Informe Ciencia de Los Materiales

UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SERENA DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA

CIENCIA DE LOS M MATERIALES “I NFORME DE L LABORATORIO”

Nombre

:

Edward

Conley

:

Sr$ R%ardo Ca"&llo

Canda Pro!e"or Teor#a Ay'dan&e Carrera

: :

Ed'ardo V(e" In)$ C(l Ind'"&ral

Universidad de la Serena Serena

*e%+a de En&re)a

:

, de a)o"&o de -../

ÍNDICE TEMA

P ÁGINA

SUMARIO

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. 3

INTRODUCCIÓN

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. 4

M ARCO TEÓRICO ………… ……………… ………… …….… .……… ………… ………… ………… ………… …… 5 PROCEDIMIE …..……… ………… ………… ………… ………. …... ..… … 16 ROCEDIMIENTO NTOS S Y RESULTADOS…..… CONCLUSIÓN

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. 28

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. 3

Ciencia de los Materiales

2


*e%+a de En&re)a

:

, de a)o"&o de -../

ÍNDICE TEMA

P ÁGINA

SUMARIO

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. 3

INTRODUCCIÓN

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. 4

M ARCO TEÓRICO ………… ……………… ………… …….… .……… ………… ………… ………… ………… …… 5 PROCEDIMIE …..……… ………… ………… ………… ………. …... ..… … 16 ROCEDIMIENTO NTOS S Y RESULTADOS…..… CONCLUSIÓN

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. 28

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. 3


2


SUMARIO E! "#$%$&'$ (&)*#+$ '($&$ !, )(&,!(-,- -$ $&'#$,# /&, 0$##,+($&', -$ ,"** ",#, ",#, '#$% '#$% $"$ $"$#( #($& $&( (,% ,% -$ !,* !,*#, #,'* '*#( #(* * E&%, E&%,* * * P#/$ P#/$, , -$ T#, T#,( (&7 &7 -$ D/#$,  -$ M$',!*#,)9,. E! $&%,* $&%,* -$ '#,( '#,(& & '($&$ '($&$ !, )(&,!( )(&,!(-,-,- -$ -$'$#+ -$'$#+(&, (&,## !,% "#*"($ "#*"($-,-$ -,-$%% +$:&( +$:&(,% ,% -$ !, )!/$& )!/$&(,7 (,7 #$%(%'$ #$%(%'$&( &(, , +:(+, +:(+, ;UTS< ;UTS<  !, -/'(! -/'(!(-, (-,-7 -7 /%,&-* /%,&-* "#*$',% '("* A -$ #*&$7 ,!/+(&(*7  ,$#*% SAE 11 * 12  SAE 145. C/,&-* , /& /$#"* %$ !$ ,"!(, /&, )/$#, $'$#&, =/$ '($&-$ , ,+(,# %/ )*#+, * ',+,>*7 $! /$#"* %$ #$%(%'$ , $%, )/$#,. M$-(,&'$ $%'$ "#(&("(* :%(* -$ !, +$:&(, #$,!(,#$+*% $! $&%,* -$ '#,(&. P,#, !, "#/$, -$ -/#$, /'(!(,#$+*% $! +?'*-* -$ @($#% $%'$ #$,!(, !, +$-( +$-(( (& & -$ -/#$ -/#$, , "*# "*# +?'* +?'*-* -* -$ "$&$' "$&$'#, #,( (& & $%': $%':'('(, ,.. E%'$ E%'$ )*#+ )*#+,' ,'* * %$ ,#,'$#(, "*# +$-(# !, !*&('/- -$ !, 0/$!!, -$,-, "*# $! (&-$&',-*# $& !, "($, =/$ "$#+,&$$ $%':'(,7 -$ ,09 %/ &*+#$. S*#$ /&, %/"$#)(($ #9(-,7 =/$ %*"*#',#: !, "($, -/#,&'$ $! "#*$%*7 %*+$'$#$+*% , !, +/$%'#, , /&, )/$#, -$'$ -$'$#+ #+(& (&,,-, , ",#, ",#, "#** "#**,# ,# $& !, "#* "#*$' $', , !, , +$& +$&(* (*&, &,-, -, 0/$! 0/$!!, !, =/$ =/$ &*% &*% "$#+('(#: +$-(# !, -/#$, -$! +,'$#(,! $%'/-(,-*. U'(!(,#$+*% /& /* -$ ,$#* SAE 117 117

P$#&* P$#&* G#,-* 8 ;6 (&-$&' (&-$&',( ,(*&$ *&$%7 %7 38<7 38<7 "($, (#/! (#/!,# ,# #$*(-, #$*(-, 

0$##,+($&', -$ ,$#*7  '*-,% !,% "($,%  /'$&%(!(*% &$$%,#(*% ",#, #$,!(,# /&, +$-((& -$ -/#$, @($#%. E! $&%,* +$',!*#:)(* '($&$ $! *$'(* -$ *'$&$# $! '("* -$ ,$#* -$ !, +/$%'#, +$-(,&'$ $! $%'/-(* +$',!*#:)(* -$ !, +(%+,7 $& *'#,% ",!,#,%7 , '#,?% -$ /& $%'/-(* $%'/-(* +(#*%"(* +(#*%"(* -$'$#+(&,# -$'$#+(&,# !,% ,#,'$#9%'(,% ,#,'$#9%'(,% $%'#/'/#,!$% $%'#/'/#,!$% -$ /& +$',! * -$ /&, ,!$,(&.. E% "*%(!$ -$'$#+(&,# $! ',+,>* -$ #,&*7  $! ',+,>*7 ',+,>*7 )*#+,  -(%'#(/(& -(%'#(/(& -$ ,#(,% ),%$% $ (&!/%(*&$% (&!/%(*&$% =/$ '($&$& '($&$& #,& $)$'* %*#$ %*#$ !,% !,% "#*"( "#*"($$-,,-$% $% +$: +$:&( &(, ,%% -$! -$! +$', +$',!.!. L, +(#* +(#*$%' $%'#/ #/'/ '/#, #, #$$! #$$!,# ,#: : $! '#,',+($&'* +$:&(*  '?#+(* -$! +$',!7 $% -$(#7 &*% "$#+('(#: #$,!(,# /&


3


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4


$& $&$#,!7 , =/$ *& !,% *&%',&'$% (&&*,(*&$% %$ ,& #$=/(#($&-* +$',!$% *& +,*#$% #$%(%'$&(,% ',&'* ,! -$%,%'$ *+* , !, '$&%(&.

M ARCO T TEÓRICO P,#, $&'$&-$# '*-*% !*% "#*$-(+($&'*% #$,!(,-*% $& !*% -(%'(&'*% !,*#,'*#(*%7 $% &$$%,#(* *&*$# ,!/&*% *&$"'*% /'(!(,-*% #$/##$&'$+$&'$ $& ,-, "#*$%*.

PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS D$%#($& !, )*#+, $& =/$ /& +,'$#(,! %*"*#', )/$#,% ,"!(,-,%7 (&!/$&-* )/$#,% -$ '$&%(&7 *+"#$%(&7 (+",'*7 9!(,%7 * -$ ),'(,7 * )/$#,% -$ ,!',% '$+"$#,'/#,%. A *&'(&/,(& %$ -$)(&$& !,% =/$ +$&(*&,#$+*% +,% ,-$!,&'$. 

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Elasticidad *&%(%'$ $& !, ,",(-,- -$ ,!/&*% +,'$#(,!$% ",#, #$*#,# %/ )*#+,  -(+$&%(*&$% "#(+('(,% /,&-* $%, $! $%)/$#* =/$ 0,9, -$'$#+(&,-* %/ -$)*#+,(&.

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Dureza $% !, #$%(%'$&(, =/$ /& +,'$#(,! *"*&$ , !, "$&$'#,(&.

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Fragilidad /& +,'$#(,! $% )#:(! /,&-* %$ #*+"$ ):(!+$&'$ "*# !, ,(& -$ /& 0*=/$.

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Plasticidad

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5


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Ductibilidad *&%(-$#,-, /&, ,#(,&'$ -$ !, "!,%'((-,-7 $% !, "#*"($-,=/$ "*%$$& ($#'*% +$',!$% ",#, "*-$# $%'(#,#%$ $& )*#+, -$ 0(!*% )(&*%.

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Maleabilidad *'#, ,#(,&'$ -$ !, "!,%'((-,-7 *&%(%'$ $& !, "*%((!(-,- -$ '#,&%)*#+,# ,!/&*% +$',!$% $& !,+(&,% -$!,-,%.

METALOGRAFA E%'/-(, +(#*%"(,+$&'$ !,% ,#,'$#9%'(,% $%'#/'/#,!$% -$ /& +$',! * -$ /&, ,!$,(&. S(& -/-,7 $! +(#*%*"(* $% !, 0$##,+($&', +:% (+"*#',&'$ -$! +$',!/#(%',7 ',&'* -$! "/&'* -$ (%', ($&'9)(*7 *+* '?&(*. E% "*%(!$ -$'$#+(&,# $! ',+,>* -$ #,&*7  $! ',+,>*7 )*#+,  -(%'#(/(& -$ ,#(,% ),%$% $ (&!/%(*&$% =/$ '($&$& #,& $)$'* %*#$ !,% "#*"($-,-$% +$:&(,% -$! +$',!. L, +(#*$%'#/'/#, #$$!,#: $! '#,',+($&'* +$:&(*  '?#+(* -$! +$',! 7 ,* /& *&/&'* -$ *&-((*&$% -,-,%7 "*-#: "#$-$(#%$ %/ *+"*#',+($&'* $%"$#,-*.

M!ESTRA METALOGRÁFICA E% /&, "#*$', =/$ 0, %(-* %*+$'(-, , -()$#$&'$% "#*$%*% *& $! )(& -$ "*-$# %$# ,&,!(,-, +$',!*#:)(,+$&'$. S$ -((-$ $& 

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-$ /& T,+,>* ):(! -$ +,&("/!,#. U&, +/$%'#, !,&-, %$ "/$-$ ,"!,&,# %( %$ +/$$ !$&',+$&'$ 0,(, ,##(,  0,(, ,,* , '#,?% -$ !, %/"$#)(($ -$ /&, !(+, "!,&, "** :%"$#,. L, +/$%'#, !,&-, * -/#, "/$-$ $%+$#(!,#%$ /#-,+$&'$ %*#$ /&, !(, -$ ,&-, ;#*','*#(,<7 +,&'$&($&-* !, +/$%'#, )#9, %/+$#(?&-*!, )#$/$&'$+$&'$ $& ,/, -/#,&'$ !, *"$#,(& -$ $%+$#(!,-*. E& '*-,% !,% *"$#,(*&$% -$ $%+$#(!,-*  "/!(-*7 !, +/$%'#, -$$ +*$#%$ $& %$&'(-* "$#"$&-(/!,# , !,% #,!!,-/#,% $(%'$&'$%. E%'* ),(!(',#: -,#%$ /$&', -$! +*+$&'* $& =/$ !,% #,!!,-/#,% +:% "#*)/&-,% 0,,& %(-* %/%'('/(-,% "*# !,% +$&*% "#*)/&-,%7 ,#,'$#9%'(,% -$! ,#,%(* +:% )(&*. E! $%+$#(!,-* *&'(&, 0,%', =/$ !, %/"$#)(($ =/$-$ "!,&,  !(#$ -$ +$!!,%7 #$,,%7 $'.7  '*-,% !,% #,!!,-/#,% -$(-,% ,! *#'$ +,&/,! * ,! -(%* *#',-*# &* %*& (%(!$%.


6


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Pulid# Inter"edi#$ L, +/$%'#, %$ "/!$ %*#$ /&, %$#($ -$ !(,% *&

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Ata%ue &u'"ic#$ E! "#*"%('* -$! ,',=/$ =/9+(* $% 0,$# (%(!$% !,%

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$& !, (&-/%'#(, +*-$#&,. A !, '$+"$#,'/#, ,+($&'$7 %,!* /&, "$=/$>, ",#'$ -(%/$!', $& !, )$##(',7 '*-* $! ,#*&* =/$ *&'($&$& !,% ,!$,(*&$% F$C $%': $& )*#+, -$ ,#/#* -$ 0($##* ;CF$ 3<. P*# $%*7 !,% ,!$,(*&$% F$C %$ -$&*+(&,& ',+(?& ,!$,(*&$% 0($##*,#/#* -$ 0($##*. L,% ,!$,(*&$% *& *&'$&(-* -$ C *+"#$&-(-* $&'#$ .3H  1.6H '($&$& ,#,'$#9%'(,% +/ ($& -$)(&(-,%  %$ -$&*+(&,& acer#s. L*% ,$#*% -$ /,!=/($# "#*"*#(& -$ ,#*&* -$&'#* -$ !*% !(+('$% (',-*% "/$-$& ,!$,#%$ *& *'#*% $!$+$&'*%7 )*#+,&-* !*% -$&*+(&,-*% ,$#*% ,!$,-*% * ,$#*% $%"$(,!$%. A!/&*% ,$#*% ,!$,-*% "/$-$& *&'$&$# $$"(*&,!+$&'$ 0,%', $! 2.5H -$ C. L*% ,$#*% $&$#,!+$&'$ %*& )*#,!$%7  $% ?%', /&, /,!(-,- +/ (+"*#',&'$ =/$ !*% -(%'(&/$. S( !, "#*"*#(& -$ C $% %/"$#(*# , 1.6H !,% ,!$,(*&$% F$C %$ -$&*+(&,& +undici#nes, %($&-* !, +:(+, "#*"*#(& -$ C ,!$,-* -$! 6.6H7 =/$ *##$%"*&-$ , !, $+$&'(', "/#,. L,% )/&-((*&$% $& $&$#,!7 &* %*& )*#,!$%.

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Austenita$ $%'$ $% $! *&%'('/$&'$ +:% -$&%* -$ !*% ,$#*%7  $%': )*#+,-* "*# !, %*!/(& %!(-,7 "*# (&%$#(& -$ ,#*&* -$ 0($##* ,++,. L, "#*"*#(& -$ C -(%/$!'* ,#(, -$%-$ $!  ,! 1.6H7 *##$%"*&-($&-* ?%'$ /!'(+* "*#$&',$ -$ +:(+, %*!/(!(-,- , !, '$+"$#,'/#, -$ 113J C. L, ,/%'$&(', $& !*% ,$#*% ,! ,#*&*7 $% -$(#7 %(& &(&& *'#* $!$+$&'* ,!$,-*7 $+"($, , )*#+,#%$ , !, '$+"$#,'/#, -$ 23J C. T,+(?& "/$-$ *'$&$#%$ /&, $%'#/'/#, ,/%'$&9'(, $& !*% ,$#*% , '$+"$#,'/#, ,+($&'$7 $&)#(,&-* +/ #:"(-,+$&'$ /&, "#*$', -$ ,$#* -$ ,!'* *&'$&(-* -$ C , ",#'(# -$ /&, '$+"$#,'/#, "*# $&(+, -$ !, #('(,7 "$#* $%'$ '("* -$ ,/%'$&(', &* $% $%',!$7  *& $! '($+"* %$ '#,&%)*#+, $& )$##(',  "$#!(', * ($& $+$&'(',  "$#!(',. E$"(*&,!+$&'$7 0, ,!/&*% ,$#*% ,! #*+*&9=/$! -$&*+(&,-*% ,/%'$&9'(*%7 /, $%'#/'/#, $% ,/%'$&9'(, , !, '$+"$#,'/#, ,+($&'$. L, ,/%'$&(', $%': )*#+,-, "*# #(%',!$% (*% -$ 0($##* ,++, *& !*% :'*+*% -$ ,#*&* (&'$#,!,-*% $& !,% ,#(%',%  $& $! $&'#*. L, ,/%'$&(', '($&$ /&, -/#$, -$ 35 @($#%7 /&, #$%(%'$&(, -$ 1 ++  /& ,!,#,+($&'* -$ /& 3H. N* "#$%$&', "#*"($-,-$% +,&?'(,%.


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Martensita$ ,* $!*(-,-$% -$ $&)#(,+($&'* ,,% * +*-$#,-,%7 !*% :'*+*% -$ C "/$-$& -()/&-(#%$ 0,(, )/$#, -$ !, $%'#/'/#, ,/%'$&9'(,. D$ $%'$ +*-*7 !*% :'*+*% -$ F$ %$ +/$$& !($#,+$&'$ ",#, *&$#'(# %/ $%'#/'/#, $& /&, '("* BCC. E%', '#,&%)*#+,(& ,++,,!), '($&$ !/,# +$-(,&'$ /& "#*$%* -$ &/!$,(*&  #$(+($&'* -$"$&-($&'$ -$! '($+"* ;%( ,/+$&',+*% !, $!*(-,- -$ $&)#(,+($&'* &* 0,#: '($+"* %/)(($&'$ ",#, =/$ $! ,#*&* %$ -()/&-, $& !, %*!/(& 7 ,/&=/$ '($&$ !/,# ,!& +*(+($&'* !*,! -$ !*% :'*+*% -$ F$7 !, $%'#/'/#, #$%/!',&'$ &* "*-#: !!$,# , BCC7 , =/$ $! ,#*&* $%': ,'#,",-* $& !, %*!/(&<. L, $%'#/'/#, #$%/!',&'$ -$&*+(&,-, +,#'$&%(',7 $% /&, %*!/(& %!(-, %*#$%,'/#,-, -$ ,#*&* ,'#,",-* $& /&, $%'#/'/#, '$'#,*&,! $&'#,-, $& $! /$#"*. E%', $%'#/'/#, #$'(/!,# ,!',+$&'$ -(%'*#%(*&,-, $% !, "#(&(",! #,& ",#, !, ,!', -/#$, -$ !, +,#'$&%(',7 , =/$ *+* !*% :'*+*% $& !, +,#'$&%(', $%':& $+",=/$',-*% *& /&, -$&%(-,- +$&*# =/$ $& !, ,/%'$&(',7 $&'*&$% -/#,&'$ !, '#,&%)*#+,(& ;=/$ &*% !!$, , !, +,#'$&%(',< */##$ /&, $",&%(& =/$ "#*-/$ ,!'*% $%)/$#*% !*,!(,-*% =/$ -,& *+* #$%/!',-* !, -$)*#+,(& "!:%'(, -$ !, +,'#(. D$%"/?% -$ !, $+$&'(', $% $! *&%'('/$&'$ +,% -/#* -$ !*% ,$#*%. L, +,#'$&%(', %$ "#$%$&', $& )*#+, -$ ,/,%  #(%',!(, $& !, #$- '$'#,*&,!. L, "#*"*#(& -$ ,#*&* $& !, +,#'$&%(', &* $% *&%',&'$7 %(&* =/$ ,#9, 0,%', /& +:(+* -$ .8KH ,/+$&',&-* %/ -/#$,7 #$%(%'$&(, +$:&(,  )#,(!(-,- *& $! *&'$&(-* -$ ,#*&*. S/ -/#$, $%': $& '*#&* , 54 @($#%7  %/ #$%(%'$&(, +$:&(, ,#9, -$ 15 , 25 ++  %/ ,!,#,+($&'* $% -$! *#-$& -$! 2.5 ,! .5H. A-$+:% $% +,&?'(,.


12


*ainita$ %$ )*#+, !, ,(&(', $& !, '#,&%)*#+,(& (%*'$#+, -$ !, ,/%'$&(',7 $& /& #,&* -$ '$+"$#,'/#,% -$ 25 , 55J C. E! "#*$%* *&%(%'$ $& $&)#(,# #:"(-,+$&'$ !, ,/%'$&(', 0,%', /&, '$+"$#,'/#, *&%',&'$7 +,&'$&(?&-*%$ -(0, '$+"$#,'/#, 0,%', !, '#,&%)*#+,(& '*',! -$ !, ,/%'$&(', $& ,(&(',.

Ledeburita$ !, !$-$/#(', &* $% /& *&%'('/$&'$ -$ !*% ,$#*%7 %(&* -$ !,% )/&-((*&$%. S$ $&/$&'#, $& !,% ,!$,(*&$% F$C /,&-* $! "*#$&',$ -$ ,#*&* $& 0($##* ,!$,-* $% %/"$#(*# ,! 25H7 $% -$(#7 /& *&'$&(-* '*',! -$ 1.6H -$ ,#*&*. L, !$-$/#(', %$ )*#+, ,! $&)#(,# /&, )/&-((& !(=/(-, -$ ,#*&* ;-$ *+"*%((& ,!#$-$-*# -$! 4.3H -$ C< -$%-$ 113J C7 %($&-* $%',!$ 0,%', 23J C7 -$%*+"*&(?&-*%$ , ",#'(# -$ $%', '$+"$#,'/#, $& )$##(',  $+$&'(',.

TRATAMIENTOS T-RMICOS S*& (!*% -$ ,!$&',+($&'*  $&)#(,+($&'* , !*% /,!$% %$ %*+$'$ /& +,'$#(,! *& $! )(& -$ ,#(,# %/ -/#$,  ,+(,# %/ #$%(%'$&(, +$:&(,. L*% '#,',+($&'*% '?#+(*% =/$ /'(!(,#$+*% %*& 

Te".le$ $% /& "#*$%* -$ ,!$&',+($&'* %$/(-* -$ /& $&)#(,+($&'*7

$&$#,!+$&'$ #:"(-* *& /&, $!*(-,- +9&(+, !!,+,-, #('(,. E! '$+"!$ $% /&, *&-((& =/$ %$ "#*-/$ $& $! +$',! * ,!$,(& "*# $)$'* -$! '#,',+($&'* +$:&(* * '?#+(* (+",#'(?&-*!$ $%'#/'/#,%  "#*"($-,-$% +$:&(,% ,#,'$#9%'(,%. L*% "#*$-(+($&'*% '?#+(*% =/$ ,/+$&',& !, #$%(%'$&(, , $%',% ,!$,(*&$% %*& $! '#,',+($&'* '?#+(* $& %*!/(&  $& $&$$(+($&'*. E! '#,',+($&'* '?#+(* $& %*!/(& #$=/($#$ =/$ %$ ,!($&'$ !, ,!$,(& 0,%', /&, '$+"$#,'/#, "*# -$,* -$! "/&'* -$ )/%(& "*# /& "$#(*-* -$ '($+"* $%"$()(*7 %$/(-* -$ /&, -(%+(&/(& #:"(-, -$ -(0, '$+"$#,'/#,. E! $&$$(+($&'* $% /& '#,',+($&'* '?#+(* , #$!,'(, ,, '$+"$#,'/#, =/$ "#*-/$ $&-/#$(+($&'* ,-((*&,! ,! +,'$#(,! '#,',-* $& %*!/(&. L*% ),'*#$% =/$ (&)!/$& $& !, "#,'(, -$! '$+"!$ %*&


13


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El tamaño de la pieza  /,&'* +,% $%"$%*# '$&, !, "($, +,% 0, =/$

,/+$&',#$ $! (!* -$ -/#,(& -$! "#*$%* -$ ,!$&',+($&'*  -$ $&)#(,+($&'*. 

La composición química del acero: $& $&$#,!7 !*% $!$+$&'*% -$ ,!$,(&

),(!(',& $! '$+"!$ 

El tamaño del Grano: (&)!/$ "#(&(",!+$&'$ $& !, $!*(-,- #('(, -$!

'$+"!$7 '($&$ +,*# '$+"!,(!(-,- $! -$ #,&* #/$%*. 

E! medio de Enfriamiento: $! +,% ,-$/,-* ",#, '$+"!,# ,$#* $% ,=/$! =/$ *&%(, /&, $!*(-,- -$ '$+"!$ !($#,+$&'$ %/"$#(*# , !, #('(,. L*% +$-(*% +,% /'(!(,-*% %*& ,(#$7 ,$('$7 ,/,7 ,>* -$ "!*+*7 ,>* -$ +$#/#(*7 ,>* -$ %,!$% )/&-(-,%  "*!9+$#*% 0(-#*%*!/!$%. L*% '("*% -$ '$+"!$ %*& '$+"!$ '*',! * &*#+,!7 '$+"!$ $%,!*&,-*

+,#'$&%9'(* * +,#'$&"$#(&7 '$+"!$ $%,!*&,-* ,(&('(* * ,/%'$+"$#(&7 '$+"!$ (&'$##/+"(-* * '#,',+($&'* %/$#*. 

Rec#cid# *& $%'$ &*+#$ %$ *&*$& ,#(*% '#,',+($&'*% /* *$'(*

"#(&(",! $% ,!,&-,# $! ,$#* ",#, ),(!(',# %/ +$,&(,-* "*%'$#(*#. T,+(?& $% /'(!(,-* ",#, #$$&$#,# $! #,&* * $!(+(&,# !,% '$&%(*&$% (&'$#&,%. S$ -$$ '$&$# $& /$&', =/$ !*% #$*(-*% &* "#*"*#(*&,& $&$#,!+$&'$ !,% ,#,'$#9%'(,% +,% ,-$/,-,% ",#, !, /'(!(,(& -$! ,$#*  ,%( %($+"#$ $! +,'$#(,! %/)#$ /& '#,',+($&'* "*%'$#(*# *& (%',% , *'$&$# !,% ,#,'$#9%'(,% *"'(+,% -$! +(%+*. C/,&-* $%'* %/$-$ $! #$*(-* %$ !!,+, ',+(?&  '#,',+($&'* '?#+(* "#$!(+(&,#  ,! '#,',+($&'* )(&,! *+* '#,',+($&'* '?#+(* -$ ,!(-,- . L*% '("*% -$ #$*(-* %*& #$*(-* -$ #$$&$#,(&7 #$*(-* -$ $&#*%,+($&'* -$ #,&*7 #$*(-* !*/!,#$% * $%)$#*(-,!$% ; #$*(-* !*/!,# %/#('(*7 #$*(-* #$/!,# -$ ,/%'$&(,(& (&*+"!$', * #$*(-* !*/!,# *%(!,&'$<7 #$*(-* -$ 0*+*$&(,(&7 #$*(-*% %/#('(*% ; -$ ,!,&-,+($&'* * -$ ,#('/-<7 #$*(-* (%*'?#+(*  #$*(-* !,&*.


14




N#r"alizad# /& '#,',+($&'* '?#+(* $& $! /,! !,% ,!$,(*&$% "*#*%,% %$

,!($&',& 0,%', ,"#*(+,-,+$&'$ 1JF %*#$ $! #,&* #('(*7 %*%'$&($&-* $%', '$+"$#,'/#, "*# $! '($+"* #$=/$#(-*7  $&)#(:&-*!, , !, '$+"$#,'/#, -$! +$-(* ,+($&'$. S$ #$,!(, ,!$&',&-* $! ,$#* , /&, '$+"$#,'/#, /&*% 5JC %/"$#(*# , !, #('(,  /&, $ ,/%'$&(,-* %$ -$, $&)#(,# ,! ,(#$. L, $!*(-,- -$ $&)#(,+($&'* $% +,% !$&', =/$ $& $! '$+"!$  +,% #:"(-, =/$ $& $! #$*(-*. C*& $%'$ '#,',+($&'* %$ *&%(/$ ,)(&,# * 0*+*$&$(,# !, $%'#/'/#,. E% /& '#,',+($&'* '9"(* ",#, !*% ,$#*% !, ,#*&* -$ *&%'#/(& -$ .15 H , .6 H -$ ,#*&*. A +$-(-, =/$ ,/+$&', $! -(:+$'#* -$ !, ,##,7 $! $&)#(,+($&'* %$#: +,% !$&'*  "*# ',&'* !, #$%(%'$&(,  $! !(+('$ $!:%'(* -(%+(&/(#:&  $! ,!,#,+($&'* ,/+$&', !($#,+$&'$. E%', ,#(,(& %$#: +,% ,/%,-, /,&'* +,% $#, -$! &!$* #$,!($+*% $! $&%,*.


15


PROCEDIMIENTOS Y R RESULTADOS 1. ENSAYO DE TRACCIÓN /0/0 Intr#ducci1n C/,&-* , /& /$#"* %$ !$ ,"!(, /&, )/$#, $'$#&, =/$ '($&-$ , ,+(,# %/ )*#+, * ',+,>*7 $! /$#"* %$ #$%(%'$ , $%, )/$#,. L, #$%(%'$&(, $'$#&, -$! /$#"* %$ *&*$ *+* esfuerzo ;%'#$%%<  !*% ,+(*% $& !,% -(+$&%(*&$% -$! /$#"* =/$ !, ,*+",>,& %$ !!,+,& D eformaciones * alargamientos ;%'#,(&<. E! $%)/$#* '*',! $% !, #$%(%'$&(, (&'$#&, '*',! =/$ ,', $& /&, %$(& -$! /$#"*. P*# !* $&$#,!7 !, ,&'(-,- -$'$#+(&,-, $% !, (&'$&%(-,- -$ $%)/$#* * $%)/$#* /&(',#(*7 -$)(&(-, *+* $! $%)/$#* "*# /&(-,- -$ :#$,. E! $%)/$#* /&(',#(* $&$#,!+$&'$ %$ $"#$%, $& /&(-,-$% -$ !(#,% "*# "/!,-,% /,-#,-, ;"%(< * +$, ",%,!$% ;MP,<  ",#, /&, ,#, ,(,! '$&%(! * /&, *+"#$%(,7 %$ ,!/!, *+* !, ,#, "*# /&(-,- -$ :#$,. L, -$)*#+,(& * ,!,#,+($&'* '*',! $& /,!=/($# -(#$(& $% $! ,+(* '*',! -$ /&, -(+$&%(& -$! /$#"* $& $%, -(#$(&7  !, -$)*#+,(& /&(',#(, $% !, -$)*#+,(& * ,!,#,+($&'* "*# /&(-,-$ !*&('/- $& $%, -(#$(&.

/020 Ob3eti4#s D$'$#+(&,# !,% "#*"($-,-$% +$:&(,% -$ !, )!/$&(,7 #$%(%'$&(, +:(+, ;UTS<  !, -/'(!(-,-7 -$ ,/$#-* , +,'$#(,!$% -(%'(&'*%.

/050 Instru"ent#s /050/0 T$&%+$'#* '("* Q -$ ,",(-,- 2 N7 *& #$(%'#* '?#+(* /05020 I&%'#/+$&'*% -$ +$-((&


16


/060 Materiales P#*$',% '("* A -$ #*&$7 ,!/+(&(*7  ,$#*% SAE 11 * 12  SAE 145.

P#*$',%

/070 Desarr#ll# de la E8.eriencia /070/0 P#*$-(+($&'* Tipo Probeta Longitud Total Longitud Real Diámetro

Tipo “A” Acero

Tipo “A” Bronce

Tipo “A” Plástica

41 ++ 21 ++ 5 ++

41.1 ++ 21.1 ++ 5 ++

41.35 ++ 2.6 ++ 5 ++

F#+/!,% U'(!(,-,% 

  ε  E E +*-/!* -$ $!,%'((-,-



H $!*&,(&

 L)  L  1 L o



H -$ :#$,

 A  A)  1 A) o



A  π  ;52<2

/07020 R$%/!',-*% Acero


Bronce

Plástico

17


σ u tensión ultima σ r tensión ruptura σ l tensión fluencia % de elongación % de área

85 55 55 3 6

6 56 66 15 55

P$#)$',+$&'$ "!:%'(, P$#)$',+$&'$ "!:%'(, P$#)$',+$&'$ "!:%'(, 6 45

/07050 R$(%'#* #,)(* -$! $&%,*

A$#*

P!:%'(*


18


2. ENSAYO DE DUREA 20/0 Intr#ducci1n E% -()9(! -$)(&(# !, "#*"($-,- -$ V-/#$,V7 $$"'* $& #$!,(& *& !, "#/$, $+"!$,-, $& ",#'(/!,# ",#, -$'$#+(&,# %/ ,!*#. D$$ '$&$#%$ $& /$&', =/$ /& &+$#* * ,!*# -$ -/#$, &* "/$-$ /'(!(,#%$ -(#$',+$&'$ $& '#,,*% -$ -(%$>*7 *+* %$ "/$-$ 0,$# *& /& ,!*# -$ #$%(%'$&(, , !, '$&%(&7 , =/$ !*% &+$#*% -$ -/#$, &* '($&$& %(&()(,-* (&'#9&%(*. L, -/#$, &* $% /&, "#*"($-,)/&-,+$&',! -$ /& +,'$#(,!7 %(&* =/$ $%': #$!,(*&,-, *& !,% "#*"($-,-$% $!:%'(,%  "!:%'(,%. E! ,!*# -$ -/#$, *'$&(-* $& /&, "#/$, -$'$#+(&,-, %(#$ %!* *+* *+",#,(& $&'#$ +,'$#(,!$% * '#,',+($&'*%. E! "#*$-(+($&'* -$ "#/$,  !, "#$",#,(& -$ !, +/$%'#, %/$!$& %$# %$&(!!*%  !*% #$%/!',-*% "/$-$& /'(!(,#%$ ",#, $%'(+,# *'#,% "#*"($-,-$% +$:&(,%. L, "#/$, -$ -/#$, %$ /'(!(, ,+"!(,+$&'$ ",#, (&%"$(&  *&'#*!. E! '#,',+($&'* '?#+(* * $! '#,,* $)$'/,-* $& /&, "($, +$':!(, #$%/!', $&$#,!+$&'$ $& /& ,+(* -$ -/#$,. C/,&-* %$ $%',!$$ $! ,!*# #$%/!',&'$ -$ !, -/#$, -$ /& '#,',+($&'* '?#+(* , /& +,'$#(,! -,-* "*# /& "#*$%* -$'$#+(&,-*7 $%, $%'(+,(& "#*"*#(*&,#: /& +?'*-* #:"(-*  %$&(!!* ;-$ (&%"$(&  *&'#*!< ",#, $! +,'$#(,!  "#*$%* ",#'(/!,#$%. L,% -($#%,% "#/$,% -$ -/#$, %$ "/$-$& -((-(# $& '#$% ,'$*#9,% 

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19


+,#,-*# $%"$()(,-*%7 * "#*"*#(*&,!$% , /&, ,#, +$-(, %*#$ $! :#$, -$ +$!!,. L*% +?'*-*% +:% *+/&$% ",#, "#/$,% -$ -/#$, "*# (&-$&',(& %*&

) Prueba # ensa9# de dureza *rinell E! "#*,-*# -$ -/#$, B#(&$!! $&$#,!+$&'$ *&%', -$ /&, "#$&%, 0(-#:/!(, $#'(,! -$ *"$#,(& +,&/,!7 -(%$>,-, ",#, )*#,# /& +,#,-*# -$ *!, -$&'#* -$ !, +/$%'#,. E! "#*$-(+($&'* $%':&-,# #$=/($#$ =/$ !, "#/$, %$ 0,, *& /&, *!, -$ 1 ++ -$ -(:+$'#* ,* /&, ,#, -$ 3  ",#, +$',!$% )$##*%*%  5  ",#, +$',!$% &* )$##*%*%. P,#, +$',!$% )$##*%*%7 !, *!, ,* "#$%(& $% "#$%(*&,-, -$&'#* -$ !, +/$%'#, , "#/$, "*# !* +$&*% -/#,&'$ 1 %$. ",#, +$',!$% &* )$##*%*% $! '($+"* $% 3 %$. E! -(:+$'#* -$ !, (+"#$%(& "#*-/(-, $% +$-(-* "*# +$-(* -$ /& +(#*%*"(* =/$ *&'($&$ /&, $%,!, */!,#7 $&$#,!+$&'$ #,-/,-, $& -?(+*% -$ +(!9+$'#*7 =/$ "$#+('$ $%'(+,(*&$% -$ 0,%', ,%( .5 ++.

) Prueba # ensa9# de dureza :ic;ers E& $%', "#/$,7 $! (&%'#/+$&'* /'(!(, /& +,#,-*# "(#,+(-,! -$ -(,+,&'$ -$ ,%$ /,-#,-, *& /& :&/!* (&!/(-* -$ 136J $&'#$ !,% ,#,% *"/$%',%. E! (&'$#,!* -$ ,#, $%': $&$#,!+$&'$ $&'#$ 1  12 . E! "#*,-*# -$ -/#$, @($#% )/&(*&, ,* $! +(%+* "#(&("(* =/$ $! "#*,-*# B#(&$!!7  !*% &+$#*% %$ $"#$%,& $& '?#+(&*% -$ ,#,  :#$, -$ !, (+"#$%(&. C*+* #$%/!',-* -$ !, )*#+, -$! +,#,-*#7 !, (+"#$%(& %*#$ !, %/"$#)(($ -$ !, +/$%'#, %$#: /& /,-#,-*. L, !*&('/- -$ !, -(,*&,! -$! /,-#,-* $% +$-(-, "*# +$-(* -$ /& +(#*%*"(* $=/(",-* *& /& +(#+$'#* */!,# =/$ *&'($&$ )(!*% +(!$%. L, -(%',&(, $&'#$ !*% )(!*% %$ (&-(, $& /& *&',-*# ,!(#,-* $& +(!?%(+,% -$ +(!9+$'#*%. P*# !* $&$#,!7 0, ',!,% ",#, *&$#'(# !, -(,*&,! +$-(-, ,! &+$#* -$ -/#$, "(#,+(-,! @($#% ;W@<. C*+* #$%/!',-* -$ !, !$&'('/- $& !,% ,#,% ,"!(,-,%7 $! "#*,-*# @($#% $% '(! ",#, +$-(# !, -/#$, -$ 0*,% +/ -$!,-,%7 ,%9 *+* %$(*&$% "$%,-,%.

) Prueba # ensa9# de dureza R#c;

20


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2050 Instru"ent#s


21


2050/0 @$#()(,-*# /&($#%,! -$ -/#$, ;O''*7 Q*!"$#'Q$#$< 205020 A$%*#(*% ",#, !, +$-((& -$ -/#$, @($#% 2060 Materiales C/* -$ ,$#* SAE 117 P$#&* G#,-* 87 6 (&-$&',(*&$% 387 "($, (#/!,# #$*(-,  0$##,+($&', -$ ,$#*.

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22


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207020 R$%/!',-*% N= Medici1n / 2 5 Pr#"edi#

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23


3. ENSAYO METALOGRÁFICO 50/0 Intr#ducci1n P*# $&%,* +$',!*#:)(* %$ $&'($&-$ !, *'$&(&  ,!*#,(& -$ +(#*#,)9,%. L,% "#*$',% -$ +,'$#(,! %$ #$'()(,&  "/!$& *& $! )(& -$ $!(+(&,# !,% #/*%(-,-$% "#*$-$&'$% -$ !, ),#(,(&  "*-$# #$*&*$# ),!!*% -$! +,'$#(,! ',!$% *+* (&!/%(*&$% -$ $%*#(,7 (-*%  %/!)/#*%7 ,%9 *+* #($',%7 "*#*%  /#/,% -$ ,%. S( %$ ,"!(,& :(-*% , !, %/"$#)(($7 %$ *!*#$,& !*% *+"*&$&'$% -$ !, '$'/#, * %$ /$!$& #/*%*%. B,* !, ,(& -$ /&, )/$&'$ -$ !/7 !,% "#*$',% '#,',-,% -$ $%', )*#+,7 (%',% ,! +(#*%*"(* +/$%'#,& -()$#$&(,% -$ !/+(&*%(-,-7 -$(-* , =/$ !*% *!*#$% * (##$/!,#(-,-$% #$)!$,& !, !/ -$ )*#+, -(%'(&',. E& ($#'* +*-* ,",#$$ !, (+,$& -$ !, '$'/#,.

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24


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507020 R$%/!',-*%

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#omposición! $ % ferrita & % perlita Ciencia de los Materiales

25


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ases Presentes! Bordes perliticos " martensita fina

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