa eia eia toaa= toaa= Los valores H-e pien son las resiten(ias teóri(as para (aa longit-= !stos valores se en(-entran en la tabla 1= 4K Con los los valores valores e e i ' (ono(ien (ono(ieno o las (onst (onstantes antes
ε
' r, graH-e P3JiK
siilar al e la g-ra 4=Jra(ti(as e Laboratorio e F;si(a, pg=12/K C-
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226 La rela( ela(ió ión n pei peia a es
r P1=011 112, 2, lo (-al (-al no se alej aleja a -() -()o o el el R P1=0
res-ltao teóri(o en one +Pr ' por lo tanto
r R P1=
6K XC-
iε
,'
P0=%$E2= Si nos re3erios a
(oni( (on i(io ione nes, s, por por;a ;ao oss e(i e(irr H-e H-e bajo bajo la (o (oni ni(i (ión ón e (o (ort rto o (ir(-ito se a la poten(ia total= !n (-anto a s- valor, la poten(ia
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In3ore e Laboratorio F;si(a III *226 Se (oprobó eGperientalente H-e la e(ien(ia e la 3-ente epene lineal linealente ente e la razón entre entre la res resiste isten(ia n(ia intern interna a e la 3-ente 3-ente ' la 3-erza ele(trootriz= ;. BIBLIORAA
Bo-ng, Bo-ng, -g) D= D= ' +oger +oger = Freea Freean, n, Física universitaria volumen 2 = 612Z !=K, 5Gi(o, 5Gi(o, p=p=E$%, E$E, E$E, E$/, E6#,E64, E6#,E64, 200/= +a'on = Ser"a' ' .o)n V= .e"ett, F;si(a para (ien(ias e ingenier;a= @ol-en 2= J% Z!=K, 5Gi(o, p=p=%6#, %64%%$,%%6, 200E= &= Cortez, .= Caro, & Castillo, ra(ti(as e Laboratorio e F;si(a, ei(ión 200/, er, p=p= 126Q1#0, 200/=