KOREAN / A. HANGUL ALPHABET () 1. Consonants () There are 30 consonants include includ e 14 simple simple consonants, 5 double doubl e consonants and 11 consonant cluster clust er s Allophone Allophone Letter Name Letter Name Initial Medial Final Initial Medial k k t ± n p t d t s t
/l
*
m b
p
l p t
s ± t
d t k t
h
p ()
k
t t k t *
± k
p
± ± ±
t ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ks nd n n ± l ± lm lb l ± ls ± lt ± lp ±
±
ps
Notes: * The initial is at the t he beginnin eginning g of the the wor wor d, d, the t he medial is be betwee tween n vowe vowel and the t he final is the the end of the t he wor wor d * , the The final is sile silent. Exce Exce pt the t he name name , the final is pr pr onounce onounced as ) () *
The letter tter pr onounce onounced // in the t he initial howe owever it er it can be be is always pr pr pr onounce onounc ed as /l/ whe w hen n the the wor wor d or or iginate inated f r r om om Eng English lish begin egin with wit h L. * In Nor Nor th Kore Korea: a: The str str ok ok e that disting distinguishe uishess f r r om om is wr wr itte itten above above r ather ather tthan inside inside the letter tter . y
Fina
k
k m
p p
y y y
is pr pr onounce onounced [ts] in the t he initial and [z] be b etwee tween n vowe vowels. and are pr onounce onounc ed as [ts], [ts] Some ome letter tter s have ave diff erent erent name names in the the Nor Nor th: J amo amo North Korean name J amo amo North Korean name
Example Example wor wor ds ds for for consonants consonants (initial): P honeme honeme Example English Fire Fire// Ligh Light/ t/ Dollar Dolla r / /p/ Fr ance ance/ Buddh Budd ha /p/ Hor Hor n /p/ Gr ass/ ass/ Glue Glue /m/ Water Water / Liquid/ Flood /t/ Moon /t/ Daugh Daughtter
r e t t e L m o t t o B
P honeme honeme Example /t/
be cold To kick/ To be
/k/ /k/ /k/ // /s/
To go To pee peell Knif e Room Fle Flesh Uncook ed gr ains ains of r ice ice Wind/ Wish Wish Lemon To do
/t/
Mask
/s/
/n/ /t/ /t/
Day To slee slee To squee squeezze/ To be be salty
//
/l/
/// * / // // /
+
+
+
+
p /h /h/
Consonant assimilation Next letter
+
+ + +
+
+
English
+
+
+
+
+
+
y y y
is pr pr onounce onounced [ts] in the t he initial and [z] be b etwee tween n vowe vowels. and are pr onounce onounc ed as [ts], [ts] Some ome letter tter s have ave diff erent erent name names in the the Nor Nor th: J amo amo North Korean name J amo amo North Korean name
Example Example wor wor ds ds for for consonants consonants (initial): P honeme honeme Example English Fire Fire// Ligh Light/ t/ Dollar Dolla r / /p/ Fr ance ance/ Buddh Budd ha /p/ Hor Hor n /p/ Gr ass/ ass/ Glue Glue /m/ Water Water / Liquid/ Flood /t/ Moon /t/ Daugh Daughtter
r e t t e L m o t t o B
P honeme honeme Example /t/
be cold To kick/ To be
/k/ /k/ /k/ // /s/
To go To pee peell Knif e Room Fle Flesh Uncook ed gr ains ains of r ice ice Wind/ Wish Wish Lemon To do
/t/
Mask
/s/
/n/ /t/ /t/
Day To slee slee To squee squeezze/ To be be salty
//
/l/
/// * / // // /
+
+
+
+
p /h /h/
Consonant assimilation Next letter
+
+ + +
+
+
English
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*
*
/ / + + / / / + + + / * + is pr pr onounce onounc ed as /l /+ /l/ * + = +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
*
/ + / / / = / + / / /
*
The final in and is pr pr onounce onounced as In the the Nor Nor th: + = + / + = + / + = + +=+
*
y
y
y
y
Ex: W ord ord
To read read (continuative (continuative for for m) m) Amnok r Amnok r iver iver Inde Inde pe pende ndence nce Ide Idea / se sense nse / conce conce ption
Letter
P ronunciation ronunciation North (hangul) South (hangul)
Meaning
2. Vowels () Name P honeme honeme
Letter
Name
P honeme honeme
Letter
Name
P honeme honeme
/a/
/ju/
/ø/
/ja/
//
/w/
//
/i/
/wa/
/j/
//
/wi/
/o/
/j/
/w/
/jo/
/e/
/i/
/u/
/je /je/
/we /we/
a) Monophthongs Kore Korean an has 9 diff erent erent vowe vowels and a le length distinction for fo r eeach ach: , , , , , , , , . Ex: Short vowel Long vowel Short vowel Long vowel /u/ /i/ (hunger unger ) /i/ (mar (mar k ke t) /u/ (copper (copper ) (water (water melon) /e/ (pillow) /e /e/ (to cut) // (punish (punis hment) // (bee (bee)) // // (sun) // (se (senior nior s) s) // (food) (attitude (attitud e) /a/ (hor se) // (lang (language uage)) /ø/ (ch (chur ch) /ø/ (over (over coat) coat) /o/ (bar (bar ley) /o/ (salar (salar y) y) b ) Diphthongs Kore Korean an have ave 12 diph dip hthong ongs: , , , , , , , , , , , . Ex: P honeme honeme Example English P honeme honeme Example English je je Budge Budgett wi Back j tor y we Chest/ Stor hest/ box ja Base Base ball w Why jo Teac Teacher her wa Fr uit uit ju Glass w What j Here i Doctor Doctor
1. 2.
3.
4.
Notes: The vowe vowel , , is pr pr onounce onounc ed [], [j], [w] in the t he Nor Nor th diale dialect. is pr The letter tter pr onounce onounc ed as: hen it¶s at the the beginnin eginning g of the the wor wor d when when hen it's not at the t he beginnin eginning g of the the wor wor d or or aft after er consonant consonant hen it's use used at the t he end of the t he wor wor d as a posse poss essive ssive mar mar k ker e r when When hen followe followed by a wor wo r d or or suffix suffix beg beginnin inning g with with / / / / / / : under lying lying or r at the the end of a mor mor phe phem me become comes a /d-/ or or An under . /t-/ th though ough this doe does not happe appen with wit hin a wor wor d r oot oot such suc h as . pr onoune onouned as //, // in the t he South outh while ile it¶s optional in t he , is pr Nor Nor th can be or In the the South outh, after after consonant, consonant, the t he letter tter be pr onounce onounced either ither r
c) Vowel harmony The vowel classes follow positive (/) vowels and the negative (/ ); they also follow or thogr aphy. Exchanging positive vowels with negative vowels usually creates diff erent nuances of meaning, with positive vowels sounding diminutive and negative vowels sounding cr ude. Some examples: Onomatopoeia: (light water splashing ) and (heavy water splashing). Emphasised adjectives: (plain yellow), while its negative, (ver y yellow) (plain blue), while its negative, (dee p blue) Par ticles at the end of ver bs: (to catch) (caught) while (to fold) (folded) Inter jections: (expressing sur pr ise) and (expressing discomfor t or sympathy). (expressing sudden realization) and (expressing mild objection). y
y
y
y
3.
Morpho-syllabic blocks No letter may stand alone to re present elements of the Korean language. Instead, jamo are gr ouped into syllabic or mor phemic blocks of at least two and often three: - the initial (a consonant or a doubled consonant), - the medial (a vowel or diphthong) and, optionally, at t he end of the syllable, - the final (a consonant or consonant cluster ). When a syllable has no actual initial consonant, the null initial is used as a placeholder . Thus, a block contains a minimum of two jamo, an initial and a medial. The sets of initial and final consonants a re not the same. For instance, (ng) only occur s in final position, while the doubled jamo that can occur in final position are limited to and .
B. VOCABULARY () There are three main types of vocabular y in Korean: Sino-Korean, Native Korean and foreign wor ds impor ted f ro m other language (Japanese, English, Ger man,«) 1. Sino-K orean words Sino-Korean ref er s to the set of wor ds in the Korean language vocabular y that or iginated f ro m or were influenced f ro m Chinese. Ex: English Korean English Korean English Korean Intr oduction Dr ive Station Automobile Case, situation Mountain Culture Air plane President
Letter Tissue Gift (One's) whereabouts Newspaper Dining table Tab (in a restaur ant)
Foreign currency Maid Pr omise Name car d, business car d Company, fir m Faction The per son in charge (of)
/ /
Pr isoner Study
Movie, film Pr ohibit, cancel Extremely Doctor Currency exchange
/ /
Some
Chinese char acter when tr anslate in Korean have some diff erent for ms. Ex: Sino- Korean Notes Examples - the beginning of the year Pr onounced at the - the end of the year , (year ) beginning of a wor d, - last year elsewhere - next year - position, standpoint Pr onounced at the , (stand, - inde pendence beginning of a wor d, establish) - constr uction, set-up elsewhere - woman, f emale Pr onounced at the - a f e male student , (gir l, woman) beginning of a wor d, - a young gir l elsewhere - a beautiful gir l - unlawfulness, dishonesty - unavoidably, inevitably No r ule, some wor ds just use , (Negation) one or the other - discomfor t - impossibility 2. Foreign words imported f rom other language The vast major ity of loanwor ds other than Sino-Korean come f r om moder n times, 90% of which are f r om English. Many wor ds have also been borr owed f ro m Japanese and Wester n languages such as Ger man. Ex: Korean Meaning Korean Meaning Korean Meaning Fr om English Mechanical Game Necktie pencil Note Per cent Tennis Dollar Menu Team
Cola Meter Camer a Video Centimeter Shopping Ski S por ts Hotel
Allergy
Assemble Building
Air conditioner Banana Coff ee Shower Sofa t Super mar ke Stress Pizza Rail Fr om Ger man Par t-time job Fr om Japanese Share of stock Dozen
Taxi Table Par ty Bus Piano Car d Or ange Chocolate Scr af
Estimate Match
3.
Native K orean The core of the Korean vocabular y is made up of native Korean wor ds. Ex: (countr y), (day),« Native Korean wor ds and Sino-Korean wor ds can be inter charged. Some wor ds have both the native for m and Sino for m. Ex: (weather ) is Sino f ro m and (weather ) is native for m. 4.
The diff erences between The North and The South The standar d language in the South () is based on the Seoul dialect ( ), and the standar d language in the Nor th () is based on the Pyongyang dialect ( ) a) Difference in Sino-Korean words Initial / In the South, in Sino-Korean wor ds that begin with and is followed by one of / / / / and , is re placed by ||; when this is followed by other vowels it is re placed by . In the Nor th, the initial is k e pt. South North Meaning South North Meaning South North Meaning Love Divor ce Labour Pr atice R e peatedly Histor y
Strength
R eason Tr avel
Cold water Iced noodle Downfall
Bask etball Tr ain Par adise
in Sino-Korean wor ds that begin with and is followed by one of / / / / and , in the South this is re placed by ||, whereas this remains unchanged in the Nor th. South North Meaning South North Meaning This wor ld The end of the year Female Similar ly,
Hanja spelling Where a Hanja is wr itten or in the South, this is wr itten , in the Nor th (but even in the South these are pr onounced lik e the Nor th) South North Meaning Closure Lungs In wor ds where the or iginal hanja is spelt "" or "" and follows a vowel, the initial is not pr onounced in the Nor th, making the pr onunciation identical with that in the South where the is dr opped in the spelling. South North Meaning Rule b ) Difference in compound words: Middle ( ) When for ming compound wor ds f ro m uninflected wor ds, where the middle is inser ted in the South, this is left out in the Nor th, but the pr onunciation is the same as in the South. South North P ronunciation Meaning Chopsticks Sunshine (Tree) Leaf
c) Differences due to the difference in political system or social structure South North Meaning South North Meaning Korean Peninsula Pr imar y school
*
Korean language Korean War
*
Fr iend
The wor d that is used to mean "f r iend" in the Nor th was or iginally a native Korean wor d used acr oss the whole of Korea, but after the division of Korea, the wor d has come to mean "comr ade" in the South as well and has fallen out of use.
d) Differences in words of foreign origin South Korea has borr owed a lot of English wor ds, whereas Nor th Korean has borr owed a number of Russian wor ds. Even when the same English wor d is borr owed, how this wor d is tr ansliter ated into Korean may diff er because the South uses Amer ican English while the Nor th uses Br itish English. South North Meaning South North Meaning Tr actor Computer Stocking Radio Gr oup Television Tank Apar tment () Cup Tyre Video Campaign For names of other nations and their places, the pr inciple is to base the tr ansliter ation on the English wor d in the South (exce pt the name of Ger many is borr owed f ro m Japanese), and to base the tr ansliter ation on the wor d in the or iginal language in the Nor th. Some Sino-Korean are still in use in both Korea. South
North
Meaning Vietnam Poland Cuba Sweden
South
North
Meaning Asia Eur ope S pain Ger many
e) Difference in use dou ble consonant Some wor ds wr itten with a double consonant in the middle in the South but aren't wr itten in the Nor th (but the pr onounce is same in the South) South North Meaning South North Meaning Teeth (animal) Awhile
Eye br ows Clap one¶s hand
Date
f) Other differences Nor th Korean vocabular y shows a tendency to pref er native Korean over SinoKorean or foreign borr owings, especially with recent political objectives aimed at eliminating foreign (mostly Chinese) influences on the Korean language in the Nor th. By contr ast, South Korean may have sever al Sino-Korean or foreign borr owings which tend to be absent in Nor th Korean. Example:
South
North
Meaning
South
North
Meaning
Balcony / / Hamburger / Juice Musical / Knock Dress Ice cream Flood Green tea Cheque Car par k Mar k et /
Boat Skir t One-piece
Cellphone Knif e Mask Ballpoint pen Iced noodle Instant noodle News Ice water Two-piece
Even if the Nor th uses Sino-korean wor ds, it can be diff erent f ro m the South South North Meaning South North Meaning Mor tal enemy Id car d Air por t National people Amer ican Bathr oom imper ialists Some
native wor ds have the diff erence: South North Meaning South * Cor n * On, above Halla mountain Weather
North
Meaning Wif e
Lunch box
Hammer Pock et change
Goose
Rainbow
Car t
Exit
Store
To be near
Fr ied r ice
Dog meat
Anniver sar y
Cherr y blossom
To stare at
To be OK.
To use for mal
Side
dish
language
To coldshoulder To teach
To lend a helping hand To arr ive
To be upr ight
()
To be cheap
*
and are also sometimes hear d in var ious dialects in South Korea. There are also some wor ds that only exist in the Nor th. The ver b (to break) and its passive for m (to be br ok en) have no exactly corresponding wor ds in the South.
C. Numerals ()
No. 0 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12
There are two systems of numer als in Korean: native Korean and Sino-Korean. The distinction between the two numer al systems is ver y impor tant. Ever ything that can be counted will use one of the two systems, but seldom both. For example, when denoting the age of a per son, one will usually use for the native Korean numer als, and for Sino-Korean. Ex: / (25 year s old). Sino Native Sino Native Sino Native No. No. Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean 80 13 / 90 14 15 100 16 101 3 17 10 4 18 10 5 19 10 6 20 10 7 30 10 8 40 10 12 50 10 16 6 0 10 20 7 0 10 Note: In the Sino-Korean system, number 0 is , number 6 is , number 16 is and number 60 is in Nor th Korea When combines with counting wor d, the for ms for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 20 a re for med
by "dr opping the last letter " f r om the or iginal native car dinal to become , , , , . The for ms of 1, 2, 3, 4 also become shor t when combined with other numer als (such as in 12, 13, 14 and so on). The car dinals for 3 and 4 have alter natives for ms in f r ont of some measure wor ds: (three) / (four ). Ex: (three months) and (four cups). Pr onunciation (16) is pr onounced as [] in the South and [] in the Nor th The initial consonants of measure wor ds and number s following the native car dinals (10) become tensed consonants when possible. For example: (13) is pr onounced lik e [] The usual liaison and the consonant assimilation aslo is applied. The or dinal number is made by use the native korean systems with : (fir st), (second), (thir d), ..., (thir tieth), ... Constant Suffixes , , , and are always used with Sino-Korean or Ar abic or dinal numer als. For example, is Line Number Two in metr opolitan subway system. 37 is Highway Number 37. They cannot be used inter changeably. 906 is 'Apt #906' in mailing address. 906 without is not used in spok en Korean to imply apar tment number or office suite #. S pecial prefix is usually used in combination with suffixes to designate a specific event in sequential things such as the Olympics.
D. GRAMMAR () 1. Nouns () Both nouns and pr onouns tak e case clitics. As with many clitics and suffixes in Korean, for many case clitics a diff erent for m is used with nouns ending in a consonant than with nouns ending in a vowel. C ase After vowel After consonant Honorifics After Topic* Nominative Accusative ** Genitive Time, destination, reason
Source ( aslo locative, place of event) Dative
Animate: / / Inanimate: / Animate: / . Inanimate:
Instrumental , destination
C omitative
(also and)
Or Also* * The topic mar ke r and the also mar k er mar k the noun phr ase with case mar ke r s. They overr ide the nominative and accusative case mar ke r s r ather than being attached after those case mar ke r s. 2. Pronouns () PERSO NAL PRO N OU N S The Korean language mak es extensive use of speech levels and honor ifics in its gr ammar , and Korean pr onouns also change de pending on the social distinction between the speak er and the per son or per sons spok en to. C omment Korean English FIR ST PR O NOUN This is the low for m ver sion. As a subject, it can be (can be contr acted as ) or . I Possessive is or the shor tened ver sion, This is the humble for m ver sion. As a subject, it can be (can be contr acted as ) or . I Possessive is or the shor tened ver sion, This is the plur al for m of . can also mean ³my/our´ sometimes. We Ex: : My mom (our mom)/ : My countr y (our countr y) : My husband We This is the plur al for m of . SECO ND PER SO N nd In Korean using 2 per son is much diff erent f ro m English. R ef er ing to someone as "you," especially someone who is older than you can be considered r ude, as well as someone who you are not familiar with (unless they are much younger ). It's better to ref er to older people by a title and people who are near your age as their name until you become close to them. This is the low for m ver sion. As a subject, it can be (can be contr acted as ) or . Since You and have almost the same pr onunciation, it can be confusing in spok en language, so people often pr onounce it is instead of .
is or the shor tened ver sion, . Also often gets pr onounced as instead of in spok en language due to the similar pr onunciation as . This is the humble for m ver sion. This for m can also be used when arguing or fighting with someone who's name you don't know, i.e. dur ing a car accident. , ! (Hey you, dr ive carefully !) Sometimes this for m is also used in a gener al for m when addressing people in gener al, i.e. in adver tisements. This for m is also used when spouses call each other with respect. , ? (Honey, what time will you come home today?) This is used by older both men and women (50 year s old and above usually, and mostly men) towar ds younger people, mostly men. ? (What is your name, son?) This is the plur al for m of . This is the plur al for m of . THIRD PER SO N Possessive
You
You
()
You You
( ) ( )
He She They They This kid That kid
The f eminine ver sion . (This is my younger sister .) . (That is younger sister .) ? . ( ) That kid (Do you know Young Hee? She is my sister .) In gener al, Koreans avoid using second per son singular pr onouns and the thir d per son pr ounouns, especially when using honor ific for ms. This is done by either by: Leaving out the subject of the sentence if it can be implied by the context. Use the per son's name. However this is only done when talking to someone younger than your self. With people older than you, it is custom to us e either a title or kinship ter m. Use one of the following: (f emale¶s older sister ), (male¶s older sister ), / / (f emale¶s older br other ) , (male¶s older br other ), / (aunt), / (uncle), (gr andmother ), (gr andfather ). In Korea it is common to use kinship ter ms for people who are not family at all. (young lady) is pref er able when addressing a young gir l of unknown age in public places lik e restaur ants. (The diff erence between and reside in marr iage status not in age). Use the appr opr iate title. For example, if you are talking to a teacher , you can use . y y
y
y
y
y y y
is also often used as a gener al honor ific ter m for other pr of essions lik e manager s etc. Use the prefix (this)/ (that)/ (that) before nouns. (ex: / (this per son),«) Use the plur al where applicable Use (who?) and its nominative f ro m in the question D EMO N STR ATIVES P refix Object P lace Near this , here Given that there that there Far W hich? what? where? The "given" ser ies is often called "medial", and said to be close to the addressee r ather than the speak er . However , they actually ref er to ref erents already established in the conver sation, whether near or far . With new ref erents, the near or far for ms will be used.
In colloquial speech, the object wor ds, composed of the prefix plus the gener ic noun classifier , f requently dr op the final , with pr oximate becoming . This occur s before case clitics as well, for nominative (a for m of ), topical becoming , and accusative becoming . Interr ogative contr acts to , and the accusative contr acts to . The classifier (side) is used when ref err ing to people. (this side) means "this per son, these people" (that is, he, she, or they), but is fur ther extended via "our side" as a polite for m for "us" or "me". "How many" is . 3.
Counting items Korean uses special measure or counting wor ds to count objects . C ountable Items that use Native Korean Numbers Item Example (2 kinds) (4 kinds) .(There are 10 kinds of cigarettes Kind (a hundred kinds) at the convenience store.) (a pack of cigarettes) is used for counting cigarette. For counting a car ton of cigarette (10 (a cigarette) Pack of cigarettes packs), use (20 packs of cigarettes) (2 apples) Many items can be counted with . Thing, item In gener al, if you don't know w hich counter (3 er aser s)
No
(vague) Book, volume Tree Bowl Mechanical item Counting animal Time
Clothes
Bottle
Pack, sack
, People/ Per son
(4 coins) (3 English books) (4 novels) (hundreds of books) (3 trees) (a pine tree) (scores of trees) (a bowl of r ice) (3 bowls of gr uel) (a bowl of noodles) (a car ) (2 buses) (a computer ) (2 cats) (5 goldfishes) (10 mosquitoes) (twice) (10 times) (sever al tens times) (a suit) (3 pair s pf pants) (2 coats) (2 jeans) (3 jack ets) (2 bottles of cok e) (3 bottles of Soju) (2 bottles of beer ) (a bag of a snack) (2 sack of candy) (2 gar bage back) (a bag of flour ) (a per son) (5 children) (scores of women)
to use, use this one. Used for counting books
You can use instead of . is used only for . Used for vehicles, big electr onic appliances. Often
used for when or der ing things such as chick en. " "
. (I've been to China twice) A thin shir t is used as well. (2 T shir ts). Also, uses as a set of spoon and chopsticks ( : 2 sets of spoon and chopsticks), and a set of tea things( : 3 tea sets), but wit is har dly used. Often used for or der ing things such as , " ."
means plastic bag. as . Honor ific for m of , is (an old woman) (3 teacher s) Same
(x2) (x3) (x10) (x100) (100 r oses) (2 lilies) (2 bunches of gr apes) (a cluster of bananas) (a couple of dove) (a man and a woman)
(This is three times as large as that). (This is twice as expensive as that).
Small Stick lik e items
(2 pencils) (3 ball point pen) (a mechanical pencil)
is used for things with long handles (wr iting instr uments, shovels, swor ds, and r ifles), and by extension, knives and pistols.
Flat thin objects
(3 sheets of paper ) (5 pages of a book) (a tissue) (2 cups of coff ee) (a cup of cok e) (a cup of Soju) (4 pieces) (a slice of bread) (3 Kimbaps) (5 lines) (a pair of shoes) (a pair of boots) (4 pair s of socks) -- bunches of Welsh onion, green onion -- Chinese cabbage -- pennie -- house -- Plate -- gr ains of r ice (not cook ed), stone -- lesson -- Per iod (class) -- Floor
multiple Blossom, bunch of a f r uit Couple
/ Glass Piece Rope, Line Shoes and socks
Another f ew counter wor ds
But you have to use for as a bunch of flower s. (a bunch of flower s). In the Nor th, re place
(3 copies of newspaper s)
Used for things lik e coff ee, beer etc Used with chick en tender s, pizza, cak e, bread (Stand in two r ows).
-- letter , telegr am, tele phone call, and e-mail -- water melon -- container , buck et -- uncut fabr ic -- boat and ship --song -- phr ase, joint, and musical measure -- Episode / -- box
Some
wor ds are used for counting in multiples Degrees o ( C) a house number Ser ving, or der Room number
-- Can, tin -- Roll -- copy -- picture, photo -- one hundred dr ied per simmons -- two fish (typically mack erels or yellow cr oak er s) -- ten eggs -- dozens of pencils -- thir ty eggs -- one hundred sheets of laver s -- twenty octopuses C ountable Items that use Sino-Korean Num bers Item Example (1 degree) We usually use Celsius in Korea. (20 degrees) (minus 8 degrees) Used for house addresses 279 Often used at restaur ants to or der a ser ving (two ser vings) of something, such as meat. (three ser vings) " .(5 or der s of (five ser vings) samgyeopsal, please.) (r oom number 105) Used for r oom number : (r oom number 301) 1005 (Room N.1005, Ramada Hotel) (r oom number 1109)
There are two systems of numer als in Korean: native Korean and Sino-Korean. Native Korean numer als are used with most counter wor ds. Sino-Korean wor ds are sometimes used to mar k or dinal usage. Some counter wor ds can use both system but with diff erent meaning. Ex: , , , , « (ten lessons) while (lesson ten). (ten times) while (number ten). (two floor s) while (second floor ) Approximating particles: -, -, - , -- - About. Ex: / / / (about 10 people) y - - More than, over , at least. Ex: (over 10 people) y - - Below. Ex: (below 10 people) y - About. Often used in conjunction wit h . Ex: (about 10 people) y 4.
Item
Dates and times C ounting Count year s using Native Korean
Other Some related wor ds:
No
Year ( / / )
number s before . (a year ) (2 year s) (4 year s) Count year s using Sino Korean number s before . (a year ) (10 year s) (100 year s) (sever al year s) (sever al decades) (hundreds)
y y y y y y y y y y y y y
You can use Sino Korean number s along with to state the year . - The year 2000 - The year 2009
y y y
- Two year s ago / - Last year / - This year / / - Next year - Two year s f ro m now / - Annual - The beginning of the year - The end of the year / - New year - That year - Multiple year s / - Ever y year , annually - Er a - Leap year - an e poch, a per iod in time - centur y
: - Four seasons: S pr ing,
summer , fall and winter / / - S pr ing
Season
()
Month (/ )
(/...) or (/...) - Ear ly (spr ing/...) (/...) or (/...) - Late (spr ing/...)
/ / - Summer / / - Autumn/ fall / / - Winter
Count months using Native Korean number s before (a month) (2 months) (10 months) Count months using Sino Korean number s before . (a month) (3 months) (5 months)
On
the Nor th: (/...) - Late (spr ing/...)
Some y y y y y y y y y
Months are just simply Sino Korean number s and together . Since Januar y is 1 (), Fe br uar y is 2 ().
related wor ds: - Last month - This month / - Next month - Ever y month - The beginning of the month - The end of the month - The fir st 10 days of a mont h - The middle 10 days of a month - The last 10 days of a mont h
However 6 and 10 are irregular and not / and , instead they are / and respectively. Use the (solar calender ) or (lunar calender ) before the month. Ex: 2 . In the lunar calender , some months have special name: 1 is , the 10 is /, the 11 is and the 12 is . Some
Week ()
y
Count weeks using Sino Korean number s before (). () (a week) () (3 weeks) () (6 weeks)
y y y y y y
Count days using Sino Korean number s before (1 day) (5 days) (30 days)
Day (/ )
To show the day, you can aslo use the Sino-Korean number s (fir st day) (fifth day) (thir tieth day) Another way to count days: - one day - two days - three days - four days - five days - six days - seven days
related wor ds: - Two week ago - Last week - This week - Next week - The next two week ± Week end - Ever y week
Day of the week () - Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thur sday - Fr iday - Satur day (Nor th: ) Some
y y y y y y y y y
related wor ds: - A sever al days ago - Two days before yester day - The day before yester day - Yester day / - Today - Tomorr ow - The day after tomorr ow - Two days after tomorr ow - All day long
- eight days - nine days - ten days - eleven days / - fifteen days - twenty days - twenty one days - thir ty days
Count hour s using Sino Korean number s before (a hour ) (3 hour s) (12 hour s) Count minutes using Sino Korean number s before (a minute) (5 minutes) (30 minites) Time of the day
Count seconds using Sino Korean number s before (1 second) (5 seconds) (60 seconds) The native Korean numer als are used for the hour s in the 12-hour system and for the hour s 0:00 to 12:00 in t he 24hour system. The hour s 13:00 to 24:00 in the 24-hour system are denoted using both the native Korean numer als and the
/ - Ever yday - A f ew days - Weekday / - Date - Holiday - National holiday (Nor th: ) - New year ¶s / - New year ¶s eve / - Lunar new year 's - Children's day - Apr il fool¶s day - Dr agon boat f estival / - Mid-fall f estival / - Chr istmas (Par ts of a day) - Dawn - Twilight / - Sunr ise - Mor ning / - Noon (Nor th: ) / - After noon (Nor th: ) - Evening / - Sunset - Twilight - Dusk - Night / - Midnight (Nor th: )
y y y y y y
(0:00)
() (Nor th: )
(12:00)
numer als. The Sino() Korean numer als are used to denote the minute and the second. (24:00) (01:30) (04:37) (5:55) (3:20:30) / (17:00). You can also use for half an hour (i.e. means 2:30). m)/ -, (until)/ -,,() (dur ing), Some paticles usually use with time: - (f ro dur ation of, middle of / -() (after )/ -() (before), and appr oximating par ticles (, ,...) .(I've been to Amer ica for 2 months.) .(I'll go back to Amer ica after 3 months.) .(I came home after a 6 month's absence.) .(It tak es about 4 hour s and 20 minutes to go by bus.) Sino-Korean
5. Verbs ( ) Unlik e most of the Eur opean languages, Korean does not conjugate ver bs using agreement with the subject, and nouns have no gender . Instead, ver b conjugations de pend upon the ver b tense, aspect, mood, and the social relation between the speak er , the subjects, and the listener s. For example, diff erent endings are used de pending on the speak er 's relation with their subject or audience. Politeness is a cr itical par t of Korean language and Korean culture, therefore, when talking to someone esteemed, the correct ver b ending must be chosen to indicate the pr oper respect.
Korean is an agglutinative language. The basic for m of a Korean sentence is: Subj ect + V er b + Obj ect. The ver b comes last in a sentence but it is the most impor tant par t of the sentence. A ver b by itself can for m a sentence. The subject and the object of a sentence are often deleted when these are considered obvious in context. For example, the sentence: ! ([I] found [it]!) consists of only a ver b and the because the context in which this sentence would have occurred would mak e them obvious or the sentence: ? (Did [you] go to the store?) uses subjectless because the subject "you" is implied in the conver sation. Korean has four types of ver bs: action, stative, copulative, and existential. Action ver bs (): Action or pr ocessive ver bs involve some action or inter nal movement.
Stative
ver bs (): are sometimes considered as adjectives. Unlik e English adjectives, however , Korean stative ver bs don't require a copula. They are not modifier s of nouns, and they are never followed by nouns. Equational copula: the affir mative for m (to be) and the negative for m (not to be) Existential ver b / : denotes some kind of locational (either physical or psychological) existence, or possession. / occur s most natur ally and commonly with the locational par ticle (in, on, at, over ).
I.
Action verbs and Stative verbs i. Str ucture Their str ucture when used as the predicate of a clause is: Finite ver b template 0 a b c Prefix (Negative) R OOT Valency Honor ific Tense aspect
d S peech styles
a) P refix The negative prefix may be ± not or ± can't. b ) Valency Causative f r om A causative for m, in linguistics, (a) is an expression of an agent causing or for cing a patient to per for m an action or to be in a cer tain condition--salient cause, (b) is an expression of a patient involves in a non-volitional event that register s the changes of its state--salient eff ect, (c) is an expression of a gr ammatical modality in per fe ctive (sequential) or hypothetical or non-hypothetical state--per ce ptual salient. For ming causative: Causative ver b C ausative ver b Active ver b (to eat) (to f eed) (to die) (to kill) (to stick to) (to paste, to attach) (to boil) (to mak e something boiled) (to see, to look, to watc h) (to show) (to be fooled, to be deceived) (to deceive, to cheat) Causative ver b C ausative ver b Active ver b
(to be r ipe) (to read) (to wear ) (to sit) (to lie, to couch)
(to r ipen) (to get to read) (to clothe) (to place in a seat) (to lay down, to re pose) Causative ver b Active ver b C ausative ver b (to know) (to announce, to acquaint with) (to cr y) (to mak e so cr y) (to live) (to save) Causative ver b Active ver b C ausative ver b (To tak e off clothes) (to peel) (to laugh) (to mak e a per son laugh) (to undetak e) (to entr ust) (to wind, to r oll) (to wear the) Causative ver b Active ver b C ausative ver b (to awak e) (to wak e up) (to stand up) (to mak e so stand up) (to slee p) (to put ot slee p) (to r ide) (to give a r ide) Causative ver b Active ver b C ausative ver b (to spr out) (to mak e sth spr outed) Causative ver b Active ver b C ausative ver b (to be fit) (to adjust) (to be low) (to lower , to let down) (to be late) (to delay) Ex: Active- (I eat Kimchi) Causative- (I f eed the puppy some milk.) Passive
f r om The passive voice is a gr ammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a tr ansitive ver b. Passive voice emphasizes the pr ocess r ather than who is
per for ming the action. Using the passive voice is extremely common in Korean. Koreans often use it to emphasize what would nor mally have been the object of the sentence. Passive ver bs are often for med by adding / / / to a regular ver b. P assive V er bs ( M ost ver bs in this category end in or a vowel) Active ver b P assive ver b Examples (I put the dishes on the table). (to lay, (to be on, to to put, to be placed, to be (the dishes were put on the build) built) table). (I changed the decision). (to (to be change) changed) (The decision was changed). (to see) (to be seen) (My f r iend wr ote that book). (to use, (to be used, (That book was wr itten to wr ite) to be wr itten) by my f r iend). (I stack ed the boxes up). (to pile (to be piled (The boxes were stack ed up). up, to stack) up, to be stack ed up) (I dumped my gir lf r iend). (to dump (to be (My gir lf r iend was someone) dumped) dumped). P assive V er bs ( M ost ver bs in this category end in a , , or ) Active ver b P assive ver b Examples (I put some flower s in a vase). (to put (to be stuck in, to stick in) in) (Some flower s were put in a vase). (I closed the door ). (to close, (to be (The door was closed). to shut) closed, to be shut) (I read the book). (to read) (to be read) (The book was read). (to be (I block ed the entr ance). (to block ed, to be (The entr ance was block ed). block, to clog) clogged up) (I eat some bread). (to eat) (to be eaten) (The bread was eaten). (I bur y the coffin under the gr ound). (to be (to bur y) (The coffin is bur ied under the bur ied) gr ound). (to (to be (I pluck the weeds out). pluck, to pull pluck ed, to be pulled
(The weeds were pluck ed out). (The cop caught the cr iminal). (to (to be (The cr iminal was caught by catch) caught) the cop). P assive V er bs ( M ost ver bs in this category are irreg ular ver bs or end with ) Active ver b P assive ver b Examples (I hung a picture on the wall). (to hang) (to be hung) (The picture was hung on the wall). (I hear d the song). (to hear ) (to be hear d) (The song was hear d). (The dog bit me). (to bite) (to be bitten) (I was bitten by the dog). (I opened the window). (to be (to open) opened) (The window was opened). (I sell the toys). (to sell) (to be sold) (The toys were sold). (I solve the pr oblem). (to untie, (to get to solve) untied, to be solved ) (The pr oblem was solved). (I cut the paper ). (to cut) (to be cut) (The paper was cut). and ) P assive V er bs ( M ost ver bs in this category end with , Active ver b P assive ver b Examples (I cut the r ope). (to cut (to be cut off, to sever ) off, to be severed) (The r ope was cut). (I stole someone's money). (to (to be steal) stolen) (My money was stolen by someone). (I held baby in my ar ms). (to hold, (to be held, to embr ace) to be embr aced) (The baby was held in my ar ms). (A cop chases r obber y). (to (to be (A r obber y was chased by cop). chase) chased) (I lock the door ). (to (to be lock) lock ed) (The door is lock ed). off)
off)
When using the passive f ro m: - The per son or animal receiving the action is shown by attaching the par ticles / or / - The per son or animal doing the action or responsible for it is shown by the
par ticles or . Ex: . (The per son was bitten by the dog.) - If the thing responsible for the action is an inanimate being the par ticles or are uses instead of /. Ex: .(It was covered with the paper .) - If the under lying ver b tak es an object (i.e. is with /) then / must continue to be used. Ex: .(I had my money stolen.) - If an action ver b is tur ned into a passive ver b, the object par ticle / must be re placed with /. Ex: .(The mountain can be seen.) - ver bs are made passive by re placing with . Ex: (to be star ted) c) Honorific form All ver bs can be conver ted into an honor ific for m by adding the infix (after a vowel) or (after a consonant) after the stem and before the ending. A f ew ver bs have special honor ific equivalents. The elides before another vowel. For example, with a following past tense, reduces to or with the present tense in infor mal speech style, reduces to . This shows def erence towar ds the topic of the conver sation, when speaking of one's elder s. Base ver b Base ver b
Honorific Special honorific
Translation to go to receive to be busy Translation To exist, to be somewhere to have not to exist, not be somewhere Not to have to dr ink to eat to slee p to meet Tak e someone to somewhere To say, to speak To ask
To die To give To be hur t, be in pain To be hungr y
d) Tenses Present tense: if there is no suffix in this slot, the ver b is in present simple; if there is the suffix is , the ver b in present pr ogressive. Past tense suffix is if the vowel is one of , or , after and after another vowels. (In the Nor th, if the vowel is one of , or , after or one of , , , , , and after another vowels.) For the future tense & pr ospective aspect, the suffix is . There are also compound tenses: remote past (/ ), past continous , future continuous . If the future suffix combines with past suffix lik e (/ ) or (/ ) is used to convey supposition, conjecture, a guess, a thought or obser vation about something in the past. e) Sentences endings ( ) The most common sequences after the tense suffix are, F ormal F ormal I nformal I nformal polite plain polite plain 1 / (ver b) 2 (/) () Statement (/) (adjective) () (ver b) (/) (/)/ Question () () (adjective) Command (/) (/) () () () Pr oposal () (ver b) / (ver b) Exclamation (adjective) / (adjective) Notes: 1 This indicative / is not found after the past or future suffixes. 2 There are three types of basic conjugation r ules, de pend on the vowel appear in the last syllable of the adj/ver b stem:
In the South, if the vowel ends with or (, , ) use ; if ver b or adjective that ends with , use and if the vowel ends with any vowel beside , , and is not a ver b/ adjective then uses . In the Nor th, if the vowel ends with or (, , ) use ; if ver b or adjective that ends with , use ; if the vowel ends with (, , , , , ), use ; if the vowel ends with any vowel left and is not a ver b/ adjective then uses . 3 Besides the sentense endings above, some sentense endings is ver y popular in use: + () ()? / Nor th: () ()? - Shall I?/ Shall we?/ Will (noun) be? + () - Be going to (?) + () () - I/we will + () (?) / () ± Can/ can¶t
USAGE: For mal polite: used commonly between str anger s, by TV announcer s, and to customer s For mal plain: used to close f r iends, relatives of similar age, or younger people; used almost univer sally in books, newspaper and magazines; also used in re por ted speech. Infor mal polite: used mainly between str anger s, especially those older or of equal age Infor mal plain: used most often between close f r iends ang relatives, and when addressing younger people. Rarely used between str anger s unless the speak er wishes to star t a conf ro ntation, or the listener is a child.
ii) Making noun () Ver bs and adjectives can become nouns when combine with () or C ommon nouns that are made b y using A/V + ( ) Ad jective/Ver b Meaning Noun Meaning To be happy Delight, happiness To dream A dream To be har d Har dness, fir mness To help Help To fight Fight To be in pain Pain, agony To slee p Slee p To die Death
To dance Dance To steam Steam To be for tunate Unfor tunateness To be gather ing Meeting, gather ing To f eel Feeling To announce, to Notice notice To desire Longing, desire Ste p To walk To dr owse Dr owsiness, dr owse To be young Youth C ommon nouns that are made b y using A/V + Ver b / ad jective Meaning Noun Meaning to be spoil spoilage to play playing to wr ite, to wr iting, spending spend to ear n ear ning to eat eating to cure cur ing to walk walking to tak e a bath Taking a bath to go going
Equational copula: / is a special type of ver b (copula) that links the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement or an adver bial). In English, this patter n would tr anslate to be, am, is, are, being, was, were, been. The opposite patter n is (to not be). / is used in statement and question only. There are no command or suggestion for ms. Although mostly attached to nouns, noun lik e expressions can also be attached. For m: N + For mal Infor mal Infor mal plain polite plain For mal polite After After After After After After vowel consonant vowel consonant vowel consonant Statement II.
Question
For m: N + / For mal For mal Infor mal polite plain polite
Statement
Infor mal plain
verbs ( ) a) ³ ´ Irregular ver b s When these irregular stems are followed by a vowel , the is dr opped and is added for all cases. But when are followed by /, is dr opped and: In the South: is added to the stem for all case. In the Nor th: or is added de pends on the the vowel har mony Ver b /Ad j + / / ( ) ( ) ( ) (to be light) South (to be Nor th thankful) 6. Irregular
However , the vowel har mony is k e pt in both the South and the Nor th if the wor d r oot has only one syllable. Ver b /Ad j + / / ( ) ( ) ( ) (to be beautiful) (to help) (to be hot)
Many ver bs ends with are regular (the does not change): (to be numb f ro m coldness); (to be wide); (to gr asp, clench); (to pull out, extr act); (to chew); (carr y someone on one s back); (to wear (clothes) ); (to catch); (to fold); (to be narr ow); (to pick up) Ver b /Ad j + / / ( ) ( ) ( )
b ) ³ ´ Irregular ver b s The changes to when followed by a vowel Ver b /Ad j / ( ) ( ) (to walk)
( )
( )
(to ask)
Many ver bs end with are regular (the does not change): (to believe); (to close); (to receive); (to receive); (to bur y); (to pour ); (to tear , to pluck, to pick) Ver b /Ad j / ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (to bur y)
c) ³ ´ Irregular ver b s All ver bs and adjectives whose stem ends with are irregular . The ending does not tak e and disappear s if followed by ,, and the ver b conjugate lik e it end with vowel. Ver b /Ad j ( ) / ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (to play) (to carr y)
d) ³ ´ Irregular ver b s All ver bs and adjectives whose stem ends with are irregular . When conjugate with /, is dr opped and or is added de pend on the the vowel har mony. Ver b /Ad j ( ) / / ( ) ( ) (to be busy) (to be pretty)
e) ³ ´ Irregular ver b s All ver bs and adjectives whose stem ends with are irregular . G eneral r ule: when conjugate with /, the is doubled, the is dr opped and or is added de pend on the the vowel har mony. Ver b /Ad j ( ) / / ( ) ( ) (to be thir sty) (to call, to sing, to be full)
ver bs/ adjectives ends with but is irregular ver bs: (to attain a goal or reach a destination), (to pay), (to pour , to follow), (to stop by) Ver b /Ad j ( ) / / ( ) ( ) Some
There are only 3 wor ds that ends with but have special f ro m when combine with , the vowel becomes : (to be yellow), (to reach, to arr ive at a place or time), (to be green). Ver b /Ad j ( ) / / ( ) ( ) Note: (to press), (to be ear ly/ to say, tell) is applied the gener al r ule.
f) ³ ´ Irregular ver b s bs and adjectives whose stem ends with are irregular .When these Some ver irregular stems are followed by a vowel, the is dr opped. Ver b /Ad j ( ) / / ( ) ( ) (to recover f ro m an illness) (to join)
ver bs/adjectives end with a are regular : the does not change: (to tak e off (clothes)); (to laugh); (to wash); (to comb); (to gush out, spr ing/ to r ise, tower , soar ); (To snatch a thing, de pr ive, tak e away) Ver b /Ad j ( ) / / ( ) ( ) Some
g) ³ ´ Irregular ver b s Some adjectives whose stem ends with are irregular . When these irregular stems are followed by vowel (), the is dr opped and the adjective conjugate lik e it end with vowel. If the adjective is followed by /, is dr opped, the vowel in adjectives is re placed by .
Ver b /Ad j (to be so, to be r ight, to be correct)
( )
/
/
( )
( )
However , some ver bs/ adjectives ends with are regular (the isn¶t dr opped): (to be good); (to be many); (to be r ight); (to be gentle); (to be alr ight, okay); (to be disagreable, unpleasant, distasteful);
(to put in); (to give bir th); (to lay, to put); (to pound); (to build, to stack) Ver b /Ad j ( ) / / ( ) ( )
h) ³ ´ Irregular ver b s The vowel ³´ in the end of the stem dr ops when it meets the suffix µ¶. There is only one wor d in this class: (to scoop out, to dip out) Ver b ( ) / / ( ) ( ) ( )
7. Honorif ics () The Korean language reflects the impor tant obser vance of a speak er or wr iter 's relationships with both the subject of the sentence and the audience. Korean gr ammar uses an extensive system of honor ifics to reflect the speak er 's relationship to the subject of the sentence and speech levels to reflect the speak er 's relationship to the audience. a) C ommon Honorifics is the most commonly used honor ific used amongst people of y appr oximately equal speech level. It is attached at the end of the full name,such as or simply after the fir st name, if you are more familiar with someone. Appending to the sur name, for instance , can be quite r ude, as it indicates the speak er consider s himself to be of a higher social status than the per son ref erred to. is used moder ately on ver y for mal occasions, such as weddings, to a male y only. is the f e male equivalent of . Both are used in a similar fashion to , succeeding either the whole name or the sur name in solitude. has much more for mality and is used to show respect to the addressee. y can be seen commonly in for mal letter s, often used by a company to a y client. is used only in extremely for mal occasions, usually when addressing y presidents and monar chs. (Nor th: ) is used to address senior colleagues or mentor figures, y e.g. students ref err ing to or addressing more senior students in schools, junior athletes more senior ones in a spor ts club, or a mentor or more exper ienced or senior colleague in a business envir onment. As with English titles such as Doctor , can be used either by itself or as a title. is used to ref er to junior s. However , the ter m is not nor mally addressed to them directly, and is mainly us ed in the thir d per son.
b ) Honorific Speech When talking about someone super ior in status, a speak er or wr iter must indicate the subject's super ior ity by using special nouns or ver b endings. Gener ally, someone is super ior in status if he or she is an older relative, a str anger of r oughly equal or greater age, an employer , a teacher , a customer , or the lik e. Someone is equal or inf er ior in status if he or she is a younger str anger , a student, an employee or the lik e. The use of wr ong speech levels or diction is lik ely to be considered insulting, de pending on the degree of diff erence between the used for m and the expected for m. Ver bs and adjective can be conver ted into an honor ific for m by adding the infix () after the stem and before the ending. One
way of using honor ifics for nouns is to use special "honor ific" nouns in place of regular ones. Base noun Honorific Translation Name , , Age , Language Food , Disease, sickness Per son Bir thday Liquor , alcohol One's child, kid , Tooth House Painter , ar tist Another way is the honor ific suffix - is affixed to the appr opr iate title or kinship ter ms to mak e them honor ific. Base noun Honorific Translation gr andmother father a male's older br other a male's older sister son
daughter director pr of essor teacher
Some
wor ds have synonym, the same honor ific level but have a diff erence in for mal level Formal Informal Definition to use to complete, to finish to send (1st wif e) / (2r d wif e or later wif e) To be thankful Free (f reely) () () Attributive verbs () Korean does not have relative pr onouns. Instead, attr ibutive ver bs modify nouns, as adjectives do in English. Ver bs use the attr ibutive suffix after a consonant, or after a vowel, for the past tense. To specify the on-going action for an active ver b, the invar iable suffix is used instead. For the future, the suffix , is used, and in the imper fe ctive/ retr ospective (recalling what once was) it is . For example: Attributive forms P resent food which is being movie which is being seen progressive eaten movie which was P erfective food which was eaten seen food which one used movie which one Imperfective to eat used to see Future food to be eaten movie to be seen 8.
The per fe ctive suffix / / is sometimes used as well for completed actions or pr ocesses that result in a present state. It precedes the attr ibutive suffix: - food which had been eaten. Almost adjectives use the attr ibutive suffix after a consonant, or after a vowel. For example: (beautiful flower ), (small r oom),... If the
adjective ends with and , the invar iable suffix is used instead. For example: (bor ing movie), (delicious food).
Averbs () In gener al, many adver bs are created by attaching to the end of the adjective stem. Ex: Ad jective Meaning Adver b form Meaning to be light lightly to be bad badly 9.
to be late late (adv) to be delicious deliciously to be r ude r udely to be busy busily to be br ight br ightly to be cheap cheaply to be beautiful beautifully to be saf e saf ely to be difficult difficultly to be beautiful beautifully to be cour age br avely, cour ageously to be danger ous danger ously to be natur al natur ally to be f ree f reely to be fun funny to be quiet quietly to be pleasant pleasantly to be large largely to be convenient conveniently to be comfor table comfor tably to be happy happily
However , sometimes there is a more natur al for m, especially adver bs ending with the syllable or (). C ommon adver b s ending with Adver b Meaning Derived from Meaning greatly, highly, extremely to be great, incredible
definitely, clear ly, cer tainly honestly, f ra nkly passively, obediently zealously, har d (i.e. wor k har d) completely, fully, per fe ctly
to be clear
to be f ra nk, honest, open to be obedient
to be har d
to be complete, full, per fe ct
on accident, by chance
to be accidental, coincidentally detailed to be special
in detail slowly especially, par ticular ly cer tainly, for sure, for to be cer tain, be sure cer tain, definitely Some wor ds or iginated f r om Chinese Char acter , lik e English wor d with Latin or Greek der vation. That¶s why you may have some difficulty in finding relation between ³´ & ³´. C ommon
adver b s ending with ( ) : These are often for med with nouns, sometimes in conjunction with attached to the noun as well. Noun or Meaning b Adver Meaning derivative chr onicity chr onically for mality for mally, officially dr ama dr amatically fundamental fundamentally mir acle mir aculously shor t-ter m (a) in the shor t ter m physics physically instinct instinctively infor mality infor mally, unofficially per sonal (a) per sonally relativity relatively manual manually psychology psychologically intention intentionally, on pur pose gener al gener ally
automatic tentative (a) long-ter m (a) entire per iodic immediacy qualitative coper ation
Future, f ro nt
Other Adver b s Adver b
s
Meaning
b
without
cer tainly, sure, definitely
quickly many, much ear ly with, together same, lik e se par ately dee ply
automatically tentatively in the long ter m completely, totally, entirely regular ly, per iodically directly qualitatively cooper atively for th, for war d/ later (longer time per iod)
Adver s
Meaning
for sure now and then, now and again, once in a while usually absolutely often continously often on pur pose, deliber ately carelessly, mindlessly at all costs, at any cost
, occasionally, sometimes suddenly immediately again always extremely (r ight) now later (longer time per iod) now at the time of Awhile, little while later (shor ter time per iod) In the Nor th, is re placed by ; is re placed by ; is re placed by ; is re plced by and is re placed by 10. Spacing
In the South, the r ules of spacing are not ver y clear -cut, whereas in the Nor th, these are ver y precise. In gener al, compared to the Nor th, the wr iting in the South tends to include more spacing. The main diff erences are indicated below. Bound nouns Before bound nouns, a space is added in the South but not in the Nor th. This applies to counter wor ds also, but the space is sometimes allowed to be omitted in the South. South North Meaning my thing to be able to do one thing (counter wor d)
Auxiliar ies Before auxiliar ies, a space is inser ted in the South but not in the Nor th. De pending on the situation, however , the space may be omitted in the South. South North Meaning to tr y to eat to seem to come to be reading to want to slee p In the above, in the r ules of the South, auxiliar ies coming after -/- or an adnominal for m allow the space before them to be omitted, while the space after cannot be omitted.
Wor ds indicating a single conce pt Wor ds for med f ro m two or more wor ds that indicate a single conce pt in pr inciple are wr itten with spaces in the South and without spaces in the Nor th. However , pr oper nouns and specialised wor ds may also be wr itten without spaces in the South. South North Meaning Korean dictionar y state of economic recover y Note that since the spacing r ules in the South are often not known, not follow ed or mak e spacing optional, spellings var y f ro m place to place. For example, taking the wor d , people who see this as two wor ds will add a space, and people who see this as one wor d will wr ite it without a space. Thus, the spacing de pends on how one views what "one wor d" consists of, and hence while spacing is standar dised in the South, in reality the standar d does not matter much.
