15/04/2016
Objetivos Identificar diferentes tipos de luminarias.
Energías renovables Auditoría y eficiencia energética
Evaluar indicadores económicos para diferentes luminarias
Seleccionar la luminaria más óptima
Ahorro de energía en sistemas de iluminación
UNIDADES Y CONCEPTOS
Proyecto
Flujo luminoso (φ) Es la cantidad la cantidad de energía luminosa emitida por un lámpara en emitida por todas direcciones en la unidad de tiempo (segundo). Su (segundo). Su unidad es el lumen (lm). (lm). Ejm:
Vela de cera
10 lm
Lámpara de 100 w
1380 lm
uores ce cent e de 4 0 w Tub o f llu
3 20 20 0 lm
1
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15/04/2016
Iluminancia o iluminación (E) Rendimien Rendi miento to Lumi Luminoso noso Mide la luz la luz o flujo luminoso que llega a una determinada una determinada superficie. superficie. Es el cociente el cociente entre entre el flujo el flujo luminoso obtenido luminoso obtenido y la potencia la potencia eléctrica
La unidad de iluminancia es el lux (lm/m2). Ejm:
necesaria para generarlo.
100 000
lx
10000 – 20 20000
lx
1 000
lx
300 – 500
lx
Luz sobre carretera bien iluminada
0
lx
Luz de luna llena
0!2
lx
0!003
lx
Luz del Sol en condiciones máximas
Intensidad luminosa (I) Es el flujo luminoso emitido emitido por una lámpara lámpara en una dirección sólido. Su unidad es la candela determinada por unidad de ángulo sólido. (cd).. (cd)
Luz de medio día de verano Luz en un puesto de trabajo muy bien iluminado Luz en un p uesto de trabajo aceptablemente iluminado
Luz en noc"e sin luna
Fuentes Luminosas Lámpara Dispositivo destinado a transformar la energía eléctrica en luz. Pueden clasificarse en: lámparas incande incandescentes scentes y lámparas lámparas de
φ
descarga.. descarga
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15/04/2016
Tipos fundamentales de lámparas
Luminaria
Incandescente Convencionales Halógenas Baja tensión
Aparato que distribuye, distribuye, filtra o transforma la radiación luminos luminosaa procede proc edente nte de una lám lámpara para o lámp lámpar aras as y que incluy incluyee todos todos los elemen elementos tos necesa necesarios rios para fijar fijar y protege protegerr estas estas lámpara lámparass y para para
Lámparas de descarga
Vapor de mercurio de baja presión
Vapor de mercurio de alta presión
luores centes convencionales! tri"ós"oro! compactas
conectarlas a la fuente de energía.
#alogenuros met$licos! lu% mi&ta Color corregido! #alogenuros
Valor de sodio en baja presión presión
Vapor de sodio en alta presión
'tros (e inducción (iodos )*eds+
Equiposs de iluminación Equipo iluminación ó lámp lámparas aras Lámpara incandescente En este tipo de lámparas la emisión luminosa luminosa se produce en un
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15/04/2016
Lámpara incandescente Un tipo Un tipo particular de lámpara incandescente son incandescente son las halógenas las halógenas;; en ellas se agrega un elemento químico de la familia de los halógenos como el Cloro, el Cloro,
regene enerac ració ión n del Bromo o Yodo Yodo con el cual se establece un ciclo de reg Tungsteno sobre el filamento.
Lámpara incandescente *a vida ,til de estas l$mparas.
/ncand /nc andesc escent ente e es del orden de 1000 de 1000 #oras
.
n las #alógenas #alógenas es es de 2000 de 2000 #oras
l rendimiento rendimiento luminoso luminososs de una l$mpara l$mpara incandesc incandescente ente disminue cuando cuando trabaja trabaja a una una tensión menor menor or or otro otro lado lado!! si tra trabaj baja a con sobrevoltaje su duración disminue disminue
Figura: Lámpara halógena
Lámpara incandescente
Lámparas fluorescentes Son lámparas Son lámparas de descarga en descarga en vapor vapor de mercurio a baja presión. presión. La radiación ultraviol ultravioleta eta generada generada por la descarga descarga,, activa los polvos fluorescentes que cubren el interior del tubo, generándose la luz.
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15/04/2016
Lámparas fluorescentes El rendimiento lumínico lumínico de la lámpara fluorescente va desde los 80 lm/W en lm/W en una lámpara de 18 de 18 W hasta W hasta los 90 los 90 lm/W en lm/W en una de 58 de 58 W. W.
Con respecto a la vida útil de útil de estas lámparas es de 7500 horas en promedio.
Lámpara de mercurio de baja presión • Tipo de tubos – 45- peue7o di$metro )15 mm+ – 48- di$metro mediano )26 mm+ – 412- instalaciones antiguas antiguas
temperatura • Influencia de la temperatura – 'peran 'peran bien entre 10 309C! no sirven para e&teriores
• Duración – Vida media 10000 )el n,mero de encendidos les a"ecta+
Lámpara de mercurio de baja presión
Lámpa Lám para rass de descarga de alta pres presión ión Formada por una ampolla una ampolla de vidrio o cuarzo , en cuyos extremos hay dos dos electrodos electrodos
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15/04/2016
LÁMPARA !" !"#AR$A !" AL%A PR"&'(
Lámp Lá mpar aras as de de desc scar arga ga de al alta ta pr pres esió ión n Las lámpar lámparas as de Na como Hg necesitan necesitan una reactancia una reactancia para su funcionamiento. funcionamiento. Con variaciones Con variaciones de tensiones superiores superiores al 7% del valor valor nominal, las las lá lámp mpar aras as no funcionan correctamente. correctamente.
Las lámparas de mercurio tienen un rendimiento lum&nico de '( a )* lm+, las de sodio de --. lm+, sin considerar la reactancia y su vida /til es de -(... a *.... horas
Figura: Partes principales principales de una lámpara de descarga de alta presión
Lámp Lá mpar aras as de me merc rcur urio io a al alta ta pr pres esió ión n
Lámpara Lámp arass de alo alogen genuro uross met metálic álicos os %on lámpara lámpara de mercurio mercurio a las "ue se a#aden a#aden cierto ciertoss halogen halogenuros uros
Tipos 0apor de mercurio
metálic metálicos os de tierras tierras raras raras 23odu 23oduros ros de Indio, Indio, Dispros Disprosio, io, Talio, alio, %odio, %odio, 1olmio, Tulio, Tulio, !uropio4 %u color es excelente y son económicos
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15/04/2016
Lámparas de luz mixta !ste tipo de lámpara tiene un rendimiento lum&nico entre -7 y *8 La lámpara de luz mixta mixta es una variante variante de las de mercurio !s la /nica en su g5nero "ue no "ue no re"uiere e"uipo el5ctrico el5ctrico auxiliar , por p or lo "ue puede ser conectada conectada directament directamentee a la red
Disponen Disponen de un tubo un tubo de descarga de 6uarzo , en cuyo interior hay $ercurio, conectado $ercurio, conectado en serie con un filamento de Tungsteno Tungsteno
La función del filamento es actuar como una fuente incandescente
lm+ y una vida /til de aproximadamente aproximadamente )... horas
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15/04/2016
Mini fluorescentes compactos o lámpara ahorradores Luz cálid álida a y • Luz
fr&a fr&a agra agrada dabl blee como omo la lám lámpara para
incandescente •
cas"uillo nominal ! *> • =san el cas"uillo • !ste tipo de lámparas ofrecen un alto rendimiento, ba9o
costo y consumo hasta 8 veces menos energ&a duración promedio promedio aproximadament aproximadamentee -.,... horas • La duración •
Mini fluorescentes compactos o lámpara ahorradores
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15/04/2016
Lámpara de inducción
&lasificación de balastos
Su funcionamiento se basa en la descarga eléctrica en en
un gas gas
a
baja ba ja pr pres esió ión n,
prescindiendo de electrodos que se sustituye por una bobina una bobina de inducción inducción sin filamentos y una antena acopladora. +igura, Lámpara inducción inducción
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15/04/2016
Requisitos para un buen alumbrado Los parámetros parámetros que definen la calidad de una iluminación iluminación dependen
Nivel y distribución de la luminosidad
de la finalidad de la misma, pero en todo caso se han de responder a
La Ilumina Iluminación ción depe depende nde del flujo lumi luminoso noso irradia irradiado do por las
ciertas exigencias:
diferentes diferentes lámparas instaladas, instaladas, y también queda queda modificada por la
• El nivel El nivel de de iluminación iluminación..
cantidad de luz reflejada por reflejada por el techo, el techo, las paredes, los muebles y el
• Distribución Distribución de de luminarias luminarias en en el campo visual.
suelo.. suelo
• Limitación Limitación del del deslumbramiento deslumbramiento.. •Modelado:: limitación del contraste de luces y sombras creado por el •Modelado sistema de iluminación. •Color:: color de la luz y reproducción cromática. •Color
Generalmente, se calc calcula ula par paraa un plano de ref refere erencia ncia (plano (plano de trabajo) situado a situado a 0,80 m sobre m sobre el suelo (altura de una mesa).
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15/04/2016
Deslumbramiento Formación de sombras Cuando los objetos objetos en una habitación o sobre una superficie de trabajo se alum alumbren bren tan unif uniform ormemen emente te que no se produz produzcan can sombras, serán sombras, serán difíciles de reconocer.
El deslu deslumbram mbramiento iento direct directo o se produce cuando en el campo visual se encuentra lámparas o luminarias de gran iluminación (por iluminación (por ejemplo, lámparas fluorescentes sin pantalla).
deslumbram mbramiento iento indir indirecto ecto (deslumbramiento por reflejo El deslu reflejoss) se produce produce por reflex reflexión ión de lámpara lámparass o luminar luminarias ias sobre sobre superfic superficies ies
El manejo de herramientas y el reconocimiento de materiales se hace difícil, o a veces incluso queda falseado, con lo que aumenta el peligro de accidentes.
brillantes que se encuentren sobre el campo visual.
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