LAPORAN PRAKTEK KERJA LAPANGAN
PERENCANAAN, PELAKSANAAN, PELAKSANAAN, PENGAWASAN DAN STUDI KASUS PEKERJAAN DESAIN PETA TOPOGRAFI DAN PEKERJAAN GALIAN PADA PROYEK PELEBARAN RUAS JALAN WINANGUN – MAUMBI MAUMBI RINGROAD 1 MANADO PADA STA 0+000 s/d 0+500 SEGMENT II SERTA LAPORAN STUDI KASUS
Disusun Oleh: Rio Sambiran 14 013 013
DOSEN PEMBIMBING
Pembimbing I
Pembimbing II
Ir.Syuultje.Dowa,MT NIP.19580107 NIP.19580107 198803 2 001
Ir.Bambang.P.Widodo,MT NIP.19620215 NIP.19620215 199003 1 002 002
KEMENTRIAN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL POLITEKNIK NEGERI MANADO JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL TAHUN 2017
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DAFTAR NAMA DOSEN PEMBIMBING PRAKTEK KERJA LAPANGAN DIPLOMA IV TEKNIK KONSTRUKSI JALAN DAN & JEMBATAN DOSEN PEMBIBING NO . 1.
NAMA MAHASISWA
NIM
PEMBIMBING I
PEMBIMBING II
Febriyanti Lantu
14013001
Ir.Enteng Saerang,MT Saerang,MT
Ir.Donny Taju,MT
2.
Jane Paebang
14013002
Noldie Kondoj.ST,MT
Ir.Syuultje Dowa,MT
3.
Erwin Tambanaung Tambanaung
14013003
Dr.Tampanatu Dr.Tampanatu ST,M.Eng.Mgt ST,M.Eng.Mgt
Ir.Jeanly Rangkang,M.Eng,Sc Rangkang,M.Eng,Sc
4.
Sevino Egetan
14013004
Rilya Rumbayan,ST Rumbayan,ST M.Eng Ph D
Ir.Karel Manginsihi,MT
5.
Ansow Caecilia
14013006
Ir.Donny Taju,MT
Ir.Franky Tombokan,M.Eng Tombokan,M.Eng
6.
Nathalia Kolulun
14013008
Ir.Syuultje Dowa,MT Dowa,MT
Djoige Onibala,ST.MT Onibala,ST.MT
7.
Astiani
14013010
Ir.Jeanly Rangkang,M.Eng,Sc Rangkang,M.Eng,Sc
Ir.Chris Hombokau,MT Hombokau,MT
8.
Gilbert Kodoati
14013011
Ir.Karel Manginsihi,MT
Sesca Nicolaas,ST.MT Nicolaas,ST.MT
9.
Rio Sambiran
14013013
Ir.Syuultje Dowa,MT
Ir.Bambang P Widodo,MT
10. Djonly Sahabat
14013014
Sudarno.ST,MT Sudarno.ST,MT
Ventje B Slat,ST ,MT
11.
Yosua Kalalo
14013015 1401301 5
Sandry Sengkey,ST.MT
Vicky A Assa, SST.MT
12.
Abas Asmuruf
14013016 1401301 6
Pendekar T Lonan, ST.MT
Denny Pinansang.SST.MT Pinansang.S ST.MT
13.
Charlie Wungkar
14013017
Ir.Charles Sulangi,MMT Sulangi,MMT
Ferry Sondakh,ST.MT Sondakh,ST.MT
14.
Herry Kumaat
14013018 1401301 8
Sudenroy Mentang.SST MT
Ahmad Yani Abas,SST.MT
15.
Veren Takahepis
14013019 1401301 9
Vicky A Assa, SST.MT
Mario Moningka,ST.MT Moningka,ST .MT
16.
Dewi Kurniawati
14013020 1401302 0
Syane Pangemanan, ST
Helen Mantiri,SST.MT Mantiri ,SST.MT
17.
Drivi Kakalang
14013021
Ferry Sondakh,ST.MT Sondakh,ST.MT
Herman Tumengkol,SST.MT Tumengkol,SST.MT
18.
Levina Andrini
14013023
Josep Sumajouw,ST.MT Sumajouw,ST.MT
Prof.Dr.Debby W,ST.M.Eng.Sc W,ST.M.Eng.Sc
14013024
Mario M.,ST.Moningka,ST.MT M.,ST.Moningka,ST.MT
Ir.Welem Toar,MT
14013025 1401302 5
Herman Tumengkol,SST.MT Tumengkol, SST.MT
Mycle Wala,ST.MT
21. Rynaldo Takumansang Takumansang
14013027
Ahmad Yani Abas,SST.MT Abas,SST.MT
Olivia Moningka,ST.M.Ars Moningka,ST.M.Ars
Tifany Manginsela
14013028
Ir.Bambang P Widodo,MT
Geertje Kandiyoh,ST.M.Eng Kandiyoh,ST.M.Eng
23. Jefrianto Hinoke
14013029
Ir.Welem Toad, MT
Nixon Mantiri,ST.MT Mantiri,ST.MT
24.
I Dewa K.
14013030 1401303 0
Ir.Jemmy Rangan,MT
Syane Pangemanan, ST
25.
Prastio Kobandaha
14013032
Ir.Ever Slat,MT
Sudarno.ST,MT Sudarno.ST,MT
26. Apriyanto Apriyant o Yangu
14013033 1401303 3
Prof.Dr.Debby Pr of.Dr.Debby W,ST.M.Eng.Sc
Pendekar T Lonan, ST.MT
27. Krisandi Lahindo
14013034
Ir.Dirk J Ombuh,MT
Sandry Sengkey,ST.MT Sengkey,ST.MT
19. Zulfirman Muzati 20.
22.
Andre Septian
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan karena hanya berkat pimpinaNya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Praktek Kerja Lapangan, dan akhirnya dapat menyelesaikan pembuatan laporan PKL ini. Pada laporan ini penulis membahas tentang pekerjaan desain peta Topografi dan pekerjaan Galian pada proyek pelebaran ruas jalan Ringroad 1 Winangun – Maumbi ,Kota Manado pada STA 0+000 s/d 0+500 Segment II Dalam penyusunannya, penulis mendapatkan banyak bantuan, karena itu penulis tak lupa mengucapkan terima te rima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terlibat secara langsung dalam penyusunan laporan ini.Untuk itu penulis mengucapkan banyak terimakasi kepada : 1. Bapak Ir.Ever Notje Slat,MT selaku direktur Politeknik Negeri Manado. 2. Bapak Noldie Kondoj,.ST.MT selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Sipil 3. Bapak Sudarno,.ST.MT selaku Ketua Program Studi Teknik Konstruksi Jalan Dan Jembatan. 4. Ibu Ir.Syuultje.Dowa,MT , dan Bapak Vicky Assa,.SST.MT selaku Ketua dan Wakil Ketua Panitia Praktek Kerja Lapangan. 5. Ibu Ir.Syuultje.Dowa,MT dan Bapak Ir.Bambang.P.Widodo,MT selaku Dosen Pembimbing yang telah menuntun, memberikan masukan kepada penulis selama penulisan laporan ini. 6. Dosen-dosen Teknik Sipil yang sudah memberikan teori kepada penulis selama proses perkuliahan sebelum penulis terjun ke lapangan dalam kegiatan Praktek Kerja Lapangan. 7. Pimpinan Perusahaan PT.Sinar Arengka Setia Maju beserta Stafnya yang sudah memberikan ilmu selama PKL. 8. Orang Tua tercinta yang selalu mendoakan dan memberi dukungan serta memotifasi penulis tanpa henti, serta kepercayaan yang di berikan selama ini. 9. Teman-teman mahasiswa seangkatan yang selalu memberika masukan dan dukungan kepada penulis dalam penulisan laporan ini. Akhirnya ,kesempurnaan hanya milik Tuhan Yesus. Kekurangan pasti milik penulis, karna itu penulis menyadari bahwa dengan segala usaha dan upaya yang telah penulis lakukan demi terciptanya hasil yang terbaik, pastilah masih terdapat kesalahan dan kekeliruan pada Laporan PKL ini, karnanya penulis sangat mengharapkan segala masukan,saran,dan kritik dari berbagai pihak dengan harapan agar laporan PKL ini bisa bermanfaat bagi banyak pihak.
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DAFTAR ISI
JUDUL/COVER HALAMAN JUDUL LEMBAR PENGESAHAN DAFTAR MAHASISWA DAN DOSEN PEMBIMBING LEMBAR ASISTENSI KATA PENGATAR…………………………………………………………… PENGATAR……………………………………………………………... ...
i
DAFTAR ISI……………………………………………………………………… ISI……………………………………………………………………… iii DAFTAR TABEL………………………………………………………………… iv DAFTAR GAMBAR……………………………………………………………… G AMBAR……………………………………………………………… v BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN……………………………………………… PENDAHULUAN………………………………………………………… ………… 1 a. Latar Belakang……………………………………………………………. 1 b. Tujuan Praktek Kerja Lapangan………………………………………….. 2 c. Sistematika Penuliasan………………………………………………….... 3 BAB II GAMBARAN UMUM PERUSAHAN DAN PROYEK………………… 4 2.1 Sejarah singkat dan Organisasi Proyek……………………………………. 4 2.2 Gambaran Umum Proyek………………………………………………….. 4 Proyek………………………………………………….. 4 2.3 Lokasi Proyek……………………………………………………………… 4 Proyek……………………………………………………………… 4 2.4 Struktur Organisasi Proyek………………………………………………… 5 BAB III DASAR TEORI…………………………………………………………... 6 3.1 Dasar Teori Pengukuran Topografi……………………………………….. 3.1.1 Kontur……………………………………………………………... 3.1.2 Pematokan…………………………………………………………. 3.2 Dasar Teori Pekerjaan Galian Dan Timbunan …………………………….
6 8 9 10
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN…………………………………………………………. 12 PEMBAHASAN…………………………………………………………. 12 4.1 Perencanaan Pekerjaan Peta Topografi dan Pekerjaan Galian…………….. 12 Galian…………….. 12 4.1.1 Jenis – Jenis – jenis jenis alat yang digunakan dalam pengukuran……………… pengukuran……………… 12 4.1.2 Perhitungan galian dengan menggunakan AutoCad Civil 3D………24 4.1.3 Jenis – Jenis – jenis jenis alat yang di gunakan dalam dalam pekerjaan galian…………37 galian………… 37 4.2 Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Peta Topografi Dan Pekerjaan Galian …………… 39 4.2.1 Pekerjaan Galian Tanah…………………………………………..... 40 4.2.2 Alur proses pekerjaan galian………………………………………..42 galian……………………………………….. 42 4.3 Pengawasan Pekerjaan Peta Topografi dan Pekerjaan Galian ……………. 49 4.3.1 Pengertian K3 pada pekerjaan tanah………………………………. 49
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4.4.2 4.4.3
Kondisi Lapangan………………………………………………… 58 Kesimpulan Dan Saran Studi Kasus ……………………………… 59
BAB V PENUTUP……………………………………………………………….. 60 1. KESIMPULAN…………………………………………………………... 60 2. SARAN…………………………………………………………………... 60 DAFTAR PUSTAKA……………………………………………………………. LAMPIRAN
Laporan Kegiatan harian
Foto-foto proyek
Gambar proyek
61
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Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1.1 Data Awal Pengukuran…………………………………………………18 Tabel Tabel 2.1 Volume Galian STA 0+000…………………………………………… 25 Tabel 2.2 Volume Galian STA 0+050…………………………………………… 26 Tabel 3.1 Volume Galian STA 0+100…………………………………………… 27 Tabel 3.2 Volume Galian STA 0+150…………………………………………… 28 Tabel 3.3 Volume Galian STA 0+200…………………………………………… 29 Tabel 4.1 Volume Galian STA 0+250…………………………………………… 30 Tabel 4.2 Volume Galian STA 0+300…………………………………………… 31 Tabel 4.3 Volume Galian STA 0+350…………………………………………… 32 Tabel 4.4 Volume Galian STA 0+400…………………………………………… 33 Tabel 5.1 Volume Galian STA 0+450…………………………………………… 0 +450…………………………………………… 34 Tabel 5.2 Volume Galian STA 0+500…………………………………………… 35 Tabel 5.3 Total Volume Galian …………………………………………………. 36
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Peta topografi…………………………………………………………. topografi …………………………………………………………. 8 Gambar 2.1 Garis kontur…………………………………………………………... kontur…………………………………………………………... 9 9 Gambar 2.2 Pematokan titik nol…………………………………………………… nol …………………………………………………… 9 9 Gambar 3.1 Waterpass……………………………………………………………. Waterpass……………………………………………………………. 12 Gambar 3.2 Total station………………………………………………………… station…………………………………………………………
14
Gambar 3.3 Bagian-bagian total station………………………………………… station …………………………………………
15
Gambar 4.1 Format Ms.Excel dalam bentuk CSV………………………………… CSV ………………………………… 16 16 Gambar 4.2 Isi sheet csv………………………………………………………… csv …………………………………………………………
20
Gambar 4.3 Tampilan format PNEZD…………………………………………….. PNEZD …………………………………………….. 21 Gambar 4.4 Tampilan titik-titik peta topografi…………………………………… topografi …………………………………… 21 Gambar 5.1 menimbulkan keterangan titik ………………………………………... 22 ………………………………………... 22 Gambar 5.2 langkah-lankah menimbulkan kontur ………………………………… kontur ………………………………… 22 22 Gambar 5.3 Tampilan kontur ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… 23 Gambar 5.4 Tipikal melintang…………………………………………………….. melintang…………………………………………………….. 23 Gambar 5.5 Tipikal memanjang…………………………………………………… memanjang…………………………………………………… 23 23 Gambar 6.1 Kobelco Type SK200………………………………………………… SK200 ………………………………………………… 37 Gambar 6.2 Mobil Truck Hino Dutro 130 HD ……………………………………. 38 Gambar 6.3 potongan melintang STA 0+450…………………………………… 0+450 ……………………………………
40
Gambar 6.4 Ilustrasi pekerjaan pekerjaan galian……………………………………………
41
Gambar 6.5 proses galian………………………………………………………… galian………………………………………………………… 44 Gambar 6.6 proses pengangkutan material……………………………………… material ………………………………………
44
Gambar 7.1 Galian Sebelum (0%) STA 0+000 s/d 0+050………………………… 0+050 ………………………… 45 Gambar 7.2 Galian Sebelum (0%) STA 0+100 s/d 0+150………………………… 0+1 50………………………… 45 Gambar 7.3 Galian Sebelum (0%) STA 0+200 s/d 0+250
45
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BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang.
Ja J alan lan lingkar adalah jalan yang melingkari pusat kota, yang berfungsi untuk mengalihkan sebagai arus lalu lintas terusan dari pusat kota. Biasanya merupakan bagian jaringan jalan dengan pola radial r adial membentuk ring radial. Semakin besar kota semakin banyak ring digunakan, peningkatan taraf ekonomi masyarakat dapat lebih bertumbuh jika transportasi diwilayah tersebut aman dan lancar. Oleh sebab itu Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara lebih khususnya Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota membutuhkan pengembangan pelebaran jalan guna untuk membantu proses pertumbuhan ekonomi ekonomi masyarakat sekitar. Dalam memenuhi salah satu program kampus yaitu Praktek Kerja Lapangan (PKL) maka pihak kampus Politeknik Negeri Manado mengadakan PKL di proyek pelebaran jalan ring-road Winagun – Maumbi dimana untuk pengerjaanya dilaksankan oleh PT.Sinar Arengka Setia Maju., selama melakukan Praktek Kerja Lapangan penulis mendapatkan tugas khusus yang menjadi salah satu tujuan dari Praktek Kerja Lapangan yaitu menyelesaikan tugas yang berbentuk Laporan Praktek Kerja Lapangan dimana dalam penulisan Laporan Praktek Kerja Lapangan dibagi atas empat bagian yaitu Laporan Perencanaan, Laporan Pelaksanaan, Laporan Pengawasan dan Studi Kasus. Khusus di dalam laporan ini, penulis mendapatkan persetujuan dari kedua Dosen Pembimbing untuk membuat Laporan Perencanaan tentang Desain Peta Topografi dan pekerjaan galian pada proyek pelebaran ruas jalan Winangun -Maumbi .laporan perencanaan ini juga nantinya akan menjadi salah satu tolak ukur untuk diberikan penilaian oleh panitia Praktek Kerja Lapangan dan juga
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1.2 Tujuan Praktek Kerja Lapangan.
Disamping merupakan salah satu persyaratan penyelesaian program diploma IV Teknik Konstruksi Jalan Dan Jembatan. Praktek Kerja Lapangan bagi Mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Sipil mempunyai tujuan : a. Mengaplikasikan ilmu pengetahuan yang didapat di bangku kuliah ke dunia indrustri konstruksi dalam suatu studi kasus dari proyek konstruksi. b. Mahasiswa mampu membuat perencanaan pada proyek konstruksi. c. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan proses pelaksanaan ,struktur organisasi serta pembagian tugas semua yang terlibat dalam lokasi proyek konstruksi. konstruksi. d. Mahasiswa dapat langsung terjun dalam pelaksanaan proyek yang berlangsung di indrustri konstruksi. e. Mahasiswa dapat mengamati dan mempelajari pekerjaan – pekerjaan – pekerjaan pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan dalam kegiatan proyek tersebut. f. Mahasiswa mampu melaksanakan tugas yang diberikan oleh proyek konstruksi sesuai dengan target mutu dan ketelitian yang diperlukan. g. Mahasiswa dapat mengevaluasi perbedaan – perbedaan – perbedaan perbedaan yang di di temui selama praktek kreja lapangan guna peningkatan kemampuan dan kompetensi. h. Mahasiswa membuat laporan praktek kerja lapangan (PKL) dengan baik dan sesuai dengan tata cara penulisan ilmiah.
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1.3 Sistematika Penulisan
Pada Laporan Praktek Kerja Lapanagan ,sistematika penulisan dapat di uraikan sebagai berikut. Bab I Pendahuluan Pada umumnya, pendahuluan memuat latar belakang permasalahan, tujuan dan manfaat penulisan dan sistematika penulisan. Bab II Gambaran Umum Perusahan Dan Proyek Pada bagian ini menggambarkan secara umum tentang perusahaan dan proyek yang sedang dilaksanakan serta orang – orang – orang orang yang terlibat di dalamnya. Bab III Dasar Teori Pada bagian ini di uraikan teori – teori – teori teori yang menunjang dan digunakan dalam perencanaan pekerjaan peta topografi dan pekerjaan galian. Bab IV Pembahasan Berisi tentang alur pekerjaan perencanaan ,pelaksanaan ,pengwasan ,dan studi kasus. Bab V Penutup Pada bagian ini berisi tentang Kesimpulan dan Saran Laporan Praktek Kerja Lapangan
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BAB II GAMBARAN UMUM PERUSAHAAN DAN PROYEK Proyek Pelebaran Jalan Raya Ringroad 1 Kota Manado PT.SINAR ARENGKA SETIA MAJU
2.1 Sejarah Singkat Perusahaan dan Organisasi Proyek
PT.SINAR ARENGKA SETIA MAJU berdiri pada tahun 1997 di kota Riau dengan No.Akte 023 . Alamat Jl. Panglima Undan No. 91 Pekanbaru PT.SINAR ARENGKA SETIA MAJU bergerak pada bidang pembangunan pembangunan infrastruktur jalan dan jembatan. Organisasi Perusahaan
Notaris
: Bpk.M.Dahar.Umar.S.H.
Direktur Utama
: Bpk.Wan.Muh.Riky Junaidi.
Komisaris Utama
: Bpk.Wan.Muh.Roni Cahyadi.
2.2 Gambaran Umum Proyek.
SATKER
: PELAKSANAAN JALAN NASIONAL WILAYAH I PROV. SULUT
PPK
: PPK 06 (AIRMADIDI - KAIRAGI - MANADO BY PASS - BITUNG)
Nama Paket
: Pelebaran Jalan Manado By Pass (WinangunMaumbi) MYC
No. Paket Kontrak
: HK.02.03/WIL I-SULUT.06/BPJN I-SULUT.06/BPJN XV/458/2017
Tgl.Kontrak
: 08 Mei 2017
Nilai Kontrak
: Rp64.427.228.350,69 Rp64.427.228.350,69
Kontraktor Pelaksana : PT. SINAR ARENGKA SETIA MAJU
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2.4 Struktur Organisasi Proyek.
Michael Patanggu,ST.
G ener ner al S uper uper i tende tendent nt Yanti Watuseke,SE Watuseke,SE Jesica Tendean,SE
Ad A dminist ini stras rasii Andi Wuirara,ST.
K3
Umar Said,ST
Quantity contr control ol Ahmad Yono
P elaksana laksana.P .Pe engaspa ngaspalan Sammy Lembong.
Pelaksana.Struktur
Angel Piyoh,ST.
Quality Quali ty C ontro ntr ol Farry Longdong,ST
L A B .Te .T ek Alvando Hada
LAB.Tek
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BAB III DASAR TEORI 3.1 DASAR TEORI TEORI PENGUKURAN PENGUKURAN TOPOGRAFI. TOPOGRAFI.
Pengukuran topografi adalah peta yang menggambarkan keadaan topografi permukaan bumi, baik mengenai unsur alami maupun unsur buatan manusia. Penyajian data tersebut sangat tergantung pada skala peta, semakin besar skala peta tersebut akan semakin rinci data yang dapat disajikan dan sebaliknya semakin kecil skala peta yang dibuat maka semakin kurang rinci pula data yang disajikan. Peta topografi dibuat untuk memberikan informasi tentang keberadaan, lokasi, dan jarak, seperti lokasi penduduk, rute perjalanan dan komunikasi. Peta topografi juga menampilkan variasi daerah, ketinggian kontur, kontur, dan tingkat tutupan vegetasi. Peta topografi merupakan peta kenampakan fisik permukaaan bumi yang memuat informasi mengenai detil-detil di lapangan dan dilengkapi dengan garis kontur yang menunjukkan ketinggian tempat yang dipetakan. Detil yang diukur merupakan kenampakan yang ada di alam baik kenampakan alami misalnya bukit, danau, rawa, sungai, alur singkapan maupun detil hasil buatan manusia misalnya rumah, jalan, jembatan.
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koordinat kutub bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data koordinat (x,y,z) dengan menggunakan total station. Secara garis besar metode pemetaan topografi dapat dikelompokan menjadi tiga yaitu metode terestris, metode fotogrametris dan foto udara. 1. Metode terestris Pada dasarnya pemetaan topografi ini dibagi atas tiga macam pekerjaan, yaitu pengukuran topografi, pengolahan data ukur dan pencetakan peta. Dalam metode ini, semua pekerjaan pengukuran topografi dilakukan di lapangan dengan menggunakan peralatan ukur seperti : theodolite, waterpass, total station dan GPS. Pengukuran topografi adalah pengukuran posisi dan ketinggian titik-titik kerangka pemetaan serta pengukuran detail topografi, sehingga dapat digambarkan diatas bidang datar dalam skala tertentu. Yang dimaksud dengan kerangka pemetaan adalah jaringan titik kontrol (X, Y) dan (h) yang akan digunakan sebagai refrensi pengukuran dan titik kontrol pengukuran 2. Metode fotogrametri Pengukuran detail topografi (pengukuran situasi) selain dapat dilakukan langsung di lapangan dapat pula dilakukan dengan teknik
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Contoh Peta Topografi..
Gambar 1.1 Peta topografi 3.1.1 Kontur
Garis kontur dapat didefenisikan sebagai garis khayal yang menghubungkan secara berurutan semua titi yang mempunyai ketinggian yang sama terhadap suatu datum ketinggian yang dipilih sebelumnya. Sehingga garis-garis tersebut tidak mungkin akan saling berpotongan selama medan pengukuran tidak teerjal atau bentuk petahan tegak lurus. Dalam peta topografi, selalu dihubungkan besaran skala petadengan beda garis kontur yang akan digambarkan. Sehingga skala peta tidak hanya
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3.1.2 Pematokan
Dalam hal ini metode yang dipakai dalam desain Peta Topografi adalah Metode Terestris.Pada proyek pelebaran ruas jalan ring-road I Manado. Pada penentuan letak satu pematokan sebuah rencana sumbu jalan, maka sebagaimana diuraikan diatas, diperlukan sedikitnya dua buah pilat titik ikat yang lazim disebuat sebagai bench mark. Salah satu dari kedua titik ikat tersebut merupakan posisi titik awal sehingga perlu tersedia dilapangan dan diketahui koordinatnya. Umumnya pada pembuatan jalan, juga harus tersedia dua buah pilar pada awal sumbu rencana jalan yang bersangkutan lengkap dengan koordinatnya. Misalkan titik 0 atau yang umumnya dinamakan Sta 0+000 mempunyai koordinat (X 0Y0) yang didapat dari peta perencanaan secara grafis, selanjutnya titik 0 ini adalah titik yang akan dicari letaknya dilapangan. Untuk menentukan titik 0 ini, maka sebagai acuan dipakai titiktitik P(XP’YP) dan Q (XQ’YQ). Untuk menentukan kedudukan titik awal (titik 0), maka hal ini dapat dilakukan baik dari situasi dan kondisi yang dihadapi, naman sebaiknya dilakukan dari dua titik ikat tersebut agar didapat ketelitian letak yang lebih baik.
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3.2
Dasar Teori Pekerjaan Pekerjaan Galian Dan Timbunan.
Setelah melakukan pengelolahan data Topografi, penulis melakukan perhitungan galian timbunan t imbunan pada proyek pro yek pelebaran jalan raya Winangun – Maumbi Maumbi pada STA 0+000 s/d 0+500. Galian Galia n dan timbunan timbuna n atau at au yang lebih l ebih dikenal oleh orang-orang orang-or ang lapan lapang gan deng dengan an Cut and Fill adalah adalah bagian bagian yang yang sangat sangat penting penting baik baik pada pada peke pe kerj rjaan aan pembu pem buat atan an jalan, jal an, bendungan,bangunan, bendungan,bangunan, dan da n reklamasi. r eklamasi. Galian dan timbunan ti mbunan dapat diperoleh dari peta situasi yang dilengkapi dengan garis -garis kontur atau diperoleh langsung dari lapangan melalui pengukuran sipat datar profil melintang sepanjang jalur proyek atau bangunan. Perhitungan galian dan timbunan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan peta situasi dengan metode penggambaran profil melintang sepanjang jalur proyek atau metode grid-grid (griding) yang meninjau galian dan timbunan dari tampak atas dan menghitung selisih sel isih tinggi garis kontur terhadap ketinggian proyek ditempat perpotongan garis kontur dengan dengan garis proyek.
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Pada penelitian kali ini Software 3D Civil Project digunakan untuk perhitungan volume galian. Perhitungan volume dengan menggunakan Software 3D Civil Project pada dasarnya menggunakan data koordinat dan tinggi yang dapat diperoleh dari gambar kontur, peta situasi atau penampang cross section. Tahap-tahap perhitungan volume dengan menggunakan Software 3D Civil Project akan dijelaskan lebih lanjut di bawah ini. a. Konversi Data. Data yang dapat digunakan sebagai data acuan untuk menghitungperubahan volume dari data terdahulu dengan data sekarang harusberformat .XML jadi data gambar yang berformat .dwg harus dikonversiterlebih dahulu. b. Pengimporan titik. Sebelum kita melakukan pekerjaan menghitung volume suatu surface,terlebih dahulu kita memasukkan titik-titik yang telah didapatkandari kegiatan pengukuran di lapangan. c. Pembuatan dan Pengamatan Surface.
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BAB IV PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Perencanaan Pekerjaan Peta Topografi dan Pekerjaan Galian 4.1.1 Jenis-jenis alat yang digunakan dalam pengukuran. A. Waterpass
Waterpass merupakan alat survey yang lebih simpel dibandingkan dengan theodolite. Selain instrument ini lebih kecil dan ringan. bagian-bagian di dalamnya pun lebih sedikit sehingga fungsi dan kegunaan di lapangan juga terbatas. Fungsi waterpass di lapangan di antaranya digunakan untuk mengukur elevasi atau ketinggian tanah. Biasa digunakan pada proyek perataan tanah, pembuatan lapangan bola,
dan long section pada jalan atau sungai, untuk marking
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3) Sekrup penggerak halus horizontal yaitu sekrup yang digunakan untuk memutar alat ke arah horizontal secara halus. 4) Sekrup pengatur fokus adalah sekrup yang digunakan untuk mengatur fokus objek sehingga terlihat dengan jelas. Kurang lebih sama dengan fokus pada kamera DSLR 5) Optical alignment indeks yaitu digunakan untuk acuan pengukuran tinggi alat ke tanah 6) Lensa objektif yaitu lensa yang digunakan untuk menangkap objek. 7) Lensa okuler yaitu lensa yang digunakan untuk melihat objek yang terletak di depan mata pembidik.
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Gambar 3.2 . Total station Beberapa manfaat dari total station antara lain : 1) Alat yang praktis karena peralatan elektronik ukur sudut dan jarak (EDM) menyatu dalam 1 unit 2) Data dapat disimpan dalam media perekam. Media ini ada yang
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P r i nsip Ke K er j a T otal tal St S tati on Alat ukur total station merupakan perangkat elektronik yang dilengkapi dengan piringan horizontal, piringan vertikal, dan komponen pengukur jarak. Dari ketiga primer ini (sudut horizontal, sudut vertikal, dan jarak) bisa didapatkan nilai koordinat X, Y, dan Z serta beda tinggi. Data-data tersebut direkam dalam memori dan
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Spesifikasi alat total station 1) Teknologi Red-tech Reflectorless EDM untuk pemastian akurasi yang cepat dan akurat. 2) Komunikasi data rentang panjang. 3) Sistem pengukuran sudut lanjutan. 4) Daya tahan baterai yang lama hingga 36 jam.
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D ata ata awa wall peng penguk ukur ura an pr pr oyek yek peleb peleba ar an rua ruas jala j alan n ri r i n-r n-r oad I M anado nado seg seg ment I I sta sta 0+00 0+000 0 s/d s/d sta sta 0+50 0+500. 0. 1
720265,410
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44
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Pengolahan data situasi dan detail topografi. Data pengukuran situasi dan detail topografi : 1) Import data koordinat pada alat ukur total station. 2) Masukan data koordinat ke dalam Ms.Excel dalam Ms.Excel Buka program MS.Excel program MS.Excel → → file → open (pilih data) → save → save as dalam as dalam format CSV (comma (comma delimeted ) → OK
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4.4
Studi Kasus Kapasitas Penggunaan Alat Berat Pada Pekerjaan Pekerjaan Galian
Pada umumnya setiap pekerjaan pembangunan dalam bidang konstruksi selalu berkaitan dengan masalah tanah..Dimana proyek Pelebaran jalan raya ringroad 1 Kota Manado lokasi daerah tersebut berupa daerah perbukitan, maka perlu dilakukan pekerjaan Galian. Total seluruh pekerjaan galian yang akan di gali 8431,00 3 m . Dalam pelaksanaanya penggunaan alat berat pada proyek tersebut dinilai kurang optimal, karena kapasitas dan jumlah alat yang digunakan tidak sesuai dengan kondisi medan di lapangan dan banyaknya volume pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan. Penggunaan alat berat yang kurang tepat dengan kondisi dan situasi lapangan pekerjaan akan berpengaruh pada rendahnya produksifitas alat dan tidak tercapainya jadwal atau target yang telah ditentukan. Selain itu semakin lama pengunanan alat yang digunakan di gunakan semakin besar juga biaya yang harus dikeluarkan. Sehingga penulis melakukan penelitian untuk menganalisa kapasitas dan jumlah kebutuhan alat berat pada proyek pelebaran jalan raya ringroad 1 Kota Manado, agar didapat hasil yang optimal dalam pekerjaan Galian Tanah ters ebut.
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4.4.1
Tinjauan Pustaka
1. Alat Berat
Alat-alat berat yang sering dikenal di dalam ilmu Teknik Sipil merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk membantu manusia dalam melakukan pekerjaan pembangunan suatu struktur bangunan. Alat berat merupakan faktor penting di dalam proyek, terutama proyek-proyek konstruksi maupun pertambangan dan kegiatan lainnya dengan skala yang besar. Tujuan dari penggunaan alat-alat berat tersebut adalah untuk memudahkan manusia dalam mengerjakan pekerjaannya, sehingga hasil yang diharapkan dapat tercapai dengan lebih mudah dengan waktu yang relatif lebih singkat . A. Excavator Excavator atau sering disebut dengan Backhoe termasuk dalam alat penggali hidrolis memiliki bucket yang dipasangkan dipasangkan di depannya. Alat penggeraknya traktor dengan roda ban atau crawler. Backhoe crawler. Backhoe bekerja dengan cara menggerakkan bucket ke arah bawah dan kemudian menariknya menuju badan alat. B. Dump Truck Seperti yang telah diketahui bahwa dump truk sangat efisien untuk pengangkutan jarak jauh. Namun, Namun, alat ini juga memiliki kekurangan dibanding alat lain karena dump truk memerlukan alat lain untuk pemuatan. Dalam pemilihan ukuran dan konfigurasi truk ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi, yaitu material yang akan diangkut dan excavator atau loader pemuat. 2. Faktor – Faktor – Faktor Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Alat Kemampuan alat dalam manghasilkan produksi sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Ketelitian dalam menentukan faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan produksi alat akan memberikan nilai atas faktorfaktor tersebut. Diantaranya yakni akan menghasilkan ketepatan perhitungan produksi peralatan sekaligus memberikan ketepatan waktu penyelesaian dan ketepatan biaya produksi . Berikut merupakan faktor-faktor tersebut:
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.
Faktor Kondisi Peralatan Faktor kondisi Medan Medan dan faktor Material Faktor Manajemen Koefisien Traksi Faktor Cuaca Job Faktor Pengaruh Kelandaian ( Grade Resisten ) Pengaruh ketinggian ( Altitude )
3. Waktu Siklus Waktu siklus adalah waktu muat yang dibutuhkan alat untuk 1 kali produksi.
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A. Excavator Waktu Siklus terdiri dari 4 (empat) komponen waktu, yaitu : a) waktu muat bucket (digging time), time), tm; b) waktu putar bermuatan (swing loaded time) loaded time),, tpb; c) waktu buang muatan (dumping time), time), tb; d) waktu putar kosong/kembali (swing empty empty time), time), tpk. Jadi waktu siklus atau cycle time adalah time adalah : Ct = tm + tpb + tb + tpk (menit) Waktu siklus masih dipengaruhi oleh faktor kedalaman gaian yaitu :
Sehingga waktu siklus diperhitungkan adalah Cta = Ct x R (menit) B. Dump truck Untuk waktu siklus dump truck terdiri dari 5 komponen waktu yaitu : a) Waktu muat b) Waktu berangkat c) Waktu kembali ( kosong ) d) Waktu pembongkaran e) Waktu antri Jadi waktu siklus adalah :
Cmt
n
Dimana : Cmt = Waktu siklus dump truck n = Jml siklus siklus yang diperlukan excavator. Cl = Kapasitas rata-rata dump truck (m3) ql = Kapasitas Kapasitas bucket (m3) K = Faktor Faktor bucket dari excavator Cms = Waktu siklus excavator ( menit) D = Jarak angkut dump truck (m) V1 = Kecepatan rata-rata truck bermuatan (m/menit) V2 = Kecepatan rata-rata kosong (m/menit) t1 = Waktu buang (menit)
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kapasitas operasi alat-alat berat. Hasil perhitungan tersebut kemudian dibandingkan dengan pengalaman yang nyata dari pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang pernah dilakuakan dari pekerjaan-pekerjaan sejenis. A. Produksi Excavator Produksi perjam dari excavator dapat dihitung dengan rumus berikut : Q
(m3/jam)
Produksi persiklus (q) : q = ql x K Dimana : Q = produksi perjam (m3/jam) (m3/jam) q = produksi per siklus (m3) Cm = waktu siklus (menit) E = Job faktor ql = kapasitas bucket K = faktor bucket B. Produksi Dump Truck Produksi perjam dari dump truck dapat dihitung dengan rumus berikut :
(m3/jam)
C= n x ql x K Dimana : P = produksi perjam (m3/jam) C = produksi per siklus (m3) Cmt= waktu siklus dump truck (menit) E = Job faktor N =jumlah siklus dari excavator mengisi dump truck Ql = kapasitas bucket K = faktor bucket 5. Kebutuhan Peralatan. A. Kebutuhan Excavator dan Dump Truck Untuk menghitung kebutuhan peralatan excavator dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut: n = V/ (We.S.Q) dimana : n = jumlah unit peralatan perjenis (unit) V = volume perjenis pekerjaan (m3) We= waktu efektif hari kerja (hari) S = standar jam kerja perhari ( jam/hari)
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Untuk dump truck karena pekerjaan berseri, berseri , maka rumusan kebutuhan peralatan perseri kegiatan adalah: n1 = R x n (unit) n2 = R x n1 (unit) dst dimana R adalah perbandingan produksi peralatan pada kegiatan seri 1 dengan produksi peralatan pada kegiatan seri 2 R= R=
n, n1, n2, dst, adalah jumlah unit perjenis alat yang sesuai dengan jenis kegiatan. 6. Biaya Operasional Biaya operasional merupakan biaya-biaya yang harus dikeluarkan agar alat dapat bekerja, berikut adalah biaya yang harus dikeluarkan: a. bahan bakar b. bahan pelumas mesin c. bahan pelumas transmisi d. minyak hidrolik e. gemuk f. filter-filter g. bahan pokok h. biaya operator i. pemeliharaan j. mobilisasi dan demobilisasi
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4.4.2
Kondisi Lapangan
Pada studi kasus Proyek Peelebaran Jalan Ringroad 1 Winangun – Maumbi STA 0+000 s/d 0+500 Kota Manado ini memiliki kreteria tanah berupa tanah lempung atau tanah merah. Kontur tanah lokasi pembangunan berupa tanah perbukitan dengan elevasi ele vasi terendah sekitar kurang lebih 70 m dan elevasi tertinggi sekitar kurang lebih 81 m.
Tabel 5.4 RAB Pekerjaan Galian Tanah Sesuai dengan Rencana Rencana Anggaran Biaya Biaya (RAB) Tabel 5.4 Proyek pelebaran jalan Ringroad 1 Winangun – Winangun – Maumbi Maumbi Kota Manado ,penulis menulis sesuai keadaan penggunaan alat dan biaya pemakaiannya sepanjang 2950m segment I dan 500m segment II. 1. Jenis Tipe Alat Berdasarkan penjelasan diatas maka kebutuhan alat yang direncanakan adalah:
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2. Produktifitas Alat
Dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan pemindahaan tanah mekanis dengan menggunakan alat-alat berat, satu hal penting yang harus diperhatikan adalah mengetahui kapasitas operasi dari alat-alat berat yang digunakan. Berikut hasil perhitungan produksi produksi dari masing-masing alat yang telah di rencanakan: A. Excavator Produksi Excavator Kobelco Type SK100-6 kapasitas bucket 0,5 m 3 = 53,20 m3 /jam. Produksi Excavator Kobelco Type SK 200-8, kapasitas bucket 0,9 m 3 = 97,76 m 3/jam. B. Dump Truck Produksi Dump Truck kapasitas 5 m 3 yang dipasangkan dengan Excavator kapasitas bucket 0,5 m 3 = 23,51 m3/jam. Produksi Dump Truck kapasitas 8 m 3 yang dipasangkan dengan Excavator kapasitas bucket 0,9 m 3 = 40,52 m3/jam
. 3. Harga biaya sewa alat
A. Excavator Excavator Kobelco Type SK100-6 kapasitas bucket 0,5 m 3 = Rp.175.000/jam Excavator Kobelco Type SK 200-8, kapasitas bucket 0,9 m 3 = Rp.275.000/jam
B. Dump Truck Dump Truck kapasitas 5 m 3 = Rp.6.500/jam Dump Truck kapasitas 8 m 3 = Rp.7.500/jam
4. Kombinasi Penggunaan Alat Berat
Setelah dilakukan perhitung jumlah kebutuhan penggunaan alat berat, maka dibuatkan Kombinasi alat yang ditentukan berdasarkan produktifitas alat tersebut. Berikut kombinasi yang direncanakan:
Kombinasi I : 1 unit excavator berkapasitas 0,5 m3 3 unit dump truck berkapasitas 5 m3
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5. Penjadwalan Penggunaan Alat Berat
Penjadawalan dibuat agar kita dapat mengetahui kapan alat mulai bekerja dan berapa lama alat tersebut bekerjadalam bekerja dalam pekerjaan galian 8431,00 m3. Untuk mengitung waktu lama alat bekerja dapat menggunakan rumus sebagai berikut :
= waktu pengerjaan
D ari hasil per hitungan hi tungan maka maka di di per per oleh oleh wak waktu pe penge ng er j aan untuk semua semua alat alat ya yai tu,
Kombinasi I 1 unit excavator 0,5 m3 dengan waktu 15 hari 3 unit dump truck 5 m3 dengan waktu 15 hari Kombinasi II 1 unit excavator 0,9 m3 dengan waktu 7 hari 4 unit dump truck 5 m3 dengan waktu 7 hari Kombinasi III 1 unit excavator 0,9 m3 dengan waktu 9 hari 3 unit dump truck 8 m3 dengan waktu 9 hari.
6. Biaya Sewa Alat Biaya sewa alat adalah biaya bia ya yang harus dibayar oleh pihak penyewa alat kepada pemilik alat. Biaya sewa terdiri dari biaya sewa alat perjam, biaya operator, biaya bahan bakar, biaya mobilisasi dan demobilisasi. Berikut adalah hasil perhitungan biaya sewa alat pada kombinasi:
Kombinasi I : 3 1 unit excavator 0,5 m Rp.175.000/jam x 8 jam x 15 hari
= Rp.21.000.000,Rp.21.000.000,-
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Kombinasi III : 3 1 unit excavator 0,9 m Rp.275.000/jam x 8 jam x 9 hari 3 unit dump truck 8 m3 Rp.7.500/jam x 8 jam x 9 hari x 3 unit Total.
= Rp.19.800.000,Rp.19.800.000,= Rp.1.620.000,Rp.1.620.000,= Rp.21.420.000,Rp.21.420.000,-
7. Pemilihan Penggunaan Alat Berat
Setelah dilakukan perhitungan dari masing masing-masing kombinasi alat yang telah di rencanakan sebelumnya, diperoleh waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh alat berat untuk mengerjakan pekerjaan galian tanah dan biaya dari setiap kombinasi. Dapat dilihat di atas penggunaan alat berat pada kombinasi II lebih optimal dan tepat dalam pekerjaan galian tanah pada proyek pelebaran jalan ringroad 1 Kota Manado karena memiliki biaya pelaksanaan sewa alat yang lebih rendah dan waktu pengerjaannya hanya memakan waktu 7 hari kerja di banding dengan kombinasi alat yang lainnya.
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4.4.3
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
Kesimpulan Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang dilakukan dalam studi kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa: A. Dengan menghitung produktifitas masing - masing alat, maka diperoleh kombinasi II dengan menggunakan 1 unit excavator 0,9 m3 dan 4 unit dump truck berkapasitas 5 m3 dengan waktu pengerjaan yang diperlukan adalah 7 hari untuk penggunaan excavator dan dump truck, B. Dari hasil perhitungan biaya penggunaan alat maka diperoleh biaya yang harus dikeluarkan untuk setiap kombinasi diatas adalah sebagai berikut, kombinasi II dengan total biaya bia ya sebesar Rp.16.856.000,-dan kombinasi I dengan total biaya yang dikeluarkan di keluarkan sebesar Rp.23.340.000,-. Pada pihak kontraktor PT.Sinar Arengka Setia Maju kombinasi yang digunakan adalah kombinasi I dimana biaya yang dikeluarkan lebih besar dan waktu pengerjaannya lebih lama dibandingkan dengan dengan penggunaan alat pada kombinasi II.
Saran Berdasarkan dari penelitian dan pengerjaan Laporan Praktek Kerja Lapangan ini, kami dapat memberikan saran-saran sebagai berikut : A. Bagi pihak kontraktor disarankan menggunakan kombinasi II sebagai kombinasi alat berat yang digunakan pada pekerjaan galian tanah di proyek tersebut. Yaitu dengan menggunakan 1 unit excavator 0,9 m3 dan 4 unit dump truck berkapasitas 5 m3 dengan waktu pengerjaan yang diperlukan adalah 7 hari untuk penggunaan excavator dan dump truck. Dimana dengan kombinasi alat ini pihak kontraktor dapat meminimalisir pengeluaran biaya sewa alat. B. Untuk memperoleh hasil yang maksimal dalam penggunaan alat berat khususnya pada pekerjaan galian tanah pihak kontraktor perlu memperhatikan kombinasi antara kapasitas bucket excavator dan kapasitas dari dump truck itu sendiri agar menghasilkan produktifitas alat secara maksimal.
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BAB IV PENUTUP 5.1
Kesimpulan
Dari pembahasan laporan Praktek Kerja Lapangan ini, dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan antara lain : 1. Dalam pekerjaan penentuan titik awal pengukuran menggunakan metode terestris dengan membentuk jaringan poligon terbuka dan melaksanakan pengolahan data menggunakan menggunakan AutoCAD Civil 3D. 2. Pelaksanaan galian yang ada di proyek pelebaran jalan ringroad 1 Winangun – Maumbi Kota Manado Segment II STA 0+000 s/d 0+500 hampir semua pekerjaannya galian biasa dikarenakan tanah yang ada di proyek tersebut
kurang
baik.
Perhitungan
galian
dan
timbunan
menggunakan metode penampang melintang atau cross section section dengan penggambarannya dilakukan dengan AutoCAD Civil 3D. Total pekerjaan pekerjaan galian proyek pelebaran jalan ringroad 1 Winangun – Maumbi Kota Manado Segment II STA 0+000 s/d 0+500 -
Total galian
: 8341.00 m3
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Basuki. 2006. Ilmu 2006. Ilmu Ukur Tanah. Yogyakarta: Tanah. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Enge And Misra. 1999. Special Issue on Globlal Positioning System. Proceedings System. Proceedings of the IEEE. Helmert, F. R. 1961. Die 1961. Die Mathematischen und Physikalischen Theorien der der Hoheren Geodasie. Reprint Geodasie. Reprint Minerva GmbH, Frankrurt. OSU. 2001, januari. the Department of Civil aaamnd Environmental and Geodetic Science, Ohio State University, USA. USA . Retrieved from http://www.geodesy.eng.ohiostate.edu Rinner, k. 1979. Report 1979. Report of the IAG Commission IX (Education). (Education). Canberra, Canberra, Autralia: Paper Presented at the XVII IUGG General Assembly. Row, H. &. 1997. Elementary 1997. Elementary Surveying. Semarang: Surveying. Semarang: Penerbit Erlangga. Sinaga, I. 1994. Pengukuran 1994. Pengukuran Dan Pemetaan Pemetaan Pekerjaan Konstruksi. Jakarta: Konstruksi. Jakarta: CV Muliasari. Wells, D. 198njk6. Guide to GPS Positioning. Canada: Positioning. Canada: Canadian GPS Associates. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. 1998. 1998. Pedoman Perhitungan Perhitungan Harga Satuan Pekerjaan Dengan Dengan Menggunakan Menggunakan Peralatan. Penerbit Pekerjaan Umum, Jakarta. Rochmanhadi. 1985. 1985. Perhitungan Biaya Pelaksanaan Pelaksanaan
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