UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO FACULTA FACULTAD DD DE E INGENIERÍ ING ENIERÍA A ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA DE MA M ATERIALES
TEMA “FORJA”
CURSO
:
INTRODUCCIÓN A LA INGENIERÍA DE MATERIALES
DOCENTE
:
ING. TERRONES ABANTO, Sofía Cri!i"a BAC#. FERN$NDE% ESCOBEDO, A"!o"& Fra"'
INTEGRANTES
:
CUE(A RIOS, A)*+i SOCORRO GAMBOA, Mi-*) A"!-o"&
/01 Tr23i))o 4 5*r6
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I. FUNDAMENTO TEORICO. PROCESO DE CONFORMADO
Los procesos de conformado de metales comprenden un amplio grupo de procesos de manufactura, en los cuales se usa la deformación plástica para cambiar las formas de las piezas metálicas. En los procesos de conformado, las herramientas, usualmente dados de conformación, ejercen esfuerzos sobre la pieza de trabajo que las obligan a tomar la forma de la geometría del dado. • •
Operaciones de Formado o reformado Operación de !eformación "olum#trica
OPERACIÓN DE DEFORMACION VOLUMETRICA
En general se menciona estos procesos cuando se tiene una parte inicial más $oluminosa que Laminar, % las deformaciones son signi&cati$as con referencia a su forma inicial. Los procesos de deformación $olum#trica que se describen en esta sección son' () Laminado *) Forjado +) etrusión -) estirado de alambre % barras. FORJADO
La forja, al igual que la laminación % la etrusión, es un proceso conformado por deformación $olum#trica, que puede realizarse realizarse en caliente o en frio % en el que la deformación del material se produce por la aplicación de fuerzas de comprensión. Este proceso de fabricación se utiliza para dar una forma % unas propiedades determinadas a los metales % aleaciones a los que se aplica mediante grandes presiones.
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FORJADO A DADO ABIERTO
Este es el proceso más sencillo se puede describir el proceso como una pieza solida colocada entre dos dados o matrices planos cu%a altura se reduce por comprensión. !ebido a que se mantiene el $olumen constante toda reducción de altura aumenta el diámetro de la pieza
FUERZA DE FORJADO
Esta fuerza F en una operación de forjad con dado abierto sobre una pieza solida cilíndrica, se puede calcular con la formula. F =Y f π r
2
(
1+
)
2 μπ 3h
!ónde' Y f
esfuerzo de /uencia del material
0 coe&ciente de fricción r' radio de la pieza h' altura de la pieza
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Ventaja! S*"i))*7 8* 2 8a8o 92* -a*" *) ro*o ;a!a"!* *o"<=io. A)!o >a)or* 8* r*i!*"ia De"entaja! Li=i!ai<" *" )a for=a 8*) 8a8o a )a -ora 8* r*ar i*7a o=)*3a 5oa aai8a8 8* ro82i<" Ma)a 2!i)i7ai<" 8*) =a!*ria) a ro*ar
FORJADO A DADO CERRADO S* r*a)i7a" ro*o 8* for3a8o o" 8a8o i=r*or o o" =a!ri7 8* i=r*i<", *" 8o"8* )a i*7a a892i*r* )a for=a 8* )a a>i8a8* 8*) 8a8o a) for3ar* *"!r* 8o =a!ri* *rfi)a8a, o;?r>** 92* a)@o 8* =a!*ria) f)2&* -aia af2*ra & for=a 2"a r*;a;a, *!a r*;a;a !i*"* 2" a*) i=or!a"!* *" 2 f)23o 8*) =a!*ria) *" *!a=a8o: * 8*)@a8a, * *"fría o" rai8*7, or 2 r*i!*"ia a )a frii<" o=*!* a @ra"8* r*io"* *) =a!*ria) *" )a a>i8a8 8* )a =a!ri7, ro=o>i*"8o aí *) ))*"a8o 8* )a a>i8a8*.
FUERZA DEL FORJADO La f2*r7a F 92* * "**i!a ara 2"a o*rai<" 8* *!a=a8o * 2*8* a)2)ar o" )a f
' fa!or =2)!i)ia!i>o o;!*"i8o 8* )a !a;)a )a !*=*ra!2ra 8* for3a8o
Y f
*f2*r7o 8* f)23o 8* =a!*ria) a
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L)a=a8o i=)*=*"!* *=;2!i8o o for3a8o ra8ia), 2"a >ari))a o)i8a o 2" !2;o * o=*!* a f2*r7a ra8ia)* 8* i=a!o =*8ia"!* 2" o"32"!o 8* 8a8o r*íroa=*"!*, *) =o>i*"8o 8* )o 8a8o * o;!i*"* =*8ia"!* 2" o"32"!o 8* ro8i))o *" 2"a a3a, *" 2"a ai<" ar*ía a )a 8* " ro8a=i*"!o )a=i"ar, )a i*7a * =a"!i*"* *!!ia & )o 8a8o @ira" @o)*a"8o a )a i*7a o" fr*2*"ia -a!a >*)oi8a8* 8* / @o)* or *@2"8o.
FORJADO LAMINAR E" *) )a=i"a8o for3a8o o for3a8o )a=i"ar * r*82* o * o"for=a )a 8i=*"i<" !ra">*ra) 8* 2"a ;arra a"8o)a or 2" ar 8* ro8i))o o" ra"2ra o"for=a8a, o" *!* =?!o8o * ro82*" *3* <"io & =2*))* !ra*7oi8a)*, 2-i))*ría & -*rra=i*"!a 8* =a"o. U" ro*o ar*i8o * *) )a=i"a8o i")i"a8o 92* * 2a "or=a)=*"!* ara fa;riar o3i"*!* 8* ;o)a. S* a)i=*"!a a)a=;r* o ;arra r*8o"8a a) -2*o *"!r* )o ro8i))o & * for=a" i*7a = o =*"o *f?ria.
FORJADO DE PRECISION La o*raio"* *" )a 92* * o;!i*"* )a i*7a o" )a 8i=*"io"* *ra"a a )a fi"a)* * ))a=a for3a8o a for=a ai "*!a o for3a8o a for=a "*!a. E" *!* !io 8* ro*o -a& oo *+*o 8* =a!*ria) *" )a i*7a for3a8a 92* * 8*;* 92i!ar or *=*ri)a8o o or !ro92*)a8o.
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Lo ro82!o ri"ia)* ro82i8o o" for3a8o 8* r*ii<" o": E"@ra"a3*, a3a, ;i*)a, a)a;* 8* !2r;i"a.
CARACTERISTICAS CARACTERISTICAS DEL FORJADO DE PRESICION E" *!* !io 8* for3a8o * "**i!a" 8a8o **ia)* & = o=)ia8o, 2" o"!ro) = *+-a2!i>o 8*) >o)2=*" & for=a 8*) !*3o, 2;iai<" r*ia 8*) !*3o *" )a a>i8a8 8*) 8a8o & *" o"*2*"ia 2"a =a&or =a &or i">*ri<" *o"<=ia. Si" *=;ar@o, * 8**r8iia =*"o =a!*ria) & "o * r*ia !a"!o =a92i"a8o fi"a) or92* )a i*7a *! = *ra"a a )o@rar 2 for=a fi"a). 5or )o a"!*rior, ara *)*@ir *"!r* for3a8o "or=a) & *) 8* r*ii<" * r*92i*r* 8* 2" a")ii *o"<=io **ia)=*"!* *" )o 92* o"i*r"* a) >o)2=*" 8* ro82i<".
ACU#ACIÓN
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FORJADO ORBITAL E 2" ro*o *" *) 92* *) 8a8o 2*rior 8*ri;* 2"a !ra&*!oria *"
FORJADO SIN REBABA E" )a !*r=i"o)o@ía i"82!ria), *) for3a8o o" 8a8o i=r*or * ))a=a a)@2"a >** for3a8o
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!ra;a3ar =*!a)* o=o *) a)2=i"io, *) =a@"*io o 2 a)*aio"*. E) for3a8o i" r*;a;a * )aifia fr*2*"!*=*"!* o=o 2" ro*o 8* for3a8o 8* r*ii<".
MARTINETES DE FORJA E!o =ar!i"*!* f2"io"a" a)i a)ia a"8 "8o o 2"a 2"a 8* 8*ar ar@a @a or or i=a!o i=a!o o"!ra o"!ra *) =a!*ria) 8* !ra;a3o. S* 2a fr*2*"!*=*"!* *) !?r=i"o =ar!i"*!* 8* aí8a )i;r* ara 8*i@"ar, *!a =92i"a, or )a for=a 8* )i;*rar )a *"*r@ía 8* i=a!o. Lo =ar!i"*!* * 2a" = fr*2*"!*=*"!* ara for3a8o o" 8a8o i=r*or. La ar!* 2*rior 8*) 8a8o 8* for3a8o * fi3a a) i<" & )a ar!* i"f*rior * fi3a a) &2"92*. E" )a o*rai<", *) =a!*ria) 8* !ra;a3o * o)oa *" *) 8a8o i"f*rior, *) i<" * *)*>a & )2*@o * 8*3a a*r o;r* )a i*7a 8* !ra;a3o. C2a"8o )a ar!* 2*rior 8*) 8a8o @o)*a *) =a!*ria) 8* !ra;a3o, )a *"*r@ía 8*) i=a!o oaio"a 92* )a ar!* !o=* )a for=a 8* )a a>i8a8 8*) 8a8o. S* "**i!a" >ario @o)* 8* =ar!i))o ara )o@rar *) a=;io 8**a8o 8* for=a. Lo =ar!i"*!* * 2*8*" )aifiar <=o =ar!i"*!* 8* aí8a )i;r* & =ar!i"*!* 8* o!*"ia. Lo =ar!i"*!* 8* aí8a )i;r* @*"*ra" 2 *"*r@ía or *) *o 8* 2" i<" 92* a* )i;r*=*"!*. La f2*r7a 8*) @o)* * 8*!*r=i"a or )a a)!2ra 8* )a aí8a & *) *o 8*) i<".
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E i=or!a"!* *) 8i*o 8* )o 8a8o ara *) ?+i!o 8* )a o*rai<" 8* for3a8o. La ar!* 92* * for3a" 8*;*" 8i*ar* o" *) o"oi=i*"!o 8* )o ri"iio & )i=i!aio"* 8* *!* ro*o. N2*!ro o;3*!i>o * 8*ri;ir ar!* 8* )a !*r=i"o)o@ía & a)@2"o )i"*a=i*"!o 92* * 2a" *" *) 8i*o 8* 8a8o ara for3a. E) 8i*o 8* )o 8a8o a;i*r!o * @*"*ra)=*"!* !ri>ia) &a 92* 2 for=a * r*)a!i>a=*"!* i=)*. N2*!ro o=*"!ario * a)ia" a )o 8a8o i=r*or* & a )o 8a8o *rra8o.
RECALCADO Y ENCABEZAMIENTO ENCABEZAMIENTO E) r*a)a8o !a=;i?" ))a=a8o for3a8o 8* r*a)a8oH * 2"a o*rai<" 8* 8*for=ai<" *" )a 2a) 2"a ar!* o i*7a 8* !ra;a3o i)í"8ria a2=*"!a 2 8i=*!ro & r*82* 2 )o"@i!28. E!a o*rai<" * a"a)i7< *" "2*!ra 8*rii<" 8*) for3a8o *" 8a8o a;i*r!o Si" *=;ar@o, * 2"a o*rai<" i"82!ria) 92* 2*8* !a=;i?" *3*2!ar* o=o 2" for3a8o *" 8a8o *rra8o. E) r*a)a8o * 2a a=)ia=*"!* *" )a i"82!ria 8* )o 23*!a8or* ara for=ar a;*7a 8* )a>o, *r"o & ro82!o i=i)ar* 8* f*rr*!*ría. E" *!a a)iaio"* * *=)*a fr*2*"!*=*"!* *) !?r=i"o *"a;*7a=i*"!o ara 8*"o!ar )a o*rai<". E"a;*7a=i*"!o, i"8ia"8o >aria o"fi@2raio"* oi;)* 8*) 8a8o. D*;i8o a *!* !io 8* a)iaio"*, * ro82*" = ar!* or r*a)a8o 92* or 2a)92i*r o!ra o*rai<" 8* for3a8o. E) r*a)a8o * r*a)i7a o=o 2"a o*rai<" 8* ro82i<" *" =aa *" frío, *" !i;io o *" a)i*"!*, o" =92i"a **ia)* 8* r*a)a8o or for3a, ))a=a8a for=a8ora 8* a;*7a. E" @*"*ra), *!a =92i"a * *92ia" o" 8*)i7a8*ra
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#a& )í=i!* ara )a a"!i8a8 8* 8*for=ai<" 92* * 2*8* a)a"7ar *" *) r*a)a8o, 8*fi"i8o 22a)=*"!* o=o )a )o"@i!28 =+i=a 8*) =a!*ria) a for3ar. La )o"@i!28 =+i=a 92* * 2*8* r*a)ar *" 2" @o)* * !r* >** *) 8i=*!ro 8* )a ;arra i"iia). D* o!ra =a"*ra, *) =*!a) * 8o;)a o arr2@a *" )2@ar 8* o=ri=ir* ara ))*"ar a8*2a8a=*"!* )a a>i8a8.
PUNZONADO
E) 2"7o"a8o *" for3a * 2" ro*o 8* 8*for=ai<" *" *) 2a) * r*"a 2"a for=a *"82r*i8a 8* a*ro o;r* 2" ;)o92* 8* a*ro 2a>* 2 o!ro =*!a) 2a>*H. E) ro*o * 2a fr*2*"!*=*"!* ara -a*r a>i8a8* 8* =o)8* ara =o)8*o 8* )!io & f2"8ii<" *" 8a8o, o=o * =2*!ra *" )a fi@2ra .. La for=a 8*
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PENETRADO E!* * 2" ro*o 8* *"*!rai<" 8* )a 2*rfii* 8* 2"a i*7a 8* !ra;a3o a2"92* i" aar a !ra>? 8* *))aH o" 2" 2"7<" ara ro82ir 2"a a>i8a8 o 2"a i=r*i<".
FORJADO ISOTÉRMICO EN DADO CALIENTE
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RECORTADO E) r*or!a8o * 2"a o*rai<" 92* * 2a ara r*=o>*r )a r*;a;a 8* )a ar!* 8* !ra;a3o *" *) for3a8o o" 8a8o i=r*or. E) r*or!a8o *" )a =a&oría 8* )o ao * r*a)i7a or i7a))a=i*"!o o=o *" )a fi@2ra .1, *" )a 2a) 2" 2"7<" f2*r7a *) =a!*ria) 8* !ra;a3o a !ra>? 8* 2" 8a8o 8* or!*, 2&o o"!or"o !i*"* *) *rfi) 8* )a ar!* 8**a8a. E) r*or!* * -a* 22a)=*"!* =i*"!ra *) =a!*ria) 8* !ra;a3o *! a6" a)i*"!*, *!o i@"ifia 92* * 8*;* i")2ir 2"a r*"a 8* r*or!a8o *ara8a or a8a =ar!i"*!* o r*"a. E" )o ao 8o"8* *) !ra;a3o o8ría 8aar* or *) ro*o 8* or!*, *) r*or!* 2*8* -a*r* or =*8io a)!*r"a!i>o, o=o *=*ri)a8o o a*rra8o.
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.)i8*-ar*."*!K@2*!;/1Kfor3a .)i8*-ar*."*!K@2*!;/1Kfor3a .)i8*-ar*."*!K>a"*a/0//Kro*o8*for3a8o .)i8*-ar*."*!KA=a)*A))Kro*o8*for=a8o r*7i.o=K)ro"719Ko&offor3a8o8*=*!a)*K -!!:KKr*7i.o=K+;)!/o+>2)Kfor3a8o8*=*!a)*K r*7i.o=K7"1aar&*&fKfor3aK -!!:KKr*7i.o=Ka72f+-a+"+Kfor3a8o8*=*!a)*K