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\K@MAY[N GEJ\ERORO GEJ\ERORO [J\A@ SKYNACA\ JHVRR, YAROE B/@, CA@ G[AHOSAR \[\[G EYMA@OG \ACA FKYJK@SARO A@AKYEI CAYO VO@ARRK-GESEYA@ RA\ODKYAJO \ACO
\K@KHOSOA@
Coaduga` Rkiamao Rkiamao \krsyarata` \krsyarata` [`tu g Jk`ykhksaoga` Jk`ykhksaoga` \remraj \k`coco ga` R1 Skg`og Skg`og G ojo a
Ehkn 4 Hu‟hu‟ Ryarofan 1?12<93=C
\YEMYAJ \YEMYAJ RS[CO R1 SKG@OG SKG@OG GOJOA [@OVKYROSAR [@OVKYROSAR RKSOA I [CO R[YAGAYSA 9<1=
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oo
HKJIAY \K@MKRANA@
\K@KHOSOA@
\K@MAY[N GEJ\ERORO GEJ\ERORO [J\A@ SKYNACA\ JHVRR, YAROE B/@, CA@ G[AHOSAR \[\[G EYMA@OG \ACA FKYJK@SARO A@AKYEI CAYO VO@ARRK-GESEYA@ RA\O-DKYAJO \ACO
Ehkn 4 Hu‟hu‟ Ryarofan 1?12<93=C
Skhan Copkrtana`ga` co Ckpa` Soj \k`mudo paca Sa`mmah........................9<1= @aja
Sa`ca Sa`ma`
\k`mudo O
4 Nappy Juhya`o, R.S., J.S.
UUUUUUUUUUUU
\k`mudo OO
4 Or. Rujarcoye`e, J.S.
UUUUUUUUUUUU
\k`mudo OOO
4 Mrkmerous \roja O`cra I, R.S., J.K`m.
UUUUUUUUUUUU
Jk`mktanuo, Ckga` Faguhtas Skg`og [`ovkrsotas Rktoa Iuco
Gktua \remraj Rtuco R1 Skg`og Gojoa
\ktrus Carjawa`, R.S., J.S. @OR.<1.??.<2>
Ckwo Astuto N, R.S., J.K`m @OR.<1.?6.<92 oo
ooo
HKJIAY \KYRKS[D[A@
HA\EYA@ \K@KHOSOA@
\K@MAY[N GEJ\ERORO GEJ\ERORO [J\A@ SKYNACA\ JHVRR, YAROE B/@, CA@ G[AHOSAR \[\[G EYMA@OG \ACA FKYJK@SARO A@AKYEI CAYO VO@ARRK-GESEYA@ RA\O-DKYAJO \ACO
Ehkn 4 Hu‟hu‟ Ryarofan 1?12<93=C
Skhan Cosktuduo Ehkn \kjiojio`m \aca Sa`mmah.............................
\kjiojio`m
Nappy Juhya`o, R.S., J.S. @O\. 1?><
Ckwo Astuto Nkrawato ,R.S.,J.K`m @OR.<1.?6.<92 ooo
ov
GASA \K@MA@SAY \K@MA@SAY
Ahnajcuhohan, pudo syugur atas ranjat ca` rocne Ahhan R]S skno`mma pk`uhos capat jk`ykhksaoga` pk`yusu`a` hapera` pk`khotoa` o`o mu`a jkjk`uno pkrsyarata` u`tug jk`ykhksaoga` premraj stuco R1 Skg`og Gojoa, Faguhtas Skg`og, [`ovkrsotas Rktoa Iuco Ruragarta. Cahaj pk`khotoa` o`o pk`uhos jk`majioh ducuh ‘\k`marun Gejpesoso [jpa` Skrnacap JHVRR, Yasoe B/@, ca` Guahotas \upug Erma`og \aca Fkrjk`taso A`akrei caro Vo`assk- Getera` Rapo-Dkrajo \aco ‚. \k`yusu`a` hapera` o`o tocag hkpas caro ia`tua`, iojio`ma`,
ca` cere`ma` caro ikriamao ponag. Jkhahuo tumas pk`khotoa` o`o pk`uhos jk`mubapga` tkrojagason gkpaca 4 1. Cr.Or.Cde`o Saroma`, J.I.A., skhagu Ykgter [`ovkrsotas Rktoa Iuco Iuco Ruragarta. 9. \ktrus Carjawa`, R.S., J.S., skhagu Ckga` Ckga` Faguhtas Skg`og ca` pkjiojio`m agackjog. 2. Ckwo Astuto Nkrawato, R.S.,J.K`m., skhagu gktua \remraj Rtuco R1 Skg`og Gojoa, Faguhtas Skg`og. 3. Nappy Juhya`o, Juhya`o, R.S.,J.S., R.S.,J.S., skhagu pkjiojio`m ya`m pk`un gksaiara` tkhan jkjikroga` iojio`ma` gkpaca pk`uhos no`mma tkrskhksaoga``ya tumas pk`khotoa` o`o. ;. Or. Rujarcoye`e, Rujarcoye`e, J.S. J.S. ca` Mrkmerous \roja \roja O`cra I, R.S., J.K`m., skhagu skhagu cesk` pk`mudo ya`m tkhan jkhua`mga` wagtu`ya u`tug jk`mudo pk`khotoa` skrta jkjikro jasuga` ckjo gkskjpur`aa` hapera` pk`khotoa`. 6. Ahjarnujan Oiu ya`m skhahu jk`daco pk`ykja`mat u`tug tkrus ikhadar ikhadar ca` jkjanajo gknocupa`. =. Gkhuarmagu ya`m skhahu jk`cugu`m jkhahuo ce‟a, jetovaso, skrta jatkro. >. Iapag Gest skgkhuarma skrta tkja`-tkja` gest ya`m skhahu skhahu jkjikro skja`mat. ?. [\S Haieraterouj skrta asostk` haieraterouj ya`m jkjia`tu jkjia`tu pk`uhos jk`ykhksaoga` pk`khotoa`. 1<. Skja` ‒tkja` R1 Skg`og Gojoa 9<12 ya`m tkhan jkjia`tu ca` jkjikro skja`mat. 11. Skja`-tkja` FERJO ya`m jkjikro cugu`ma` ca` skja`mat. \k`uhos jk`yacaro jason ia`yag gkgura`ma` cahaj pk`uhosa` hapera` o`o u`tug otu sara` ca` grotog ya`m jkjia`mu` caro pkjiaba sa`mat pk`uhos narapga`. Rkjema pk`khotoa` o`o ikrja`faat iamo ikriamao ponag.
Ruragarta, Da`uaro 9<1=
\k`uhos ov
v
CAFSAY ORO
Nahaja` Nahaja` Nahaja` Ducuh........................................... ............................................................ .................................. ................................. ..................... ..... o Hkjiar \k`mksana` \k`mksana` ................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................. ................... ... oo Hkjiar \krsktudua` \krsktudua` ................................ ................................................ ................................. ................................. ..................... ..... ooo Gata \k`ma`tar \k`ma`tar .................................. ................................................... ................................. ................................. ............................ ........... ov Caftar Oso ................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ....................... ....... v Caftar Saikh.......................................... .......................................................... ................................. .................................. ........................ ....... voo Caftar Majiar...................................... ...................................................... ................................. .................................. ....................... ...... vooo Caftar Hajpora` Hajpora` ................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. ............................ ........... ox O`tosaro O`tosaro ............................... ................................................ .................................. ................................. ................................. ............................. ............ x IAI O \k`canuhua` \k`canuhua` ................................. ................................................. ................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 1 1.1
Hatar Ikhaga`m Ikhaga`m Jasahan Jasahan ............................... ................................................ .................................. ....................... ......1
1.9
Yujusa` Jasahan Jasahan .................... ..................................... ................................. ................................. .......................... .........2
1.2
Sudua` \k`khotoa` \k`khotoa`............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................. ................... 2
1.3
Ja`faat \k`khotoa` \k`khotoa`................................ ................................................. ................................. ............................... ...............2
IAI OO So`daua` So`daua` \ustaga .......................... .......................................... ................................. ................................. ....................... .......3 9. 1 \recugso \recugso Ahgeneh ............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................. ................... 3 9. 9 Vo`assk ................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. ............................. ............3 9. 2 Getera` Rapo ....................... ........................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ...............; 9. 3 Dkrajo \aco ............................... ............................................... ................................. .................................. .......................... .........6 9. ; Fkrjk`taso Fkrjk`taso A`akrei................................ ................................................ ................................. ............................. ............6 9. 6 \upug Erma`og Erma`og ................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. ................... ? IAI OOO Jkteck \k`khotoa` .............................................................................. 12 2. 1 Skjpat ca` ]agtu \k`khotoa` .................. ......... .................. ................... ................... ................... .............. .... 12 2. 9 Iana` \k`khotoa` \k`khotoa` ................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ............................. .............12 2. 2 Ahat \k`khotoa` \k`khotoa` ........................ ......................................... ................................. ................................. ........................... ..........13 2. 3 Bara \k`khotoa`............... \k`khotoa`............................... ................................. .................................. ................................. .................... 1; 2. ; A`ahosos Cata \k`majata` .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... .................. ........ 16 IAI OV Nasoh ca` \kjianasa` .................................................................... 1> 3. 1 Gejpesoso Gojoa Gojoa Iana` Iagu Awah.................. ........ ................... ................... ................... ............... ...... 1> 3. 9 \k`marun Gejpesoso [jpa` Skrnacap Hadu \k`o`mgata` JHVRR.... JHVRR.... 1> 3. 2 \k`marun Gejpesoso [jpa` Skrnacap Hadu \k`uru`a` rasoe B/@ .... 91 v
vo
3. 3 A`ahosos Guahotas \upug Erma`og .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............ 99 IAI V Gksojpuha` ca` Rara` ....................................................................... 93 ;. 1 Gksojpuha` Gksojpuha` ......................... .......................................... ................................. ................................. .............................. .............93 ;. 9 Rara` ....................... ........................................ ................................. ................................. .................................. ........................ .......93 Caftar \ustaga \ustaga ................................ ................................................. .................................. ................................. ........................... ........... \-1 CaftarHajpora` CaftarHajpora`.................................. ................................................... ................................. ................................. ......................... ........ H-1
vo
voo
CAFSAY SAIKH
Nahaja` Saikh 1.
Gejpesoso Gojoa Vo`assk ................................ ................................................. ..................... .... ;
Saikh 9.
\krsyarata` Skg`os Jo`ojah \upug Erma`og \acat ............ ......... ... 1<
Saikh 2. 2.
\krsyarata` Skg`os Jo`ojah \upug Erma`og Baor ............... ......... ...... 11
Saikh 3.
Gejpesoso Gojoa Iana` Iagu .................. ......... .................. ................... ................. ....... 12
Saikh ;.
\kria`co`ma` Guahotas Guahotas \upug Erma`og Baor ck`ma` Rta`car ............................... ................................................ .................................. .............................. ............. 92
Saikh 6.
\kria`co`ma` Guahotas \upug Erma`og \acat ck`ma` Rta`car ............................... ................................................ .................................. .............................. ............. 92
Saikh =.
Cata SR Haruta` Vo`assk Rajpkh .............................. ..................................... ....... H-9
Saikh >.
Cata Aiseria`so Mhugesa Rta`car ................... ......... ................... ................. ........ H-3
Saikh ?.
Cata \k`ktraha` pN ................... ......... ................... ................... ................... .................. ............. H->
voo
vooo
CAFSAY MAJIAY
Nahaja`
Majiar. 1
Ahur \resks \k`khotoa` .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... .............. .... 1;
Majiar. 9
\refoh JHVRR Rkhaja Fkrjk`taso A`akrei ................... .......... .................. ......... 1>
Majiar. 2
\refoh pN Rkhaja Fkrjk`taso A`akrei ................... .......... ................... ................. ....... 1?
Majiar. 3
\k`k`tua` Ge`sta`ta Hadu Gk`aoga` JHVRR JHVRR Skrnacap ]agtu ................................. ................................................. ................................. .................................. ..................... 9<
Majiar. ;
\refoh Yasoe B/@ Rkhaja Fkrjk`taso A`akrei .................. ......... ............... ...... 91
Majiar. 6
\k`ktua` Ge`sta`ta Hadu \k`uru`a` Yasoe B/@ Skrnacap ]agtu ................................. ................................................. ................................. .................................. ..................... 99
Majiar. =
Nuiu`ma` AIR ca` Gacar Muha ................... .......... .................. ................... ................ ...... H-;
vooo
ox
CAFSAY HAJ\OYA@
Nahaja` Hajpora`. 1 A`ahosos Gacar Setah Rehoc/Setah \acata` (SR) .................. ......... ............... ...... H-O Hajpora`. 9 A`ahosos Gacar Muha Jehassks ca` Haruta` Vo`assk .............. H-2 Hajpora`. 2 \k`matura` pN Haruta` Vo`assk ............................................H-> Hajpora`. 3 A`ahosos JHRR ca` JHVRR..................... JHVRR........... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... H-? Hajpora`. ; Cata Rkhaja Rkhaja \resks Fkrjk`taso .................. ......... .................. ................... .............. .... H-13 Hajpora`. 6 Cata Rktkhan \resks Fkrjk`taso .................. ......... .................. ................... .............. .... H-16
ox
x
O@SORAYO
Ryarofan, H. 9<1=. \k`marun Gejpesoso [jpa` Skrnacap JHVRR, Yasoe B/@, ca` Guahotas \upug Erma`og \aca Fkrjk`taso A`akrei caro Vo`assk-Getera` Rapo-Dkrajo \aco. \aco. ‘Sumas \k`khotoa`‚. \remraj Rtuco R1 Sk`og Gojoa. Faguhtas
Skg`og. [`ovkrsotas Rktoa Iuco Ruragarta.
jkrupaga` iana` erma`og ya`m jk`ma`cu`m u`sur nara skno`mma sksuao u`tug coehan skiamao pupug jkhahuo fkrjk`taso a`akrei. \k`ajiana` iana` erma`og hao` copkrhuga` skiamao pk`ykojia`m rasoe B/@, sujikr jogreerma`osjk, ca` sujikr nara. Sudua` pk`khotoa` o`o acahan jk`mgado pk`marun gejpesoso ujpa` tkrnacap JHVRR, rasoe B/@, ca` guahotas pupug erma`og paca fkrjk`taso a`akrei caro vo`assk-getera` sapo-dkrajo paco. \krbeiaa` o`o jkhahuo 2 tanapa`, yag`o prk-trkatjk`t vo`assk, fkrjk`taso a`akrei skhaja 1; naro, skrta a`ahosos guahotas precug. \resks prk-trkatjk`t cohaguga` ck`ma` jk`ajianga` jehassks, haruta` gapur 1%, skrta aor. Fkrjk`taso a`akrei cohaguga` skbara iatbn paca gejpestkr 6< H ck`ma` varoaso ujpa`, tkrcoro caro4 ; gm getera` sapo, 3 gm getera` sapo ‒1 gm dkrajo paco, ca` 2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco paca haruta` vo`assk nasoh prk-trkatjk`t. Rktoap 2 naro skgaho, pk`mugura` pN, JHVRR, ca` rasoe B/@ baora` cohaguga`. A`ahosos guahotas precug cohaguga` ck`ma` jk`mugur gacar B, @, \, G skrta pN paca pupug erma`og baor ca` pacat. Nasoh pk`khotoa` jk`u`dugga` gejpesoso ; gm getera` sapo paca fkrjk`taso a`akrei jk`mnasohga` `ohao jagsojuj ge`sta`ta hadu gk`aoga` JHVRR skiksar <,<<9/naro ca` ge`sta`ta hadu pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ skiksar <,162/naro. Guahotas tkriaog caro pupug erma`og conasohga` paca gejpesoso 2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco. Vo`assk
Gata Gu`bo 4 Vo`assk, Yasoe B/@, Fkjk`taso A`akrei, \upug Erma`og
x
IAI O
\K@CAN[H[A@ \K@CAN[H[A@
1.1 Hatar Ikhaga`m Jasahan Jasahan
\recugso ahgeneh co Gaiupatk` Rugenarde jk`o`mgat, caro gapasotas precugso =23.<<< H paca tanu` 9<<2 jk`daco >6;.<<< H co tanu` 9<<6 (Cospkro`camgep Rugenarde cahaj Iucoya`te, 9<
jkrupaga` hojian baor nasoh iawan ckstohaso agnor ahgeneh ya`m
ikrwar`a beghat pkgat, ikriau tadaj, ikrsofat asaj, ikrtkjpkratur to`mmo, jkjohogo gacar IEC ( Ioehemobah Exymk` Ckja`c ) ca` BEC (Bnkjobah Exymk` Ckja`c )
ya`m to`mmo (Nocahme, 9<19). Ga`cu`ma` IEC ca` BEC ya`m to`mmo
capat jk`ykiaiga` turu``ya egsomk` cahaj pkraora`, skno`mma capat jkjatoga` ioeta ca` jk`ojiuhga` iau iusug (Jekrto`an, 9<1<). Gark`a cajpag tkrskiut ca` rk`can`ya gkjajpua` ckmracaso, jaga vo`assk tocag capat coiua`m ha`msu`m gk ho`mgu`ma` (Gnakru``osa ca` Yanjawato, 9<12). Ck`ma` to`mmo`ya ga`cu`ma` iana` erma`og ca` u`sur nara, jaga vo`assk ikrpetk`so coehan jk`daco pupug erma`og (Ckwo ca` Roja`du`tag, 9<1;). Cogktanuo ga`cu`ma` BEC vo`assk 0 1.<<< jm/H jaga pk`mehana` ya`m paho`m sksuao cohaguga` acahan ck`ma` fkrjk`taso a`akrei. \resks o`o jajpu jk`muraoga` iana` erma`og cahaj hojian baor ck`ma` ta`pa egsomk` (Iucoye`e cgg., 9<12).
1
9
\k`mehana` vo`assk skbara fkrjk`taso a`akrei jkjkrhuga` pk`yksuaoa` gejpesoso suistrat (rasoe B/@) u`tug jk`cugu`m agtovotas jogreerma`osjk pk`murao (ckgejpeskr). Cogktanuo vo`assk jkjohgo ga`cu`ma` rasoe B/@ ya`m rk`can skno`mma copkrhuga` pk`ajiana` iana` erma`og hao` ya`m jkjohgo rasoe B/@ ya`m hkion to`mmo, yag`o getera` sapo ca` dkrajo paco. Getera` sapo jk`ma`cu`m ckgejpeskr ya`m jajpu comu`aga` u`tug jk`o`mgatga` ga`cu`ma` u`sur nara ca` jkjpkrbkpat presks ckgejpesoso (Ckwo ca` Roja`du`tag, 9<1;). Dkrajo paco jkjohogo ga`cu`ma` u`sur gahouj (G) ya`m to`mmo skrta gkikracaa``ya ya`m jkhojpan co ahaj (Narsa`to cgg., 9<19). \k`khotoa`-pk`khotoa` ya`m tkhan cohaguga` yaotu, pk`mehana` vo`assk jk`daco pupug
erma`og
jk`mmu`aga`
Kffkbtovk
K`ckjob
Jobreerma`osj
ya`m
coaphogasoga` paca tujiuna` sk`me`, jkjikroga` nasoh ya`m saja coia`co`mga`
ck`ma`
pupug
@\G
(Juzagnar
ca`
Ruteye,
9<1<).
Gusuja`o`mtyas cgg. (9<16) jk`mehan vo`assk jk`daco pupug Erma`e-Jo`krah Fkrtohozkr
ya`m jkjkrhuga` ioaya epkrasoe`ah to`mmo gark`a jkhahuo presks
kvaperaso. Rktya cgg. (9<11), duma tkhan jkhaguga` pk`mehana` ck`ma` gejpesoso 2=; jh hojian vo`ask, 19; jh aor, 1< mraj getera` sapo jkhahuo fkrjk`taso, na`ya jk`mnasohga` pupug baor ck`ma` gacar nara ya`m rk`can yaotu <,<<<=?3% @, <,<<19?>% \, ca` <,<<<622% G. Jaga cahaj pk`khotoa` o`o, pk`matura` gejpesoso getera` sapo ca` dkrajo paco conarapga` jajpu jkjpkriaogo ge`coso fkrjk`taso a`akrei skno`mma jk`mnasohga` pupug erma`og skbara bkpat, jkjohogo guahotas ya`m iaog, skrta kge`ejos.
9
2
1.9 Yujusa` Jasahan Jasahan
Ikrcasarga` hatar ikhaga`m ya`m tkhan coskiutga`, jaga cahaj pk`khotoa` o`o aga` corujusga` jasahan jk`mk`ao 4 a. Iamaoja`agan pk`marun gejpesoso ujpa` tkrnacap prefoh JHVRR skhaja fkrjk`taso a`akrei vo`assk, getera` sapo, ca` dkrajo paco5 i. Iamaoja`agan pk`marun pk`m arun gejpesoso ujpa` ujpa ` tkrnacap prefoh rasoe B/@ skhaja fkrjk`taso a`akrei vo`assk, getera` sapo, ca` dkrajo paco5 b. Iamaoja`agan pk`marun gejpesoso getera` sapo ca` dkrajo paco tkrnacap guahotas pupug erma`og 5 1.2 Sudua` \k`khotoa`
Jk`mabu paca rujusa` jasahan jaga tudua` caro pk`khotoa` o`o acahan 4 a. Jk`mktanuo pk`marun gejpesoso ujpa` tkrnacap prefoh JHVRR skhaja fkrjk`taso a`akrei vo`assk, getera` sapo, ca` dkrajo paco. i. Jk`mktanuo pk`marun gejpesoso ujpa` tkrnacap prefoh rasoe B/@ skhaja fkrjk`taso a`akrei vo`assk, getera` sapo, ca` dkrajo paco. b. Jk`mktanuo pk`marun gejpesoso getera` sapo ca` dkrajo paco tkrnacap guahotas pupug erma`og. 1.3 Ja`faat Ja`faat \k`khoto \k`khoto a`
Conarapga` pk`khotoa` o`o capat jkjikroga` o`ferjaso, a. Iamo jasyaragat, conarapga` pk`khotoa` o`o capat jkjia`tu jk`mura`mo pkrjasahana` jk`mk`ao hojian vo`assk, getera` sapo ca` dkrajo paco. i. Iamo O\SKG, pk`khotoa` o`o o`o jajpu jk`ajian wawasa` jk`mk`ao ahtkr`atof pk`mehana` hojian vo`assk , getera` sapo, ca` dkrajo paco. b. Iamo pk`khoto, conarapga` jajpu jk`ajian wawasa` pk`khoto jk`mk`ao presks pk`mehana` pupug erma`og ck`ma` a`akrei.
2
3
IAI OO SO@DA[A@ SO@DA[A@ \[RSAGA \[RSAGA 9.1 \recugso Ahgeneh
Rkbara ujuj, presks pkjiuata` ahgeneh co Rugenarde acahan ck`ma` fkrjk`taso skhaja 6 naro. Iana` iagu ya`m comu`aga` u`tug presks fkrjk`taso acahan muha tkiu ya`m couian jk`daco jehassks ck`ma` gkiutuna` no`mma 1.<<< ‒1.;<< gm/precugso u`tug jk`mnasohga` ahgeneh 1<< ‒9<< H (Rurya`a cgg., 9<19). Sanapa` presks pkjiuata` ahgeneh acahan skiamao ikrogut 4 a. \resks mkhato`aso Skiu comoho`m gkjucoa` coposanga` a`tara ajpas ca` baora` tkiu, muha tkiu ya`m cocapatga` hahu copa`asga` u`tug jk`mk`tahga` ca` jk`mura`mo ga`cu`ma` aor. Caro presks o`o jaga aga` cocapatga` tktks tkiu (jehassks). i. \resks fkrjk`taso Jehassks
gkjucoa` cofkrjk`taso jk`mmu`aga` ramo (Rabbnarejybks
bkrovosoak).
Fkrjk`taso skbara iatbn codaha`ga` skhaja ?6 daj, pN awah
3,; ‒;,; ca` sunu 9<-2<´B. b. \resks costohaso Baora` nasoh fkrjk`taso gkjucoa` cocostohaso paca sunu =<-><´B. \recug ya`m conasohga` acahan ahgeneh skiamao precug utaja ca` vo`assk skiamao nasoh sajpo`m (@urbanya`o ca` [tajo, 9<13). 9.9
Vo`assk
Nocahme (9<19) jk`ykiutga` ianwa sktoap 1 H precugso ahgeneh capat jk`mnasohga` vo`assk a`tara 19 ‒9< H. Vo`assk jkjohogo garagtkrostog ikrwar`a notaj gkjkrana` ck`ma` ga`cu`ma` pacata` ;<.<<<-1<<.<<< jm/H (Ssa`o, 9<1;). Cata tkrskiut jkhkiono sta`car hojian baor o`custro ya`m capat ha`msu`m
3
;
coiua`m gk ho`mgu`ma` yag`o `ohao IEC jagsojuj 1<< jm/H, `ohao BEC jagsojuj 2<< jm/H, SRR (Setah Ruspk`ckc Rehoc ) 1<< jm/H, ca` jkjohogo pN 6 ‒? (Gkjk`tkroa` Ho`mgu`ma` Nocup, 9<13). Ikikrapa gejpesoso gojoa vo`assk capat cohonat cahaj Saikh 1. caro gejpesoso tkrskiut, jaga vo`assk capat coja`faatga` skiamao iana` iagu pupug erma`og `aju` tkrgk`caha paca rk`can`ya rasoe B/@. Saikh 1 Gejpesoso gojoa vo`assk (Roja`du`tag cahaj Ckwo ca` Roja`du`tag, 9<1;) \arajktkr Dujhan B-Erma`og (%) 6,1;= Iana` Erma`og (%) 1<,61; @ (%) 9,;6 \9E; (%) <,3>9 G9E (%) 3,>9 Yasoe B/@ 9,31 9.2 Getera` sapo
Getera` (fksks) jkrupaga` hojian caro pktkr`aga` sapo ya`m capat jk`bapao 1<% caro ikrat tkr`ag. Dujhan getera` sapo rata-rata skia`yag 9= gm ikrat iasan/kger/naro (\krja`a, 9<11). Doga tocag cota`ma`o hojian tkrskiut capat jk`ojiuhga` pk`bkjara` tkrnacap pkraora` ca` ucara. \k`mmu`aa``ya skiamao pupug erma`og jkjkrhuga` wagtu haja, gark`a to`mmo`ya rasoe B/@ ya`m jk`ykiaiga` presks pk`muraoa` u`sur nara iamo ta`aja` ikrdaha` hajiat (Nartato cgg., 9<
;
6
tajiana` u`tug jkjpkrbkpat presks ckgejpesoso iana` erma`og (Nartato cgg., 9<
Cahaj skgter pkrta`oa`, tkrcapat hojian ya`m capat coja`faatga` skiamao pupug erma`og yaotu dkrajo paco. Jk`urut pk`khotoa` Azos cgg. (9<13) co Gaiupatk` Rugenarde ck`ma` huas pa`k` 1<= na/tanu`, jkjprecugso hojian dkrajo paco skia`yag 9.=>9.<<< gm/na. Cahaj pk`mkhehaa``ya, dkrajo paco coa`mgut gkhuar hana` u`tug paga` tkr`ag ca` skiamoa` hao` bk`ckru`m coiagar, skrta coioarga` jkjiusug cohana`. Dkrajo paco jkrupaga` sujikr nara utaja G, tetah skgotar ><% G jason tkrga`cu`m cahaj`ya (Asjo` ca` Garoju`a, 9<13). Gejpesoso gojoa cahaj ; te` dkrajo paco acahan 2> gm @, 2 gm \, ca` 112 gm G (Narsa`to cgg., 9<19). \kja`faata` dkrajo paco skiamao pupug, tkrgk`caha paca to`mmo`ya rasoe B/@ yaotu 1<< (O`bgkh kt ah., 9<<;). \resks ckgejpesoso capat ikrdaha` hajiat, duma copk`maruno ga`cu`ma` hom`o`. Rkno`mma, sahan satu
bara jk`a`mmuha`mo
gk`caha tkrskiut jkhahuo pk`ajiana` iana` gaya `otremk` skpkrto getera` tkr`ag ya`m capat duma ikrpkra` skiamao ioeagtovater (Rktyero`o cgg., 9<<6). 9.; Fkrjk`taso a`akrei
Fkrjk`taso a`akrei jkrupaga` suatu kgesostkj coja`a jogreerma`osjk faguhtatof ca` a`akrei ikgkrda u`tug jk`muian iana` erma`og gejphkg jk`daco jk`ta`a, garie`coegsoca, nocremk` suhfoca, ajje`oa, ca` aor (Bnkr`obare, 9<<=). Sanapa` ‒tanapa` pk`muraoa` iana` erma`og ehkn jogreerma`osjk coa`tara`ya 4
6
=
a. \resks nocrehosos \kjkbana` suistrat erma`og gejphkg jk`daco ik`tug ya`m hkion skckrna`a skbara k`zojatog ehkn k`zoj kgstraskhuhkr jogreerma`osjk (Naryato, 9<<6). i. \resks asocemk`ksos \resks ckgejpesoso je`ejkr erma`og jk`daco asaj-asaj erma`og ehkn iagtkro asocemk`, presks o`o jkjkrhuga` wagtu skhaja 1-3 naro (Ckuihko` a`c Rtko`nauskr, 9<<>). b. \resks asktemk`ksos \resks pkjkbana` asaj-asaj erma`og jk`daco asaj asktat, mas N9, ca` mas BE9 ehkn iagtkro asktemk`ksos (Bnkr`obare, 9<<=). Rkhao` paca ga`cu`ma` iana` erma`og ca` ckgejpeskr, fkrjk`taso a`akrei duma copk`maruno ikikrapa fagter f agter coa`tara`ya 4 a. Runu Gosara` sunu ya`m capat comu`aga` cahaj presks fkrjk`taso a`akrei amar jogreerma`osjk capat ikgkrda skbara kfkgtof acahan 9?-2>´B (jksefohog) ca` 3?-;=´B (tkrjefohog). Gkbkpata` hadu rkagso aga` jk`o`mgat paca sunu tkrjefohog,
`aju`
capat
jk`ojiuhga`
ikrgura`m`ya
dujhan
jogreerma`osjk ca` jkjiutunga` ioaya ya`m hkion iksar (Jekrto`an, 9<1<). i. pN Rkiamao `ohao pN awah precugso, jaga suistrat pkrhu coiuat pN = u`tug jkjia`tu pkrgkjia`mioaga` jogreerma`osjk (Iucoye`e cgg., 9<12). Nah o`o copkrhuga` u`tug jk`dama amar pN tocag tkrhahu asaj paca tanap asocemk`og. Ge`coso epkraso a`akrei ikrgosar paca pN 6->, doga tocag sksuao
=
>
capat ikrpk`marun paca pkrtujiuna` jogreerma`osjk (Gnakru``osa ca` Yanjawato, 9<12). b. Gejpesoso Ruitrat Gejpesoso suitrat ya`m coo`mo`ga` acahan rasoe B/@ ck`ma` ge`coso 9;-2< paca awah presks fkrjk`taso a`akrei. Yasoe B/@ ya`m tkrhahu to`mmo aga` jk`magoiatga` presks ckgejpesoso ikrdaha` hajiat gark`a ga`cu`ma` `otremk` ya`m rk`can, skiahog`ya doga rasoe B/@ tkrhahu rk`can aga` jk`ykiaiga` tkrik`tug aje`oag, skno`mma `otremk` aga` noha`m gk ucara ca` capat jkrabu`o jogreerma`osjk (Narte`e cahaj ]ocyasjara cgg., 9<19). c. ]agtu fkrjk`taso ]agtu ya`m copkrhuga` u`tug fkrjk`taso a`akrei acahan skgotar 1<->< naro, haja`ya presks ikrma`tu`m paca hadu pkrtujiuna` jogreerma`osjk (\usat \khatona` \krta`oa`, 9<1;). k. Gacar muha Gacar muha cahaj iana` erma`og jkjpk`maruno pkrtujiuna` skh jogreerma`osjk. Rkjago` to`mmo gacar muha ya`m cojohogo iana`, jaga skjago` bkpat presks fkrjk`taso gark`a kfkgtovotas jogreerma`osjk jk`o`mgat (_u`owato cgg., 9<19). Gacar muha ya`m capat cotehkra`so u`tug ge`coso tujiun jogreerma`osjk acahan1<-1>% (Kga ca` Nahoj, 9<1<). f. [gura` partogkh [gura` partogkh copkrgkboh paca presks prk-trkatjk`t u`tug jkjpkrhuas pkrjugaa` ge`tag rkagso ca` jkjucanga` presks pk`muraoa` iana` ehkn jogreerma`osjk ([j`oyatok, 9<19). \aca iana` ya`m tocag tkrhahu gkras
>
?
ugura` partogkh ikrgosar 2-; bj, skca`mga` u`tug iana` ya`m gkras ugura` partogkh <,;-1 bj (Rucradac cahaj Juhya`o, 9<13). m. Gacar SR (Setah Rehoc) Gacar SR ya`m copkrhuga` u`tug presks fkrjk`taso a`akrei acahan 3-;%. Ge`coso o`o copkrhuga` u`tug jkjpkrjucan jogreerma`osjk cahaj jk`ckmracaso pacata` ya`m tkrga`cu`m cahaj baora` (Iucoye`e cgg., 9<12). 9.6 \upug erma`og
\upug erma`og jkrupaga` precug agnor caro pk`muraoa` sosa ta`aja` jaupu` nkwa` ya`m jk`ma`cu`m ikriamao u`sur nara, ya`m jajpu coskrap ta`aja` ck`ma` bkpat (_u`owato cgg., 9<19). \upug o`o jajpu jkjpkriaogo garagtkrostog
ta`an,
duma
jkjia`tu
jk`o`mgatga`
precugso
ta`aja`,
jk`o`mgatga` guahotas precug ta`aja`, jk`mura`mo pk`mmu`aa` pupug a`erma`og (\arja`, 9<<=). \upug erma`og tkriamo jk`daco 9 dk`os ikrcasarga` ik`tug`ya, yaotu4 pupug erma`og pacat ca` pupug erma`og baor. a. \upug Erma`og \acat \upug erma`og pacat acahan pupug ya`m skiamoa` iksar atau skhurun`ya tkrcoro caro sosa ta`aja` jaupu` nkwa` ya`m ikrik`tug pacat (Nacosuwote, 9<<=). \upug-pupug tkrskiut jkjohogo ikikrapa sofat fosog coa`tara`ya 4 mra`uh/pkhkt ca` rkjan/buran. Ikikrapa parajktkr ya`m narus cojohogo ehkn pupug erma`og pacat capat cohonat paca Saikh 9.
?
1<
Saikh 9. \krsyarata` tkg`os jo`ojah pupug erma`og pacat (\kratura` Jk`tkro \krta`oa` @e. =
\arajktkr
Ratua`
B-Erma`og Yasoe B/@ Iana` oguta` (phastog, gaba, gkrogoh) Hemaj ikrat4 As Nm \i Bc Gacar aor pN Nara jagre4 (@+\9E;+ G9E) Jogreia ge`tajo`a` 4
%
jo` 1; 1; ‒ 9;
jo` 1; 1; ‒ 9;
jo` 1; 1; ‒ 9;
jo` 1; 1; ‒ 9;
%
jags 9
jags 9
jags 9
jags 9
jags 1< jags 1 jags ;< jags 9 1<-9; 3 ‒?
jags 1< jags 1 jags ;< jags 9 1;-9; 3 ‒?
jags 1< jags 1 jags ;< jags 9 1;-9; 3 ‒?
K. beho Rahje`khha sp
Jogreia fu`msoe`ah 4 \k`ajiat @ \kharut \ [gura` iutora` 9-; jj Nara jogre 4 Fk tetah atau Fk tkrskcoa J` T` [`sur hao` 4 Ha Bk
ppj ppj ppj ppj %
jags 1< jags 1 jags ;< jags 9 >-9< 3 ‒?
%
J\@/m J\@/m
bfu/m bfu/m
Jo` 3
jags 1<9 jags 1<9
-
jags 1<9 jags 1<9
jo` 1<2 jo` 1<2
jags 1<9 jags 1<9
-
jags 1<9 jags 1<9
jo` 1<2 jo` 1<2
%
jo` ><
jo` ><
-
-
\pj ppj ppj ppj
jags ?<<< jags ;<< jags ;<<< jags ;<<<
jags ?<<< jags ;<< jags ;<<< jags ;<<<
jags ?<<< jags ;<< jags ;<<< jags ;<<<
jags ?<<< jags ;<< jags ;<<< jags ;<<<
\pj \pj
< <
< <
< <
< <
Gku`tu`ma` pkjagaoa` pupug erma`og pacat, yaotu4 jkjpkriaogo strugtur ta`an, pkjikroa` gejpes cahaj da`mga pa`da`m capat jkjpkriaogo pN ta`an, ca` agtovotas jogreerma`osjk cocahaj`ya capat jk`mnasohga` nerje`-nerje` pkrtujiuna` iamo ta`aja` (Rktyero`o cgg., 9<<6). Gkhkjana` pk`mmu`aa` pupug erma`og pacat acahan pupug ya`m
1<
11
coikroga` paca ta`aja` cahaj dujhan ia`yag coia`co`mga` ck`ma` pupug a`erma`og, gark`a rkspe` paca ta`aja` hajiat (Jushonat, 9<<;). i. \upug Erma`og Baor (\EB) \upug erma`og baor jkrupaga` haruta` ya`m jk`ma`cu`m ikikrapa u`sur nara ya`m tkrharut cahaj aor (Nagoj, 9<
Ratua`
Rta`car Jutu
B-Erma`og (%) Iana` oguta` 4 (phastog, gaba, gkrogoh) Hemaj ikrat 4 As Nm \i Bc pN Nara jagre 4 @ \9E; G9E Jogreia ge`tajo`a` 4
%
jo` 6
%
jags 9
\pj ppj ppj ppj
jags 9,; jags <,9; jags 19,; jags <,; 3 ‒?
% % %
2 ‒6 2 ‒6 2 ‒6
J\@/jh J\@/jh
jags 1<9 jags 1<9
ppj ppj ppj ppj ppj ppj ppj ppj
?<-?<< ;-;< 9;<-;<<< 9;<-;<<< 9;<-;<<< 19;-9;<< ;-9< 9-1<
ppj ppj
< <
K. beho Rahje`khha sp
Nara jogre 4 Fk tetah atau Fk tkrskcoa J` Bu T` I Be Je [`sur hao` 4 Ha Bk
11
19
Gku`tu`ma` pk`mmu`aa``ya acahan pkjupuga` ta`aja` capat coikroga` jkhahuo agar jaupu` cau`, u`sur-u`sur ya`m sucan tkrurao skno`mma jucan coskrap ta`aja`, pk`yoraja` ta`aja`, ca` jkjohogo haruta` pk`mogat skno`mma saat coaphogasoga` capat ha`msu`m comu`aga` (Cuada, 9<19). \k`mmu`aa` pupug erma`og baor jkjohogo ikikrapa gkhkjana`, yaotu4 1. Jogreerma`osjk jkjohogo voaiohotas (caya nocup) ya`m rk`can 9. \epuhaso jogreerma`osjk gkboh, yag`o 81<6 bfu/jH 2. [`sur nara ya`m tkrga`cu`m cocahaj`ya rk`can 3. So`mgat ge`tajo`aso to`mmo ;. Capat jk`ojiuhga` jk`ojiuhga` mas ca` iau tocag skcap 6. Socag tana` haja saat cosojpa` (A`e`oj, 9<1<).
19
IAI IA I OOO JKSECK JKSECK \K@KHOSOA@ 2.1 Skjpat Skjpat ca` ]agtu ]agtu \k`khot \k`khot oa`
\k`khotoa` o`o cohaguga` skhaja ; iuha`. A`ahosos SR, gacar muha, pN, ca` JHVRR skrta presks precugso pupug erma`og cohagsa`aga` co Haieraterouj \resks O`custro [`ovkrsotas Rktoa Iuco. A`ahosos gacar B, @, \, G cahaj pupug erma`og baor skrta pupug erma`og pacat cohaguga` co Haieraterouj Gojoa ca` Gksuiura` Sa`an, Faguhtas \krta`oa`, [`ovkrsotas Rkikhas Jarkt. 2.9 Iana` \k`khotoa`
Iana`-iana` iagu ya`m aga` copagao skhaja presks fkrjk`taso o`o acahan vo`assk
ya`m coajioh ha`msu`m caro ta`mgo pkjiua`ma` skrta jehassks coajioh
caro ta`mgo pk`yojpa`a`. Gkcua iana` tkrskiut cocapatga` caro o`custro ahgeneh johog Iapag Rro \ur`eje ya`m tkrhktag co cksa \hajpa`m, @mejiagga`, \ehegarte, Rugenarde. Getera` sapo gkro`m ca` dkrajo paco gkro`m copkrehkn caro sahan satu warma cksa \hajpa`m, @mejiagga`, \ehegarte, Rugenarde. Rkriug gapur (Ba(EN)9) tkg`os ya`m comu`aga` copkrehkn co Sege Raia Gojoa Dh. Dk`c. [rop Rujenarde, Ruragarta. Rkrta aor ya`m comu`aga` skiamao iana` pk`mk`bkr baora` vo`assk. Gejpesoso gojoa iana` iagu ya`m comu`aga` cahaj presks fkrjk`taso a`akrei, cosadoga` paca Saikh 3. cata tkrskiut cocapatga` caro nasoh a`ahosos co Haieraterouj Gojoa ca` Gksuiura` Sa`an [`ovkrsotas Rkikhas Jarkt. Nasoh a`ahosos co Haieraterouj \resks O`custro [`ovkrsotas Rktoa Iuco, jk`u`dugga` jehassks jkjohogo gacar muha skiksar ?63 m/1<2 @ (%) <,?> 1,3 <,1? \ (%) <,93 1,2= <,;3 G (%) 1,;; 1,6; 9,12 Gacar muha (m/1<
12
13
Iana` tajiana` hao` cahaj pk`khotoa` o`o comu`aga` u`tug gkpkrhua` a`ahosos. A`ahosos gacar muha jkjkrhuga` skriug mhugesa sta`car p.a ca` aquackst caro Haieraterouj presks, skrta rkamk` @khse` A, rkamk` @khse` I, rkamk`soa Arsk`ejehyicat Arsk`ejehyicat
caro
Haieraterouj
Ioehemo
Sa`an,
Faguhtas
\krta`oa`,
[`ovkrsotas Rkikhas Jarkt. A`ahosos JHVRR (Joxkc Hoquer Vehatohk Ruspk`ckc Rehoc)
jkjkrhuga` gkrtas saro`m ]natja`` 39 ya`m copkrehkn co Sege Amu`m
Daya Dh. _esecopure @e. >2 Ruragarta. 2.2 Ahat \k`khotoa`
Ahat-ahat ya`m comu`aga` cahaj paca pk`khotoa` comu`aga` paca ikriamao a`ahosos. A`ahosos SR jkjkrhuga` 1 iuan ikagkr mhass pyrkx ;< jh, 9 iuan bawa` perskhk` ;< jh, 1 iuan popkt vehujk pyrkx 9; jh, 1 iuan syro`m, tojia`ma` comotah Enauss, cksogater ca` evk` Jkjjkrt. A`ahosos gacar muha jkjkrhuga` 9 iuan ikagkr mhass pyrkx ;< jh ca` 9 iuan ugura` 1<< jh,1 iuan mkhas ugur pyrkx 9; jh, 1 iuan haiu tagar pyrkx 9;< jh ca` 6 iuan ugura` 1<< jh, popkt vehujk pyrkx <,<; jh, 1 jh, ; jh ca` 1< jh, > iuan taiu`m rkagso, ca` spkgtrefetejktkr [V-Vos. A`ahosos pk`ktraha` pN vo`assk jk`mmu`aga` 1 iuan ikagkr mhass pyrkx ;< jh ca` 2<< jh, 1 iuan pN jktkr, skrta 1 iuan iourkt ;< jh pyrkx.
[`tug presks fkrjk`taso comu`aga` 2 iuan gejpestkr, 1 iuan tojia`ma` tkpu`m, mu`to`m, ca` 9 iuan kjikr. \k`yojpa`a` pupug u`tug A`ahosos comu`aga` 1 iex stkrefeaj ca` ieteh phastog. A`ahosos pN sktoap 2 naro ck`ma` 1 iuan pN jktkr ca` 1 iuan ikagkr phastog. A`ahosos JHVRR ck`ma` popkt vehujk 1< jh pyrkx, 1; iuan krhk`jkykr 9; jh ca` bere`m mhass, evk` Jkjjkrt, cksogater skrta fur`abk.
13
1;
2.3 Bara \k`khotoa` 2.3.1. 2.3.1. \reskcu r \k`khot \k`khot oa`
Cahaj pk`khotoa` o`o cohaguga` ikikrapa tanapa` 4 Haruta` gapur 1%
Vo`assk
Jehassks
Aor
- A`ahosos B, @, \, G
Ge`coso prktrkatjk`t ya`m coo`mo`ga`
4 13% - Gacar muha 4= - pN - Setah \acata`4 ; %
\rk-trkatjk`t vo`assk
Haruta` vo`assk nasoh prk-trkatjk`t
Dkrajo \aco
Getera` sapo gkro`m
- A`ahosos B, @, \, G - A`ahosos B, @, \, G
\k`babana` no`mma ugura` 9 bj
- A`ahosos B, @, \, G
Babana` Dkrajo \aco Fkrjk`taso A`akrei skhaja 1; naro Varoaikh Sktap Haruta` vo`assk prk-trkatjk`t Varoaikh Ikias
Rktoap Rktoap 2 naro skgaho
6< H
- Getera` sapo ; gm - Getera` sapo 3 gm-1 gm Dkrajo - Getera` sapo 2 gm-9 gm Dkrajo
\upug Erma`og Baor - A`ahosos pN - A`ahosos B, @, \, G
- A`ahosos pN - A`ahosos JHVRR - A`ahosos rasoe B/@
\upug Erma`og \acat \k`mkro`ma` \upug Erma`og \acat gkro`m - A`ahosos pN - A`ahosos B, @, \, G
Majiar 1 Ahur \resks \k`khotoa`
1;
16
2.3.9. 2.3.9. \resks \kjiuata` \upug Erma`og a.
\rk-trkatjk`t Vo`assk
\resks prk-trkatjk`t vo`assk cohaguga` ck`ma` jk`majioh vo`assk skia`yag 9,<3 H ca` jk`mk`bkrga``ya ck`ma` aor skia`yag 1= H. Vo`assk ya`m tkhan cok`bkrga` gkjucoa` cotajianga` jehassks skia`yag 2>< jh. Haruta` tkrskiut gkjucoa` cotajianga` 3<,69 H haruta` gapur 1%. i. Fkrjk`taso A`akrei
\resks fkrjk`taso cohaguga` ck`ma` jkjasuga` gejpesoso suistrat paca casar gejpestkr ck`ma` varoaso4 gejpestkr 1 (;gm getera` sapo), gejpestkr 9 (3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo paco), ca` gejpestkr 2 (2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco). Gkjucoa` paca jaso`m-jaso`m gejpestkr cooso ck`ma` vo`assk nasoh prk-trkatjk`t no`mma jk`bapao vehujk 6< H. \k`majioha` haruta` pupug skia`yag 9<< jh cohaguga` sktoap 2 naro skgaho, gkjucoa` haruta` pupug coa`ahosos pN, JHVRR, ca` rasoe B/@. b. A`ahosos Guahotas \recug
Rktkhan 1; naro presks fkrjk`taso conk`toga` hahu pupug coposanga` a`tara pacata` ca` baora`, gkjucoa` cohaguga` a`ahosos pN, B, @, \, ca` G paca gkcua`ya. 2.; A`ahos os Cata Cata \k`majata` 2.;.1. 2.;.1. @ohao pN, JHVRR, ca` rasoe B/@
Cata caro `ohao pN, JHVRR, ca` rasoe B/@ ya`m cocapatga` caro nasoh pk`majata` coiuat mrafog nuiu`ma` a`tara wagtu ck`ma` `ohao pN, wagtu ck`ma` JHVRR, skrta wagtu ck`ma` rasoe B/@. Mrafog tkrskiut comu`aga` u`tug jk`majato agtovotas jogreerma`osjk cahaj jk`muraoga` iana` erma`og.
16
1=
Cata nasoh duma coiuat mrafog jk`k`tuga` `ohao rkmrkso ho`okr u`tug jk`mktanuo nuiu`ma` gejpesoso ujpa` ck`ma` ge`sta`ta hadu ckgejpesoso iana`. \krsajaa` ujuj hadu gk`aoga` JHVRR
h`^ : θt + h`^
(1)
Coja`a 4 ^ : dujhan jogreerma`osjk ya`m coprksk`tasoga` ehkn cata JHVRR narogk- (jm/H) θ
: ge`sta`ta hadu pkrtujiuna` jogreerma`osjk jogreerma`osjk (naro (naro-1)
t : wagtu (naro) \krsajaa` ujuj hadu pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@
h`R : ∙gt + h`R
(9)
Coja`a 4 R : rasoe B/@ naro naro gkg : ge`sta`ta hadu pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ (naro-1) t : wagtu (naro) 2.3.2. 2.3.2. Gacar B, @, \, ca` G
\k`majata` gacar B cohaguga` ck`ma` jkteck ]ahgky & Ihabg, u`tug gacar @ ck`ma` jkteck Gdkhcnah, skrta u`tug gacar \ ca` G ck`ma` Kgstragso N@E2 & NBhE3. Gkjucoa` cata ya`m tkhan cocapatga` coiuat cahaj taikh ca` cata coia`co`mga` ck`ma` cata sta`car caro \kratura` Jk`tkro \krta`oa` @e. =
1=
1>
IAI OV NAROH CA@ \KJIANARA@ \KJIANARA@ 3. 1 Gejpes oso Goj oa Iana` Iana` Iagu Iagu Awah
Nasoh a`ahosos jk`u`dugga` vo`assk awah jk`ma`cu`m B 1<,32%, @ <,?>%, \ <,93%, G 1,;;%, ca` rasoe B/@ 1<,63. Ruistrat tkrskiut jason rk`can u`tug presks fkrjk`taso, skno`mma pkrhu cotajianga` getera` sapo ca` dkrajo paco ya`m jkjohogo rasoe B/@ hkion to`mmo. Yasoe B/@ ujpa` fkrjk`taso ya`m conarapga` jkjohgo rk`ta`m paca 9;-2<, doga rasoe B/@ tkrhahu rk`can jaga aga` tkrik`tug ajje`oa ya`m capat jkrabu`o jogreerma`osjk (Narte`e cahaj ]ocyasjara cgg., 9<19). Getera` sapo jkjohogo ga`cu`ma` tkrto`mmo paca @ skiksar 1,3% ca` \ skiksar 1,2=%, skca`mga` paca dkrajo paco tkrcapat u`sur G hkion iksar yag`o 9,12. Jaga skhao` rasoe B/@ ya`m hkion to`mmo coia`co`mga` vo`assk, ga`cu`ma` u`sur nara tkrskiut conarapga` jajpu jk`mnasohga` guahotas tkriaog paca pupug. 3. 9 \k`marun Gej peso so [jpa` Skrnacap Hadu \k`o`mg \k`o`mg ata` JHVRR JHVRR
A`ahosos JHVRR cohaguga` skhaja presks fkrjk`taso ck`ma` pk`majioha` baora` sktoap 2 naro skgaho u`tug jk`mktanuo pkrgkjia`ma` jogreerma`osjk cahaj jk`muraoga` iana` ya`m cotajpohga` paca Majiar 9. 19><<< 196<<< ) H193<<< / m j199<<< ( R19<<<< R11><<< V H 116<<< J 113<<< 119<<<
; gm getera` sapo 3 gm getera` sapo - 1 gm dkrajo paco 2 gm getera` sapo - 9 gm dkrajo paco <
2
6
?
19
1;
1>
wagtu (naro) Majiar Majiar 9 \refoh JHVRR JHVRR skhaja fkrjk`taso a`akrei
1>
1?
Majiar 9 jk`u`dugga` skjua gejpesoso jk`mahajo pk`uru`a` gacar JHVRR paca tanap awah fkrjk`taso gark`a aca`ya jogreerma`osjk ya`m jato saat skca`m ikracaptaso ck`ma` ho`mgu`ma` iaru (ham pnask). \krtujiuna` jogreerma`osjk gkjucoa` ikrmkrag ck`ma` bkpat (kxpe`k`soah pnask ) paca skjua varoaso gejpesoso, nah o`o jk`u`dugga` pkrtujiuna` ca` iana` erma`og juhao couraoga`. Gkjucoa`, pkrtujiuna` jogreerma`osjk staioh (statoe`ary pnask)
paca gejpesoso ; gm getera` sapo ca` 3 gm getera` sapo ‒ ‒1 gm dkrajo paco.
\aca fask o`o, jogreerma`osjk tocag jk`mahajo pkrtujiuna` `aju` jason jk`muraoga` iana`. \aca gejpesoso 2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco tkrdaco pk`uru`a` agtovotas jogreerma`osjk. Fask o`o jk`u`dugga` aca`ya gkjatoa` jogreerma`osjk (ckatn pnask), ya`m tkrdaco gark`a gktkrskcoaa` iana` erma`og jk`uru` (Cwo ca` Yugja`asaro, 9<11). Gkacaa` tkrskiut duma tkrdaco paca a`ahosos pN baora` ya`m cohaguga` skhaja fkrjk`taso sktoap 2 naro skgaho cotajpohga` paca Majiar 2. 6.6 6.3 6.9 6 N p;.> ;.6 ;.3 ;.9
; gm getera` sapo
<
2
6
?
19
1;
3 gm getera` sapo - 1 gm dkrajo paco 2 gm getera` sapo - 9 gm 1> dkrajo paco
wagtu (naro) Majiar Majiar 2 \ref oh p N skhaja fkrjk`taso a`akrei a`akrei
Majiar 2 jk`u`dugga` pk`uru`a` pN awah presks paca skjua varoaso gejpesoso. O`o coskiaiga` aca`ya pk`muraoa` iana` erma`og jk`daco asaj hkjag. Gkjucoa` pN aga` jk`o`mgat gark`a pkruiana` asaj erma`og jk`daco mas BE9 (Ckuihko` a`c Rtko`nauskr, 9<<>). \refoh pN skjua varoaso gejpesoso suistrat skhaja presks fkrjk`taso a`akrei jk`u`dugga` ra`mk ;-6 ya`m 1?
9<
jkrupaga` ge`coso eptojuj iamo pkrtujiuna` jogreerma`osjk pk`mnasoh asaj (Bnkr`obare, 9<<=). @aju`, gkacaa` tkrskiut ikrikca ck`ma` ge`sta`ta hadu gk`aoga` JHVRR. Ge`sta`ta tkriksar cotu`dugga` paca gejpesoso ; gm getera` sapo ya`m cotajpohga` paca Majiar 3. 11.=2<< 11.=9<<
h` JHVRR : <,<<<6 wagtu + 11,=<29
11.=1<<
) 1 - 11.=<<< o r a n 11.6?<< ( R 11.6><< R V H 11.6=<< J ` 11.66<< h
; gm getera` sapo
getera` sapo 3 gm-1 gm dkrajo paco getera` sapo 2 gm-9 gm dkrajo paco
h` JHVRR : <,<<9
11.6;<<
h` JHVRR : <,<<1;wagtu <,<<1;wagtu + 11,62>=
11.63<< 11.62<< <
2
6
? 19 wagtu (naro)
1;
1>
Majiar Majiar 3 \k`k`tua` ge` sta`ta hadu g k`aoga` k`aoga` JH VRR VRR tkrnacap wagtu
Majiar 3 jk`u`dugga` ge`sta`ta hadu gk`aoga` JHVRR tkriksar paca gejpesoso ; gm getera` sapo. \k`k`tua` ge`sta`ta hadu gk`aoga` JHVRR jk`moguto \krsajaa` 2.
h`^ : θt + h`^
(2)
Coja`a 4 ^ : dujhan jogreerma`osjk ya`m coprksk`tasoga` ehkn cata JHVRR naro gk- (jm/H) θ
: ge`sta`ta hadu pkrtujiuna` jogreerma`osjk jogreerma`osjk (naro (naro-1)
t : wagtu (naro) \resks ckgejpesoso ya`m bkpat cogark`aga` jogreerma`osjk pk`murao na`ya jk`ckmracaso B-Erma`og cahaj vo`assk. \aca gejpesoso ya`m jk`ma`cu`m dkrajo paco, tanap nocrehosos ikrha`msu`m hkion haja gark`a jogreerma`osjk 9<
91
narus tkrhkion canuhu jk`muraoga` hom`o` ya`m jk`bapao 1<-1;% (Ckuihko` a`c Rtko`nauskr, 9<<>). 3. 2 \k`marun Gej peso so [jpa` Skrnacap Skrnacap Hadu \k`uru` a` Yasoe Yasoe B/@
A`ahosos rasoe B/@ skhaja presks fkrjk`taso cohaguga` ck`ma` pk`majioha` baora` sktoap 2 naro skgaho u`tug jk`mktanuo presks pk`muraoa` iana` erma`og ya`m cotajpohga` paca Majiar ;. 2;.<< 2<.<< 9;.<< @ / B9<.<< e o s1;.<< a r 1<.<< ;.<< <.<<
; gm getera` sapo 3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo 2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo <
2
6
?
19
1;
1>
wagtu (naro)
Majiar Majiar ; \ref oh r asoe B/@ skhaja skhaja fkrjk`taso a`akrei
Majiar ; jk`u`dugga` pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ paca jaso`m-jaso`m varoaso gejpesoso. Nah o`o tkrdaco gark`a jogreerma`osjk juhao jk`muraoga` iana` erma`og. [`sur B-Erma`og comu`aga` jogreerma`osjk skiamao sujikr jaga`a` skno`mma dujhan`ya ikrgura`m, skrta tkrik`tug`ya BE9 ya`m tkrhkpas gk ucara. [`sur @ jk`o`mgat coskiaiga` gark`a presks ckgejpesoso jk`mnasohga` aje`oa ca` `otremk` (Banaya ca` @umrene, 9<<>). Ge`sta`ta hadu pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ jk`u`dugga` gkbkpata` jogreerma`sojk jogreerma`sojk cahaj jk`muraoga` iana` paca jaso`m-jaso`m varoaso bajpura` ujpa` ya`m capat cohonat paca Majiar 6.
91
99
3.<<<< 2.;<<<
; gm getera` sapo
2.<<<<
h` rasoe B/@ : -<,<1<3 wagtu + 2,9<91
9.;<<< ) 1 o r 9.<<<< a n ( @ / 1.;<<< B e o 1.<<<< s a r `<.;<<< h
h` rasoe rasoe B/@ B/@ : -<,<9 9,6?> 3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo h` rasoe rasoe B/@ : -<,162wa -<,162wagtu gtu + 9,>6? 9,>6? 2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo
<.<<<< <
2
6
?
19
1;
1>
wagtu (naro)
Majiar Majiar 6 \k`k`tua` ge`sta`ta hadu p k`uru`a` rasoe B/@ B/@ tkrnacap wagtu
Capat cohonat caro Majiar 6 ianwa ge`sta`ta hadu pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ tkriksar tkrdaco paca gejpesoso ; gm getera` sapo, jk`u`dugga` presks ckgejpesoso ikrdaha` bkpat. \k`k`tua` ge`sta`ta hadu pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ jk`moguto \krsajaa` 3.
h`R : ∙gt + h`R
(3)
Coja`a 4 R : rasoe B/@ naro gkg : ge`sta`ta hadu pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ (naro-1) t : wagtu (naro) \resks ckgejpesoso ikrdaha` bkpat coskiaiga` gark`a rk`can`ya rasoe B/@ awah ujpa` (Juhya`o, 9<13). Dkrajo paco jkjohgo rasoe B/@ ya`m to`mmo, skno`mma gejpesoso 3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo paco ca` 2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco jk`u`dugga` pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ ya`m rk`can atau presks ckgejpesoso ikrdaha` hajiat (Narte`e cahaj ]ocyasjara cgg., 9<19). 3. 3 A`ahosa Guahotas \upug \upug Erma`og
Guahotas pupug erma`og capat cohonat paca gktkrskcoaa` u`sur nara cocahaj`ya. [`tug jk`mktanuo gksksuaoa` u`sur nara cahaj pupug baor jaupu` 99
92
pacat, jaga cata nasoh coia`co`mga` ck`ma` cata sta`car \kratura` Jk`tkro \krta`oa` @e.=
B-Erma`og (%) Gacar (@+\+G)(%) pN Yasoe B/@
; gm getera` sapo
3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo dkr ajo paco pac o
2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkr ajo paco pac o
Rta`car \KYJK@SA@
9,9=
9,22
9,1?
jo`ojah 6
<,9>
<,96
9,??
2 ‒6
;,6 1,23
;,= 1<,=6
;,= 9;,>?
3-? 1;-9;
Saikh 6. \kria`co`ma` guahotas pupug erma`og pacat ck`ma` sta`car \arajktkr
pN B-Erma`og (%) Gacar (@+\+G) (%) Yasoe B/@
; gm getera` sapo
3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo dkr ajo paco pac o
2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkr ajo paco pac o
Rta`car \KYJK@SA@
>,=
>,;
>,2
3 ‒ ?
91,?;
1?,?;
91,1=
jo` 1;
9,==
2,9?
3,21
jo` 3
9<,?<
1>,2<
1;,19
1; ‒9;
Ikrcasarga` pkria`co`ma` ikikrapa parajktkr caro pupug erma`og baor jaupu` pacat, conasohga` guahotas ya`m paho`m sksuao ck`ma` sta`car acahan gejpesoso 2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco. Nah o`o capat tkrdaco gark`a ge`coso fkrjk`taso a`akrei paca rasoe B/@ awah bajpura` iana` paho`m sksuao yaotu 9;2<, skno`mma presks pk`muraoa` ehkn jogreerma`osjk capat ikrdaha` ck`ma` iaog.
92
\-93
IAI V GKROJ\[HA@ GKROJ\[HA@ CA@ RAYA@
;.1. Gksojpuha`
Caro nasoh pk`khotoa` ya`m tkhan cohaguga` capat cosojpuhga` 4 1. Gejpesoso ujpa` ya`m jk`mnasohga` ge`sta`ta hadu gk`aoga` JHVRR ca` ge`sta`ta hadu pk`uru`a` rasoe B/@ jagsojuj acahan ; gm getera` sapo. 9. Gejpesoso ujpa` ya`m jkjikroga` guahotas ya`m sksuao sta`car \kratura` Jk`tkro \krta`oa` @e.=
\krhu cohaguga` pk`ajiana` ioeagtovater cahaj fkrjk`taso ca` pkrhagua` ikrikca paca prk-trkatjk`t vo`assk yaotu jk`mma`to pk`mk`bkr ck`ma` haruta` ckcag u`tug jk`o`mgatga` guahotas pupug erma`og.
93
\-1
CAFSAY \[RSAGA
Ahakrts, C. O. M. ., ca` Ra`toga, R. R. (1?>3). Jkteca \k`khotoa` Aor . Ruraiaya4 [sana @asoe`ah. A`e`oj. (9<1<). > (Ckhapa` Gkhkjana` \upug Erma`og/Nayato Baor. nttp4//gu`oa.wercprkss.bej/9<1< ‒ 1>>. Azos, F. A., Hoja`, ca` ]ocece, _. (9<13). "\etk`so Hojian \aco Rkiamao \aga` Rapo Iaho co Cksa Rugenarde OO Gkbajata` Rugenarde Gaiupatk` \ro`mskwu". Hapera` \k`khotoa` (pp. 96 ‒ 29). Hajpu`m4 Ckpartjk`t ef A`ojah Nusia`cry, Fabuhty ef Amrobuhturk Hajpu`m [`ovkrsoty. Iucoya`te, O. J. (9<). "\kjiuata` Gejpes Ck`ma` Jk`mmu`aga` Hojian \acat Erma`og (Rajpan Rayura` ca` Ajpas Skiu)". Jagahan \k`khotoa`. Rkjara`m4 Durusa` Skg`og Gojoa, Faguhtas Skg`og, [`ovkrsotas Cope`kmere. Bnkr`obare, B. A. ck H. (9<<=). A`akrei Ykabters (1st kc., Veh. 3). He`ce`4 O]A \uihosno`m. Ckuihko`, C., a`c Rtko`nauskr, A. (9<<>). Ioemas frej]astk a`c Yk`kwaihk Ykseurbk. Mkrja`y4 ]ohky-VBN Vkrham MjiN & Be. GmaA. Ckwo, A. J., ca` Roja`du`tag, I. N. (9<1;). "Aphogaso Ikriamao Ckgejpeskr paca Vo`assk Skrnacap Guahotas \upug Erma`og Baor, \krtujiuna` ca` Nasoh Sa`aja` Rkhaca Nodau (Habtuba satova H.)". Rkjo`ar @asoe`ah \a`ma` Hegah, Ios`os Ca` Kge-O`custro Rkjara`m, (nhj. 1<< ‒1<>). Cuada, ]. (9<19). "\k`marun \upug [rka, \upug Erma`og \acat ca` Baor Getera` Ayaj Skrnacap Rofat Sa`an, \krtujiuna` ca` Nasoh Rkhaca Gkroto`m Co Sa`an O`bkptoseh". \remraj Rtuco Amrekgetkg`ehemo, Faguhtas \krta`oa` [`ovkrsotas Dajio ,1 (3)4 926 ‒936. Cwo, R. ]., ca` Yugja`asaro, C. \. (9<11)."\kjiuata` ioemas caro hojian baor o`custro ioekta`eh jkhahuo presks a`akrei (fkrjk`taso)". Hapera` \k`khotoa`. Rkjara`m4 Durusa` Skg`og Gojoa, Faguhtas Skg`og, [`ovkrsotas Cope`kmere. Kga, A., ca` Nahoj, A. (9<1<). "\kjiuata` Ioektna`eh Caro @ora Rowaha` Rkbara Fkrjk`taso Fksk Baor Jk`mmu`aga` Fkrjopa`". Hapera` \k`khotoa`. Rkjara`m4 Durusa` Skg`og Gojoa, Faguhtas Skg`og, [`ovkrsotas Cope`kmere. Nacosuwote, R. (9<<=). Jkjiuat pupug gejpes baor . AmreJkcoa. Yktrokvkc frej nttps4//www.meemhk.bej/ieegs5nh:oc&hr:&oc:sE^YJM]j9_[B&eo:f`c
\-1
\-9
&pm:\A?&cq:pupug+erma`og+baor&ets:oQ]=nAq[ ‒9>. Jekrto`an, R. (9<1<). "Gadoa` \resks A`akreiog Rkiamao Ahtkr`atof Skg`ehemo \k`mehana` Aor Hojian O`custro Erma`og So`mmo". Dur`ah Yoskt Skg`ehemo \k`bkmana` \k`bkjara` O`custro , 1 (9)4 1<3 ‒113. Juhya`o, N. (9<13). Iugu Adar Gadoa` Skero ca` Aphogaso Eptojaso \kra`ba`ma` Jeckh \k`mejpesa` (1st kc.). Dagarta4 BV. Sra`s O`fe Jkcoa. Jushonat, H. (9<<;). "Skg`og \kjiuata` Gejpes [`tug Jk`o`mgatga` \recugtovotas Sa`an co Hana` Majiut". Rkro \k`mehana` Nuta` ca` Hana` Majiut (nhj. 1-2). Iemer4 ]ktha`cs O`tkr`atoe`ah-O`ce`ksoa \remrajjk. Juzagnar, G., ca` Ruteye. (9<1<). "\k`mkjia`ma` \upug Erma`og Ikriasos Hojian Vo`assk Copkrgaya Ck`ma` Kffkbtovk K`ckjob Jobreerma`osj Cahaj [paya Jk`cugu`m \krta`oa` Yajan Ho`mgu`ma`". \k`khotoa` RSYA@AR Sanu` 9<1<. Dkjikr4 CO\A [`ovkrsotas Dkjikr. @urbanya`o A., G., ca` [tajo, I. (9<13). "\k`mehana` Hojian Baor O`custro Ahgeneh Ikge`a`m Jk`mmu`aga` \resks Fkrjk`taso". Rkjo`ar @asoe`ah Ge`skrvaso Ca` \kja`faata` Rujikr Caya Ahaj 9<1; , (nhj. 119 ‒116). \arja`, R. (9<<=). "\k`marun \kjikroa` \upug Erma`og Baor tkrnacap \krtujiuna` ca` \recugso Gk`ta`m (Reha`uj tuikresuj H.)". Dur`ah A`atejo Fosoehemo Fosoehemo, 1;(9)4 91-21.
\-9
\-2
\kratura` Jk`tkro Ho`mgu`ma` Nocup Ykpuihog O`ce`ksoa @e ; Sanu` 9<13 Sk`ta`m Iagu Jutu Aor Hojian, 9<13. \kratura` Jk`tkro \krta`oa` Sk`ta`m \upug Erma`og, \upug Nayato ca` \kjik`an Sa`an @e. =1.
\-2
CAFSAY HAJ\OYA@ Hajpora` 1. A`ahosos Gacar Gacar
Setah Rehoc /Setah
a. \reskcur A`ahosos Gacar Gacar
\acata` (SR)
Setah Rehoc /Setah
\acata` (SR)
1) Rajpkh skia`yag 9; jh cotajianga` paca bawa` gese`m ya`m skikhuj`ya tkhan cogktanuo ikrat`ya. Rajpkh ca` bawa` gkjucoa` cotojia`m, ikrat nasoh pk`ojia`ma` jkrupaga` ikrat awah sajpkh ca` bawa`. 9) Bawa` ikroso sajpkh gkjucoa` cojasugga` gk cahaj evk` ck`ma` sunu a`tara 1<; ‒ 11<´B skhaja 1 daj. Gkjucoa`, bawa` cojasugga` gk cahaj cksogater skhaja 1; jk`ot ca` cotojia`m. 2) A`ahosos ikrat Setah Rehoc sajpkh sktkhan cocapatga` ikrat ya`m ge`sta` caro bawa` ikroso sajpkh. i. \krnot \krnot u`ma` ca` Nasoh Nasoh A`ahosos A`ahosos
[`tug jk`mnotu`m ikrat sajpkh comu`aga` rujus
sajpkh : a ∙ i Coja`a 4a i
(;)
4 ikrat bawa` + vo`assk 4 ikrat bawa` gese`m
ikrat bawa` gese`m 1 : 36,99=> m ikrat bawa` gese`m 9 : 3=,1?23 m [`tug jk`mnotu`m gacar SR awah paca haruta` sajpkh comu`aga` rujus
%SR :
x 1<<%
(6)
(Ahakrts ca` Ra`toga, 1?>3)
H-1
H-9
Saikh =. Cata SR haruta` vo`assk sajpkh Bawa` + Rajpkh %SR Bawa` + Rajpkh sajpkh 1 1 1 sajpkh 9 9 =3,1691 9=,?232 111,= =;,9913 9>,<9>< 66,;=;1 9<,23=2 >1,3 6=,=9<< 9<,;966 6<,?;<< 13,=999 ;>,? 61,=;=9 13,;62> ;?,;=2; 12,23;= ;2,3 6<,39>3 12,92;< ;>,;92; 19,9?;= 3?,9 ;?,31>; 19,99;1 ;=,>?<; 11,669= 36,= ;>,>3=; 11,6;31 ;=,692= 11,2?;? 3;,6 ;>,;>69 11,2?9> ;=,2?;; 11,16== 33,= ;>,2632 11,1=
V xB : VxB
(=)
1< 1<<< x ;% : V x 33,=% V :
1<< x ;% 33,=%
V : 11,9 11,9 jh jh [`tug jk`mnotu`m fagter pk`mk`bkra` comu`aga` rujus 4
Fagter Fagter \k`mk` \k`mk`bkra bkra`` F\ F\ : F\ : ?,1
(>)
%SR 9 119,1 >9,1 ;>,2 ;9,? 3>,? 36,6 3;,6 33,=
H-2
Hajpora` 9. 9. A`ahosos Gacar Muha Jehassks ca` Haruta`
Vo`assk
a. \reskcur A`ahosos Gacar Muha Jehassks ca`
Vo`assk
\reskcur a`ahosos muha skckrna`a (muha rkcugso) cocanuhuo jkhahuo ikikrapa tanap yaotu 4 1) \k`yoapa` gurva sta`car \k`yoapa` gurva sta`car cohaguga` ikrcasarga` jkteck @khse` Rejemyo
(Rucarjado cgg., 1?>3). Haruta` mhugesa
sta`car coiuat ck`ma` bara 1< jm mhugesa cohaguga` ; pk`mk`bkra` skno`mma copkrehkn haruta` mhugesa ck`ma` ge`sk`traso 9, 3, 6, >, ca` 1< jm/1<< jH. Hahu jk`yoapga` 6 taiu`m rkagso ya`m ikrson, jaso`m-jaso`m cooso ck`ma` 1 jH haruta` mhugesa sta`car tkrskiut co atas. Ratu taiu`m cooso 1 jH aquacks skiamao iha`ge. Cahaj jaso`m-jaso`m taiu`m co atas cotajianga` 1 jH rkamk`soa @khse`, ca` jkja`asga` skjua taiu`m paca pk`a`mas aor jk`cocon skhaja 9< jk`ot. Gkjucoa` jk`majioh skjua taiu`m ca` skmkra coco`mo`ga` ikrsaja-saja cahaj mkhas poaha ya`m ikroso aor co`mo` skno`mma sunu taiu`m jk`bapao sunu 9;´B. Rktkhan co`mo` cotajianga` 1 jH rkamk`soa Arsk`ejehyicat Arsk`ejehyicat, cotajianga` = jH aor suho`m ca` coacug sajpao nejemk`. Gkjucoa` coajato aiseria`so
jaso`m-jaso`m
haruta`
jk`mmu`aga`
Rpkgtrefetejktkr [v-Vos paca pa`da`m mkhejia`m ;3< `j. Gkjucoa` caro cata aiseria`so coiuat gurva sta`car ya`m jk`u`dugga` nuiu`ma` a`tara ge`sk`traso mhugesa ca` aiseria`so (Rucarjacdo cgg., 1?>3). \k`yoapa` gurva sta`car
H-3
ikrtudua` u`tug jk`k`tuga` `ohao rkmrkso ho`kar skiamao skiamao rujus ya`m jk`daco casar u`tug pkrnotu`ma` gacar muha rkcugso paca sajpkh. 9) \k`k`tua` gacar muha rkcugso paca jehassks ca` vo`assk Haruta` jehassks ca` vo`assk ya`m jkjpu`yao gacar muha rkcugso skgotar 9-> jm/1<
Jehassks
ca`
Vo`assk
Jk`k`tuga` Jk`k`tuga` `ohao r kmrkso kmrkso h o`okr
A`ahosos gacar mhugesa sta`car Saikh >. Cata aiseria`so mhugesa sta`car Haruta` mhugesa sta`car Aiseria`so (jm/1< <,9?= 1< <,2? Caro cata ya`m copkrehkn gkjucoa` coiuat mrafog sta`car u`tug cocapatga` `ohao rkmrkso ho`okr
H-;
<.; <.361
y : <,<36x - <,<=
<.3 ) R I A <.2 ( o s ` <.9 a i r e s i <.1 A
<.9?1 <.16; Aiseria`so (AIR)
<.<;? <.<<2 9 3
< <
6
>
1<
19
-<.1
Gacar muha (jm/1<
Majiar Majiar = Nuiu`ma` AI R ca` gacar muha
Caro mrafog copkrehkn pkrsajaa` 4
y : <,<36x ∙ <,<= ,<=<
(?)
Coja`a 4 y 4 aiseria`so (AIR) x 4 gacar muha (jm/1<
vo`assk sajpkh
skia`yag <,<; jh coharutga` paca haiu tagar 1<<
jh gkjucoa` coa`ahosos gacar muha`ya. Cocapatga` AIR : <,<66 jaga 4
pk`mk pk`mk`bk `bkra` ra` :
:
1<< jh <,<; jh
pk`m pk`mk` k`bk bkra ra`` : 9< 9<<< << jaga
y : <,<;=x ∙ <,13> <,<6 <,<666 : <,<3 <,<36x 6x ∙ <,<= <,<=<< <,12 <,1266 : <,<3 <,<36x 6x
(1<)
H-6
x : 9,?6 (ge`sk`traso agnor) agnor)
ge`sk`tras ge`sk`trasoo awah : ge`sk`tras ge`sk`trasoo agnor x pk`mk`bkr pk`mk`bkra` a` : 9,?6 9,?6 x 9<<< 9<<< : ;?9< jm/1<
Jk`mnot Jk`mnot u`m gacar muha haruta` Jehassks skia`yag
jehassks
<,<; jh coharutga` paca haiu tagar 1<< jh,
gkjucoa` caro haruta` tkrskiut coharutga` hamo skia`yag <,; jh paca haiu tagar 1<< jh ca` coa`ahosos gacar muha`ya. Cocapatga` AIR : <,<31 jaga 4
vehujk ya`m coiuat jh jh vehujk ya`m coajioh jh jh
pk`mk pk`mk`bk `bkra` ra` : :
1<< jh <,<; jh
pk`m pk`mk` k`bk bkra ra`` : 9< 9<<< << pk`mk pk`mk`bk `bkra` ra` : :
vehujk ya`m coiuat jh jh vehujk ya`m coajioh jh jh 1<< jh <,; jh
pk`m pk`mk` k`bk bkra ra`` : 9< 9<<< tetah pk`mk`bkra` : 3<<.<<< gaho jaga
y : <,<3 ,<36x ∙ <,<= ,<=< <,<3 <,<311 : <,<3 <,<36x 6x ∙ <,<= <,<=<< <,11 <,1111 : <,<3 <,<36x 6x x : 9,31 (ge`sk`traso (ge`sk`traso agnor) agnor)
ge`sk`tras ge`sk`trasoo awah : ge`sk`tras ge`sk`trasoo agnor x pk`mk`bkr pk`mk`bkra` a`
H-=
: 9,31 x 3<<.<< 3<<.<<<< : ?63.<<< jm/1<
Jk`mnotu`m
vehujk
vo`assk
ca`
jehassks
ya`m
aga`
cobajpurga`
ge`sk`tras ge`sk`trasoo sktkhan sktkhan pk`mk`bkra` pk`mk`bkra` :
(11)
;,?9 ?,1 : <,6 <,6; :
Yujus pkrnotu`ma` vehujk vo`assk ya`m copkrhuga`
Vx M : V x M + V xM
(19)
Coja`a 4 V1 4 vehujk haruta` vo`assk ya`m coajioh (jh) M14 gacar muha awah vo`assk V94 vehujk haruta` jehassks ya`m cotajianga` (jh) M94 gacar muha jehassks V24 vehujk haruta` vo`assk ya`m coo`mo`ga` (jh) M24 gacar muha ya`m coo`mo`ga` \krnotu`ma` vehujk vo`assk
Vx M : Vx M + V xM 13 13% % x 1<< 1<< : v x <,6;% <,6;% + (1<<∙v 1<<∙vx ?63%) ?63%) 13<< : <,6;v + ?6.3<< ‒ ?63v ?63,6;v : ?;<<< v : ?>,9
jaga vo`assk ya`m copkrhuga` jehassks ya`m copkrhuga`
: ?> jh : 9 jh
H->
Hajpo ra` 2. \k`matura` pN Harut a`
Vo`assk
a. \reskcur \k`matura` pN Haruta`
Vo`assk
[`tug jk`ma`ahosos pN haruta` vo`assk jaga cohaguga` ikikrapa tanap yaotu 4 1) Jk`mugur pN haruta` vo`assk awah 9) Jkjiuat haruta` gapur 1% ck`ma` jk`ojia`m skia`yag 1 m skriug gapur coharutga` cahaj aor 1<< jh. 2) Jkjiuat bajpura` haruta` vo`assk sktkhan pk`mk`bkra` ca` jehassks
ya`m tkhan cotk`tuga` caro a`ahosa gacar muha
skia`yag 1<< jh, gkjucoa` cototraso jk`mmu`aga` haruta` gapur 1% cahaj skiuan ikagkr mhass no`mma jk`bapao `ohao pN =. i. Nasoh Nasoh \k`matura` \k`matura` pN Harut a`
Vo`assk
Saikh ?. Cata pk`ktraha` pN \k`ajiana` haruta` gapur 1% (jh) 9 1< 2< 3< 3; 6< =; >< 1<< 11< 1=< 1>< 91< 91;
pN 3,6 ;,9 ;,? 6 6,1 6,9 6,3 6,; 6,6 6,= 6,> 6,? 6,? =
Jaga u`tug jk`bapao pN `ktrah cocapatga` rasoe haruta` vo`assk 1<< jh 4 91; jh haruta` gapur 1%
H-?
Hajpo ra` 3. 3. A`aho sos JHRR ca` JHVRR JHVRR a. \reskcur A`ahosos JHRR
1) Jkja`asga` gkrtas saro`m ]natja` 39 cahaj evk` paca sunu 1<; B skhaja 1 daj. ⁼
9) Co`mo`ga` cahaj cksogater skhaja 1; jk`ot. 2) Sojia`m ck`ma` bkpat 3) Jk`muha`mo pkja`asa` sajpao cocapatga` ikrat ge`sta` atau gknoha`ma` ikrat sksucanpkja`asa` uha`m gura`m caro <,; jm ;) Raro`m 1< jh sajpkh pupug erma`og baor ya`m sucan cogebeg jkrata. 6) \a`asga` gkrtas saro`m ca` rksocu cahaj evk` paca sunu 1<; B skhaja 1 daj.
⁼
=) Co`mo`ga` cahaj cksogater skhaja 1; jk`ot. >) Sojia`m ck`ma` bkpat. ?) [ha`mo pkja`asa` pkja` asa` sajpao cocapatga` ikrat ge`sta` g e`sta` atau gknoha`ma` ikrat sksucanpkja`asa` uha`m gura`m caro <,; jm i. \krnot \krnot u`ma` ca` ca` Nasoh Nasoh A`ahosos JHRR JHRR
[`tug jk`mnotu`m gacar JHRR copkrhuga` rujus (jm/H) JHRR : (a-i)/b Coja`a 4 a : ikrat gkrtas saro`m ca` rksocu sksucan pkja`asa` (m) i : ikrat gkrtas saro`m gkro`m sksucan pkja`asa` (m) b : vehujk sajpkh (jh) (Ahakrts ca` Ra`toga, 1?>3)
(12)
H-1<
Nasoh pkrnotu`ma` toap varoaso 1) A`ahosos varoaso 1 (; gm getera` getera` sapo) Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
gkrtas + rksocu (m) A 1,1=9 1,1;= 1,16; 1,1>2 1,1=6 1,1==
Gkrtas gkro`m (m) I 1,12? 1,12? 1,12= 1,1;= 1,16> 1,12?
JHRR (jm/H) 22<< 1><< 9><< 96<< ><< 2><<
9) A`ahosos varoaso varoaso 9 (3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo dkrajo paco) Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
gkrtas + rksocu (m) A 1,96 1,136 1,1=> 1,1;? 1,1=> 1,1=?
Gkrtas gkro`m (m) i 1,1;2 1,122 1,1;; 1,13; 1,16? 1,16>
JHRR (jm/H) 1<=<< 12<< 92<< 13<< ?<< 11<<
2) A`ahosos varoaso varoaso 2 (2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco) Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
gkrtas + rksocu (m) A 1,9>; 1,922 1,92 1,99= 1,96= 1,92=
Gkrtas gkro`m (m) i 1,1>9 1,1>9 1,1>; 1,1=2 1,1>; 1,1=3
JHRR (jm/H) 1<2<< ;1<< 3;<< ;3<< >9<< 62<<
H-11
b. \reskcur A`ahosos JHVRR
1) Sojia`m bawa` ya`m sucan sucan copa`asga` cahaj fur`abk skhaja 9 daj. 9) Jasugga` gkrtas saro`m gkro`m ca` rksocu nasoh pkja`asa` a`ahosOR JHRR paca bawa`. 2) \a`asga` bawa` cahaj fur`abk paca sunu ;;< B skhaja 9 ⁼
daj. 3) \o`canga` bawa` ca` rksocu nasoh pkja`asa` fur`abk gk cahaj evk` paca sunu 1<; B ⁼
;) Co`mo`ga` cahaj cksogater skhaja 2<-6< jk`ot 6) Sojia`m ck`ma` bkpat c. \krnotu`ma` ca` Nasoh A`ahosos JHVRR
[`tug jk`mnotu`m gacar JHVRR copkrhuga` rujus (jm/H) JHVRR : (c+a-k)/b
(13)
Coja`a 4 c : ikrat bawa` gese`m sksucan pkja`asa` paca sunu ;;< B(m) ⁼
k : ikrat bawa` ca` rksocu sksucan pkja`asa` paca sunu ;;< B (m) ⁼
(Ahakrts & Ra`toga, 1?>3)
H-19
Nasoh pkrnotu`ma` toap varoaso 1) A`ahosos varoaso 1 (; gm getera` sapo) Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
bruboihk (mr) c 1?,;>; 91,<=1 9<,1<; 9<,=?2 9<,;6; 99,;;=
gkrtas + rksocu (mr) A 1,1=9 1,1;= 1,16; 1,1>2 1,1=6 1,1==
bruboihk + rksocu sksucan fur`abk (mr) K 1?,6<6 91,1> 9<,;>1 99,;=2
JHVRR (jm/H) 11;1<< 112=<< 112?<< 11;><< 116<<< 1161<<
9) A`ahosos varoaso varoaso 9 (3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo paco) Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
bruboihk c 9<,;69 91,<6? 9<,=?9 91,36> 99,;2= 9<,1<1
gkrtas + rksocu A 1,96 1,136 1,1=> 1,1;? 1,1=> 1,1=?
bruboihk + rksocu sksucan fur`abk K 9<,62= 91,<>3 9<,>11 91,3>2 99,;;= 9<,199
JHVRR (jm/H) 11>;<< 1121<< 11;?<< 1133<< 11;><< 11;><<
2) A`ahosos varoaso varoaso 2 (2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco) Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
bruboihk c 99,<=1 91,;== 91,?= 9<,1= 91,>23 9<,?>?
gkrtas + rksocu A 1,9>; 1,922 1,92 1,99= 1,96= 1,92=
bruboihk + rksocu sksucan fur`abk K 99,= 9<,1?9 91,>6; 91,<13
JHVRR (jm/H) 19;=<< 1912<< 1912<< 19<;<< 1926<< 1919<<
k. \krnotu`ma` Ge`sta`ta Hadu Gk`aoga` JHVRR
Cata ya`m tkhan cocapatga` coehan sksuao ck`ma` \krsajaa` 1;. gkjucoa` cotk`tuga` rkmrkso ho`okr, jaga
H-12
h`^ : θt + h`^
(1;) 3 gm getera` sapo- 2 gm getera` sapo-9 1 gm dkrajo paco gm dkrajo paco h` h` h` JHVRR JHVRR JHVRR JHVRR JHVRR (h` ^) (h` ^) (h` ^) 11,6312 1121<< 11,626< 1912<< 11,=<6< 11,6321 11;?<< 11,66<; 1912<< 11,=<6< 11,6;?6 1133<< 11,63=; 19<;<< 11,6??3 11,6612 11;><< 11,6;?6 1926<< 11,=93> 11,6699 11;><< 11,6;?6 1919<< 11,=<;9
; gm getera` sapo
Naro gk(t)
JHVRR
2 6 ? 19 1;
112=<< 112?<< 11;><< 116<<< 1161<<
H-13
Hajpo ra` ;. A`aho sos Rkhaja Rkhaja \resks Fkrjk`taso a. Cata A`ahosos pN
Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
; gm getera` sapo 6,3 ;,3 ;,3 ;,; ;,; ;,6
pN 3 gm getera` sapo1 gm dkrajo paco 6,3 ;,3 ;,3 ;,; ;,; ;,=
2 gm getera` sapo9 gm dkrajo paco 6 ;,6 ;,3 ;,? ;,= ;,=
i. Cata Cata A`ahos os JHVRR
Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
; gm getera` sapo 11;1<< 112=<< 112?<< 11;><< 116<<< 1161<<
JHVRR (jm/H) 3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo paco 11>;<< 1121<< 11;?<< 1133<< 11;><< 11;><<
2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco 19;=<< 1912<< 1912<< 19<;<< 1926<< 1919<<
b. Cata Cata A`ahos os Gacar B-Erma`og B-Erma`og
Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
; gm getera` sapo 9,9= 1,?2 1,>? 1,?= 1,3; 1,31
gacar B-Erma`og (%) 3 gm getera` sapo- 2 gm getera` sapo1 gm dkrajo paco 9 gm dkrajo paco 9,22 9,1? 9,23 9,3> 9,9= 9,>= 9,2 9,22
H-1;
c. Cata A`ahosos Gacar @
Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
; gm getera` sapo <,1> <,9< <,9< <,91 1,
gacar @ (%) 3 gm getera` sapo1 gm dkrajo paco <,1; <,1= <,1> <,1> <,1; <,1=
2 gm getera` sapo9 gm dkrajo paco <,<> <,1; <,
Yasoe B/@ 3 gm getera` sapo1 gm dkrajo paco 1;,;2 12,=6 19,61 11,61 19,>< 1<,=6
2 gm getera` sapo9 gm dkrajo paco 9=,2> 16,;2 21,>? 9>,13 12,13 9;,>?
k. Cata Cata A`ahos os Yasoe B/@
Naro gk< 2 6 ? 19 1;
; gm getera` sapo 19,61 ?,6; ?,3; ?,2> 1,22 1,23
f. \krnot \krnot u`ma` Ge`sta`ta Hadu Hadu \k`uru` \k`uru` a` Yasoe Yasoe B/@ B/@
Cata ya`m tkhan cocapatga` coehan sksuao ck`ma` \krsajaa` 16. gkjucoa` cotk`tuga` rkmrkso ho`okr, jaga
h`R : ∙gt + h`R Naro gk(t) < 2 6 ? 19 1;
(16)
; gm getera` sapo Yasoe B/@ 19,61 ?,6; ?,3; ?,2> 1,22 1,23
h` rasoe B/@ (h` R) 9,;236 9,96=< 9,936< 9,92>= <,9>;3 <,9?3>
3 gm getera` sapo- 2 gm getera` sapo-9 1 gm dkrajo paco gm dkrajo paco h` rasoe h` rasoe Yasoe Yasoe B/@ B/@ B/@ B/@ (h` R) (h` R) 1;,;2 9,=32< 9=,2> 2,2<;3 19,61 9,;236 21,>? 2,3692 11,61 9,3;9< 9>,13 2,22=2 19,>< 9,;3?3 12,13 9,;=;? 1<,=6 9,2=62 9;,>? 2,9;2>
H-16
Hajpo ra` 6. A`aho sos Rktkhan Rktkhan Fkrj Fkrj k`taso a. Cata Cata [`su [`su r Nara Nara \aca \aca \upug Erma`og Baor
@ (%) \ (%) G (%)
; gm getera` sapo <,1> <,<2 <,<=
3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo paco
2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco
<,1; <,<2 <,<>
<,<> 1,16 1,=;
i. Cata Cata [`su [`su r Nara Nara \aca \aca \upug Erma`og \acat
@ (%) \ (%) G (%)
; gm getera` sapo 1,<; 1,<1 <,=1
3 gm getera` sapo-1 gm dkrajo paco
2 gm getera` sapo-9 gm dkrajo paco
1,
1,3< 1,16 1,=;
H-1=
