Învaţă şi foloseşte corect limba engleză
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Cuprins Prefaţă...................................................................................................................................... 4 PARTEA I................................................................................................................................ 6 MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - TIMPUL ................................................................................. 6 VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE ..................................................................................... 6 VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE ............................................................................................. 9 VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE ..................................................................................... 11 VERB – PRESENT PERFECT ............................................................................................. 13 VERB – PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ...................................................................................... 16 PARTEA I.............................................................................................................................. 18 MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - ASPECTUL ..........................................................................18 VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS ........................................................................ 18 VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS ................................................................................ 19 VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS ........................................................................................ 21 VERB – PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS ..................................................................... 22 VERB – PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS ............................................................................. 24 VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS .................................................................... 25 PERSOANA ŞI NUMĂRUL ................................................................................................. 29 ARTICOLUL ŞI ALŢI DETERMINANŢI ........................................................................... 45 COMPLEMENTELE CIRCUMSTANŢIALE DE LOC, TIMP, MOD ............................... 67 TEST FINAL ......................................................................................................................... 70 Cheia exerciţiilor ....................................................................................................................76 TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE - fişă exemplu ..................................................................91 Verbul TO WORK -model..................................................................................................... 93 Bibliografie:........................................................................................................................... 94
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Prefaţă
Gramatica de faţă îşi propune să ofere mai mult decât un simplu set de reguli gramaticale ale limbii engleze, iar prin metoda originală de prezentare să ajute în crearea unui sentiment de siguranţă în ceea ce priveşte corectitudinea gramaticală în exprimare. Numai în acest fel adulţii pot scăpa de un sentiment de inhibiţie cu care au rămas, probabil din şcoală. Realitatea, situaţiile reale de exprimare de la care se porneşte conferă originalitate. Se continuă cu exemple, modele şi explicaţii gramaticale menite să conducă la stăpânirea unui aspect gramatical al limbii engleze. Atenţie! Nimic nu se pierde! Fiecare aspect gramatical este însoţit de cel puţin un exerciţiu astfel încât punerea în practică să conducă la o finalitate pe termen lung a stăpânirii acelui aspect gramatical. Cel care studiază are de asemenea cheia exerciţiului la sfârşit. Multitudinea de exerciţii comparative variate sunt menite să sprijine înţelegerea elementelor teoretice prin aplicaţii practice. Citind această lucrare, veţi fi confruntat cu probleme de gramatică şi de vocabular, veţi descoperi în ce măsură puteţi formula idei, vă puteţi exprima corect şi coerent în limba engleză şi veţi afla care sunt aspectele care vă creează dificultăţi. Modelul vă va însoţi la tot pasul. La sfârşitul cărţii aveţi un model de verb conjugat la timpurile modului indicativ. De asemenea aveţi şi o fişă cu regulile de formare a timpurilor, la afirmativ, negativ şi interogativ. Autenticitatea exerciţiilor propuse oferă o structurare a cunoştinţelor în seturi grupate pe probleme gramaticale. Scurte prezentări teoretice şi o serie de exemple însoţesc aceste seturi de exerciţii. Acestea vin să ilustreze tiparele structurale de bază ale limbii engleze. Deoarece va trebui să folosiţi din când în când dicţionarul, veţi avea ocazia să vă îmbogăţiti substanţial cunoştinţele de vocabular. Timpul pe care sunteţi dispus să îl alocaţi este bine distribuit pe probleme gramaticale. Nu vă ia mai mult de 10 minute să parcurgeţi un aspect gramatical. Intuiţia dumneavostră va funcţiona foarte bine în stăpânirea corectă a gramaticii. Conştiinciozitatea
vă va fi răsplătită printr-un rezultat excelent la testul final propus la sfârşitul cărţii care oferă 150 întrebări asupra cunoştinţelor de gramatică şi de vocabular. Rezolvarea testului vă va da cu siguranţă o imagine satisfăcătoare asupra stadiului la care aţi ajuns în însuşirea limbii engleze. Atingerea obiectivului dumneavoastră este scopul principal al acestei cărţi care vă pune la dispoziţie într-o formă concisă şi accesibilă, informaţiile necesare pentru a putea folosi limba engleză corect din punct de vedere gramatical şi pentru a asigura acurateţea şi nuanţarea atât de necesare în comunicare prin intermediul oricărei limbi.
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INTRODUCERE
Mă numesc Gramatica limbii engleze şi scopul meu principal este să vă informez asupra regulilor referitoare la forma cuvintelor. Am două fiice: Morfologia şi Sintaxa. O să faceţi cunoştinţă mai ales cu prima dintre ele. Ea este deosebit de importantă deoarece primul lucru care se învaţă în gramatica unei limbi străine este cum se formează categoriile gramaticale de bază: timpurile verbului, pluralul substantivelor, comparaţia adjectivelor, pronumele, numeralul, etc. Morfologia cuprinde regulile privitoare la forma cuvintelor şi la modificările formale ale cuvintelor studiate pe părţi de vorbire; sintaxa cuprinde regulile privitoare la îmbinarea cuvintelor în propoziţii şi fraze.
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - TIMPUL
VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE VERBUL – TIMPUL PREZENT SIMPLU CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT : I live with my husband and my children at the countryside. I am a doctor. I usually go to work in the morning. I have many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she is a teacher. She goes to school in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, on Thursday and on Friday. She does not go to school in the week end. She teaches English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister live here, too. They are farmers. I like/enjoy living in nature. Haideţi să observăm câteva din cuvintele din text, apoi vom analiza verbele. Let’s have a look at some words from the text, then we will see the verbs. a. Pronumele: (Pronouns) Cuvintele: I, she, they sunt pronume personale. Iată pronumele personale ale limbii engleze: I – eu You – tu He – el She – ea It – el/ea (pentru obiecte, animale) We – noi You – voi They – ei, ele b. Zilele săptămânii (Days of the week): Monday - Luni Tuesday - Mar ţi Wednesday - Miercuri Thursday - Joi Friday - Vineri Saturday - Sâmbătă Sunday – Duminică 7
c. Momente ale zilei (Moments of the day) - In the morning – dimineaţa - In the afternoon – după-amiaza - In the evening – seara d. Membrii familiei (Family members) father /dad / daddy – tată mother / mum / mummy / mom - mamă parent / parents – părinte, părinţi child / children – copil, copii son - fiu daughter- fiică brother - frate sister - soră grandfather / granddad / grandpa - bunic grandmother / grandma / granny - bunică grandson - nepot granddaughter - nepoată uncle- unchi aunt - mătuşă cousin – verişor, verişoară nephew - nepot niece - nepoată e. Verbele la Prezent Simplu (Verbs at Present Tense Simple) : I live, I am , I go, I have, she is, She goes, She does not go, She teaches, They live, They are, I like I live with my husband and my children at the countryside. Locuiesc cu soţul şi copiii mei la ţară. I am a doctor.- Sunt doctor. I usually go to work in the morning. - Eu merg de obicei la lucru dimineaţa. I have many friends in the village. - Am mulţi prieteni în sat. My friend, Louise, she is a teacher. - Prietena mea, Louise, este profesor. She goes to school in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, on Thursday and on Friday.- Ea merge la şcoală după-amiaza, în fiecare zi a săptămânii: luni, marţi, miercuri, joi şi vineri. She does not go to school in the week end. - Ea nu merge la şcoală în week-end. She teaches English. - Ea predă limba engleză. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister live here, too.-Tatăl meu, mama mea, fratele meu şi sora mea locuiesc aici, de asemenea. They are farmers. - Ei sunt fermieri (agricultori). I like/enjoy living in nature. - Îmi place să trăiesc în natură. Verbele accentuate sunt la Present Tense Simple. Folosim acest timp verbal pentru a exprima: ♥ O acţiune generală, repetabilă: - exemplu: I read daily. – Citesc zilnic. ♥Adevăruri general valabile: The Earth spins round. – Pământul se învârte. 8
♥ O acţiune regulată, obişnuită, în perioada prezentă. What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. –Sunt elev. What time do you usually have breakfast? - La ce oră iei de obicei micul dejun? ♥ Acţiuni viitoare planificate în prezent ca urmare a unui program oficial. The plane takes off at 7:35.- Avionul decolează/va decola la ora 7:35. Conjugarea unui verb la Present Tense Simple: To work = a lucra, a munci Afirmativ I work You work He/she/it works We work You work They work Negativ I do not (don’t) work You do not (don’t) work He/she/it does not (doesn’t) work We do not (don’t) work You do not (don’t) work They do not (don’t) work Interogativ Do I work? Do you work? Does he/she/it work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work? Cu Present Simple Tense folosim adverbe cum ar fi: always, often, sometimes, usually, seldom, on Saturdays, rarely, never, every day, etc. Examples: 1. Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning.(în fiecare dimineaţă) 2. I go to school every day. (în fiecare zi) 3. She sometimes goes out on Friday night (vineri noaptea). 4. I usually sleep late on Sunday morning.(de obicei) 5. Peter works for 8 hours every day. (în fiecare zi) 6. My children often watch TV in the afternoon. (adesea, des) 7. He always forgets his keys. (întotdeauna) Exerciţii – Practice Situation: My friend and I don’t do things in the same way: Example: Affirmative get up early/late I get up early, but my friend gets up late 9
Interrogative get up early/late Do you get up early? Does he get up late? Negative get up early/late I don’t get up early. My friend doesn’t get up late 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
leave home at 12 o’clock/1 o’clock go to work by car/by train speak English well/badly get home at six/seven have two kids/three
ACUM LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT : Last year I lived with my husband and my children at the countryside. I was a doctor. I used to go to work in the morning. I had many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she was a good teacher in the village. She went to school in the afternoon every week day. She did not go to school in the week end. She taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister lived here, too. They were farmers. I liked /enjoyed living in nature. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul trecut simplu: I lived - am locuit I was – eram/am fost I used to go – obişnuiam să mă duc/mă duceam I had – am avut She was – a fost She went – se ducea/mergea She did not go – ea nu mergea She taught - a predat They lived - au locuit They were - au fost/erau I liked – mi-a plăcut ♥ Verbele la Past Tense Simple arată o acţiune trecută, terminată, efectuată într-o perioadă de timp trecută, terminată. Este timpul naraţiunii. Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus din limba română. Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk. - Ieri am mers la plimbare. Last year I traveled to England. Anul trecut am călătorit în Anglia. 10
To work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense Simple Afirmativ I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked Negativ I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not work Interogativ Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work? Forma prescurtată a lui did not este didn’t (I didn’t work). Verbele limbii engleze pot fi regulate sau neregulate. Past Tense Simple se formează prin adăugarea terminaţiei – ed în cazul verbelor regulate. Ex. to work – worked Dacă verbul este neregulat, Past Tense trebuie învăţat din tabelul de verbe neregulate care indică cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I – infinitiv, forma II- Paste Tense, forma III – participiul trecut. Ex. to speak – spoke – spoken Iată o listă cu formele de Past Tense pentru verbe regulate şi neregulate: Verbe regulate: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
+ verb
+-ed
Atenţie le pronunţie! Pay attention to the pronounciation! {t} a) wash – washed – washed (a se spăla) cook – cooked – cooked (a găti) {d} b) play – played – played (a se juca) listen – listened – listened (a asculta) {id} b) need – needed – needed (a avea nevoie) skate – skated - skated (a patina) Verbe neregulate: a) meet leave say read send spend
b) {e} met left said read sent spent
{e} met (a întâlni) left (a pleca) said (a spune) read (a citi) sent (a trimite) spent (a petrece)
have sit
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{æ} had sat
{æ} had (a avea) sat (a sta jos)
c) write speak break
{ә} wrote spoke broke
written (a scrie) spoken (a vorbi) broken (a sparge)
{æ} ran began drank sang swam
{۸} run (a alerga) begun (a începe) drunk (a bea) sung (a cânta) swum (a înota)
f) do go eat forget
d) run begin drink sing swim
did went ate forgot
done (a face) gone (a merge) eaten (a mânca) forgotten(a uita)
got got up found
got (a obţine, a primi) got up (a se trezi) found (a găsi)
{ei} made laid came gave
made (a face) laid (a pune) come (a veni) given (a da)
g) get get up find h)
e) be see
was/were saw
{i:n} been (a fi) seen (a vedea)
make lay come give
Examples: Last year I bought a car and went to Boston. I spent my holiday there. Cele mai folosite adverbe pentru Past Tense Simple sunt: yesterday, last (month, year,) ago, (two days ago, 2 months ago, two years ago), on...., in....(on Monday, in 1987 ) Examples: I saw a movie yesterday. – Am văzut un film ieri. I didn't see the play last year. – Nu am văzut piesa anul trecut. I traveled to Japan two years ago. Am călătorit în Japonia acum doi ani. He went on holiday in August. A mers în vacanţă în august. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Situation: Daniel went on holiday in July (last month). Tell how he spent his holiday (Use Past Tense Simple). Example: Daniel (go) on holiday in July. Daniel went on holiday in July. 1. He (spend) three days in the Danube Delta last month. 2. Daniel (get up) early in the morning and (do) morning exercises. 12
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Then he (wash) and (eat/have) breakfast with his parents. After that he (go fishing) with his friends Irina and Larry. He (swim) in the Danube in the evening. The weather (be) fine all the time. Daniel (make) a lot of friends there. He (come back) home in September to go to school.
Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative forms. Examples: Negative form: Daniel (go) on holiday in July. Daniel did not go on holiday in July. Interrogative form: Daniel (go) on holiday in July. Did Daniel go on holiday in July?
VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE VERBUL – TIMPUL VIITOR SIMPLU CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS: READ THE TEXT: Next year I will live with my husband and my children at the countryside. I will be a doctor. I will go to work in the morning. I will have many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she will be a teacher in the village. She will go to school in the afternoon every week day. She will not go to school in the week end. She will teach English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister will live there, too. They will be farmers. I will enjoy living in nature. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul viitor simplu: I will live – eu voi locui I will be – eu voi fi I will go – eu voi merge I will have – eu voi avea She will be – ea va fi She will go – ea va merge She will not go – ea nu va merge She will teach – ea va preda They will live – ei vor locui They will be – ei vor fi I will enjoy - îmi va face plăcere
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♥ Future Tense Simple (Viitorul simplu) exprimă un eveniment, o acţiune care are loc într-un moment viitor, apropiat de momentul vorbirii. Example: I will visit him tomorrow. - O să-l vizitez mâine. (Îl voi vizita mâine.) We shall overcome. - Vom învinge. În engleza modernă forma shall este foarte puţin utilizată. Cea mai des folosită în Engleza vorbită şi scrisă este forma prescurtată 'll. I'll go to the seaside next week. - Săptămâna viitoare voi pleca la mare. You'll spend the holiday in the mountains. - Voi veţi petrece vacanţa la munte. Forma negativă se formează cu will not sau forma won't în faţa verbului principal la prezent. I will not (won't) drink wine. - Nu voi bea vin. She will not (won't) play football. - Ea nu va juca fotbal. Forma interogativă se formează prin inversiunea dintre auxiliarul will şi subiect. Will you work here? - Vei lucra aici? Will she sing beautifully? - Va cânta ea frumos? To work ( a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Simple: Afirmativ I/you/he/she/it/we/they will work Negativ I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not work Interogativ Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they work? Adverbele cele mai utilizate pentru a exprima o acţiune viitoare cu Future Tense Simple sunt: tomorrow, next (month, year) I'll finish this report tomorrow. - Voi termina acest raport mâine. Will he come next week? - Va veni el săptămâna viitoare? Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Situation 1: Grandpa does not hear very well what Daniel is saying. Complete his questions and Daniel’s answers. Example: Daniel: I’ll go to the Physics lab tomorrow. Grandpa: Where will you go tomorow? Daniel: To the Physics lab grandpa! Daniel: 1. I’ll work in the lab tomorrow. 2. I’ll do an interesting experiment tomorrow. 3. I’ll obtain hydrogen in the Chemistry lesson.
Grandpa: Where.........? What.........? What .........? 14
4. I’ll learn interesting things next week. 5. I’ll study hydrogen next week. 6. I’ll ask the teacher a lot of questions.
When .........? What .........? Who .........?
Situation 2. Daniel contradicts everything Irina says about her friend Larry. Example: Irina: Larry will go fishing tomorrow Daniel: Larry won’t go fishing tomrrow. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Larry will read his lesson later. Larry will go to the cinema next Sunday. He’ll go shopping tomorrow morning. He’ll help you tomorrow evening. He’ll have an experiment in the chemistry lab next week. He’ll wash the car on Sunday morning. He’ll buy a new car next year. He’ll take a new project next month.
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I have lived with my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time. I have been a doctor. I have gone to work in the morning. I have had many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she has been a teacher in the village. She has gone to school in the afternoon every week day. She has not gone/hasn’t gone to school in the week end. She has taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister have lived there, too. They have been farmers. I have enjoyed living in nature. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Perfect: I have lived – eu am locuit I have been – eu am fost I have gone – eu am mers I have had – eu am avut She has been – ea a fost She has gone – ea a mers She has not gone/hasn’t gone – ea nu a mers She has taught – ea a predat They have lived – ei au locuit They have been – ei au fost I have enjoyed – mi-a plăcut ♥ Present Perfect - exprimă o stare care a început în trecut şi care încă se continuă. We’ve been friends for a long time. - Suntem prieteni de mult timp. 15
♥ - exprimă o stare terminată în trecut, pentru care momentul când a avut loc nu prezintă interes; accentul este pus pe experienţa în sine trăită prin acţiunea respectivă I’ve never been to China. - N-am fost niciodată în China. ♥ - exprimă o acţiune trecută al cărei rezultat este vizibil în prezent He’s broken his arm. - Şi-a rupt braţul. To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Perfect Afirmativ I/you/we/they have worked he/she/it has worked Negativ I/you/we/they have not worked (haven’t worked) he/she/it has not worked (hasn’t worked) Interogativ Have I/you/we/they worked? Has he/she/it worked? Expresii cu care se foloseşte adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu: already, just, yet Exemple: 1. He has already finished his classes. - A terminat deja orele. 2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.-Tom tocmai a vorbit la telefon cu Maria. 3. They haven't written the exercise yet. Ei nu au scris exerciţiul încă. never, ever, often Exemple: 1. I have never heard such a thing.- Nu am mai auzit niciodată un astfel de lucru. 2. Have you ever read this news? – Ai citit vreodată ştirea aceasta? 3. I have often traveled by car to the countryside. – Am călătorit adesea cu maşina la ţară. ever and before Exemplu: Have you ever heard this song before? – Ai mai auzit vreodată cântecul acesta? for and since Exemple: 1. I've had my own car for four years. – Am avut propria mea maşină timp de patru ani. 2. She has been ill since yesterday. – Este bolnavă de ieri. until now, so far, up to now Exemple: 1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now. – Nu am mai avut probleme la matematică până acum. 2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage. – Până acum nu s-a pl âns de salariul său. 3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer. – Până acum nu am auzit de acest cântăreţ englez. Exerciţii – Practice 16
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
I. Pune verbele din paranteză la Prezentul Perfect Simplu, ca în exemplul de mai jos: Exemplu: Tom .......... (write) .......... his homework. Tom has just written his homework. 1. I .......... (fix) .......... my car. 2. Father .......... (leave) .......... home. 3. They .......... (arrive) .......... to the theatre. 4. We .......... (see) .......... our Math teacher. 5. He .......... (begin) .......... to cry. II. Completează următoarele propoziţii ca în exemplul de mai jos, folosind timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu: Exemplu: This is the most beautiful girl I .......... (see) This is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen. 1. That is the most interesting movie he .......... (see) 2. This is the best book she .......... (read) 3. This is the biggest mall they .......... (visit) 4. These are the most attractive souvenirs they .......... (buy) 5. Those are the most wonderful monuments they .......... (see)
VERB – PAST PERFECT SIMPLE CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I had lived with my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time before I moved in Piteşti. I had been a doctor. I had gone to work in the morning. I had had many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she had been a teacher in the village. She had gone to school in the afternoon every week day. She had not gone/hadn’t gone to school in the week end. She had taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had lived there, too. They had been farmers. I had enjoyed living in nature. Now everything is over. I have moved in town. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect, corespondentul timpului mai mult ca perfect din limba română: I had lived – eu locuisem I had been – eu fusesem I had gone – eu mersesem I had had – eu avusesem She had been – ea fusese She had gone – ea mersese She had not gone/hadn’t gone – ea nu mersese 17
She has taught – ea predase They had lived – ei locuiseră They had been – ei fuseseră I had enjoyed – îmi plăcuse ♥ Past Perfect - exprimă o acţiune anterioară altei acţiuni din trecut sau anterioară unui moment din trecut The little boy said that he had seen a fairy in the garden. – Băieţelul a spus că văzuse o zână în grădină. The little spoke as if he had seen a fairy. – Băieţelul vorbea de parcă văzuse o zână. ♥ - exprimă o dorinţă nerealizată I wish/ wished I hadn't missed the flight. Îmi doresc să nu fi pierdut avionul. ♥ - exprimă o acţiune anterioară unei acţiuni Tom said that he would go to France after he had learned French a little bit.- Tom a spus că se va duce în Franţa după ce va fi învăţat puţină franceză. Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci ) la Past Perfect: Afirmativ I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had worked Negativ I/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadn’t worked Interogativ Had I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they worked? Expresii cu care se foloseşte adesea Past Perfect Simplu: Before, never, ever You had studied English before you moved to New York. – Studiasei engleza înainte să te muţi în NY. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Crete. – Nu văzusem niciodată o plajă aşa de frumoasă până nu am mers în Creta. Had Susan ever studied Chinese before she moved to China? – Studiase Susan vreodată chineza până să se mute în China? Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Situation: Daniel and Irina spent their last summer holiday at the seaside. Irina went there for the first time, Daniel had been there before. Ask and answer questions about them: Example: be to the beach Had Daniel been to the beach before? Yes, he had. Had Irina been to the beach before? No, she hadn’t. 18
1. 2. 3. 4.
see the Black Sea swim in the sea sunbathe on the beach go fishing in the sea
5. walk down the beach 6. stay at a hotel 7. make the tour of Constanţa 8. visit Eforie Nord
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - ASPECTUL VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: In this moment I am living with my husband and my children at the countryside. My friend, Louise, she is at school now. She is teaching English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister are in the field now. They are woking in this moment. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Continuous I am living – eu locuiesc She is teaching - ea predă They are woking – ei lucrează ♥ Present Tense Continuous exprimă o acţiune desfăşurată ce are loc în momentul vorbirii. Example: I am writing now. I am studying English now- in this moment ♥ o acţiune temporară ce are loc în prezent ca o excepţie de la regulă. Example: I usually wake up early but today I am waking up late. ♥ o acţiune obişnuită care enervează. Example: She is always telling lies. Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Tense Continuous: Afirmativ I am working You/we/you/they are working he/she/it is working Negativ I am not working You/we/you/they are not working he/she/it is not working Interogativ Am I working? Are you/we/you/they working? Is he/she/it working? 20
Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu prezentul continuu: now, in this moment, always, She is sending emails right now to all her friends. – Ea trimite emailuri acum tuturor prietenilor săi. We are not working in this moment, we are on strike. Nu lucrăm în acest moment. Suntem în grevă. She's always coming in when we talk something important. Întotdeauna trebuie să intre în cameră fix când vorbim noi lucruri importante. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII Situation: Today is Monday. All the employees are at work, in various rooms of the building. It is nine o’clock in the morning. Say what they are doing at the moment. Example: Irina is in the director’s office. (give information) She is giving information at this moment/now. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Larry is in his office (work) Daniel is in the secretariate (type a letter) Ioana is in the conference room (present a project) Maria is in the hall (speak on the phone) Matei is in the guests room (meet some clients)
VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I was living with my husband and my children at the countryside while my father, my mother, my brother and my sister were living in town. I was going to work in the morning. I was having many friends in the village. My friend, Louise was going to school in the afternoon every week day but my sister was going in the afternoon. They were not going to school in the week end. Louise was teaching English while my sister was teaching History. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Tense Continuous (echivalentul imperfectului din limba română): I was living – eu locuiam They were living – ei locuiau I was going – eu mergeam I was having – eu aveam 21
Louise was going – Louise mergea My sister was going – sora mea mergea They were not going – ei nu mergeau Louise was teaching – Louise preda My sister was teaching – sora mea preda ♥ Past Tense Continuous se foloseşte pentru a exprima o acţiune care se desfăşura într-un moment bine definit în trecut. While she was watching TV yesterday, her friend came to see her. Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense Continuous: Afirmativ I was working You/we/you/they were working he/she/it was working Negativ I was not working You/we/you/they were not working he/she/it was not working Interogativ was I working? were you/we/you/they working? was he/she/it working? Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu past continuous: At this time yesterday, this time last week,
Examples: At seven o’clock yesterday morning, I was in the bathroom. I was washing my face. – La ora şapte ieri dimineaţă, eram în baie, îmi spălam faţa. This time last week you were reading the magazine. – Pe vremea asta săptămâna trecută tu citeai revista. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Situation: Yesterday afternoon all the employees were at work. Say what they were doing when Mr Smith, the boss, came in. Example: Larry and Irina/discuss about a marketing project Larry and Irina were discussing about a marketing project when Mr Smith came in. 22
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Daniel and John / work in the office Matei and Maria / speak on the phone Ioana /write a report Martha / water the flowers Victor / talk to his colleague Angela/open the windows Mark and Chris /look at some pictures Fiona/read the newspapers
VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I will be living with my husband and my children at the countryside at this time next year when my father, my mother, my brother and my sister will be living in town. I will be working in the morning, my friend, Louise will be going to school in the afternoon every week day but my sister will be going in the evening. They will not be going to school in the week end. Louise will be teaching English while my sister will be teaching History. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Continuous: I will be living – voi locui They will be living – vor locui I will be working – voi lucra Louise will be going – Louise va merge They will not be going - ei nu vor merge Louise will be teaching – Louise va preda My sister will be teaching – sora mea va preda Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Continuous: Afirmativ I /we shall/will be working You he/she/it /they will be working Negativ I /we shall/will not be working You he/she/it /they will not be working Interogativ Shall/will I /we be working? Will you he/she/it /they be working? ♥ Future Tense Continuous exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare într-un moment viitor, posterior momentului vorbirii. Exemplu: I shall/will be walking at two o’clock tomorrow. at this time next week. 23
Mă voi plimba mâine la ora două. săptămâna viitoare la ora asta. ♥ - exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare întreruptă de o acţiune momentană. Exemplu: When he comes, I will be eating. – Când va veni, eu voi fi în mijlocul mesei. ♥ - exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare în viitor în paralel cu o altă acţiune în desfăşurare, de asemenea în viitor. Exemplu: She will be walking while I am sleeping.- Ea se va plimba în timp ce eu voi dormi. Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu Future Continuous: when, while, at his time next week, month, year, etc Examples: You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. – Tu o vei aştepta când soseşte avionul diseară. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. –Când ea va sosi diseară, eu voi fi la televizor. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Puneţi verbele din paranteză la Future Continuous. Example: Mark ______________ on the computer when his mother arrives home. (to play) Answer: Mark will be playing on the computer when his mother arrives home. 1) She ______________ him next week. (to meet) 2) We ______________ in Piteşti just about now. (to arrive) 3) At 8 o'clock on Tuesday they ______________ the new song. (to sing) 4) He ______________when you call her. (to sleep) 5) It ______________ when I reach Madrid. (to rain, probably) 6) Mary ______________ a video when I arrive tonight. (to watch) 7) You ______________ spaghetti soon. (to eat) 8) This time next week he ______________ to Africa. (to fly) 9) Mary ______________to the party on Sunday. (to come) 10) Tomorrow at nine I ______________a test paper. (to write)
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I have been living with my husband and my children at the countryside for 5 years. I have been going to work in the morning but my friend, Louise, has been going to school in the afternoon every week day. She has been teaching English for 5 years at the same village school and she is 24
still enjoying this. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister have been living there, too. They are farmers. We like living in nature. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Perfect Continuous: I have been living – eu locuiesc I have been going – eu merg Louise has been going – Louise merge She has been teaching – ea predă They have been living – ei locuiesc ♥ Present Perfect Continuous - exprimă o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat până acum şi va continua probabil şi în viitor. I have been working in the garden all day long. – Am muncit în grădină toată ziua. They have been playing tennis for half an hour – Joacă tenis de jumătate de oră. ♥ - exprimă o acţiune repetată frecvent, într-o perioadă de timp care se întinde din trecut până în prezent He has been writing poems since he was a child.- Scrie poezii de când era copil. ♥ - exprimă o acţiune trecută, încheiată recent, care este cauza unui efect simţit în prezent A: Why are your hands dirty? B: I’ve been repairing my bike. To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Perfect Continuous Afirmativ I/you/we/they have been working he/she/it has been working Negativ I/you/we/they have not been working (haven’t been working) he/she/it has not been working (hasn’t been working) Interogativ Have I/you/we/they been working? Has he/she/it been working? Expresii cu care se foloseşte adesea Present Perfect Continuous: since Exemplu: You have been living in Paris since 1996. – Locuieşti în Paris din 1996. for Exemplu: They have been watching TV for 3 hours. – Se uită la televizor de 3 ore. so far Exemplu: So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London. Până acum au sosit 10 pasageri din Londra.
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ever Exemplu: Have you ever been listening to the radio? – Ai ascultat vreodată la radio? never Exemplu: I have never been travelling to France until now.- Nu am călătorit în Franţa până acum. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Completează spaţiile goale cu "FOR"( de) şi "SINCE"(din, de la). Pune verbele din paranteză la Prezentul Perfect Continuu: Exemplu: Helen (study) English .......... last summer. Helen has been studying English since last summer. 1. We (talk) about that horrible accident .......... half an hour. 2. She (cook) a chicken soup .......... 1 hour. 3. They (phone) the manager .......... the last five minutes. 4. Mary (live) in Manhattan .......... June 1998. 5. It (rain) .......... morning.
VERB – PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I had been living with my husband and my children at the countryside before I came in town. I had been going to work in the morning. My friend, Louise, she had been going to school in the afternoon every week day before leaving the countryside, too. She had been teaching English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had been living there, too. Now everything is over. I have moved in town. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect Contionuous: I had been living – eu locuisem I had been going – eu mersesem She had been going – ea mersese She had been teaching – ea predase They had been living – ei locuiseră ♥ Past Perfect Continuous - exprimă o acţiune în curs până la un moment dat trecut când a fost oprit de o altă acţiune a cărei urmări continuă şi azi.
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They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it. (Ei) lucrau la casa cea nouă înainte să fie distrusă de foc. Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci ) la Past Perfect Continuous: Afirmativ I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had been working Negativ I/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadn’t been working Interogativ Had I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they been working Expresii cu care se foloseşte adesea Past Perfect Continuous: For five minutes" , "for two weeks", etc You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Ai aşteptat-o cel mult două ore când în final a sosit. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect continuous). She (sleep) for 10 hours when he woke us up. We (wait) at the station for 60 minutes when the train finally arrived. They (look for) her ring for three hours and then we found it in the bathroom. I (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. How long (learn / she) English before she went to London? She (drive) less than an hour when he ran out of gas. They were very tired in the evening because they (help) on the farm all day. I (not / work) all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night. They (cycle) all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: When my friends will come to live at the countryside I will have been living with my husband and my children there for 5 years. I will have already been working for a couple of years as a doctor, Louise will have been teaching English in the afternoon for 5 years, too. Until next year, we will have been staying there for 6 years.
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Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Perfect Continuous: I will have been living – voi fi locuit I will have been working – eu voi fi lucrat Louise will have been teaching – Louise va fi predat We will have been staying – noi vom fi stat Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Future Perfect Continuous : Afirmativ I / you he/she/it /we /they will have been working Negativ I / you he/she/it /we /they will not have been working Interogativ Will I / you/ he/she/it /we /they have been working? ♥ Future Perfect Continuous - acest timp se foloseşte rar în vorbire, fiind o formă caracteristică limbii scrise şi pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lungă de timp decât Future Continuous Se traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", şi ca toate formele de timpuri continue implică o acţiune în derulare. Exemplu: By 2010 he will have been working for 40 years.- În 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani Adverbul cel mai des utilizat cu Future Perfect Continuous: for Example: By six o’clock p.m., she will have been selling blouses for eight hours.- Până la ora 18 ea va fi vândut bluze timp de opt ore. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Puneţi verbele din paranteză la Future Perfect Continuous sau la Future Perfect Mike: Helen has been in the kitchen all day long. Ross: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good birthday party. Mike: She (cook) for over five hours by the time everyone arrives for dinner. Hopefully, she (finish) everything by then. Ross: Maybe we should give her a helping hand.
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - DIATEZA I DIATEZA ACTIVĂ II DIATEZA PASIVĂ I Verbul este la diateza activă când subiectul gramatical săvârşeşte acţiunea, care se răsfrânge asupra subiectului (în cazul verbelor tranzitive). Exemplu: Lucy has written a letter.- Lucia a scris o scrisoare. II Verbul este la diateza pasivă când subiectul gramatical suferă acţiunea săvârşită de obiect. Exemplu: This letter has been written by Lucy. – Această scrisoare a fost scrisă de Lucia. Diateza pasivă se remarcă prin: - utilizarea verbului be sau get - complementul de agent introdus de prepoziţia by exemplu: She was met at the station by my brother. – Ea a fost aşteptată la gară de fratele meu. Conjugarea unui verb la diateza pasivă: Aspectul simplu: Present simple: Past Simple: Present Perfect Past Perfect: Future Future Perfect
I am seen. He is seen. We are seen. I was seen. We were seen. I have been seen. He has been seen I had been seen. I shall be seen. We will be seen. I shall have been seen. He will have been seen.
Aspectul continuu: Present Continuous: Past Continuous:
The classrooms are being cleaned now. The school was being cleaned when we wanted to visit it.
Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! 1. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii la diateza pasivă, transformând complementul persoanei în subiect.
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Exemplu: The guide is showing them the museum. They are being shown the museum. They have appointed him president. She has given me a good dictionary. They will tell you what time the bus leaves. I’ll pay the carpenter for his work. He promised them new bicycles. 2. Traduceţi următoarele propoziţii în limba engleză, folosind verbe la diateza pasivă: Exemplu: Această problemă trebuie analizată. This matter must be looked into. Nu s-a dormit în acest pat. Copiii au fost bine îngrijiţi. Câinele a fost călcat de un autobuz. Vor râde de tine dacă vei purta rochia asta.
PERSOANA ŞI NUMĂRUL Spre deosebire de verbul românesc, verbul englez are puţini indici formali care să marcheze persoana şi numărul. Singura desinenţă specifică este –s/es pentru persoana a III-a singular, indicativ prezent. I play, you play, he plays, she plays, we play, you play, they play. I wash, you wash, he washes, she washes, we wash, you wash, they wash. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Folosiţi pronumele personal corect. Exemplu: ___ often reads books. (Lisa) She often reads books. 1) ___is dreaming. (George) 2) ___is green. (the blackboard) 3) ___are on the wall. (the posters) 4) ___is running. (the cat) 5) ___are watching TV. (my mother and I) 6) ___are in the garden. (the flowers) 7) ___is riding his horse. (Marc) 8) ___is from Bucharest. (Victoria) 9) ___has got a sister. (Diana) 10) Have ___ got a computer, Tom? 31
MODUL – THE MOOD I. MODUL INDICATIV (The Indicative Mood) I.
Modul indicativ prezintă acţiunea, starea, etc. exprimată de verb ca reală , îndeplinită chiar.
Exemplu: - He returned the book to the library after he had read it.- A înapoiat cartea la bibliotecă după ce a citit-o. - I can return the book now. I have read it. – Pot să înapoiez cartea la bibliotecă acum. Am citit-o. - He will return the book to the library next Monday. He will have read it by then.- Va înapoia cartea la bibliotecă lunea viitoare. O va fi citit până atunci.
II MODUL SUBJONCTIV (The Subjunctive Mood) Modul subjonctiv prezintă acţiunea ca posibilă când acţiunea este proiectată în viitor , sau ireală, când acţiunea trebuia să aibă loc în trecut. SUBJONCTIVUL PREZENT ♥ exprimă o acţiune considerată posibilă, deci nu contrară realităţii. Exemplu: It is necessary that he be here.- Este necesar ca el să fie aici. come in time.- să vină la timp. SUBJONCTIVUL TRECUT ♥ coincide ca formă cu Past Tense Simple. Exemplu: I wish he/they told the truth.- Aş dori să spună adevărul. Observaţie: Verbul be are formă unică pentru toate persoanele: were , cu excepția pers.1 și 3 sg. : was Exemplu: I wish he/they were here. SUBJONCTIVUL ANALITIC ♥ exprimă o acţiune posibilă, presupusă, pentru a sublinia ideea de acţiune şi nu acţiunea propriu-zisă sau îndeplinirea ei, care sunt redate cu indicativul. Exemplu: The idea is that sport facilities should be improved. (subjonctiv) The fact is that sport facilities will be improved. (indicativ) Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! 1. It is very important that all employees _______________ in their proper uniforms before 6:30 a.m. A. are dressed B. will be dressed C. be dressed 2. I wish my sister _________ here. A. were B. was 32
3. The coach insisted that Mario _______ the center position, even though he's much too short for that position.. A. plays B. play 4. Mary hoped that the meeting _______________. A. was adjourned B. be adjourned 5. My mother would know what to do. Oh, would that she _______ here with us now! A. were B. was 6. If only Mark ______ a little more responsible in his choice of courses! A. was B. were 7. If Mrs. Smith ________ ill that night, the Smiths would not have gone to the cinema. A. were B. had been 8. Her employees treated Mrs. Smith as though she _______ a queen. A. was B. were 9. I wish I _________ better today. A. feel B. felt
INFINITIVUL - THE INFINITIVE to + verb = infinitive Infinitivul are doua forme: infinitivul lung (The Long Infinitive), marcat de particula to şi infinitivul scurt (The Short Infinitive) fără particula to. Acesta se foloseşte de obicei după verbe de percepţie : hear, see, watch, notice, observe, perceive, sau după have, let, make. Exemplu: To err is human. – A greşi este omenesc. I made her work harder. – Am făcut-o să muncească mai mult.
GERUNZIUL - THE GERUND Gerunziul, adesea cunoscut sub denumirea de formă în –ing reprezintă un substantiv format dintr- un verb la care se adaugă terminaţia –ing. Exemplu: I adore reading your books. I detest going to supermarkets. I quit smoking. I can’t remember doing/having done this exercise before. ♥ - are categoriile gramaticale de timp şi diateză: - Diateza activă: Gerund: I enjoy learning English.- Îmi place să învăţ engleza. Perfect Gerund He denies having taken the books. – Neagă că a luat cărţile. -Diateza pasivă: Gerund: He can’t stand being interrupted.- Nu suportă să fie întrerupt. Perfect Gerund He denies having been invited. – Neagă că a fost invitat. ♥ - caracteristici substantivale: Exemplu: The sound of a loud knocking at the door interrupted us. her coming in interrupted us. a baby’s crying interrupted us.
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Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Pune verbul din paranteze la gerunziu sau la infinitivul lung (to-). Exemplu:
They go on _______ (read) the book. They go on reading the book.
1) I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike. 2) He agreed (buy) a new washing machine. 3) The question is easy (answer). 4) The man asked me how (get) to the railway station. 5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend. 6) Are you thinking of (visit) Paris? 7) We decided (run) through the dark forest. 8) The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard. 9) She doesn't mind (work) the night shift. 10) I learned (ride) the bike at the age of 3.
PARTICIPIUL TRECUT - PAST PARTICIPLE -
Este forma nepersonală a verbului care denumeşte acţiunea ca rezultat. Se formează de la infinitiv la care se adaugă terminaţia – ed (în cazul verbelor regulate), şi forma a III-a în cazul verbelor neregulate. Exemple: He is an aged man. – Este un om în vârstă. He is a learned man – Este un om învăţat. A drunken man is unpleasant to look at. – Un om beat este neplăcut la vedere. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! 1. Completaţi corect formele de participiu trecut. the (lose) son an (interest) audience a (break) leg an (empty) bottle a (close) door a (decorate) room two (pack) bags the (write) letters the (sell) car the (buy) apples
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VERBELE AUXILIARE - AUXILIARY VERBS Au următoarele caracteristici: ♥ sunt golite de sens lexical: I shall leave after he comes.- Voi pleca după ce vine el. ♥ înlociuesc verbele noţionale în răspunsuri scurte şi întrebări disjunctive: Do you like this book? Yes, I do. He has written a good composition, hasn’t he? ♥ apar adesea sub forme reduse: I’ve got a book.- I have got a book. I haven’t got a book. – I have not got a book. He’s come.- He has come He’s here.- He is here. Verbele auxiliare: 1. be/was/were/been 2. have/had/had 3. shall/should 4. will/would 5. may/might 6. let 7. do/does Exemple: 1. Infinitive: be reading Present: He is reading Past: He was reading Future: He will be reading Conditional: He would be reading Infinitive Perfect: have been reading Present Perfect: He has been reading Past Perfect: He had been reading Future Perfect: He will have been reading Conditional Perfect: He would have been reading 2. Perfect Infinitive: have read Perfect Gerund: having read Present Perfect: He has read Past Perfect: He had read Future Perfect: He will have read Conditional Perfect: He would have read 3. Future: I shall give Future Perfect:I shall have given Conditional: I should give Conditional Perfect: I should have given 4. Future: I will give Future Perfect: I will have given Conditional: I would give Conditional Perfect: I would have given 5. Hurry up, so that we may arrive in time.- Grăbeşte-te ca să ajungem la timp. They hurried so that we might arrive in time.- S-au grăbit ca să ajungem la timp. 6. Let me think! – Lasă-mă să mă gândesc. 7. Do you live in this town?- Locuieşti în acest oraş? 35
Does he work here? – Lucrează aici? Did he attend this school? – A urmat această şcoală? I don’t like it. – Nu-mi place. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Alegeţi auxiliarul potrivit: What ________ you done? I ________ not like this song. ________ she know that you are here? The lesson ________not started yet. ________you drink milk? Who ________ eaten my biscuits? It ________ not matter. They ________ not want to play outside. We ________ not seen you for a long time. My friend ________sent me some photos. The train ________ just arrived. ________ you understand? They ________been learning English for two years. ________ you heard that? My uncle ________ not eat fish. I ________ not live here. ________anybody rung up for me? She ________ not play the piano. How ________ we get there? Where ________ he live?
VERBELE MODALE - MODAL VERBS ♥ Verbele: can, may, must, ought to, shall, will şi parţial need şi dare formează grupul de verbe modale. Aceste verbe nu formează infinitivul cu particula 'to'. can - a putea, cu înţelesul de a fi în stare. În vorbirea curentă mai ales în întrebări se foloseşte în locul lui 'may' (înseamnă şi conservă şi 'to can' = a face conservă) may - a putea, cu întelesul de a avea voie. (înseamnă şi luna mai). În plus se foloseşte în urări, de exemplu poate fi tradus prin 'fie' . must - a trebui, a fi necesar (înseamnă şi must- suc de struguri), poate fi tradus uneori şi prin probabil (sau 'trebuie ca') ought to- ar trebui, ar fi cazul shall - este o întărire a unui ordin dacă este spus apăsat. Altfel formează viitorul persoanei întâi. În acest ultim caz de obicei se înlocuieşte cu 'will'. will - formează viitorul, particula 'voi' din româneşte. I will come = Voi veni. Se foloseşte şi la formarea viitorului. (înseamnă şi „testament” şi „voinţă”). need - a trebui, cu înţelesul de a avea nevoie dare - a îndrazni, a provoca pe cineva
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Exemple: I know I can.- Ştiu că pot. May I have this dance? (Pot să am acest dans) - Îmi acordaţi acest dans? May the force be with you! - Fie ca forţa să te însoţească! din filmul StarWars, adică să ai noroc. If you must, you must - Dacă trebuie, trebuie. I must be dreaming - Trebuie că visez (probabil că visez). You ought to stop smoking. – Ar fi cazul/ar trebui/îţi recomand să nu mai fumezi. You shall not kill = Nu vei omorî (să nu omori). I will survive = Voi supravieţui. Need I go on? - E nevoie să continui? How dare you talk like this! - Cum îndrăzneşti să vorbeşti aşa! ♥ Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale ♥ Nu acceptă particula to pentru infinitiv, nu au participiu şi nici forma cu -ing. Din această cauză multe timpuri lipsesc acestor verbe. Foarte important: Verbul care urmează unui verb modal nu are to în faţă. Adică, în limba română se spune: Trebuie să mănânc. În limba engleză se spune: I must eat. Atenţie: I need to eat - need aici nu e verb modal). Din exemplele de mai sus vedem că această regulă a verbelor modale e respectată: I know I can (fără 'to'), May I have this dance? (fără 'to') etc. ♥ Forma negativă nu cere do. Adică în cazul celorlalte verbe se pune un do not sau does not pentru negaţie. I eat meat - Mănânc carne. I do not eat meat - Nu mănânc carne. I can not eat meat - Nu pot să mănânc carne. (particula do cade) ♥ Forma interogativă nu cere do. Do you eat meat? - Mănânci carne? Can you eat meat? - Poţi să mănânci carne? Must you eat meat? - Trebuie să mănânci carne? ♥ Aceste verbe nu se schimbă după persoană: I can, you can, he/she can etc. Adică persoana a treia singular nu primeşte 's'. ♥ Aceste verbe se pot contracta cu particula not din propoziţii negative. can't = can not, mustn't = must not, won't = will not sunt verbele modale care folosesc cel mai mult această regulă. ♥ Pentru formarea celebrului 'nu-i aşa' din engleză e necesar folosirea acestor verbe. Forma 'nu-i aşa' depinde de verbul modal folosit în prima parte a întrebării. I can go, can't I? - Pot să mă duc, nu-i aşa? sau He will go, won't he? - Va merge, nu-i aşa? CAN/COULD exprimă ♥ capacitatea fizică sau intelectuală Daniel can speak three foreign languages. Daniel ştie trei limbi străine. Irina could run faster than you last year. Irina putea să alerge mai repede decât tine anul trecut. Viitor: I’ll be able to skate next year. Condiţional: Would you be able to manage by yourself if it was necessary ? Could you manage by yourself if it was necessary ? Te-ai putea descurca singur dacă ar fi nevoie ? Observaţie ! Diferenţa de sens între could şi was/were able to se pierde la negativ sau cu verbe de percepţie: I couldn’t swim yesterday as the weather was very bad. 37
I wasn’t able to swim yesterday as the weather was very bad. I couldn’t see him in the dark. I wasn’t able to see him in the dark. ♥ permisiunea A: Can I borrow your pen ? B: Of course you can. ♥ permisiunea în trecut On Sundays we could stay in bed until ten o’clock.- Duminică aveam voie să stăm în pat până la ora 10. În acest sens, can/could poate fi înlocuit de be allowed to, be permitted to: On Sundays we were allowed to stay in bed until ten o’clock. MAY/MIGHT ♥ folosit pentru a cere (a) sau a acorda (b) permisiunea (mai oficial decât can): a) May I go ? Pot să plec ? b) You may go. Poţi să pleci. ♥ exprimă o cerere, o rugăminte politicoasă (may este mai politicos şi oficial decât can/could): May I use your phone ? Îmi daţi voie să dau telefon ? ♥ exprimă o posibilitate prezentă sau viitoare He may come today- Se poate să vină azi. ♥ might este folosit în cereri insistente sau atunci când vorbitorul este iritat de neîndeplinirea unei acţiuni You might give me an answer. (Please, give me an answer) MUST / HAVE TO / NEED MUST Must se foloseşte pentru a exprima: 1) obligaţia: They must stop because the traffic light is red now. Must exprimând obligaţia poate fi înlocuit de have to sau ‘ve got to. 2. deducţia logică: She must be at home. She left two hours ago. HAVE TO. Între must şi have to există următoarele diferenţe de sens: a) Must exprimă o obligaţie impusă de către vorbitor, pe când have to exprimă o obligaţie impusă din exterior: I must go. (It’s my decision). We have to go. (The shop is closing). b) Must exprimă o obligaţie importantă, urgentă: I must be at the hospital at two. It’s most important. Have to exprimă o obligaţie obişnuită, repetată (habitual obligation): I have to be at the hospital at seven o’clock every morning. I begin work at seven. Prezent: You must stay home for a few days. You’ve got flu. You have to stay home when you have flu. Past Tense: He had to stay home last week. He was quite ill. Viitor: You must stay home tomorrow if you don’t feel better. You’ll have to stay home when you feel feverish again. HAVE GOT TO În vorbirea familiară, se adaugă got la have to, iar have se contrage obţinându-se I’ve got/I haven’t got to phone her. NEED/NEEDN’T ♥ folosit pentru a exprima lipsa obligativităţii You needn’t come early to work= You don’t have to come early. (nu era nevoie) SHALL/SHOULD. 38
♥ Shall este folosit: pentru a exprima obligaţie, în stil oficial (acte, regulamente, etc. la persoana a II-a şi a III-a) The employer shall supply the necessary documents in due time. Angajatorul va furniza documentele necesare în timp util. ♥ Shall este folosit în propoziţii interogative, la persoana I singular sau plural: a)- pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin: Where shall we put the flowers ? Unde să punem florile ? Shall we go to the cinema tonight ? (Ce spui), mergem la cinema diseară ? What shall we do ? Ce trebuie să facem ? b)- pentru a face o ofertă: Shall I help you ? Să te ajut ? ♥ Should este folosit pentru a exprima: a) obligaţia, necesitatea logică de înfăptuire a unei acţiuni, de obicei sub formă de sfat de către vorbitor: The novel is very interesting. You should read it. Romanul este foarte interesant. Ar trebui să-l citeşti. He shouldn’t tell lies. N-ar trebui să mintă. b) o presupunere: He should be there by now. Ar trebui să fi ajuns acolo deja. OUGHT TO ♥ La fel ca şi should, ought to exprimă obligaţia sau datoria, de obicei sub forma unui sfat dat de către vorbitor: You ought to start packing before 12 o’clock to make the check out. WILL/WOULD ♥ exprimă o comandă:You will do that immediately! ♥ exprimă insistenţa: He will work as a doctor no matter what! ♥ o invitaţie:Will you have another slice of pizza? ♥ o cerere, o rugăminte: Will you sign the papers, please? ♥ o rugăminte foarte politicoasă- cu would: Would you do me a favor? ♥ insistenţa, hotărârea de a efectua ceva în trecut: He would continue writing for hours, no matter what I said. ♥ probabilitatea: That would be his pen.- Probabil că acela este stiloul lui. USED TO exprimă ♥ o acţiune repetată, un obicei trecut care nu mai este repetat în prezent: I used to call him when I was a student, I don’t do this anymore. Obişnuiam să îl sun când erma student, nu mai fac asta acum. ♥ o acţiune repetată, un obicei trecut care încă mai este repetat în prezent: They used to go there every year and it is likely to find them there, too. Obişnuiau să se ducă acolo în fiecare an şi e posibil să îi găseşti acolo. BE TO folosit pentru a exprima ♥ o comandă sau instrucţiuni într-un mod impersonal: He is to stay in the building till midnight. Trebuie/va sta /urmează să stea în clădire pînă la miezul nopţii. ♥ o acţiune planificată: The meeting is to start at 7:30.- Întâlnirea urmează să înceapă la 7:30. DARE ♥ este folosit cu sensul de a îndrăzni, a avea curajul, mai ales în propoziţii interogative: How dare you say that? – Cum îndrăzneşti să spui asta? Exerciţii – Practice
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LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! EX. 1. Alegeţi varianta corectă de răspuns. 1.We ______________ go to the party. We're going to a wedding. A won't be able to B will can't C couldn't D want be able to 2. He __________ pass the exam if he studied harder. A can B will be able to C would be able to 3. I __________ remember his name. A 'm not able to B can't C fish 4. They ____________ go. The weather was too bad. A weren't able to B can't C couldn't 5. Sorry, Teacher. I ____________ do it yet. A wasn't able to B couldn't C haven't been able to EX.2. Alegeţi între must şi have to: 1. I _______be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on time. 2. You _______submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. If the form is not complete, you will be rejected and you _______reapply at a later date. 3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them? Stephanie: It _______David. He's the only one who would send you flowers, you know. 4. You _______forget to pay the rent. Mr Daniel is very strict about paying on time. 5. You _______be like this! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while. EX 3. Alegeţi verbul modal potrivit situaţiilor de mai jos: 1. Mike's flight from Paris took more than 7 hours. He _________ quite exhausted after such a long flight. 2. The books are optional. My teacher said we _________ read them if we needed extra credit. But we _________read them if we don't want to. 3. Daniel _________ hear a word because the crowd was cheering so loudly. 4. The refrigerator isn't working. It _________damaged during the move. 5. Mike: _________you hold your breath for more than a minute? Jack: No, _________. 6. You _________be rich to be famous. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny. 40
7. I've redone this math problem at least ten times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. So, the answer in the book _________wrong! 8. You _________do the job if you didn't speak three languages fluently. 9. You _________worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the promotion, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another job. 10. You _________ leave the table once you have finished your dinner and politely excused yourself. 11. Jenny's engagement ring is speechless! It _________cost a fortune. 12. _________we move into the living room? There's a beautiful view of the forest from there. 13. You had better take along some cash. The shop _________accept credit cards. 14. The machine _________start moving by pressing the left button. 15. I _________stand these people - I don ’t understand their priciples, so you get rid of them! 16. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. _________ you think once in a while before you open your mouth? 17. Daniel and Mathew said they would come over right after work, so they _________be here by 5:00. 18. You _________ no longer suffer this injustice! Freedom shall be yours! 19. If I had gone to an University in England, I _________participated in their English immersion program. 20. The lamp _________be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out or something.
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA - SUBSTANTIVUL Definiţie: Substantivul: a) denumeşte obiecte în sens foarte larg, adică fiinţe, lucruri, fenomene (woman, desk, rain, go, happiness); b) are categorii gramaticale de gen, număr şi caz; c) poate îndeplini în propoziţie funcţiile de subiect, nume predicativ, atribut, apoziţie, complement, element predicativ suplimentar, sau poate fi echivalentul unei propoziţii sau fraze. Clasificare: a) substantive simple: boy, meal, day; b) substantive formate din derivare cu sufixe sau prefixe: childhood, disgust, unhappiness; c) substantive formate prin compunere (substantivele compuse): schoolboy d) substantive formate prin conversiune, din alte părţi de vorbire: - adjective: the good, the evil, the rich, the poor; - verbe la infinitiv: cook, fall; - verbe la Gerund: reading, boxing; - verbe la participiul trecut: the injured; e) substantive formate prin contragere: ad (advertisement), fridge (refrigerator), gym (gymnasium), lab (laboratory), liv (livingroom), poly (polytechnic), pub (public house); f) abrevieri: MP (Member of Parliament), Dr (doctor), Mr Brown (Dl. Brown), Mrs Brown (dna Brown), Miss Brown (dra Brown), Ms Brown (apelativ pentru femei, căsătorite sau necăsătorite) g) substantive comune şi substantive proprii - Substantivele comune pot fi: - substantive colective, care denumesc obiecte constând din mai multe elemente de acelaşi fel: family, people; - substantive concrete, care denumesc obiecte sau substanţa constitutivă a unor obiecte: table, wood, steel; - substantive abstracte, care denumesc abstracţiuni: difficulty, worry, peace Substantivele (numele) proprii au capacitatea de a individualiza un obiect dintr-o categorie de obiecte de acelaşi fel, denumind în principiu un singur element dintr-o categorie. În limba engleză, substantivele proprii denumesc: - nume de persoane: John, Larry, Daniel; - denumiri geografice - nume de localităţi: London, Paris - nume de ţări şi continente: Romania, France, Europe - nume de ape şi munţi: London River, Carpathians - diviziuni temporale - lunile anului: January, February, March, April, June, July, August, September, October, November, December - zilele săptămânii: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday - sărbători: Halloween d) nume de cărţi, ziare, reviste: The English Magazine, Nine o ’Clock e) nume de instituţii 42
Numărul substantivelor : I. Substantive numărabile (Count nouns) II. Substantive nenumărabile (Mass nouns). I. Substantivele numărabile denumesc noţiunile ca unităţi separate, care pot fi numărate: a boy, two boys, a few boys, etc. Au următoarele caracteristici: a) sunt variabile ca formă, având atât numărul singular, cât şi numărul plural: museum - museums, child - children; b) pot fi precedate de numerale cardinale sau cuantificatori: one book, three books, several apples, a lot of brushes; c) la numărul singular se acordă cu verbe la singular: The book is on the table. /The apples are in the basket. Formarea pluralului substantivelor numărabile: Formele de plural sunt de două feluri: A. regulate, când pluralul se formează prin adăugarea desinenţei -s la forma de singular: book - books. B. Neregulate, când pluralul se formează în alte moduri: - Substantivele terminate în -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh adaugă es: bus - buses; glass - glasses; buzz buzzes; box - boxes; watch - watches; brush – brushes - când -o e precedat de o vocală: cuckoos; kangaroos; radios; scenarios; studios, zoos; - adaugă -es la substantive ca: echoes, heroes, mosquitoes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes - Substantivele terminate în -y precedat de o consoană transformă pe y în i şi adaugă -es: city cities; factory - factories. Transformarea nu are loc după vocale: boy - boys, play - plays; 1) -th→ ths: bath - baths; mouth - mouths; path - paths; 2) -f(e) [f]→ ves [vz]: calf - calves; elf - elves; half - halves; knife - knives; leaf - leaves; life lives; loaf - loaves; self - selves; shelf - shelves; 3) -se [s]→ ses [ziz]: house - houses II. Substantivele nenumărabile - denumesc noţiuni văzute ca un întreg. - pot fi concrete: sugar, coal, steel sau abstracte: beauty, kindness. Substantivele nenumărabile au următoarele caracteristici: a) sunt invariabile ca formă: tea, information, cattle. b) neavând contrastul singular - plural, ele nu pot fi numărate cu ajutorul numeralelor sau al altor cuantificatori: I need (some) tea. I need (some) information. I need (some) scissors. c) Se acordă cu verbul singular: Chinese tea is very good. Ceaiul chinezesc este foarte bun, sau la plural: The scissors are on the table. Foarfeca este pe masă. d) Unele substantive englezeşti fac parte atât din clasa substantivelor numărabile, cât şi din a celor nenumărabile, cu diferenţe de sens: She is a beauty. (Ea) este o frumuseţe. Beauty is to be admired. Frumuseţea trebuie admirată. She has got a new iron. Are un nou fier de călcat. This tool is made of iron. Această unealtă este din fier. În limba engleză fac parte din clasa substantivelor invariabile la singular unele substantive care sunt numărabile sau invariabile la plural în limba română: - advice, business, furniture, homework, income, information, knowledge, luggage, merchandise, money etc He always gives me good advice. Totdeauna îmi dă sfaturi bune. You must do your homework carefully. Trebuie să-ţi faci cu atenţie lecţiile. 43
I need further information. Am nevoie de informaţii suplimentare. His knowledge of English is poor. Cunoştinţele lui de engleză sunt slabe. Numărul substantivelor invariabile Substantivele invariabile nu au opoziţia singular - plural. Ele au numai singular: gold, sau numai plural the police, cattle etc. Cuantificarea substantivelor invariabile la singular se poate realiza cu ajutorul unor cuvinte ca: a piece of, an item of, a bar of, a bag of etc. Substantive concrete: a piece of bacon a slice of cake a piece of bread a loaf of bread a piece of land a strip of land a piece of furniture an article of furniture a bit of grass a blade of grass a piece of paper a sheet of paper
Substantive abstracte: a piece of advice a word of advice a piece of information an item of news an item of business a bit of business a piece of work a bit of work a word of abuse a fit of passion an attack of fever
Genul substantivelor (Gender of Nouns) - genul este marcat formal: boy - girl, lion - lioness, - se poate identifica de obicei cu ajutorul pronumelor care se referă la substantive şi care au forme diferite după gen: The librarian is at his desk. He is writing something. (el) The librarian is at her desk. She is writing something. (ea) Clasificare: A. substantive nume de persoane B. substantive nume de animale C. substantive nume de obiecte A. brother/sister earl/countess father/mother king/queen lord/lady man/woman uncle/aunt - ess: actor/actress count/countess god/goddess master/mistress waiter/waitress -ine: hero/heroine; -er: widow/widower -groom: bride/bridegroom 44
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alte substantive nume de persoane au o singură formă atât pentru masculin cât şi pentru feminin. Ele aparţin genului comun: artist, chairman, cook, cousin, doctor, foreigner, friend, quest, musician, parent, teacher, writer. Apartenenţa la genul masculin sau feminin se precizează în context.
B: horse: stallion/mare ox: bull/cow sheep: ram/ewe pig: boar/sow deer: stag/hind lion/lioness tiger/tigress cock/hen dog/bitch drake/duck cock sparrow/hen sparrow he goat/she goat Tom cat/she cat C: Sunt masculine substantivele care denumesc: a) pasiuni intense şi acţiuni violente: anger, fear, murder. b) fenomene naturale puternice: ocean, river, sun. c) nume de fluvii: the Danube, the Thames. d) nume de munţi: the Carpathians, the Cheviot. Sunt feminine: a) substantivele care sugerează o caracteristică feminină, un caracter blând, afectuos, cele care indică fertilitatea: affection, devotion, faith, hope, justice; b) substantivele care denumesc trăsături negative de caracter: ambition, folly, jealousy, revenge, vanity; c) substantive abstracte ca: fortune, liberty, mercy, nature, peace, science Cazul substantivelor: În limba engleză, categoria gramaticală a cazului este marcată prin: - desinenţă: the child’s book- cartea copilului - topică: The man (N) opened the window (Ac).- Bărbatul a deschis fereastra. - prepoziţii: I bought it for Mary.- Am cumpărat-o pentru Mary. Cazul nominativ (The Nominative Case) The girl is waiting for her friend.- Fata îşi aşteaptă prietenul. Cazul acuzativ (The Acusative Case) I ate a pizza an hour ago.- Am mâncat o pizza acum o oră. Cazul dativ (The Dative Case) În limba engleză, cazul dativ este marcat de prepoziţia to sau for sau prin topică: She gave some sweets to the children. – Le-a dat nişte dulciuri copiilor. I bought a present for my mother.- Am cumpărat un cadou pentru fratele meu. I lent her (D) a book (Ac).- I-am împrumutat o carte. Cazul genitiv (The Genitive Case). Substantivul în cazul genitiv exprimă în principal ideea de posesiune: Marc’s car is new.- Maşina lui Marc este nouă. the girl’s dress; the pupil’s question – rochia fetei, întrebarea elevului for goodness’ sake; for convenience’ sake – pentru numele lui Dumnezeu, de dragul comodităţii Observaţie: Apostroful nu este obligatoriu în acest caz. 45
Apostroful singur, fără desinenţa -s se adaugă: - la forma de plural a substantivelor regulate: the boys’ bicycles (bicicletele băieţilor); the drivers’ attention (atenţia şoferilor) - la substantivele nume de persoane terminate în -s: Dickens’ life (viaţa lui Dickens); Charles’ books (cărţile lui Charles). Obs: 1. La numele proprii terminate în -s se poate întâlni şi genitivul cu ‘s: Dickens’s novels Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! EX 1. Scrie forma de genitiv în spaţiile libere: Example: I met _______ sister yesterday. (Mary) Answer: I met Mary's sister yesterday. 1) This is _______ book. (Peter) 2) Let's go to the _______. (Smiths) 3) The room is upstairs. (children) 4) _______sister is twelve years old. (John) 5) _______and _______ bags have blue stickers. (Susan - Steve) 6) _______ shoes are on the second floor. (men) 7) My _______ car was not expensive. (parents) 8) _______CD player is new. (Charles) 9) This is the _______ bike. (boy) 10) These are the _______ pencils. (boys) EX 2. Puneţi forma de plural corespunzătoare substantivelor: Put in the correct form of the plural of the given nouns. Example: car - ___ Answer: car - cars 1) half - 2) kilo -3) woman - 4) mouth - 5) foot - 6) sheep - 7) penny - 8) bus - 9) day - 10) fish – EX. 3. Completaţi spaţiile cu următoarele cuvinte: advice, chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis Example: a cube of _____ Answer: a cube of sugar 1) a piece of _____2) a packet of _____3) a bar of _____4) a glass of _____ 5) a cup of _____6) a bottle of _____7) a slice of _____8) a barrel of _____ 9) a game of _____10) a jar of _____ EX 4. Creaţi substantive nenumărabile din literele de mai jos. Exemplu: ira = air aet
ikn
ilo
fgo
eber
einw
doow acek 46
aclo
ahir
ARTICOLUL ŞI ALŢI DETERMINANŢI Determinanţii propriu-zişi ai substantivului Articolul hotărât the child Articolul nehotărât a child, an elephant Articolul zero men, books, schools Adjectivul demonstrativ this tree, that tree, these trees, those trees Adjectivul posesiv my, your, his, her, our, your, their car, its tail Adjectivul interogativ what/which/whose car do you want? Adjectivul nehotărât each, person every, person, either side, some notebooks, any idea , no idea, neither student Articolul nu poate fi o parte de vorbire independentă, el contribuind doar la determinarea unică sau individuală a substantivului pe care îl însoţeşte. Articolul este redat prin articolul hotărât the, articolul nehotărât a sau an sau prin articolul zero. Aceste articole se folosesc pentru a realiza: 1) referinţa unică (unique reference) şi 2) referinţa individuală (individual reference) 1) The girl was running very fast. - Fata alerga foarte repede. 2) Where are the books I gave you? – Unde sunt cărţile pe care ţi le-am dat? There is a pen on the table. There is an orange on the table. There are (some) books on the table Observaţie: a) articolul hotărât the, articolul nehotărât a( n) sau articolul zero pentru substantivele numărabile: The cow gives us milk. A cow gives us milk. Cows give us milk. b) articolul zero pentru substantivele nenumărabile: Milk is good for our health. Articolul hotărât (The Definite Article) Articolul hotărât are forma unică the Ex:the door, the window, the table, etc The United Kingdom, the United States, the Art Gallery, The Sahara, etc. Articolul nehotărât (The Indefinite Article) Articolul nehotărât are două forme: a şi an Ex: a story, a magazine; a water-melon, a year an architect, an egg, an orange, an hour, an heir, an honest man Articolul zero (The Zero Article) În unele cazuri, substantivele nenumărabile, substantivele numărabile la plural şi numele proprii par neînsoţite de articol: She drinks tea every day. Clothes do not make the man. În astfel de cazuri, absenţa articolului echivalează ca funcţie cu prezenţa unui articol. Acesta este de obicei numit articolul zero. Omisiunea articolului (The Elypsis of the Article) Ex: a) I like honey. Îmi place mierea. (articolul zero = funcţia generică) I like the honey they sell here. Îmi place mierea care se vinde aici. (articolul hotărât the) 47
Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! A, an, the sau articolul zero. Pune răspunsul corect: This coat was designed by ___ famous New York artist. Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank from here? ___ city museum is closed today. He is one of ___ smartest people I know. I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at this restaurant. ___ milk is good for you. Would you like to see ___ movie? ___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away. I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test! Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow? ALŢI DETERMINANŢI : Adjectivul demonstrativ (The Demonstrative Adjective) ♥ This – acesta, aceasta ♥ That – acela, aceea ♥ These – aceştia, acestea ♥ Those – aceia, acelea This house is more expensive than that one. – Această casă este mai scumpă decât aceea. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Completaţi cu this/that/ these/ those 1. _______beach was quite empty last year. 2. _______exhibition will be open until the end of May. 3. _______people come from that hotel over there. 4. What does_______ notice say? 5. _______exhibition closed a month ago. 6. He was dismissed on the 13th. _______ night the factory went on fire. 7. Do you see _______birds at the top of the tree? 8. _______are the old classrooms. Those are the new ones. 9. _______is my cousin, Jessica. 10. Wasn't _______ a horrible thing to say? Adjectivul posesiv (The Posesive Adjective) ♥ înlocuieşte posesorul şi determină numele obiectului posedat: Peter’s bike is excellent for him to keep fit. His bike is excellent ... Adjectivul posesiv se acordă în gen şi număr cu numele obiectului posedat: Her book - cartea ei; 48
His bike - bicicleta lui; Their toys - jucăriile lor. Comparaţi: Adjectiv posesiv This is my book. That is your book. That is her/his/its food. This is our classroom. That is their classroom.
Pronume posesiv This book is mine. That book is yours. That food is hers/his. This classroom is ours. That classroom is theirs.
Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Completaţi propoziţiile cu adjective posesive: 1 He's from Spain. ____name's Alberto. 2 They're married. ____ children's names are Lauren and Daniel. 3 We're brothers. ____ parents are French. 4 She's eight. ____ brother's nine. 5 I'm British. ____ name's Peter. 6 You're students. ____ books are in the classroom. Adjectivul interogativ (The Interrogative Adjective) ♥ determină numele obiectului asupra căruia se cer informaţii: who are forme flexionare pentru caz, which şi what sunt invariabile. Caz Pronume who what which Nominativ who what which Genitiv whose what which Dativ to whom (formă literară) who ... to (vorbire curentă) what which Acuzativ whom (formă literară) who (vorbire curentă) what which Exemplu: What film did you see last night ?- Ce film ai văzut aseară? Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Completaţi spaţiile cu adjectivul interogativpotrivit. 1. _________________ time is the flight ? 2. _________________ girl has a red bag ? 3. _________________ mother is a nurse ? 4. _________________ subject do you like ? 5. _________________ books are these ?
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Adjectivul nehotărât (The Indefinite Adjective) ♥ determină substantivul într-un mod global (all the pens, every child) sau parţial (each pupil, either side) Some = ceva, nişte, puţină, unii, unele, câţiva, câteva, vreun, vreo, se întrebuinţează în propoziţii afirmative şi indică existenţa unui număr restrâns de lucruri, fiinţe, a unei cantităţi restrânse. There are some books on his desk. Any = vreun, vreo, nici un(ul), nici o, nici una, se întrebuinţează: - în propoziţii afirmative cu sensul: oricare, orice: Any student in your class could answer the question. - în propoziţii interogative şi negative: There isn’t any milk in the cup. Every = fiecare (se referă la membrii unui grup fără a-i individualiza) Every woman in the room has the right to speak. Each = fiecare (se referă la membrii unui grup luaţi individual) Each pupil must bring some plants to school. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Completaţi cu "any", "some", "no" or "none": Exemplu: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Are there any onions? No, there aren't any. Do ______ black people work in your company? Yes, there are ______. She hasn't ______ clothes to wear to the party. No problem, I can give her ______. Mary, there is ______ gas in the car. Oh, no. We had better get ______. Are there ______ good movies this weekend? No, there are ______. I want to take a shower; is there ______ hot water? I'm sorry, there is ______ hot water.
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NUMERALUL –THE NUMERAL ♥ este partea de vorbire care exprimă un număr, determinarea numerică a obiectelor (numeralul cardinal) sau ordinea obiectelor prin numărare (numeralul ordinal) a. Numeralul cardinal: one, two, three etc. b. Numeralul ordinal: the first, the second etc. a. Numeralul cardinal: 0 zero (nought) 1 one 11 eleven 2 two 12 twelve 3 three 13 thirteen 4 four 14 fourteen 5 five 15 fifteen 6 six 16 sixteen 7 seven 17 seventeen 8 eight 18 eighteen 9 nine 19 nineteen 100 200 … 900 1,000
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ten twenty thirty forty (no "u") fifty (note "f", not "v") sixty seventy eighty (only one "t") ninety (note the "e")
10th
tenth
20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th
twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth
one hundred two hundred … nine hundred one thousand
b. Numeralul ordinal: 0th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
zeroth or noughth first 11th eleventh second 12th twelfth third 13th thirteenth fourth 14th fourteenth fifth 15th fifteenth sixth 16th sixteenth seventh17th seventeenth eighth 18th eighteenth ninth 19th nineteenth
c. Numeralul fracţionar (The Fractional Numeral) ♥ sunt redate sub forma unor fracţii. Numărul fracţiei este exprimat printr-un numeral cardinal, iar numitorul printr-un numeral ordinal: 1/2 = a/one half = o jumătate, o doime; 1/3/ = a/one third = o treime 1.5 = one point nought five d. Numeralul colectiv (The Collective Numeral) ♥ arată că obiectele sunt considerate în grup şi nu izolat Numeralele colective sunt: couple, pair, team, dozen, score, yoke Ex: two dozen of eggs, several pair(s) of shoes 51
e.Numeralul multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral) once - odată; twice - de două ori; three times - de trei ori, four times, five times, etc. Numeralul distributiv (The Distributive Numeral) f. Numeralul distributiv (The Distributive Numeral) ♥ exprimă gruparea numerică a obiectelor. exemplu: two at a time; two by two; by twos; two and two; in tows (in pairs): The pupils left the classroom two by two/in twos. Elevii au părăsit clasa câte doi. g. Numeralul adverbial (The Adverbial Numeral) ♥ arată: de câte ori are loc o acţiune: once, twice, three times (thrice); ten times, a hundred times; once more; once again; twice as fast etc. They have French twice a week. Au franceza de două ori pe săptămână. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! 1. ________ of people sat quietly in the hall. ? Hundred ? Hundreds ? Five hundreds ? Five hundred ? 2. Eggs are cheap. I bought __________. ? two dozens ? two dozen ? two a dozen ? two dozens of them? 3. He wrote a __________ report. ? five-thousand-words ? five-thousands-word ? five-thousands-words ? five-thousand-word 4. Next week, we are going to study __________. ? Lesson Nine ? Lesson Ninth ? Lesson Nineth ? the nineth lesson 5. About ________ of the workers are young people. ? third-fifths ? three-fifth ? three-fifths ? third-fifth 6. About ___________ old people died of the flu last winter. ? two thousand of ? two thousand ? two thousands ? two thousands of 7. The scientist is in his _________. ? thirties ? thirtys ? thirty's ? thirtieths 8. "C" is _______ letter of the English alphabet. ? a third ? third ? the third ? the third of the 9. He's been in the United States for __________. ? one year and a half ? one year and half ? one year and an half ? one and half years 10. The experiment will last for one hundred fifty days. Today is __________ day. ? the one hundred fourty-ninth ? the one hundred forty-nineth ? one hundred forty ninth ? the one hundred forty-ninth
PRONUMELE -THE PRONOUN ♥ poate înlocui substantive: The man is here; He is here ♥ desemnează direct vorbitorul şi ascultătorul (I, you) sau desemnează global sau parţial obiecte sau fenomene (all, each); ♥ are categoriile gramaticale de persoană, gen, număr şi caz; Clasificarea pronumelor: 52
Pronumele personal Pronumele reflexiv Pronumele posesiv Pronumele relativ Pronumele interogativ Pronumele demonstrativ Pronumele nehotărât pozitiv universal :each, all, every afirmativ: many, much, few, little, several, enough, one, seria some neafirmativ: seria any, either, negativ: seria no, neither Pronumele personal: Nominativ Dativ/Acuzativ I me you you he him she her it it we us they them Exemple: You like me and I like you.- Ţie îţi place de mine şi mie îmi place de tine. Pronumele reflexiv ♥ are terminaţia -self la singular şi -selves la plural Persoana Singular Plural I myself ourselves a II-a yourself yourselves a III-a himself (masc.) herself (fem.) themselves itself (neutru) Exemple: He looked at himself in the mirror. Pronumele posesiv ♥ înlocuieşte atât numele obiectului posedat cât şi al posesorului Formele pronumelui posesiv sunt: Persoana I singular mine I plural ours a II-a singular/plural yours a III-a masculin singular his plural theirs feminin singular hers plural theirs Exemplu: Is this his pen? No, it’s not ours. Ask Irina if is hers. Is it yours, Irina? Adjective posesive It's my food It's your food It's his food It's her food It's its food
Pronume posesive It's mine It's yours It's his It's hers --
Pronume personal It belongs to me It belongs to you It belongs to him It belongs to her It belongs to it 53
It's our food It's ours It belongs to us It's your food It's yours It belongs to you It's their food It's theirs It belongs to them Pronumele interogativ who este folosit pentru fiinţe what pentru lucruri which pentru fiinţe şi lucruri how much pentru cantităţi how many pentru număr what kind of pentru calităţi, etc Exemple: Who are they waiting for?- Pe cine aşteaptă ei? What did he tell you? – Ce ţi-a spus? What time is it? – Cât este ceasul? Which of these books do you prefer ? – Pe care din aceste cărţi o preferi? From what country does he come from? – Din ce ţară vine? Pronumele relativ ♥ se referă la un substantiv sau înlocuitor al acestuia menţionat anterior şi face legătura între propoziţia în care se află şi cea pe care o însoţeşte: I know people who don’t like this kind of food. I know people that don’t like this kind of food. Pronumele relative sunt: who, which şi that Nominativ Dativ/Acuzativ Genitiv Who Who(m) Whose Exemplu: I don’t know whose car is this one.- Nu ştiu a cui este maşina aceasta. whoever -oricine. Whoever speaks must translate. Oricine vorbeşte trebuie să traducă. Whichever- oricare. He will take whichever is his. O/Îl va lua pe oricare este a/al lui. Pronumele nehotărât ♥ desemnează global (all) sau parţial (each, either) obiecte sau fenomene Some = ceva, nişte, puţin, puţină, unii, unele, câţiva, câteva, vreun, vreo, se întrebuinţează în propoziţii afirmative, interogative (ptr a pune accentul pe ceva) Exemplu: She bought some. (vegetables, items, etc) Did you visit some of the museums the tourist guide recommended ? Any = vreun, vreo, niciun(ul), nicio, niciuna se întrebuinţează: în propoziţii afirmative cu sensul: oricare, orice: Any of you could answer this question. în propoziţii interogative şi negative: Have you got any ? I haven’t got any. ♥ Compuşii lui some, any şi no: somebody/someone - anybody/anyone - nobody/no one none something - anything - nothing Exemple: I saw somebody in your room. I saw something in your room. I saw nobody in your room. I saw nothing in your room. Each = fiecare: Each of them - Fiecare (dintre ei) Either (forma negativă neither) = fiecare: Have you seen either of them ? L-ai văzut pe vreunul dintre ei (doi) ? 54
Every =fiecare: Every pupil must do his homework. All = tot, toată, toţi, toate: I’ve seen them all. Le-am văzut pe toate. One = un, unul, una cineva:There were two children in the room: one was good and one was bad. Pronumele negativ nobody, no one (nimeni), none (nici unul), neither (nici unul din doi), nothing (nimic): Exemple: Neither of them is right. Nici unul dintre ei (doi) nu are dreptate. What have you bought ? Nothing. Ce-ai cumpărat ? Nimic. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! EX1. Folosiţi pronumele personale potrivite.Atenţie la cuvintele din paranteză. Example: ___ often reads books. (Lisa)- She often reads books. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
___is dreaming. (George) ___is green. (the blackboard) ___are on the wall. (the posters) ___is running. (the dog) ___are watching TV. (my mother and I)
EX.2.Alegeţi pronumele posesiv corect Example: I have got a pet. ___ name is Cookie.- I have got a pet. Its name is Cookie. Hi Daniel, ___ name is John. This is ___ friend Jason. He's 32. ___ sister is 34 and ___ workplace is very near. Jason and I work in the same office. There are 150 employees in ___ company. EX.3. Alegeţi pronumele reflexiv corect din lista de mai jos: myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves 1) Robert made this T-shirt ___ . 2) Lisa did the homework ___ 3) We helped ___ to some cola at the party. 4) Emma, did you take the photo all by ___ ? 5) I wrote this poem ___ . 6) He cut ___ with the knife while he was doing the dishes. 7) The lion can defend ___ . 8) My mother often talks to ___ . 9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help ___ . 10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers ___ . EX.4. Alegeţi pronumele relativ corect: who, which or whose: 1) I talked to the boy ____ car had broken down in front of the building. 2) Mr John, ____ is a taxi driver, lives in the neighbourhood. 3) We often visit our aunt in Bucharest ____ is in the south of Romania. 4) This is the boy ____ comes from France. 5) That's Irina, the girl ____ has just arrived at the airport. 6) Thank you very much for your e-mail____ was very interesting. 7) The man, ____ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. 55
8) The children, ____ shouted in the street, are not from our school. 9) The car, ____ driver is a young man, is from England. 10) What did you do with the money ____ your parents lent you? EX 5. Alegeţi pronumele corecte din lista de mai jos: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves or each other. Example: Daniel and Irina have known __________ since 2007. Answer: Daniel and Irina have known each other since 2000. 1) John and Angela haven't met ____ for a very long time. 2) My friends enjoyed ____ at the party. 3) Daniel repaired computer car ____. 4) We helped ____ with our written task. 5) People often give ____ presents at Christmas. 6) I bought ____ a new record player. 7) Katie, did you do the homework ____? 8) They looked at ____ and smiled. 9) They often write e-mails to ____ because they're best friends. 10) She only thinks of ____. She's a little bit selfish.
ADJECTIVUL- THE ADJECTIVE ♥ este partea de vorbire care: a) exprimă o calitate a unui obiect (an interesting class, a young man) b) are categoria gramaticală a comparaţiei: He is taller than his sister. Comparaţia adjectivelor (The Comparison of Adjectives) 1. Adjectivele monosilabice primesc -(e)r la comparativ şi the -(e)st la superlativ: small - smaller - the smallest ( mic-mai mic-cel mai mic) short - shorter - the shortest (scurt- mai scurt-cel mai scurt) Observaţie: La ortografiere pot apărea unele modificări: big - bigger - the biggest (mare-mai mare- cel mai mare) hot - hotter - the hottest (fierbinte- mai fierbinte-cel mai fierbinte) fat - fatter - the fattest (gras-mai gras-cel mai gras) thin - thinner - the thinnest (subţire-mai subţire-cel mai subţire) happy - happier - the happiest (fericit-mai fericit- cel mai fericit) angry - angrier - the angriest (nervos- mai nervos- cel mai nervos) 2. Adjectivele formate din două sau mai multe silabe formează comparativul şi superlativul cu ajutorul lui more şi the most: careful - more careful - the most careful (grijuliu- mai grijuliu- cel mai grijuliu) difficult - more difficult - the most difficult (dificil- mai dificil- cel mai dificil) 3. Adjectvele compuse formează gradele de comparaţie în felul următor: a) când primul element este un adjectiv care îşi păstrează sensul, acesta se schimbă la comparativ şi superlativ: well-known – better-known - the best-known (binecunoscut) ill-paid - worse-paid - the worst-paid (prost plătit) intelligent-looking, - more intelligent-looking - the most intelligent-looking (privire inteligentă) 56
b) când cele două elemente formează un tot din punct de vedere al sensului comparaţia se realizează cu ajutorul lui more şi the most: heart-broken - more heart-broken - the most heart-broken (inima frântă) ♥ comparativului de egalitate şi inferioritate: My room is as large as hers (la fel de mare ca) My homework is not as easy as yours. This film is less interesting than the previous one. (mai puţin interesant decât) ♥ superlativul absolut se construieşte cu ajutorul adverbelor very, too, highly, extremely, utterly: The film was very amusing. It is extremelly difficult to make such a film. 4.Adjective neregulate good - better - the best ( bun- mai bun- cel mai bun) bad - worse - the worst (rău- mai rău- cel mai rău) much- more- the most (mult- mai mult- cel mai mult) old- older- the oldest (bătrân, vechi- mai bătrân, vechi- cel mai bătrân, vechi) old – elder- the eldest (în vârstă- mai în vârstă- cel mai în vârstă) little -less - the least (puţin, mai puţin- cel mai puţin) far - farther - the farthest (depărtat – mai depărtat- cel mai depărtat) sau further - the furthest Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative). My house is ____ than yours. This red flower is ____ than that yellow one. This is ____ magazine I have ever read. Non-smokers usually live ____ than smokers. Which is ____ insect in the world? A holiday by the sea is ____ than a holiday in the mountains. It is strange but often a coke is ____ than a beer. Who is ____ man on earth? The weather is even ____ than last summer. He was ____ student of all.
ADVERBUL – THE ADVERB ♥ a)arată o caracteristică a unei acţiuni, a unei stări sau a unei calităţi; b) poate avea categoria gramaticală a comparaţiei; c) îndeplineşte funcţia sintactică de complement circumstanţial Exemplu: Is this idea really good? Locuţiuni adverbiale: as a rule = de obicei; by the way = apropo; as a matter-of-fact = de fapt; at once = imediat; once in while, now and then = din când în când; to-and fro = încoace şi încolo... Adverbele de mod sau timp se formează prin adăugarea sufixului -ly la forma adjectivului: slow- slowly, week- weekly Excepţii: true - truly; due - duly; whole – wholly, beautifully, etc. Adverbele de mod (Adverbs of manner). Adverbele de mod indică modalitatea propriu-zisă: well, badly, quickly, slowly etc. Ele mai pot fi adverbe: - de întărire: actually, certainly, obviously, really; 57
- de amplificare: absolutely, completely, greatly, barely, hardly; - de afirmaţie sau negaţie: yes, no, of course, not at all; - de probabilitate: maybe, perhaps, probally. Adverbele de loc (Adverbs of Place) Unele adverbe de loc indică locul propriu-zis: here, there, somewhere. Altele indică direcţia: aside, foward(s), backward(s), righ, left. Majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot fi folosite pentru a exprima atât locul cât şi direcţia: Loc: He doesn’t live far (Nu locuieşte departe). Direcţie: He didn’t go far (Nu s-a dus departe). Adverbele de timp (Adverbs of Time). Adverbele de timp indică: - momentul acţiunii: now, nowadays, today, then; - succesiunea în timp: afterwards, before, eventually, formerly, previosly, soon; - durata: lately, recently, since, still, yet; - frecvenţa: definită: weekly, three times a day; nedefinită: often, usually, seldom, once in a while. Comparaţia adverbelor: Comparativ: fast - faster; early – earlier quickly - more quickly; carefully - more carefully Comparativul de egalitate: She dances on ice as quickly as her brother. Comparativul de inferioritate: She dances on ice less carefully than her brother. Superlativul absolut: se formează cu ajutorul unor adverbe ca very, quite, most care preced adverbul respectiv. Superlativul relativ: (the) most intelligently (of all). (the) least + adverb Comparaţia neregulată a adverbelor: Gradul pozitiv Gradul comparativ well (bine) better (mai bine) badly (rău) worse (mai rău) much (mult) more (mai mult)
Gradul superlativ (the) best (cel mai bine) (the) worst (cel mai rău) (the) most (cel mai mult)
Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Găsiţi adjectivul din prima propoziţie şi completaţi spaţiile libere cu adverbul corespunzător: Joanne is happy. She smiles____ . The boy is loud. He shouts ____. Her English is fluent. She speaks English ____. Our mum was angry. She spoke to____ us . My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives____ . The painter is awful. He paints____ . Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano____ . This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house ____. She is a good dancer. She dances really ____. This exercise is simple. You ____ have to put one word in each space.
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PREPOZIŢIA - PREPOSITION ♥ leagă părţi de vorbire diferite: substantive, adjective, verbe sau adverbe de substantive sau substitute ale acestora: In the picture, I can see a woman who is sitting at a table. She is sitting on a chair. There is another chair next to the woman. Unele cuvinte sunt urmate în mod obligatoriu de anumite prepoziţii: a) Substantive: - interest, progress, satisfaction + in; - cause, chance, opportunity + of; - exception, invitation, kindness + to; b) Adjective: - anxious, enthusiastic + about; - alarmed, amazed, astonished, clever, good + at; - bound, eager, famous, fit, sorry + for; - disappointed, rich, successful + in; - afraid, ashamed, aware, characteristic, fond, full, jealous, proud, sure, tired, typical, worthy + of; - affectionate, appropiate, attentive, contrary, cruel, deaf, indifferent, kind, parallel, polite, rude, thankful + to; - angry, busy, charmed, consistent, delighted, dizzy, faint, identical, pale, satisfied, stiff, wet + with; c) Verbe: - aim, arrive, fire, gaze, glance, look + at; - account, ask, blame, care, leave long + for; - conceal, die, differ, escape, hide, prevent, protect + from; - abound, believe, end, fail, originate, succeed (+-ing), + in; - accuse, boast, cure, deprive, die, remind take care + of; - agree, comment, concentrate, congratulate, mediate + on; - adapt, adjust, apply, attribute, belong, cling, conform, consent, link, listen, prefer, reduce, refer, report, sell, sail, subscribe, turn + to; - complete, flush, glow, shake, shiver, side, subscribe, supply, threaten, tremble + with. Prepositions
Example
In At On by, next to, beside Under Below Over Above Across Through To Into Towards Onto From Of
in the kitchen, in London, in the book,in the car, in a taxi at the door, at the station, at the table, at a concert, at 45 on the table, on the left, on the first floor, on the bus, Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. the bag is under the table the fish are below the surface put a jacket over your shirt, over 16 years of age, a path above the lake walk across the bridge, swim across the lake drive through the tunnel go to the cinema, go to London ,go to bed go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house jump onto the table a flower from the garden, a present from Jane a page of the book, the picture of a palace 59
By Off Out of By About
a book by Mark Twain get off the train get out of the taxi by car, by bus talking about you
Prepositions of place: at, in, within, by, beside, next to, near, close to, against, over, above, on, top of; under, beneath, below, underneath, in front of, before; behind, after, between, among Prepositions of time at, on, in, by, before, after¸ from... to, till/until, during, for, (all) through/throughout, over Prepositions of manner With (cu), without (fără), in... manner/way Prepositions of direction: to, into, onto, towards, through, across, over, up, down, along, past, by, about, around, off, out of, from Prepositions of reference: as to, as for, regarding, in regard to, concerning (formal), About, on (despre): Prepositions of cause: because of, on account of (formal), from, out of, for, through (din cauză de) Prepositions of concession: in spite, despite (formal), for all, with all (familiar) ( în ciuda, cu toată / toate... Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! EX.1. Alege prepoziţia de loc corectă: We live ____ London. Would you like to go ____ the cinema tonight? No, thanks. I was ____ the cinema yesterday. We are going ____ holiday next week. There is a bridge ____ the river. The flight ____Bucharest ____ Lecce was ____ Berlin. ____ my wall, there are many picture postcards. Who is the person ____ this picture? Come ____ the sitting room, we want to watch TV. The town lies 530 meters ____sea level. EX.2. Alege prepoziţia de timp corectă: 1. What are you doing ____ the weekend? 2. I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema ____ Saturday. 3. That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema ____ so many years. 4. We could go there together ____ the afternoon. 5. That would be great. But I would prefer to go there ____ the evening. I am visiting my grandma ____Saturday. 6. That's okay. The film starts ____ eight o'clock. 7. I can pick you up ____ half ____ seven. How long does the film last? 8. It lasts ____ two hours and forty-five minutes. 9. ____eight ____ a quarter to eleven. 10.That's right. But I must hurry home ____ the film. I have to be home ____ eleven o'clock.
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CONJUNCTIA - THE CONJUNCTION (lat.: conjunctio, con = impreuna; junctio = legatura) Conjuncţiile coordonatoare : a) copulative: and - şi; as well as - precum; both... and - atât... cât şi; not only... but also - nu numai...dar şi; b) disjunctive: or - sau; ori; either...or - sau... sau; neither...nor - nici...nici; c) adversative: but - dar, ci; exemple: I see a boy and a girl. = Văd un băiat şi o fată. He speaks English as well as German. = El vorbeşte engleza precum şi germana. Conjuncţiile subordonatoare - universale: that - că; if, whether – dacă - specializate: de loc: where - unde; wherever - oriunde; b) de timp: when - când; since - de când; till/until - până când; while/as - în timp ce; before înainte ca; after - după ce; c) de mod: (exactly) as; (just) as - (aşa) cum; (exact) cum; d) de cauză: as, since, because - deoarece, fiindcă; e) de scop: so that, in order that/so (that) (mai formal) - (pentru) ca, cu scopul ca. f) condiţionale: if - dacă; provided (that) / on condition (that) as long as/so longs as - cu condiţia; unless - afară dacă, numai dacă nu; g) consecutive: so that - încât; so (familiar) - încât; so/such... (that) - aşa/astfel... încât; h) concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if.though - deşi, cu toate că, chiar dacă; i) comparative: as...as - mai (mult)... decât; as if/as though - ca şi cum, de parcă. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! EX.1. Alegeţi conjuncţia coordonatoare potrivită din următoarele: and, but, or, so 1. Daniel was cold, _____he put on a coat. 2. Maria tried to translate the text, _____ it was too difficult. 3. To get from Piteşti to Bucharest, you can take a bus, _____ you can go by car. 4. I bought a bottle of wine, _____ we drank it together. 5. The teacher was not very nice, _____ the mark was good. 6. I went to buy my favorite CD, _____the shop didn't have it. 7. Irina needed some money, _____ she took a part-time job. 8. There's so much noise in the building lately! Maybe it's because of the new family who has just moved in , _____ maybe it's just coincidence. 9. Julie has a guitar, _____ she plays it really well. 10. The concert was cancelled, _____ we went to a disco instead. EX.2 Alegeţi conjuncţia subordonatoare potrivită: Daniel couldn't buy any presents ________ he didn't have any money. a. even though b because I don't drink coffee ________ it makes me nervous. a. as b. although ________ it was snowing, I wasn’t cold. a. Although b. Because ________ She doesn't speak English, she can't translate that text. 61
a. Whereas b. Since Daniel passed the exam first time ________ his brother had to retake it four times. a. as b. while Paula got the job she wanted ________ she had no experience. a. even though b. as I will be late today ________ my car has broken down. a. because b. though ________ my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at the countryside for my vacations. a. Whereas b. Since
INTERJECŢIA- INTERJECTION Clasificare: Cu ajutorul interjecţiilor se exteriorizează: 1) senzaţii şi sentimente: a) bucurie: Ah ! Ooh ! Jippee ! Hurray ! (a, ah, ura!). b) surpriză: Oh ! Wow ! (a, ah, oh!). Oh, what a nice dress ! c) mirare: Oh, dear ! Dear me ! Indeed ! (vai dragă, vai de mine, într-adevăr) Oh, dear, I can’t find my purse. Dear me ! What are you doing over there ? d) admiraţie: Whew !(ah, doamne): Whew, how beautiful she is ! e) înţelegere: Aha ! (a, aha!): Aha, these gloves are exactly what I was looking for. f) dispreţ: Fie ! Pshaw ! What a shame! (Ptiu, pah, ce ruşine!): Fie upon you ! You ought to be ashamed at what you have done. g) dezgust: Ugh! (îh!): Ugh, how dirty your hands are ! h) aprobare: Well done ! Congratulations ! (Foarte bine! Felicitări!) Well done, Peter ! You’ve passed all your exams brilliantly. i) dezaprobare: Nonsense! What a nuisance! (Prostii ! Ce pacoste!): What a nuisance! Now I’ll have to do it all over again! j) regret: Ah! Oh! What a pity! (a!, oh! ce păcat!): What a pity you couldn’t come! It was a good play. k) durere: Ouch! Ow! (vai, ah, aoleu!): ouch, it hurts! 2) manifestări de voinţă: a) o rugăminte, un îndemn: Oh! Help! (oh! Ajutor!); Ssh! Hush! Silence! (Sst, linişte!): Hush! The baby’s sleeping! b) o încurajare: Cheer up! Come on! (Curaj! Haide!): Come on, don’t be afraid! You’ll be fine. c) o avertizare: Look Out! Fire! (Atenţie! Foc!): Fire ! The house is on fire! 3) se reproduc sunete şi zgomote din mediul înconjurător: Bow - wow ! Miaow! Baa! Buzz! (Ham - ham ! Miau! Beh! Bzzz!): Bang! Click! Crash! Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Alegeţi interjecţia potrivită situaţiilor de mai jos. Puteţi folosi interjecţii ca: ah, hello, dear, eh, allas, hmm, oh, well, er, uh-huh, ouch, etc. 1. " ____, that feels good" 2. " ____, she's dead now" 3. " Oh ____ ! Does it hurt ?" 62
4. "What do you think of that, ____ ?" 5. "Lima is the capital of.... ____...Peru" 6. " ____ John, How are you today ?" 7. " ____, I'm not so sure" 8. " ____ , please say 'yes' !" 9. " ____, what did he say " 10. " 85 divided by 5 is... ____...17" 11. "Shall we go ? " " ____" 12. " ____ ! That hurts !"
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PARTEA A II-A
PĂRŢILE DE PROPOZIŢIE (The Parts of the Sentence) ♥ Părţile de propoziţie se clasifică în: 1) părţi principale de propoziţie: subiectul şi predicatul; 2) părţi secundare de propoziţie: complementul direct, indirect, prepoziţional, elementul predicativ suplimentar, complemente circumstanţiale (de timp, loc, mod, cauză etc.) şi atributul.
SUBIECTUL – THE SUBJECT ♥ Subiectul este partea principală de propoziţie despre care se spune ceva cu ajutorul predicatului. Exemple:He is a really nice guy. My dog attacked the burglar. David plays the piano The police interviewed all the witnesses. The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone. Subiectul simplu: man Subiectul complex: the man who had followed us inside Subiectul compus: The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.
PREDICATUL - THE PREDICATE ♥ Predicatul este partea principală de propoziţie care atribuie subiectului o acţiune, o stare sau o însuşire. Predicatul nominal este alcătuit din: un verb copulativ + un nume predicativ. Verbe copulative: a. verbul be: He is clever. El este deştept b. verbe ale devenirii: become, get, grow, turn: Her hair has turned grey. A încărunţit. She is getting old. Îmbătrâneşte. c. Verbe ale continuării în aceeaşi stare : continue, keep, remain, hold, stay. He kept silent. Tăcea. d. verbe ale aparenţei: appear, look, seem: She seemed ill. Părea bolnavă. He looks pale. Este palid. Numele predicativ este exprimat: a) printr-un substantiv sau echivalent al acestuia: My nephew has become a doctor. b) printr-un adjectiv, singur sau cu o complinire: She was happy. She was eager to come. c) printr-un participiu trecut: The village seemed deserted.
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Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! EX.1.Încercuiţi subiectele şi subliniaţi predicatele din propoziţiile de mai jos. 1. Yesterday, Ross and Monica took their children to the zoo. 2. The elephants, the lions, and all of the other animals were outside. 3. The president of the bank looked everywhere for the papers. 4. They listened quietly. 5. The yellow race car with red stripes finished the first in the race. 6. After his speech, the president of the meeting shook hands with all members of the crowd. EX.2. Potriviţi subiectul cu predicatul. Mai multe variante sunt posibile. Un exemplu este făcut pentru a vă ajuta: Subjects The dirty yellow cat We Tom and his brother The taxi driver Anna's elderly mother The green tree snake The detective in the gray raincoat Seven rats
Predicates stood outside the hotel all night. prowled through the dark alley. lived in the attic last winter. baked delicious apple pies. were late yesterday. sold used cars. was from the Middle East. waited patiently for his victim.
COMPLEMENTUL DIRECT -THE DIRECT OBJECT I haven’t seen him for a long tim. Nu l-am văzut de mult. I drink milk every day. Beau lapte în fiecare zi. We enjoyed ourselves at the cinema. Ne-am distrat la cinematograf. We sing a song every day.- Interpretăm un cântec în fiecare zi. Did she ask you any questions ? Ţi-a pus vreo întrebare ? Cuvintele subliniate sunt complemente directe. Răspund la una din întrebările pe cine?, ce? O altă metodă pentru a afla dacă un cuvânt este sau nu complement direct, este aceea de a transforma fraza respectivă la diateza pasivă. Complementul direct va trebui sa devină subiectul propoziţiei la diateza pasivă. Exemplu: 1. Todd sang a song. => Passive: A song was sung by Todd. 2. Ashley became a rock star. " a rock star " nu este complement direct şi deci nu poate deveni subiectul propoziţiei la diateza pasivă. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Identificaţi complementul direct, apoi traduceţi propoziţiile. 1. The computer programmer is testing his new software. 2. We suddenly realized that someone was listening. 65
3. Amy has decided to go to university. 4. They can't read what you've just written. 5. This exercise involves clicking on the screen.
COMPLEMENTUL INDIRECT- THE INDIRECT OBJECT Please, send an email to me. Te rog trimite-mi un email. He sold his car to his best friend. Şi-a vândut maşina celui mai bun prieten. She bought a new shirt for her husband. A cumpărat o cămaşă nouă soţul ei. Cuvintele subliniate sunt complemente indirecte. Răspund la întrebarea cui? sau pentru cine? Acestea pot fi precedate sau nu de prepoziţii: Exemplu: Tom sold us his old house. She bought her brother a new shirt. Complementul indirect este exprimat de regulă printr-un substantiv sau echivalent al acestuia, precedat de prepoziţia to sau for: We offered presents to our teacher. We offered flowers to her. She bought books for her children. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Identificaţi atât complementele directe cât şi indirecte din propoziţiile de mai jos: 1. I owe you some money. 2. The students read English writers in their literature class. 3. Tell them the news now. 4. Will you give Mary the candy? (Hint: change it to a statement) 5. Mrs. Jones gave the students a difficult homework. 6. The principal excused the boys early last Wednesday. 7. Who taught them about the Civil War? 8. Mr. Smith gave us a long speech about science. 9. Have you written many letters this summer? 10. Mr. John gave his son the keys to his car. 11. I like rain. 12. Traffic controllers in the towers at the airport control air traffic.
COMPLEMENTUL PREPOZIŢIONAL - THE PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT ♥ Complementul prepoziţional este exprimat prin: a) un substantiv sau echivalent al acestuia precedat de o prepoziţie: He is looking for his suit. Îşi caută costumul. I ran after her. Am fugit după ea. b) o construcţie infinitivală sau gerundială, precedată de o prepoziţie: Would they agree to leave at once? Ar fi de acord să plecăm imediat? He boasts of being the best football player in the school. Se laudă că este cel mai bun jucător de fotbal din şcoală. c) o propoziţie subordonată: He boasts that he is the best football player in the school. ♥ Complementul prepoziţional este întrebuinţat după: 66
a) verbe intranzitive cu prepoziţie obligatorie: care for, complain of, depend on, hint at, insist on, long for, look at, pass for, warn of, wonder at, worry about : The success of the meeting will depend on the speaker ’s inspiration. b) verbe intranzitive cu două prepoziţii: agree with smb about smth, argue with smb about smth. He agreed with me about the plan. c) verbe tranzitive cu prepoziţie obligatorie: acquaint smb with smth, advise smb. about smth, assure smb of smth, blame smb for smth, bother smb. with smth, convince smb, of smth, entrust smb with smth, mistake smb. for smth, warn smb about smth: I convinced him about the plan. d) adjective sau participii care îndeplinesc funcţia de nume predicativ într-un predicat nominal, urmate de o prepoziţie obligatorie: about: He was reasonable about her decision. at: She is good at chemistry. in: He is interested in astronomy. of: Romania’s foreign trade is based on co-operation and equal rights. with: He is angry with your behaviour. Alte adjective şi participii urmate de aceste prepoziţii sunt: - angry, glad, happy, mad, annoyed, pleased worried + about; - angry, clever, hopeless, terrible, alarmed, amused, annoyed, delighted, pleased + at; - efficient, fortunate, lucky, persistent, (un)successful + in; - afraid, certain, conscious, fond, glad, convinced, scared + of; - dependent, insistent, keen, lent, set + on; - busy, (un)comfortable, (in)compatible, content, furious, (un)happy, impatient, sick, uneasy, annoyed, bored, concerned, delighted, disaplointed, excited, exhausted, horrified, obsessed, occupied, overcome, pleased, satisfied, upset + with. Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Completaţi spaţiile libere cu prepoziţia potrivită: He reminds me _____ your brother in some ways. You have similar temperaments. The „must not” message is designed to prevent people _____entering. The judge banned him _____ driving for six months. This new software enables the user _____ get lots of reports for the management. I don't smoke at home; I don't want to encourage the children _____ smoke. The team manager wouldn't allow the press _____ interview his players. The police wouldn't provide the press _____ any details about the crime. The salesman failed to interest me _____ any of his products.
CONSTRUCŢIILE COMPLEXE - COMPLEX CONSTRUCTIONS Acuzativ cu
- infinitiv - participiu prezent - participiu trecut Nominativ cu - infinitiv - participiu prezent Infinitiv cu for - to 67
Nominativul absolut cu
-infinitivul - participiu prezent - participiu trecut
Construcţiile gerundiale a) În construcţiile infinitivale ne interesează acţiunea în sine, faptul petrecut, care este văzut ca încheiat: We saw him sleep (= that he fell asleep). Am văzut că a adormit. b) în construcţiile cu participiul în -ing, acţiunea este văzută în desfăşurare: We saw him dancing (= that he was dancing). L-am văzut dansând. c) în construcţiile cu participiul trecut, acţiunea este privită ca un rezultat: We found the dog dead. Am găsit căţelul mort. cu acuzativul
cu nominativul
nominativul absolut
Ac + infinitiv I saw him cross the street.
N+ infinitiv Daniel seems to speak English fluently.
N + infinitiv He sent the tests first, the comments to come later.
Ac + part. prez. She could hear her friend laughing.
N+ part. prez He was seen smoking in the living.
N absolut + part. prezent The investigation being done, the policemen headed to the station. N absolut + part.trecut: The game finished, the players left the football ground.
Acuzativ cu participiu trecut: I want this homework done immediately. Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! EX.1.Recunoaşteţi construcţiile folosite în exemplele de mai jos: 1. The day being rainy, we didn’t go out. 2. The two women, their business concluded, retired to the bar. 3. The Prime Minister happened to be in Greece at the time. 4. I would like him to come. 5. The letter being written, he left to the post office. EX.2. Transferaţi construcţiile Acuzativ cu infinitiv în construcţii Nominativ cu infinitiv. Exemplu: They knew her to be a good teacher. She was known to be a good teacher. 1. We expected the manager to speak first. 2. They thought him to be gifted in singing. 3. I heard him walk slowly in the dark. 4. We advised him to go to the hospital as soon as possible 5. They told us not to worry. 6. The manager asked him to explain the semester report. 7. They saw him steal the money. 8. You consider his thoughts to be very weird.
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COMPLEMENTELE CIRCUMSTANŢIALE DE LOC, TIMP, MOD – ADVERBIALS ♥ Complementul circumstanţial de loc indică locul, punctul de plecare, direcţia sau limita unei acţiuni sau stări. ♥ Complementul circumstanţial de timp indică: a) momentul acţiunii: now, nowadays, today, then; b) succesiunea de timp: afterwards, before, eventually, formerly, previously, soon. c) durata: lately, recently, since, still, yet; d) frecvenţa: weekly, three times a day, often, usually, seldom, once in a while. ♥ Complementul circumstanţial de mod indică modul în care se îndeplineşte o acţiune sau apare o însuşire. Complementul circumstanţial de loc (The Adverbial of Place) este exprimat prin: a) un adverb sau o perifrază advebială de loc: He is here. He was walking to and fro. b) un substantiv cu sau fără prepoziţie: Helen is in town for the moment./ They went home. c) un substantiv în cazul genitiv precedat de o prepoziţie: We buy vegetables at the greengrocer's . d) o propoziţie circumstanţială de loc: We do our shopping where everybody else does. Complementul circumstanţial de timp (The Adverbial of Time) este exprimat prin: a) un adverb de timp: My parents arrived yesterday. b) o perifrază adverbială de timp: They visit their relatives from time to time. c) o construcţie adverbială: Tom was born in 1965. d) nominativul absolut cu participiul trecut: His homework written the boy went out to play. e) un participiu prezent sau trecut, precedat de o conjuncţie temporală: He doesn’t feel quite well when sailing by their ship. f) un gerund precedat de o prepoziţie: On leaving the house, she asked me to make certain the lights were off.. g) un substantiv introdus într-o conjuncţie temporală: While in Romania he learned to manage by himself. 3) o propoziţie circumstanţială de timp: He is always air sick when he travels by plane. Complementul circumstanţial de mod (The Adverbial of Manner) - indică felul, modalitatea în care decurge acţiunea sau starea: well, badly, quikly, slowly. Ele mai pot reda şi alte sensuri: - cantitatea: enough, much, a little; - întărire: actually, certainly, really; - amplificare: absolutely, completely, greatly, highly, barely, scarcely; - de afirmaţie sau negaţie: yes, no, of course, not at all; - probabilitate: maybe, perhaps, possibly. Exemplu: The merchandise was slowly moved into the warehouse. Complementul circumstanţial de mod comparativ (The Adverbial of Comparison) este exprimat: a) printr-un substantiv sau pronume precedat de prepoziţia like: I slept like a baby.. b) printr-un substantiv cu prepoziţie, un adjectiv, un verb la infinitiv sau participiu prezent/trecut introduse prin as if, as though: She cried as if in a terrible danger. 69
c) un substantiv, un adjectiv, pronume sau numeral, o construcţie infinitivală sau gerundială introduse prin conjuncţiile as, not so/as, than: She is as smart as her parents. d) o propoziţie circumstanţială de mod comparativă: She smiled as if she were extremely happy, but.... Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in correctly. Rescrieţi propoziţiile şi puneţi adverbul la locul potrivit. Menţionaţi felul adverbelor. We were in London. (last week) → He walks his dog. (rarely) → She waited. (patiently) → My father goes fishing. (always) → Your bedroom is. (upstairs) → We don't go skiing. (in summer) → Cats can hear. (well) → I saw him. (there) → The girl speaks English. (fluently) → I have seen that film. (never) / (before) →
ATRIBUTUL - THE ATRIBUTE Atributul modifică sau determină un substntiv sau pronume care îndeplineşte în propoziţie funcţia de: 1) subiect: The tall girl is my sister-in-law. 2) o parte secundară de prepoziţie: a) complement direct sau indirect: They made an extraordinary attempt. b) complement circumstanţial (de loc, timp etc.): They often go out quiet evenings. Atributul prepus: this exercise, my youngest brother,etc Atributul postpus: Did you find anything new ? Ai găsit ceva nou ? Exerciţii – Practice LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII! 1. Those are probably _______ boys in the school. Fanciest/ fanciest/ most fanciest 2. Uncle Daniel is really _______ man. an old sweet/a sweet, old/ a sweet old 3. Dacia used to be _______ car. a fine German / a German, fine/ a fine, German 4. All the family was home for the holidays. What could make for _______ Christmas? a merrier/ the merriest/ a merrier 5. They were raised in _______ house in Bucharest. a comfortable, little/ a little, comfortable/ a comfortable little 6. Four weddings and a funeral is the _______ movie I've ever seen. most excited/most exciting/most exciteable 7. She wanted to take a course with _______professor. 70
that interesting new Japanese economics / that Japanese interesting, new economics that interesting,new, Japanese, economics 8. Of all the mechanics in the shop, he is surely _______ . the less competent/ the least competent/ the competentest. 9. In the fall, the valleys tend to be _______than the hilltops. foggy/more foggier/foggier 10. My cold is definitely _______ this morning. worse/ worst/worser
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TEST FINAL 1.Q: What ____________ you ____________ (do)? I'm working. do you do are you doing did you do 2. Q: ____________ you always ____________ (get up) at 6 o'clock? Do you always get up Are you always getting up Do always you get up 3. Q: ____________ Daniel ____________ (have, got) a motorbike? Does John have got Has John got Have John got 4. Q: At the moment he ____________ (have) dinner. is having having has 5. Q: John doesn't like playing basketball, but he ____________ (love) playing tennis. is loving love loves 6. Q: Last winter he ____________ (go) by train from Rome to London. goed has gone went 7. Q: Mary ____________ (not, be) at work at the moment. She's at home. isn't being isn't doesn't be 8. Q: Next Wednesday my sister ____________ (go) to Paris. went goes is going 9. Q: They ____________ (take) their children to Italy last year. did take took taked 10. Q: What time ____________ he ____________ (arrive) home last Thursday? did he arrives did he arrive does he arrive 11. Q: What ____________ they ____________ (do)? They're studying. is they doing are they doing do they do 12. Q: When ____________ you ____________ (go) to France last year? you went did you go did you went 13. Q: ____________ you ____________ (have, got) any brothers or sisters? Has you got Do you have got Have you got 14. Q: John doesn't like going to the beach, but he ____________ (love) going to the mountains. loves doesn't love is loving 15. Q: Next Sunday John ____________ (come) to visit his family. comes is coming will come 16. Q: Peter ____________ (be) on holiday now. He isn't at home. will be is is going to be 17. Q: She ____________ (teach) her husband cooking last summer. did teach teached taught 18. Q: ____________ he always ____________ (have) breakfast at 7 o'clock? Is he always having Does he always has Does he always have 19. Q: Last winter she ____________ (drive) to Bulgaria. drove drived did drive 20. Q: ____________ you ____________ (have, got) a good summer job? Do you got Have you got Has you got 21. Q: Where ____________ she ____________ (study) french last year? did she study did she studied has she studied 22. Q: Mary likes visiting relatives, but she ____________ (like) talking on the telephone. doesn't like likes isn't liking 23. Q: She ____________ (watch) a documentay at the moment. watched watches is watching 24. Q: He ____________ (take) his friend to the theater last week. tooked has taken took 25. Q: Mary ____________ (not, be) on holiday now. She's at home. isn't won't be isn't being
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26. Q: What ____________ you ____________ (do)? I'm playing the guitar. is you doing do you do are you doing 27. Q: Next Saturday my brother ____________ (visit) the new museum. will visit visits is going to visit 28. Q: ____________ you always ____________ (finish) work at 8 o'clock? Do you always finish Are you always finishing Did you always finished 29. Q: They ____________ (ride) the train to England last spring. did ride rode have ridden 30. Q: What ____________ you ____________ (do) this evening? I'm doing my English homework. will you do do you do are you doing 31. Q: ____________ she often ____________ (telephone) in the evening? Does she often telephone Is she often telephoning Will she often telephones 32. Q: ____________ they ____________ (have, got) a van? Have they got Do they have got Has they got 33. Q: At the moment they ____________ (read) a magazine. are going to read reads are reading 34. Q: I ____________ (teach) my students about the mammals yesterday. taughted taught have taught 35. Q: Maria doesn't like working in the office, but she ____________ (love) working at home. loves doesn't love isn't loving 36. Q: Next Tuesday my sister ____________ (have) dinner at that new restaurant. is going to have will have has 37. Q: She ____________ (fly) to the USA last summer. flied has flown flew 38. Q: Irina ____________ (not, be) at the office tomorrow. He's on holiday. isn't going to be won't been isn't 39. Q: What ____________ she ____________ (do) yesterday evening? did she do does she do is she doing 40. Q: ____________ Daniel ____________ (have, got) a television? Have Daniel got Has Daniel got Does Daniel has got 41. Q: Where ____________ they ____________ (go) on holiday last winter? did they went have they gone did they go 42. Q: Alice loves walking in the countryside, and she ____________ (like) going to the swimming pool. doesn't like like likes 43. Q: At the moment she ____________ (listen) to some music. listens is listening has listened 44. Q: ____________ he always ____________ (play) tennis on Sundays? Do he always play Does he always plays Does he always play 45. Q: I __________________ TV when the telephone rang. watched was watching are watching have watched 46. Q: I'm afraid I'm not hungry. I've _______ eaten breakfast. Yet still already ever 47. Q: My father let me ____________ late when I was a child. to stay out stayed out stay out staying out 48. Q: Would you like ___________ chicken? any a some one 49. Q: He has _______ friends in London. Few few of a lot much 50. Q: She _________________ dinner by the time we arrived. had finished finished have finished finishing 51. Q: What shall we do tonight? How about ___________ a film? to see see seeing going
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52. Q: _______ you ever ________ to Paris? Did ... go Have .... go Have ... gone Shall .... go 53. Q: Have you finished your work ______? Yet already still just 54. Q: Jack is really ______________ geography, especially Japanese history. interested at interesting in interested in interested for 55. Q: These images ______________ by an artist named John Smith. are photographed were photoed photographed were photographed 56. Q: He'll give you a call as soon as he __________. will arrive arrives is arriving is going to arrive. 57. Q: He found his watch ___________ the papers on the table. In among between through 58. Q: Would you mind ______________ me a hand? to give give giving given 59. Q: I think Piteşti is ____ exciting ____ Bucharest. as ... as so ... than as ... than so ... as 60. Q: He _________ he wanted to come. told said me said told to me 61. Q: What ______________ at work? do you have to do must you do have you to do do you 62. Q: How is he? - Daniel? He __________. 's fine s tall with blond hair 's quite a shy person actually 's twenty three 63. Q: He will meet you _________ the station at 9 o'clock sharp. in front ahead in front of behind of 64. Q: If you want to be healthy, you _______ smoke or drink alcohol. needn't couldn't shouldn't mustn't to 65. Q: He's _____________ politics. interested interesting interested to interested in 66. Q: Where was Dany yesterday? - I don't know. He ________________ seeing the doctor. might has been might have been couldn't have been mustn't have been 67. Q: Yes, that is the woman _________ horse almost trampled her! which whose who that 68. Q: Would you like me to ______________ the kids next week? look to look at look after look into 69. Q: I missed the bus, so I _________ take the next one. musted must had to had 70. Q: Why are your hands so dirty? - Well, I __________________ in the garden for the last two hours. have worked worked am working have been working 71. Q: Fiestas ______________ in an old city in Germany for many years now. have been making have made have been made are made 72. Q: Let me ___________! I didn't really want to eat all the cakes, I just couldn't help myself. to say you say you explain me explain 73. Q: Yes, we have bought the tickets to the concert and we _______________ next Saturday. I'm so excited. will go won't go shall be going are going 74. Q: Most people like rugby, but ____ my opinion it's too chaotic. Of from in with 75. Q: Are you travelling to Prague ____ business or ____ holiday? For on to in 76. Q: Have you read the article _____ Time magazine ____ Google? on – on to – on in – on from – on 77. Q: What's that book _____?
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about to from of 78. Q: I stayed ____ the Ritz Hotel ________ my stay in New York. in – to to – while at – while at – during 79. Q: I looked this word ____ in the dictionary, but I still don't understand its meaning. from on up over 80. Q: We need some sugar. We're almost completely ____ it. out out of over through 81. Q: Luckily, I made it to the station ___ time to catch the last train. in for at to 82. Q: My house is ___ the end of the street ___ the left. in – on at – in in – at at – on 83. Q: The post office doesn't open _____ 9 a.m. For until still just 84. Q: Are you ___ or ___ the prime minister? pro – con for – against with – against proto – contra 85. Q: Were you ____ time for your appointment? Or were you late? to on at of 86. Q: Throw the ball ___ Daniel, please. next beneath to against 87. Q: I got ____ home late last night. To at _ in 88. Q: Please talk __ the manager and don't shout __ me! to – to at – to to – at with – to 89. Q: You can start the computer ___ pressing that button. with to by from 90. Q: She was born ____ Spain ___ March 16, 1992. in – in in – to in – on to – in 91. Q: He was born ___ Germany ___ April. in – to on – in in – in in – at 92. Q: Be careful! You're going to set the paper ___ fire! to on in with 93. Q: I need to learn these verbs ___ heart ___ tomorrow. by – on by – to from – by by – by 94. Q: She'll be finished ____ the end of the week. By from to in 95. Q: You must take the medicine _____ the next five minutes. Since until within at 96. Q: I haven't seen Larry ___ ages! At in since until 97. Q: It is years ____ I last played tennis. For when since at 98. Q: Jack will be out _____ 3.30. Since at from until 99. Q: Daniel _____ (live) in New York for the past 15 years. has lived lives lived 100. Q: Jane ____ (work) for H&M before she came to work for us. Works worked has worked 101. Q: Are there ______ peaches in the kitchen? Much any some a 102. Q: That is _____ interesting book. The a an 103. Q: I went ______ church last Sunday. At in to on
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104. Q: What _____ he like? - He is very friendly. Does did is has 105. Q: I ________ a new car last month. bought have bought buyed did bought 106. Q: How ________ money do you have in your wallet? many few much some 107. Q: She came ______ home late last night. at to in 108. Q: Daniel is a nice boy, and I like _____. him his it 109. Q: I get up ______ eight o'clock every day. In on at to 110. Q: I like __________ music. Listen listen to listening to to listening to 111. Q: What __________ in your free time? you do do you do are you doing does you do 112. Q: My father _______ in a software company. Works work is working is worked 113. Q: Would you like _______ coffee? Any an some to 114. Q: I _____ drive a car. can't to can want have 115. Q: He likes watching TV ______ evening. in the at during in 116. Q: I drove my car _____ the garage. In at into onto 117. Q: _________. Is there a bank near here? Please Excuse me Pardon Hey 118. Q: I live in ______. italy Italy Italian italian 119. Q: The bank is at the end of this street _____ the left. at in on over 120. Q: The bank is _______ the post office. near of next to next close 121. Q: There are ______ magazines on the table. any an some a 122. Q: I would like _____ rice. a one some any 123. Q: I went to London three years _____. last ago time past yet 124. Q: I would love to visit Prague sometime. Unfortunately, I ____ (be/never) there. have never been was never will never be 125. Q: Daniel _____ (play) tennis for five years when he _____ (be) at school. has played – was played – was has played - has been 126. Q: : Do you like ______ Chinese food? an some the 127. Q: I _____ (work) in Spain for 5 years. I ____ (begin) work as soon as I arrived. work – began have worked - have begun have worked – began 128. Q: I'm afraid I'm not hungry. I _____ (eat/already). didn't eat already have already eaten haven't already eaten 129. Q: When Daniel was at school, he _____ (learn) to play the piano. He _____ (play) it ever since. has learned - has played learned - has played learned – played
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130. Q: Could you give me some advice? I _____ (buy) this sweater yesterday. Do you think I should take it back? Bought have bought buyed 131. Q: George lives in New York. Before she _____ (move) here, she ____ (live) in Seattle for 3 years. moved - has lived moved – lived has moved – lived 132. Q: Peter ____ (go) to Paris last year. That means that he ____ (be) to Paris 3 times! went - has been went – was has gone – was 133. Q: Just a moment! I _____ (not think) of a good idea yet! haven't thought didn't think don't think 134. Q: Irina _____ (believe) that for ages! believes has believed was believed 135. Q: How long _____ (you/live) there before coming here? have you lived did you live do you live 136. Q: She _____ (write) the email but doesn't know how to send it. has written writes written 137. Q: I ____ (just/have) something done to my hair. Do you like it? have just had just have had just have 138. Q: Hurry up! The concert _____ (begin) and we are late. Begins has begun began 139. Q: Andra _____ (record) many albums and will probably make many more. records has recorded recorded 140. Q: Nat King Cole _____ (record) many albums during his great career. records has recorded recorded 141. Q: How many magazines ____ (read) this year? did you read do you read have you read 142. Q: How many books ____ (read) last year? do you read have you read did you read 143. Q: ____ (newspaper/arrive)? Yes, Daniel is reading it at the moment. Did the newspaper arrived Does the newspaper arrive Has the newspaper arrived 144. Q: Where ____ (you/find) that book? - I _____(find) it in the library. have you found - have found did you find – found did you find - have found 145. Q: ____ (you/smoke) a lot before becoming a non-smoker? Have you smoked Did you smoked Did you smoke 146. Q: He _____ (leave) the shop a few minutes ago. was left left has left 147. Q: She ____ (not leave) the house yet. has left hasn't left didn't leave 148. Q: I _____ (not know) you ____ (be) here! _____ (you/be) here long? haven't known - were - Have you been didn't know - were - Have you been didn't know - have been - Have you been 149. Q: _____ (you/see) today's paper? Do you see Have you seen Are you seeing 150. Q: I'm tired. I _____ (not get) much sleep last night. haven't got didn't get wasn't get
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Cheia exerciţiilor Present Tense Simple Afirmativ: I leave home at 12 o’clock but my friend leaves home at 1 o’clock. I go to work by car but my friend goes to work by train. I speak English well but my friend speaks English badly. I get home at six but my friend gets home at seven. I have two kids but my friend has three. Interogativ: Do you leave home at 12 o’clock? Does he leave home at 1 o’clock? Do you go to work by car? Does he go to work by train? Do you speak English well? Does he speak English badly? Do you get home at six? Does he get home at seven? Do you have two kids? Does he have three kids? Negativ: I don’t leave home at 12 o’clock. My friend doesn’t leave home at 1 o’clock. I don’t go to work by car. My friend doesn’t go to work by train. I don’t speak English. My friend doesn’t speak English badly. I don’t get home at six. My friend doesn’t get home at seven. I don’t have two kids. My friend doesn’t have three kids. Past Tense Simple Afirmativ He spent three days in the Danube Delta last month. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Daniel got up early in the morning and (do) morning exercises. Then he washed and ate/had breakfast with his parents. After that he went fishing with his friends Irina and Larry. He swam in the Danube in the evening. The weather was fine all the time. Daniel made a lot of friends there. He came back home in September to go to school.
Interogativ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Did he spend three days in the Danube Delta last month? Did Daniel get up early in the morning and do morning exercises? Did he wash and eat/have breakfast with his parents? After that did he go fishing with his friends Irina and Larry? Did he swim in the Danube in the evening? Was the weather fine all the time? Did Daniel make a lot of friends there? Did he come back home in September to go to school? 78
Future Tense Simple Situation 1 Daniel: 1. I’ll work in the lab tomorrow. 2. I’ll do an interesting experiment tomorrow. 3. I’ll obtain hydrogen in the Chemistry lesson. 4. I’ll learn interesting things next week. 5. I’ll study hydrogen next week. 6. I’ll ask the teacher a lot of questions.
Grandpa: Where will you work? What will you do? What will you obtain? When will you learn? What will you study? Who will you ask ?
Situation 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Larry will not /won’t read his lesson later. Larry will not /won’t go to the cinema next Sunday. He will not /won’t go shopping tomorrow morning. He will not /won’t help you tomorrow evening. He will not /won’t have an experiment in the chemistry lab next week. He will not /won’t wash the car on Sunday morning. He will not /won’t buy a new car next year. He will not /won’t take a new project next month.
Present Perfect I. Pune verbele din paranteză la Prezentul Perfect Simplu: 1. I have just fixed my car. 2. Father has just left home. 3. They have just arrived to the theatre. 4. We have just seen our Math teacher. 5. He has just begun to cry. II. Completează urmatoarele propoziţii folosind timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu: 1. That is the most interesting movie he has ever seen. 2. This is the best book she has ever read. 3. This is the biggest mall they have ever visited. 4. These are the most attractive souvenirs they have ever bought. 5. Those are the most wonderful monuments they have ever seen. Past Perfect 1. Had Daniel seen the Black Sea before? Yes, he had. Had Irina seen the Black Sea before? No, she hadn’t. 2. Had Daniel swum in the sea before? Yes, he had. Had Irina swum in the sea before? No, she hadn’t. 79
3. Had Daniel sunbathed on the beach before? Yes, he had. Had Irina sunbathed on the beach before? No, she hadn’t. 4. Had Daniel gone fishing in the sea before? Yes, he had. Had Irina gone fishing in the sea before? No, she hadn’t. 5. Had Daniel walked down the beach before? Yes, he had. Had Irina walked down the beach before? No, she hadn’t. 6. Had Daniel stayed at a hotel before? Yes, he had. Had Irina stayed at a hotel before? No, she hadn’t. 7. Had Daniel made the tour of Constanţa before? Yes, he had. Had Irina made the tour of Constanţa before? No, she hadn’t. 8. Had Daniel visited Eforie Nord before? Yes, he had. Had Irina visited Eforie Nord before? No, she hadn’t. Present Continuous 1. Larry is working in his office now. 2. Daniel is typing a letter in the secretariate 3. Ioana is presenting a project in the conference room. 4. Maria is speaking on the phone in the hall now. 5. Matei is meeting some clients in the guests room. Past Tense Continuous 1. Daniel and John were working in the office when Mr Smith came in. 2. Matei and Maria were speaking on the phone when Mr Smith came in. 3. Ioana was writing a report when Mr Smith came in. 4. Martha was watering the flowers when Mr Smith came in. 5. Victor was talking to his coleague when Mr Smith came in. 6. Angela was opening the windows when Mr Smith came in. 7. Mark and Chris were looking at some pictures when Mr Smith came in. 8. Fiona was reading the newspapers when Mr Smith came in. Future Continuous 1) She will be meeting him next week. (to meet) 2) We will be arriving in Pitesti just about now. (to arrive) 80
3) At 7 o'clock on Monday they will be singing the new song. (to sing) 4) He will be sleeping when you call her. (to sleep) 5) It will probably be raining when I reach Madrid. (to rain) 6) Mary will be watching a video when I arrive tonight. (to watch) 7) You will be eating spaghetti soon. (to eat) 8) This time next week he will be flying to Africa. (to fly) 9) Peggy will be coming to the party on Sunday. (to come) 10) Tomorrow at nine I will be writing a test paper. (to write) Present Perfect Continuous 1. We have been talking about that horrible accident for half an hour. 2. She has been cooking a chicken soup for 1 hour. 3. They have been phoning the manager for the last five minutes. 4. Mary has been living in Manhattan since June 1998. 5. It has been raining since morning. Past Perfect Continuous She had been sleeping for 10 hours when he woke us up. We had been waiting at the station for 60 minutes when the train finally arrived. They had been looking her ring for three hours and then we found it in the bathroom. I had not been walking for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. How long had she been learning English before she went to London? She had been driving less than an hour when he ran out of gas. They were very tired in the evening because they had been helping on the farm all day. I had not been working all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night. They had been cycling all day so their legs were sore in the evening. Future Perfect Continuous Mike: Helen has been in the kitchen all day long. Ross: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good birthday party. Mike: She will have been cooking for over five hours by the time everyone arrives for dinner.Hopefully, she will have finished everything by then. Ross: Maybe we should give her a helping hand. Diateza: 1. He has been appointed president. I have been given a good dictionary. You will be told what time the bus leaves. The carpender will be paid for his work. They were promised new bicycles. 2. This bed has not been slept in. The children were well looked after. The dog was run over by a bus. You will be laughed at if you wear this dress.
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Persoana şi numărul 1) He is dreaming. 2) It is green. 3) They are on the wall. 4) It is running. 5) We are watching TV. 6) They are in the garden. 7) He is riding his bike. 8) She is from Bristol. 9) She has got a brother. 10) Have you got a computer, Mandy? Subjonctivul 1. It is very important that all employees be dressed in their proper uniforms before 6:30 a.m. 2. I wish my sister were here. 3. The coach insisted that Mario play the center position, even though he's much too short for that position.. 4. Mary hoped that the meeting be adjourned. 5. My mother would know what to do. Oh, would that she were here with us now! 6. If only Mark were a little more responsible in his choice of courses! 7. If Mrs. Smith had been ill that night, the Smiths would not have gone to the cinema. 8. Her employees treated Mrs. Smith as though she were a queen. 9. I wish I felt better today. Infinitivul şi gerunziul 1) I can't imagine Peter going by bike. 2) He agreed to buy a new car. 3) The question is easy to answer. 4) The man asked me how to get to the airport. 5) I look forward to seeing you at the weekend. 6) Are you thinking of visiting London? 7) We decided to run through the forest. 8) The teacher expected Sarah to study hard. 9) She doesn't mind working the night shift. 10) I learned to ride the bike at the age of 5. Participiul trecut: the lost son an interested audience a broken leg an emptied bottle a closed door a decorated room two packed bags the written letters the sold car the bought apples 82
Verbele auxiliare What have you done? I do not like this song. Does she know that you are here? The lesson has not started yet. Do you drink milk? Who has eaten my biscuits? It does not matter. They do not want to play outside. We have not seen you for a long time. My friend has sent me some photos. The train has just arrived. Do you understand? They have been learning English for two years. Have you heard that? My uncle does not eat fish. I do not live here. Has anybody rung up for me? She does not play the piano. How do we get there? Where does he live? Verbele modale Ex.1. 1.We couldn't go to the party. We're going to a wedding. 2. He would be able to pass the exam if he studied harder. 3. I can't remember his name. 4. They weren't able to go. The weather was too bad. 5. Sorry, Teacher. I haven't been able to do it yet. Ex. 2 1. I must be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on time. 2. You mustn't submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. If the form is not complete, you will be rejected and you will have to reapply at a later date. 3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them? Stephanie: It must have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers, you know. 4. You mustn't forget to pay the rent. Mr Daniel is very strict about paying on time. 5. You don't have to be like this! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while. Ex 3. 1. Mike's flight from Paris took more than 7 hours. He must be quite exhausted after such a long flight. 2. The books are optional. My teacher said we could read them if we needed extra credit. But we don't have to read them if we don't want to. 3. Daniel couldn't hear a word because the crowd was cheering so loudly. 4. The refrigerator isn't working. It must have been damaged during the move. 5. Mike: Can you hold your breath for more than a minute? Jack: No, I can't. 83
6. You don't have to be rich to be famous. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny. 7. I've redone this math problem at least ten times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. So, the answer in the book must be wrong! 8. You couldn't do the job if you didn't speak three languages fluently. 9. You shouldn't worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the promotion, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another job. 10. You may leave the table once you have finished your dinner and politely excused yourself. 11. Jenny's engagement ring is speechless! It must have cost a fortune. 12. Shall we move into the living room? There's a beautiful view of the forest from there. 13. You had better take along some cash. The shop may not accept credit cards. 14. The machine can start moving by pressing the left button. 15. I can't stand these people - I don’t understand their priciples, so you get rid of them! 16. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. Can't you think once in a while before you open your mouth? 17. Daniel and Mathew said they would come over right after work, so they should be here by 5:00. 18. You shall no longer suffer this injustice! Freedom shall be yours! 19. If I had gone to an University in England, I could have participated in their English immersion program. 20. The lamp might not be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out or something. Substantivul: Ex 1. 1) This is Peter's book. 2) Let's go to the Smiths'. 3) The children's room is upstairs. 4) John's sister is twelve years old. 5) Susan and Steve's bags have blue stickers. 6) Men's shoes are on the second floor. 7) My parents' car was not expensive. 8) Charles's CD player is new. 9) This is the boy's bike. 10) These are the boys' pencils. Ex. 2. 1) half – halves 2) kilo – kilos 3) woman – women 4) mouth – mouths 5) foot – feet 6) sheep – sheep 7) penny – pence 8) bus – buses 9) day – days10) fish – fish Ex 3. 1) a piece of advice 4) a glass of milk 7) a slice of meat 10) a jar of jam Ex.4. ira = air eber = beer
2) a packet of rice 5) a cup of tea 8) a barrel of oil
aet = tea einw = wine
3) a bar of chocolate 6) a bottle of lemonade 9) a game of tennis
ikn = ink ilo = oil doow = wood acek = cake
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fgo = fog aclo = coal
ahir = hair
Articolul This coat was designed by a famous New York artist. Can you tell me how to get to a bank from here? The city museum is closed today. He is one of the smartest people I know. I recommend you eat the apple pie at this restaurant. ___ milk is good for you. Would you like to see the/a movie? An apple a day keeps the doctor away. I can't believe I failed the yesterday's test! Do you have a dictionary that I can borrow? Adjectivul demonstrativ 1. THIS beach was quite empty last year. 2. THIS exhibition will be open until the end of May. 3. THESE people come from that hotel over there. 4. What does thatnotice say? 5. THAT exhibition closed a month ago. 6. He was dismissed on the 13th. THAT night the factory went on fire. 7. Do you see THOSE birds at the top of the tree? 8. THESE are the old classrooms.Those are the new ones. 9. THIS is my cousin, Jessica. 10. Wasn't THAT a horrible thing to say? Adjectivul posesiv 1 He's from Spain. His name's Alberto. 2 They're married. Their children's names are Lauren and Daniel. 3 We're brothers. Our parents are French. 4 She's eight. Her brother's nine. 5 I'm British. My name's Peter. 6 You're students. Your books are in the classroom. Adjectivul interogativ 1. What time is the flight ? 2. Which girl has a red bag ? 3. Whose mother is a nurse ? 4. What subject do you like ? 5. Whose books are these ? Adjectivul nehotărât 1. Do any black people work in your company? Yes, there are some. 2. She hasn't any clothes to wear to the party. No problem, I can give her some. 3. Mary, there is no gas in the car. Oh, no. We had better get some. 4. Are there any good movies this weekend? No, there are none. 85
5.
I want to take a shower; is there any hot water? I'm sorry, there is no hot water.
Numeralul 1. hundreds 2. two dozen 3. five-thousand-word 4. Lesson Nine 5. three-fifths
6. two thousand 7. thirties 8. the third 9. one year and a half 10 the one hundred forty-ninth
Pronumele EX. 1. 1) He is dreaming. 2) It is green. 3) They are on the wall. 4) It is running. 5) We are watching TV. EX.2. My name is John. This is my friend Jason. He's 32. His sister is 34 and her workplace is very near. Jason and I work in the same office. There are 150 employees in our company. EX.3. 1) Robert made this T-shirt himself. 2) Lisa did the homework herself 3) We helped ourselves to some cola at the party. 4) Emma, did you take the photo all by yourself? 5) I wrote this poem myself. 6) He cut himself with the knife while he was doing the dishes. 7) The lion can defend itself. 8) My mother often talks to herself. 9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help yourselves. 10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers themselves. EX. 4. 1) I talked to the boy whose car had broken down in front of the building. 2) Mr John, who is a taxi driver, lives in the neighbourhood. 3) We often visit our aunt in Bucharest which is in the south of Romania. 4) This is the boy who comes from France. 5) That's Irina, the girl who has just arrived at the airport. 6) Thank you very much for your e-mail which was very interesting. 7) The man, whose father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. 8) The children, who shouted in the street, are not from our school. 9) The car, whose driver is a young man, is from England. 10) What did you do with the money which your parents lent you? EX.5. 1) John and Angela haven't met each other for a very long time. 2) My friends enjoyed themselves at the party. 3) Daniel repaired computer car himself. 4) We helped each other with our written task. 86
5) People often give each other presents at Christmas. 6) I bought myself a new record player. 7) Katie, did you do the homework yourself? 8) They looked at each other and smiled. 9) They often write e-mails to each other because they're best friends. 10) She only thinks of herself. She's a little bit selfish. Adjectivul My house is bigger than yours. This red flower is more beautiful than that yellow one. This is the most interesting magazine I have ever read. Non-smokers usually live longer than smokers. Which is the most dangerous insect in the world? A holiday by the sea is better than a holiday in the mountains. It is strange but often a coke is more expensive than a beer. Who is the richest man on earth? The weather is even worse than last summer. He was the cleverest student of all. Adverbul Joanne is happy. She smiles happily . The boy is loud. He shouts loudly. Her English is fluent. She speaks English fluently. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us angrily . My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives carelessly. The painter is awful. He paints awfully. Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano wonderfully. This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house quietly. She is a good dancer. She dances really well. This exercise is simple. You simply have to put one word in each space. Prepoziţia EX. 1. We live in London. Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? No, thanks. I was at the cinema yesterday. We are going on holiday next week. There is a bridge across the river. The flight from Bucharest to Lecce was via Berlin. On my wall, there are many picture postcards. Who is the person in this picture? Come into the sitting room, we want to watch TV. The town lies 530 meters above sea level. EX.2. 1. What are you doing at the weekend? 2. I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema on Saturday. 3. That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema for so many years. 4. We could go there together in the afternoon. 87
5. That would be great. But I would prefer to go there in the evening. I am visiting my grandma on Saturday. 6. That's okay. The film starts at eight o'clock. 7. I can pick you up at half past seven. How long does the film last? 8. It lasts for two hours and forty-five minutes. 9. From eight till a quarter to eleven. 10.That's right. But I must hurry home after the film. I have to be home by eleven o'clock. Conjuncţia EX.1. 1. Daniel was cold, so he put on a coat. 2. Maria tried to translate the text, but it was too difficult. 3. To get from Piteşti to Bucharest, you can take a bus, or you can go by car. 4. I bought a bottle of wine, and we drank it together. 5. The teacher was not very nice, but the mark was good. 6. I went to buy my favorite CD, but the shop didn't have it. 7. Irina needed some money, so she took a part-time job. 8. There's so much noise in the building lately! Maybe it's because of the new familz who has just moved in ,or maybe it's just coincidence. 9. Julie has a guitar, and she plays it really well. 10. The concert was cancelled, so we went to a disco instead. EX.2. Daniel couldn't buy any presents because he didn't have any money. I don't drink coffee as it makes me nervous. Although it was snowing, I wasn’t cold. Since she doesn't speak English, she can't translate that text. Daniel passed the exam first time while his brother had to retake it four times. Paula got the job she wanted even though she had no experience. I will be late today because my car has broken down. Whereas my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at the countryside for my vacations. Interjecţia 1. " AH , that feels good" 2. " ALAS, she's dead now" 3. " Oh DEAR ! Does it hurt ?" 4. "What do you think of that, EH ?" 5. "Lima is the capital of.... ER....Peru" 6. " HELLO John, How are you today ?" 7. " HMM, I'm not so sure" 8. " OH , please say 'yes' !" 9. " WELL, what did he say " 10. " 85 divided by 5 is... UM...17" 11. "Shall we go ? " " UH-HUH " 12. " OUCH ! That hurts !" Subiectul şi predicatul EX.1. 1. Yesterday, (Ross and Monica )took their children to the zoo. 2. (The elephants, the lions, and all of the other animals) were outside. 88
3. (The president of the bank )looked everywhere for the papers . 4. (They) listened quietly. 5. (The yellow race car with red stripes) finished the first in the race. 6. After his speech,( the president of the meeting) shook hands with all members of the crowd . EX.2. 1. The dirty yellow cat prowled through the dark alley/ lived in the attic last winter. 2. We stood outside the hotel all night./ baked delicious apple pies./ were late yesterday. 3. Tom and his brother stood outside the hotel all night./ baked delicious apple pies./ were late yesterday./ sold used cars. 4. The taxi driver stood outside the hotel all night./ was from the Middle East. 5. Anna's elderly mother baked delicious apple pies./ was from the Middle East. 6. The green tree snake was from the Middle East. 7. The detective in the gray raincoat stood outside the hotel all night./ waited patiently for his victim. 8. Seven rats lived in the attic last winter. Complementul direct 1. The computer programmer is testing his new software. Programatorul îşi testează noul soft. 2. We suddenly realized that someone was listening. Deodată ne-am dat seama că cineva asculta. 3. Amy has decided to go to university. Amy s-a hotărât să meargă la facultate. 4. They can't read what you've just written. Ei nu pot citi ceea ce tocmai ai scris. 5.This exercise involves clicking on the screen. Acest exerciţiu implică a da click pe ecran. Complementul indirect 1. Indirect object: you. Direct object: some money 2. Direct object: English writers (no indirect object) 3. Indirect object: them. Direct object: news 4. Indirect object: Mary. Direct object: candy 5. Indirect object: students. Direct object: homework 6. Direct object: boys (no indirect object) 7. Direct object: them (no indirect object) 8. Indirect object: us. Direct object: speech 9. Direct object: letters (no indirect object) 10. Indirect object: son. Direct object: keys 11. Direct object: rain (no indirect object) 12. Direct object: traffic (or air traffic)
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Complementul prepoziţional He reminds me of your brother in some ways. You have similar temperaments. The „must not” message is designed to prevent people from entering. The judge banned him from driving for six months. This new software enables the user to get lots of reports for the management. I don't smoke at home; I don't want to encourage the children to smoke. The team manager wouldn't allow the press to interview his players. The police wouldn't provide the press with any details about the crime. The salesman failed to interest me in any of his products. Construcţii complexe: EX.1. a. nominativul absolut b. nominativul absolut 3- N+ infinitiv 4- Ac + infinitive 5- N absolut + part. prezent EX.2. 1. The manager was expected to speak first. 2. He was thought to be gifted in singing. 3. He was heard walking slowly in the dark. 4. He was advised him to go to the hospital as soon as possible 5. We were told not to worry. 6. He was asked him by the manager to explain the semester report. 7. He was seen stealing the money. 8. His thoughts are considered to be very weird. Complementul circumstanţial de loc,timp, mod They were in Paris. (last week) → They were in Paris last week.- adverbial of time She walks his dog. (rarely) → She rarely walks his dog. - adverbial of manner She waited. (patiently) → She waited patiently. - adverbial of manner My father goes fishing. (always) → My father always goes fishing. - adverbial of time Your bedroom is. (upstairs) → Your bedroom is upstairs. - adverbial of place We don't go skiing. (in summer) → We don't go skiing in summer. - adverbial of time Cats can hear. (well) → Cats can hear well. - adverbial of manner I saw him. (there) → I saw him there.- adverbial of place The boy speaks English. (fluently) → The boy speaks English fluently. - adverbial of manner I have seen that movie. (never) / (before) → I have never seen that movie before. - adverbial of time Atributul 1. Those are probably the fanciest boys in the school. 2. Uncle Daniel is really a sweet old man. 3. Dacia used to be a fine Romanian car. 4. All the family was home for the holidays. What could make for a merrier Christmas? 5. They were raised in a comfortable little house in Bucharest. 6. Four weddings and a funeral is the most exciting movie I've ever seen. 7. She wanted to take a course with that interesting new Japanese economics professor. 8. Of all the mechanics in the shop, he is surely the least competent . 9. In the fall, the valleys tend to be foggier than the hilltops. 10. My cold is definitely worse this morning. 90
TEST FINAL 1. are you doing 2. Do you always get up 3. Has John got 4. is having 5. loves 6. went 7. isn't 8. is going 9. took 10. did he arrive 11. are they doing 12. did you go 13. Have you got 14. loves 15. is coming 16. is 17. taught 18. Does he always have 19. drove 20. Have you got 21. did she study 22. doesn't like 23. is watching 24. took 25. isn't 26. are you doing 27. is going to visit 28. Do you always finish 29. rode 30. are you doing 31. Does she often telephone 32. Have they got 33. are reading 34. taught 35. loves 36. is going to have 37. flew 38. isn't going to be 39. did she do 40. Has Thomas got
41. did they go 42. likes 43. is listening 44. Does he always play 45. was watching 46. already 47. stay out 48. some 49. Few 50. had finished 51. seeing 52. Have ... gone 53. Yet 54. interested in 55. were photographed 56. arrives 57. among 58. giving 59. as ... as 60. said 61. do you have to do 62. 's fine 63. in front of 64. shouldn't 65. interested in 66. might have been 67. whose 68. look after 69. had to 70. have been working 71. have been made 72. explain 73. are going 74. in 75. on 76. in – on 77. about 78. at – during 79. up 80. out of
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81. in 82. at – on 83. until 84. for – against 85. on 86. to 87. _ 88. to – at 89. by 90. in – on 91. in – in 92. on 93. by – by 94. by 95. within 96. in 97. since 98. until 99. has lived 100. has worked 101. any 102. an 103. to 104. is 105. bought 106. much 107. 108. him 109. at 110. listening to 111. do you do 112. works 113. some 114. can 115. in the 116. into 117. Excuse me 118. Italy 119. on 120. next to
121. some 122. some 123. ago 124. have never been 125. played – was 126. 127. have worked – began 128. have already eaten 129. learned - has played 130. bought 131. moved – lived 132. went - has been 133. haven't thought 134. has believed 135. did you live 136. has written 137. have just had 138. has begun 139. has recorded 140. recorded 141. have you read 142. did you read 143. Has the newspaper arrived 144. have you found - have found 145. Did you smoke 146. left 147. hasn't left 148.didn't know - were - Have you been 149. Have you seen 150. didn't get
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TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE - fişă exemplu PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE Affirmative: S + V (s/es for IIIrd person sg): He goes to school everyday. She drinks milk everyday. Interrogative: Do/Does + S +V Do I go to school everyday? Does she go to school everyday? Negative: S + Do/Does + Not + V I do not go to school everyday. He doesn’t read this novel everyday. - Acţiune generală, repetabilă: I read daily. - Adevăruri general valabile: The Earth spins round. - Acţiuni viitoare planificate în prezent ca urmare a unui program oficial
PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + Be (present) + V ing: I am eating now. Interrogative: Be (present) + S + V ing: Am I eating now? Negative: S + Be (present) + Not + V ing: I am not eating now - Acţiune care se petrece în momentul vorbirii: I am reading. - Acţiune temporară: This week, I am doing the homework, you are doing the cleaning and he is going shopping. - Acţiune viitoare planificată în prezent (neoficial): We are spending the week end in the country.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Affirmative: S + Have/Has (IIIrd person sg) + V3 I have met Mr. Brown. She has met Mrs. Brown. Interrogative: Have/Has + S + V3 Have you met my girlfriend? Has he met his cousin? Negative: S + Have/Has + Not + V3 I haven’t read his last novel. She hasn’t left already. - Acţiune începută în trecut, terminată în trecut, (neprecizat timpul): I have eaten. (am mâncat) - Acţiune terminată în perioada de timp neterminată : I have already read the newspaper today. - Acţiune începută în trecut care se continuă şi în prezent: I have met her.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + Have/Has + Been + Ving You have been waiting here for two hours. She has been waiting here for two hours. Interrogative: Have you been waiting here for two hours? Negative: S + Have/Has + not + Been + Ving You have not been waiting here for two hours. - Acţiune începută în trecut care se continuă şi în prezent: DIFERENŢA DINTRE PRESENT CONTINUOUS ŞI PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: 1. Plouă= It is raining 2. Plouă de mult / de…= It has been rainig for…
PAST TENSE SIMPLE Affirmative: S + V2 You went to your friend yesterday. Interrogative: Did + S + V
PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS (imperfect) Affirmative: S + Be (past) + V ing I was watching TV when she came. Interrogative: Be (past) + S + V ing 93
Did you go to work yesterday? Negative: S + Did + Not + V They didn’t go to work yesterday? Acţiune trecută terminată în moment precizat: (ago, last, yesterday, in 2004): I met her in 1981.
Were you reading when I entered the room? Negative: S + Be (past) + Not + V ing He wasn’t eating when she phoned. Acţiune trecută în desfăşurare în prezent: When you entered my room, I was watching TV.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (m.m.c.p.) Affirmative: S + Had + V3 They had watched TV for half an hour. Interrogative: Had + S + V3 Had they watched TV for half an hour? Negative: S + Had + Not + V3 They hadn’t watched TV for half an hour. Acţiune trecută terminată înaintea altei acţiuni trecute:ex: I had already eaten for long when you came. FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE Affirmative: S + Will/Shall + V They will go to the seaside tomorrow. Interrogative: Will/Shall + S + V Shall we go to the mountains next week? Negative: S + Will/Shall + Not + V They will not read this novel tomorrow.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + Had + Been + V ing She had been living in that house since 1993. Interrogative: Had + S + Been + V ing Had she been living in that house since 1993? Negative: S + Had + Not + Been + V ing She had not been living in that house since 1993. Acţiune trecută începută înaintea altei acţiuni trecute şi continuându-se şi în momentul începerii celei de-a doua: I had been watching TV for 2 hours when you came.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE Affirmative: S + shall/will + have + V3 They will have gone by now. Interrogative: Shall/will + S + have + V3 Will you have gone by now? Negative: S + shall/will+ Not + have + V3 They will not have gone by now.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + shall/will + have been + Ving They will have been building that house for 2 years next Christmas. Interrogative shall/will + S + have been + Ving Will they have been building that house for 2 years next Christmas? Negative: S + shall/will + not + have been + V-ing They will have been building that house for 2 years next Christmas. Exprimă faptul că o acţiune se va afla înca în desfăşurare la un anumit moment în viitor.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + Will/Shall + Be + V ing They will be going to the mountains. Interrogative: Will/Shall + S + Be + V ing Shall we be reading this novel tomorrow? Negative: S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + V ing You will not be reading this poem.
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Verbul TO WORK -model Indicative Present I work you work he/she/it works we work you work they work Present continuous I am working you are working he/she/it is working we are working you are working they are working Past perfect continuous I had been working you had been working he/she/it had been working we had been working you had been working they had been working Past perfect I had worked you had worked he/she/it had worked we had worked you had worked they had worked Future perfect I will have worked you will have worked he/she/it will have worked we will have worked you will have worked they will have worked Future perfect continuous I will have been working you will have been working he/she/it will have been working we will have been working you will have been working they will have been working Infinitive to work
Past Tense I worked you worked he/she/it worked we worked you worked they worked Past continuous I was working you were working he/she/it was working we were working you were working they were working Present perfect I have worked you have worked he/she/it has worked we have worked you have worked they have worked Future I will work you will work he/she/it will work we will work you will work they will work Future continuous I will be working you will be working he/she/it will be working we will be working you will be working they will be working Present perfect continuous I have been working you have been working he/she/it has been working we have been working you have been working they have been working Participle Present Past working worked
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Bibliografie: Leon Leviţchi, Ioan Preda - Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Ştiinţifică 1967; Alice Bădescu - Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed.Ştiinţifică, 1963; Georgiana Gălăţeanu, Ecaterina Comişel, - Gramatica limbii engleze, pentru uz şcolar, Editura didactică şi pedagogică – Bucureşti,1982 Catedra de limbă şi literatură engleză. Universitatea din Bucureşti - Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Ştiinţifică, 1962; Ioana Ştefănescu - Lectures in English Morphology, Univ. din Buc., 1978.
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