GME\MH OL AEFAOLEFAM LE ^JHÇ_AFMV ^ÐDHAFMV Göeafm _mpam Íhvmrlz Dlmtraz Fmgpahhj Fmrrltl Vusmem Fruafksbmek Vjram Cajvmeem Gjrmhls Vjtjgmyjr
_jojs hjs fjetleaojs sje prjpalomo aetlhlftumh o l Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols M.F. y lstíe oldaomgletl rlcastrmojs dm`j hm Hly Ilolrmh ol olrlfbjs ol mutjr. Fumhqualr usj aeoldaoj ol ls tl gmtlramh slrí plemhazmoj.
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mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
GME\MH OL AEFAOLEFAM LE ^JHÇ_AFMV ^ÐDHAFMV Göeafm _mpam Íhvmrlz Dlmtraz Fmgpahhj Fmrrltl Vusmem Fruafksbmek Vjram Cajvmeem Gjrmhls Vjtjgmyjr ^jrtmom0 Huas Vme Yafletl Oaslýj0 Achjj ^raglrm loafaöe0 gmrzj 4>=> O.T. © Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols M.F. AVDE0 132-9>3-1<436-2-1 Huas Fmdrlrm =62-= Vme @lröeagj Mfuhfj =>?>>, Fauomo ol Gáxafj _lhs. (<<) <9 92 2< >4 y (<<) <9 92 1= == www.mhtlremtavmsjfamhls.jrc
Agprlsj le Gáxafj / ^raetlo ae Glxafj
GME\MH OL AEFAOLEFAM
LE ^JHÇ_AFMV ^ÐDHAFMV Göeafm _mpam Íhvmrlz Dlmtraz Fmgpahhj Fmrrltl Vusmem Fruafksbmek Vjram Cajvmeem Gjrmhls Vjtjgmyjr
Gmrzj 4>=>
ÇEOAFL Çeoafl ol Iacurms................................................................................................................................................... 9 Aetrjouffaöe............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Bahj Fjeouftjr olh Gmeumh (curm =)..........................................................................................................? ^MVJ =. _jgmeoj hm olfasaöe ol aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms0
ºFögj olfaoagjs sa aefaoar j ej le pjhçtafms pðdhafms: ................................................................................=4 =.= º]uá sje hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms: ..........................................................................................................=4 =.4 º]uá ls hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms:................................................................................... =6 =.6 ºJplrmr y/j aefaoar:.....................................................................................................................................=? L`lrfafaj =0 _jgmeoj hm olfasaöe ol aefaoar............................................................................................... =1 •
^MVJ 4. Fjestruyleoj lh lspmfaj pðdhafj0 º]uá oldlgjs fjejflr pmrm aefaoar: ................. 4= 4.= Hj pravmoj, hj cudlremgletmh y hj pðdhafj ...................................................................................... 4= 4.4 Hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem le lh lspmfaj pðdhafj ...................................................................... 43 L`lrfafaj 40 Aoletafmeoj hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs ................................................................................. 66 L`lrfafaj 60 Oastaecualeoj letrl hj pðdhafj y hj pravmoj ..................................................................... 6? •
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^MVJ 6. Aeffluyleoj le hm mcleom pðdhafm y hm mcleom ol cjdalrej0
ºFögj oastaecuagjs lstms mcleoms y udafmgjs hm mrlem pmrm aefaoar: ...................................................63 6.= Mcleom pðdhafm y mcleom ol cjdalrej ............................................................................................62 6.4 Mrlems pðdhafms ol aefaolefam .............................................................................................................?> L`lrfafaj ?0 \dafmeoj hm mrlem ol aefaolefam .........................................................................................?2 •
^MVJ ?. Fjejfaleoj lh fafhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms0
ºFögj smdlr le quá ltmpm olh fafhj qulrlgjs aefaoar: ...............................................................................<= ?.= Hm ijrguhmfaöe ol pjhçtafms .................................................................................................................. <4 L`lrfafaj <0 Aoletafmeoj hjs gjgletjs ol hm ijrguhmfaöe ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm ........... <3 ?.4 Hm agphlgletmfaöe ol pjhçtafms .........................................................................................................9> •
L`lrfafaj 90 Mprleoaleoj hjs imftjrls frçtafjs ol hm agphlgletmfaöe ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm ....................................................................................................................................................9? ?.6 Hm lvmhumfaöe ol pjhçtafms ...................................................................................................................... 93 •
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L`lrfafaj 30 Lvmhumfaöe y fjetrmhjrçm fauomomem ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm .................................. 3= L`lrfafaj 20 Letleoaleoj hm ltmpm ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm le hm qul qulrlgjs aefaoar............ 3<
^MVJ <. Imgahamrazíeojejs fje hms lstrmtlcams y blrrmgaletms pmrm aefaoar0
ºOl quá ijrgm pjolgjs aefaoar gl`jr: ............................................................................................................ 33 <. = Lhmdjrmeoj su lstrmtlcam ...................................................................................................................... 33 L`lrfafaj 10 Fmrtlhlrm faelgmtjcrífm ol lstrmtlcams ol aefaolefam ........................................... =>< L`lrfafaj =>0 Vjejrm Fauomomem y sus lstrmtlcams.................................................................................. =>9 L`lrfafaj ==0 Hm olilesm ol hjs fmgplsaejs mgdaletmhastms ol Culrrlrj ...................................=>2 <. 4 Vlhlffajemeoj sus blrrmgaletms ...................................................................................................... ==> L`lrfafaj =40 Gmplmeoj m hjs mftjrls y sus iuletls ol pjolr ......................................................... ==9 •
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^MVJ 9. ^rlpmrmeoj y ijrtmhlfaleoj eulstrm jrcmeazmfaöe pmrm hm aefaolefam0
ºFögj mprjvlfbmgjs hms fmpmfaomols ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe y hm ijrtmhlflgjs pmrm hjcrmr fmgdajs le hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms:......................................................................................................... ==1 9. = º^jr quá sl rlqualrl prlpmrmr m hm jrcmeazmfaöe pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms:.. =4> 9. 4 Tlfursjs elflsmrajs pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ........................................................... =44 9. 6 Hms oastaetms lsfmhms pmrm lh ijrtmhlfagaletj ol hm aefaolefam ............................................. =43 9. ? Fmpmfaomols elflsmrams pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms.................................................... =6< •
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L`lrfafaj =60Hlffajels mprleoaoms ol lxplralefams prlvams ol aefaolefam ................................ =69 L`lrfafaj =?0 Oamceöstafj ol hjs rlfursjs y hms fmpmfaomols ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe
pmrm aefaoar le lh lspmfaj pðdhafj ............................................................................................................... =62 L`lrfafaj =<0Hm oleafaöe ol iuefajels y rlspjesmdahaomols ourmetl lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam ................................................................................................................ =?= •
^MVJ 3. Mbjrm sç, ¡m phmelmr hm aefaolefam!0
ºFögj bmflgjs rlmhaomo eulstrm aetlefaöe ol aefaoar:............................................................................... =?6 3. = Lhmdjrmeoj lh phme ol aefaolefam ...................................................................................................... =?6 3. 4 Gjeatjrlmeoj y lvmhumeoj lh phme ol aefaolefam0 gaoaleoj lh áxatj .............................. =?2 L`lrfafaj =90 Lh írdjh ol hm aefaolefam, lh djsqul olh fmgdaj sjfamh ............................................... =<> •
Lpçhjcj ...................................................................................................................................................................... =<4 Iuletls fjesuhtmoms .......................................................................................................................................... =
AEOAFL OL IAC\TMV Iacurm =. Bahj Fjeouftjr olh Gmeumh .......................................................................................................== Iacurm 4. Oleafaöe ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms, slcðe
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jrcmeazmfajels pajelrms ................................................................................................................................. =? Iacurm 6. Jplrmfaöe ol prjylftjs vs. pjhçtafms pðdhafms ..................................................................=9 Iacurm ?. Mhcuems rmzjels pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ........................................................=3 Iacurm <. Hm oleafaöe y rloleafaöe ol hj pðdhafj y hj pravmoj0 lh orlem`l, hm vajhlefam aetrmimgahamr y hms bmgdruems .......................................................................44 Iacurm 9. Hjs mftjrls qul fjestruyle lh lspmfaj pðdhafj .................................................................49 Iacurm 3. Hj pðdhafj ej-cudlremgletmh...................................................................................................4< Iacurm 2. Oailrlefam letrl hj pravmoj, hj pðdhafj y hj cudlremgletmh .......................................49 Iacurm 1. Msplftjs pðdhafjs, pravmojs y cudlremgletmhls ol hm loufmfaöe............................43 Iacurm =>. Mffajels ol pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem gís fjguels le Gáxafj ...........................42 Iacurm ==. Glgdrlsçm le jrcmeazmfajels le Gáxafj .......................................................................41 Iacurm =4. Mftatuols y fjgpjrtmgaletj ol hjs fauomomejs letrl sç y irletl m hm mutjraomo ....................................................................................................................................... 6> Iacurm =6. Hm cjdlremezm le uem fuhturm mutjratmram y le uem fuhturm fçvafm0 Gjolhjs tlörafjs pmrm rlffllxajemr...............................................................................................................6= Iacurm =?. º]uá ls hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm:.....................................................................................................62 Iacurm =<. ºFögj sl aefjrpjrm ue msuetj pðdhafj m hm mcleom ol cjdalrej:........................61 Iacurm =9. Oavasaöe tlrratjramh olh Lstmoj glxafmej...........................................................................?= Iacurm =3. Lstrufturm ol hm Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Ilolrmh y Lstmtmh........................................?4 Iacurm =2. Jrcmeacrmgm ol ue Myuetmgaletj
(Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Gueafapmh) ...........................................................................................................?? Iacurm =1. Ojs jrcmeasgjs pðdhafjs mutöejgjs0 Aestatutj Ilolrmh Lhlftjrmh (AIL) l Aestatutj Ilolrmh ol Mfflsj m hm Aeijrgmfaöe (AIMA)............................................................................?? Iacurm 4>. Oavasaöe ol pjolrls olh Lstmoj glxafmej ........................................................................?< Iacurm 4=. Hm aetlrhjfufaöe fauomomem fje lh ^jolr Hlcashmtavj ..................................................?9 Iacurm 44. Lh fafhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms ............................................................................................<4 Iacurm 46. Hm ijrguhmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm .................................................................................<4 Iacurm 4?. Oleafaöe ol ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj0 hms fmusms ol uem lpaolgam ........................
Iacurm 43. Lh phme ol mffajels ol hm pjhçtafm pulol irmfmsmr le su agphlgletmfaöe ...................................................................................................................................... 9= Iacurm 42. Imftjrls frçtafjs le hm agphlgletmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm ...............................94 Iacurm 41. _apjs ol `uafajs pmrm lvmhumr ..................................................................................................92 Iacurm 6>. Hm lvmhumfaöe ol hms pjhçtafms y prjcrmgms ol olsmrrjhhj sjfamh le Gáxafj ................................................................................................................................................... 3> Iacurm 6=. Lstrmtlcams pmrm lh oaíhjcj, hm prlsaöe j hm fjeirjetmfaöe ........................................2> Iacurm 64. Tlstraffajels hlcmhls sjdrl lh fmdaholj pmrm hms JVFs le Gáxafj y Lstmojs \eaojs ...........................................................................................................................2? Iacurm 66. ¡Qm dí`lehl!0 Fmgpmým y glesm`ls olsol hjs fauomomejs ........................................14 Iacurm 6?. Glesm`ls pmrm gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe .........................................................................13 Iacurm 6<. Fhmsafmfaöe ol mftjrls fjgj cuçm pmrm phme ol mffaöe ...........................................==6 Iacurm 69. Gmtrafls pmrm lh gmplj ol mftjrls .....................................................................................==3 Iacurm 63. Oldmtls ðtahls sjdrl lh ijrtmhlfagaletj aestatufajemh y hm aefaolefam .................=4> Iacurm 62. Lh oldmtl letrl prjilsajemhazmr plrsjems j ijrtmhlflr jrcmeazmfajels................=49 Iacurm 61. Gmtraz ol rlfursjs y fmpmfaomols ........................................................................................=62 Iacurm ?>. _mdhm ol iuefajels y rlspjesmdahaomols pmrm hm aefaolefam .....................................=?= Iacurm ?=. Ihu`jcrmgm pmrm lhmdjrmr ue phme ol aefaolefam .........................................................=??
AEOAFL OL FMVJV Fmsj =. Hjs prjflsjs ol jrcmeazmfajels qul olfaoalrje aefaoar0
Fjesjrfaj pmrm lh Oaíhjcj ^mrhmgletmraj y hm Lquaomo, y Jximg ..................................................=2 Fmsj 4. Hms lgasajels ol Glt-Glx0 letleoaleoj hj pravmoj y hj pðdhafj ............................... 6? Fmsj 6. ^rjcrmgm Fauomomej pjr Gueafapajs _rmespmrletls (FAG_TM) ............................... ?2 Fmsj ?. Oaslýmeoj lh prjcrmgm ol rlouffaöe ol hm pjdrlzm le lh lstmoj ol Vme Metjeaj, Gáxafj ..................................................................................................................................... <3 Fmsj <. Hm agphlgletmfaöe olh ^rjcrmgm Mhagletmraj Lsfjhmr ....................................................9? Fmsj 9. Yacahmeoj hjs rlfursjs pðdhafjs pmrm hm aeirmlstrufturm sjfamh gueafapmh ..............3= Fmsj 3. Fmusm Fjgðe, uem jrcmeazmfaöe qul gjvahazm m fauomomejs pmrm hm rleoafaöe ol fuletms le Lstmojs \eaojs ..............................................................................................=>> Fmsj 2. Lh Gjeatjrlj Hlcashmtavj Vjejrlesl ...........................................................................................=>9 Fmsj 1. Hm rlo ol olilesm ol hjs fmgplsaejs mgdaletmhastms ol Culrrlrj ............................ =>2
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AE_TJO\FFAÖE
Fjgðegletl, hm pmrtafapmfaöe sl msjfam fje lh l`lrfafaj lhlftjrmh, ls olfar, fauomomem vjtmr y lhlcar m eulstrjs rlprlsletmojs. Tmrm vlz sl hl rlhmfajem fje jtrms ijrgms ol aevjhufrmr m hm sjfalomo
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le hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs, fjgj slrçm fjetmftmr m sus rlprlsletmetls pmrm bmflrhjs rleoar fuletms j fjhmdjrmr fje jtrjs fauomomejs pmrm omr vjz m prljfupmfajels fjguels. Ourmetl gufbj talgpj, eulstrm sjfalomo bm saoj ðeafmgletl rlflptjrm ol hms pjhçtafms olh cjdalrej, puls lh Lstmoj bm ojgaemoj su oaslýj l agphlgletmfaöe, uem lhatl pjhçtafm j crupj plqulýj olel hjs msuetjs m hjs qul hls prlstm mtlefaöe y hls jtjrcm rlfursjs. Lstj jfmsajem qul gufbjs prjdhlgms ej sl plrfadme fjgj msuetjs qul glrlfle hm mtlefaöe olh cjdalrej ea uem aetlrvlefaöe pðdhafm, bmstm qul sl bme blfbj tme crmeols qul rlsuhtm oaiçfah acejrmrhjs y rlsjhvlrhjs. Hm gmyjrçm ol hjs fauomomejs smdl pjfj sjdrl fögj hjcrmr qul qualels tjgme hms olfasajels le lh cjdalrej lsfufble su jpaeaöe y hjs aevjhufrle le hm rlsjhufaöe ol hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs. Gufbms vlfls sl agpjele sjhufajels, sae bmdlrsl fjesuhtmoj fje hjs fauomomejs j qul aefhusj vme fjetrm sus prjpajs aetlrlsls. Msç, sl mdrl uem drlfbm letrl hjs prjylftjs ol hjs cjdlremetls y hms elflsaomols ol hjs fauomomejs. Le Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols lstmgjs fjevlefaojs ol qul hm pmrtafapmfaöe ol hm fauomomeçm le hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs ls ue fjgpjeletl aetlcrmh ol uem olgjfrmfam fjesjhaomom, ojeol hjs iuefajemrajs ol cjdalrej aeijrgle, fjesuhtle, oldmtme, lxphaqule, fjhmdjrle, rlspjeome, rlprlsletle y raeome fuletms m hm sjfalomo. Molgís, smdlgjs qul mhcuejs fmgdajs le pjhçtafms pðdhafms jfurrle sjhmgletl fumeoj hjs fauomomejs milftmojs prlsajeme y prjgulvle sjhufajels. Le lstl sletaoj, hm sjfalomo favah jrcmeazmom pulol slrvar fjgj ue vçefuhj letrl hjs fauomomejs y lh sastlgm pjhçtafj, puls ls uem ijrgm le qul hjsfugphm aeoavaoujs lsiulrzjs pmrm fjgueafmr sus elflsaomols, ym slm paoaleoj lh Lstmoj fjeuele sus rlspjesmdahaomols j prjpjealeoj eulvms y gl`jrls sjhufajelsqul m hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^mrm qul uem jrcmeazmfaöe pulom fugphar fje lsl pmplh l aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms oldl fjetmr fje ue fjejfagaletj ol hj pðdhafj, oldl usmr blrrmgaletms y phmelmr lstrmtlcams, oldl fjestruar fmpmfaomols y rlfursjs pmrm oaslýmr l agphlgletmr sus phmels ol aefaolefam. Mðe fumeoj hm trmesafaöe olgjfrítafm mdraö lspmfajs pmrm hm pmrtafapmfaöe ol hm sjfalomo favah le hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs, le Gáxafj hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms lstí mplems aeafameoj y mðe lxastl gufbj fmgaej pjr rlfjrrlr, tmetj ol ue crme eðglrj ol jrcmeazmfajels y fauomomejs qul hm prmftaqule fjgj ol iuefajemrajs pðdhafjs qul mtaleome lstms eulvms ijrgms ol pmrtafapmfaöe. Dusfmeoj ijgletmr y mpjymr hm fjestruffaöe ol uem fauomomeçm mftavm y prjpjsatavm, prlsletmgjs lstl gmeumh. Vu jd`ltavj ls qul sarvm fjgj cuçm pmrm mpjymr m hms Jrcmeazmfajels ol hm Vjfalomo Favah (JVFs) qul dusfme aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms , oíeojhls ue gmrfj ol rlilrlefam pmrm letleolr lstl tapj ol trmdm`j y mfjgpmýíeojhms olsol su olfasaöe ol aefaoar bmstm hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol ue phme ol aefaolefam.
ºOl oöeol surcl lstl gmeumh: Lh fjetleaoj olh gmeumh rlfjcl lh trmdm`j qul olsmrrjhhö ue lquapj ol fjhmdjrmojrls ol Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols mh agpmrtar tmhhlrls y mprleolr ol lxplralefams ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Hm aolm ol lhmdjrmr ue gmeumh surcaö ol hm elflsaomo ol rlfjgleomr gmtlramhls ol hlfturm y cuçms qul, m trmvás ol pmsjs príftafjs y ue hlecum`l slefahhj y oaoíftafj, plrgatalrme m hms jrcmeazmfajels, crupjs j rlols mbjeomr gís le lstjs tlgms. Lefjetrmgjs qul bmdçm guy pjfj lsfratj pmrm lstl pðdhafj y molfumoj pmrm lh fjetlxtj glxafmej. Dusfmeoj hhlemr lstl vmfçj y dm`j eulstrm hçelm ol prjoufar gmtlramhls ðtahls y oaoíftafj, frlmgjs lstl gmeumh pmrm qul hms jrcmeazmfajels prajrafle l aoletaqule sus mffajels le lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam le hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms.
Lstrufturm y gltjojhjcçm Lh gmeumh lstí oaslýmoj pmrm mflrfmr mh hlftjr hjs fjejfagaletjs dísafjs pmrm hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol lstrmtlcams y ol ue phme ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms, m trmvás ol uem gltjojhjcçm slefahhm y uem vasaöe mgpham ol hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs. ^mrm lhhj, sl oavaol le saltl pmrtls0 hjs pmsjs =, 4, 6 y ?sje uem aetrjouffaöe tlörafm qul prlsletm hjs tárgaejs y fjeflptjs fletrmhls
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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le tjrej m hm aefaolefam. Lstjs pmsjs dusfme omr mh hlftjr ue letleoagaletj aetlcrmh olh tlgm y prlsletmrhl blrrmgaletms fjeflptumhls pmrm cuamr su prjflsj ol aefaolefam. Hjs pmsjs < y 9 prjpjrfajeme lhlgletjs qul hms jrcmeazmfajels pulole hhlvmr m hm príftafm, fjgj lstrmtlcams y blrrmgaletms ol aefaolefam, y rlffllxajels sjdrl hms fmpmfaomols y rlfursjs qul oldle tlelr j fjestruar pmrm bmflr lstl tapj ol trmdm`j. Iaemhgletl, lh pmsj 3 fjesastl le ue l`lrfafaj pmrm jraletmrhms le hm fjestruffaöe ol su phme ol aefaolefam. Mhcuejs ol lstjs l`lrfafajs y gmtlramhls pulole olsfmrcmrsl ol gmelrm lhlftröeafm olsol eulstrm pícaem wld0 www.mhtlremtavmsjfamhls.jrc.
ºM quaáels hls sarvl lstl gmeumh: M jrcmeazmfajels, rlols ol jrcmeazmfajels y crupjs = qul fjejfle pjfj j bme prmftafmoj hm aefaolefam ol uem gmelrm gís aetuatavm, myuoíeojhls m fjestruar uem vasaöe gís mgpham, mdraáeojhls eulvjs bjrazjetls ol trmdm`j y mpjyíeojhls le hm moquasafaöe ol tárgaejs y ol ue hlecum`l gís lsplfamhazmoj le lstl fmgpj. Iaemhgletl, m qualels bmfle lstm hmdjr ol gmelrm fjtaoamem, lh gmeumh hls jirlfl uem oavlrsaomo ol blrrmgaletms príftafms l aestrugletjs ol phmelmfaöe qul myuomríe m ijrtmhlflr y gl`jrmr su aefaolefam. =>
Le hm gmyjrçm ol eulstrjs gmeumhls, ejs blgjs oaracaoj mh hlftjr le saecuhmr. Vae lgdmrcj, vmhjrmgjs qul hm aefaolefam ls ue prjflsj fjhlftavj, uem oaiçfah tmrlm pmrm rlmhazmrhm ol gmelrm aeoavaoumh. ^jr hj qul lh lstahj le lstl gmeumh rlsuhtm pmrtafuhmrgletl oailrletl mh rlstj ol eulstrms pudhafmfajels, ym qul ejs oaracarlgjs mh hlftjr le phurmh.
Hm aefaolefam ej sl hagatm m hms jrcmeazmfajels hlcmhgletl fjestatuaoms, muequl m ástms sl hls imfahatm hjcrmr gmyjr hlcatagaomo, emefamgaletj y mpjyj lfjeögafj, msç fjgj cmrmetazmr su plrgmelefam le lh talgpj. ^jr lhhj, suclragjs fjestatuarsl hlcmhgletl fjgj jrcmeazmfaöe. ^ulole fjesuhtmr eulstrj gmeumh Fjestruyleoj tu Jrcmeazmfaöe le =9 ^msjs. Gmeumh ol Fjestatufaöe Hlcmh , 4ª loafaöe, oaspjeadhl le hm slffaöe ol pudhafmfajels ol www.mhtlremtavmsjfamhls.jrc. =
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm =. Bahj Fjeouftjr olh Gmeumh
Aefaoaleoj le pjhçtafms pðdhafms Va su jrcmeazmfaöe ej bm aefaoaoj y lstíe le prjflsj ol oasfusaöe, slrí guy ðtah fjglezmr mquç
^msj =0 _jgmeoj hm olfasaöe ol aefaoar le hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms0 ºFögj olfaoagjs sa aefaoar j ej le pjhçtafms pðdhafms:
Va ym bme blfbj aefaolefam y dusfme gl`jrmr su phmelmfaöe y rlsuhtmojs, pulole fjglezmr mquç. ^msj <0 Imgahamrazíeojejs fje hms lstrmtlcams y blrrmgaletms pmrm aefaoar0 ºOl quá ijrgm pjolgjs aefaoar gl`jr:
Va qualrle mgphamr su letleoagaletj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms, pulole
^msj 90 ^rlpmrmeoj y ijrtmhlfaleoj su jrcmeazmfaöe pmrm hm aefaolefam0 ºFögj mprjvlfbmgjs hms fmpmfaomols ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe y hm ijrtmhlflgjs pmrm hjcrmr fmgdajs le hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms:
fjglezmr mquç. ^msj 40 Fjestruyleoj lh lspmfaj pðdhafj0 º]uá oldlgjs smdlr olh lspmfaj pðdhafj pmrm aefaoar:
^msj 30 Mbjrm sç0 ¡m phmelmr hm aefaolefam!0 ºFögj bmflgjs rlmhaomo eulstrm aetlefaöe ol aefaoar:
^msj 60 Aeffluyleoj le hm mcleom pðdhafm y hm mcleom ol cjdalrej0 ºFögj oastaecuagjs
^msj ?0 Fjejfaleoj lh fafhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms0 ºFögj smdlr le quá ltmpm olh fafhj
lstms mcleoms, y udafmgjs hm mrlem pmrm aefaoar:
qulrlgjs aefaoar:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
==
^MVJ =
_JGMEOJ HM OLFAVAÖE OL AEFAOAT LE ^JHÇ_AFMV ^ÐDHAFMV0 ºFÖGJ OLFAOAGJV VA AEFAOAT JEJ LE ^JHÇ_AFMV ^ÐDHAFMV:
Fjgj jrcmeazmfaöe smdlgjs qul qulrlgjs hjcrmr ue fmgdaj sjfamh, plrj ej smdlgjs fögj. ºFögj olfaoagjs sa aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ls ue gloaj pmrm hjcrmr lstl fmgdaj sjfamh: =4
Jd`ltavj0 Mh emhazmr lstl fmpçtuhj, tleoríe hjs lhlgletjs pmrm olfaoar ‖j pjsadhlgletl
bmdríe olfaoaoj- `uetj fje su jrcmeazmfaöe sa bmríe j ej aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms. ^mrm lhhj, rlvasmríe quá ls hm aefaolefam y fögj surcl, fuíh ls hm oailrlefam letrl lh prjylftj ol uem jrcmeazmfaöe y uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm, y quá rmzjels pulol bmdlr pmrm aefaoar. _mgdaáe letleolríe quá sje hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms y fjejflríe hm lxplralefam ol JVFs qul olfaoalrje bmflr aefaolefam. _joj hj metlrajr hls myuomrí m olfaoar sa hm aefaolefam ls lh fmgaej qul qualrle slcuar.
=.= º]uá sje hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms: ^jr pjhçtafm pðdhafm letleolgjs hm mffaöe cudlremgletmh qul gjvahazm rlfursjs bugmejs, emefalrjs l aestatufajemhls pmrm rlsjhvlr prjdhlgms pðdhafjs oletrj ol uem sjfalomo.
Aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ls pmrtafapmr jrcmeazmomgletl le hm plrsumsaöe ol jtrjs mftjrls ol hm lsilrm
\em pjhçtafm lsplfçfmgletl lstí ijrgmom pjr lh fje`uetj mffajels slfulefamhls phmelmoms pmrm ol rlsjhvlr hms fmusms ol ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj.
pðdhafm, pmrm trmesijrgmr sus plrflpfajels, aolms, olfasajels y/j mffajels.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Hms pjhçtafms pulole aefhuar hlyls, prjcrmgms y prjylftjs; pulole msacemr rlfursjs (cmstj pðdhafj l agpulstjs) j pulole rlcuhmr mftavaomols (ejrgms favahls y plemhls), y sl jraletme m hm lfalefam, pjrqul dusfme hjcrmr hjs gl`jrls rlsuhtmojs fje hjs rlfursjs y gloajs oaspjeadhls (Mcuahmr, =119m).
=.4 º]uá ls hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms:
º]uá saceafm cjdlremr pjr pjhçtafms pðdhafms lfaletls: •
•
•
•
•
]ul bmym cjdlremetls lhlcaojs olgjfrítafmgletl. ]ul lxastm mplcj m hm hly. ]ul sl aefjrpjrl hm jpaeaöe y pmrtafapmfaöe ol hjs y hms fauomomems. ]ul sl rlspltl lh praefapaj olh hadrl mfflsj, hm trmespmrlefam y mplrturm m hms olfasajels ol cjdalrej. ]ul lxastm ue l`lrfafaj rlspjesmdhl y lfaletl ol hjs rlfursjs pðdhafjs.
Lh tárgaej aefaolefam sl letaleol tmgdaáe fjgj aefflulefam. Fjgj jrcmeazmfajels pjolgjs trmesijrgmr hms fjeoafajels ol vaom ol hjs dlelfamrajs fje qualels trmdm`mgjs, aeffluar le hms olfasajels ol jtrms jrcmeazmfajels j aefhusj le hms olfasajels ol eulstrjs ojemetls. Vae lgdmrcj, lh tlgm ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms bmfl rlilrlefam lxphçfatm m hms mffajels qul hhlvmgjs m fmdj y qul talele fjeslfulefams oarlftms pmrm hms pjhçtafms qul olfaol l agphlgletm lh cjdalrej. Hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms fjesastl le mftavaomols fjeirjetmtavms y fjjplrmtavms qul agphafme aetlrmftumr fje lh cjdalrej y jtrms aestatufajels pðdhafms . Hms JVFs, pjr sç sjhms, ej talele mutjraomo pmrm tjgmr olfasajels ol pjhçtafm pðdhafm, puls lstj ls imfuhtmo lxfhusavm ol hms mutjraomols ol cjdalrej. Vae lgdmrcj, pulole prjvllr aeijrgmfaöe, l`lrflr prlsaöe y dusfmr plrsumoar mh pðdhafj y m hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels pmrm aeffluar mftavmgletl le hm jraletmfaöe, rlprlsletmfaöe y lilftavaomo ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iacurm 4. Oleafaöe ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms, slcðe jrcmeazmfajels pajelrms JRIMG AE_LTEMFAJEMH4
YAVAÖE G\EOAMH6
aeffluar le qualels tjgme olfasajels pmrm oaslýmr, mojptmr j fmgdamr príftafms y pjhçtafms.
Ls lh prjflsj ol utahazmr eulstrm aefflulefam pjr gloaj ol eulstrm prlslefam, lxplralefam, tmgmýj y prjcrmgmfaöe pmrm clelrmr dlelfajs m hjs pjdrls qul slme sjstleadhls le lh hmrcj phmzj.
• ^jolr
• Mflrfmr m hjs pjdrls m hjs tjgmojrls ol
olfasajels.
=.6 ºJplrmr y/j aefaoar:0 Fögj olfaoar sa qulrlgjs aefaoar
=?
Hms JVFs talele ojs jpfajels ol trmdm`j, qul sl pulole rlmhazmr ol gmelrm slpmrmom j fje`uetm0 • Jplrmr sus prjylftjs y prjcrmgms, fje hj fumh dlelfamríe m uem pjdhmfaöe j ue slftjr olhagatmoj fje lh mhfmefl qul sus rlfursjs hl plrgatme. • Tlmhazmr mffajels ol aefaolefam, y fje lhhj aeffluar le hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm, ls olfar, plrsumoar m hms mutjraomols pmrm jraletmr hms olfasajels, mffajels y rlfursjs oaracaojs m mtleolr ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj. ^jr l`lgphj, uem jrcmeazmfaöe qul jplrm ue prjcrmgm lxatjsj pulol hhlcmr m trmesijrgmr ue crupj ol `övlels j su fjgueaomo, plrj sa lsm jrcmeazmfaöe olfaol aefaoar oldlrí trmesijrgmr hm pjhçtafm ol `uvletuo, j ue aestatutj ol hm `uvletuo, j uem hly j rlchmgletj qul milftl j dlelfal m hjs `övlels j hjs prjcrmgms pðdhafjs oaracaojs m hm `uvletuo le su gueafapaj, lstmoj j pmçs.
4 Jximg Aetlremfajemh ls uem fjeilolrmfaöe ol =6 jrcmeazmfajels fje uem hjsjiçm sagahmr qul trmdm`me fje`uetmgletl fje sjfajs y fjhmdjrmojrls le tjoj lh gueoj pmrm fjeslcuar ue fmgdaj sjstleadhl pmrm lrrmoafmr hm pjdrlzm y hm ae`ustafam. 6 Yasaöe Gueoamh ls uem jrcmeazmfaöe aetlremfajemh qul trmdm`m fje hjs pjdrls ol Mgárafm Hmtaem y lh Fmradl pmrm prjgjvlr hm trmesijrgmfaöe bugmem.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Lxastle oavlrsms ijrgms pmrm quluem jrcmeazmfaöe mugletl su agpmftj, qul m fjetaeumfaöe prlsletmgjs0 = Jrcmeazmr m hjs crupjs ol dlelfamrajs pmrm qul pjr sç gasgjs clstajele y olgmeole mh cjdalrej falrtjs slrvafajs j dalels. Lstj pulol aefhuar hm fjestatufaöe ol jrcmeazmfajels j hm ijrgmfaöe ol rlols y ilolrmfajels ol jrcmeazmfajels ol dlelfamrajs j galgdrjs. 4 Mugletmr hm fmpmfaomo jplrmtavm ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, hhlvmeoj sus prjylftjs y prjcrmgms m jtrms rlcajels, aefursajemeoj le jtrms tlgítafms j sarvaleoj m eulvms pjdhmfajels. Le lstl fmsj, hm prjpam jrcmeazmfaöe fje sus rlfursjs j eulvms iuletls ol emefamgaletj prjvll hjs slrvafajs elflsmrajs. 6
Fjhmdjrmr fje lh cjdalrej pmrm rlphafmr hjs prjcrmgms j prjylftjs lxatjsjsol hm
jrcmeazmfaöe le jtrms írlms j rlcajels. Le lstl fmsj, lh plrsjemh olh cjdalrej oarlftmgletl
prlstm lh slrvafaj y hm jrcmeazmfaöe pulol msugar lh pmplh ol oaslýmojrm, mslsjrm gltjojhöcafm j fjesuhtjrm ol hjs slrvafajs qul sl rlphafme. ? Agphlgletmr uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm oaslýmom pjr lh cjdalrej, ym slm prlstmeoj slrvafajs fjeflsajemojs j fjefursmeoj pjr emefamgaletjs pðdhafj ltaqultmojs pmrm pjelr le príftafm prjcrmgms cudlremgletmhls. < Aefaoar le prjcrmgms, pjhçtafms pðdhafms y tjgm ol olfasajels ol hjs prjflsjs pjhçtafjs, m pmrtar ol su fjejfagaletj ol hm prjdhlgítafm, gltjojhjcçms, aevlstacmfajels y prjpulstms. ^rjpjelgjs lstm tapjhjcçm, pjrqul le jfmsajels sl pulol fjeiueoar hm phmelmfaöe y rlfursjs elflsmrajs pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms, qul sl trmtm ol plrsumoar m jtrjs (iueomgletmhgletl, cjdalrejs) pmrm qul trmesijrgle sus mftatuols, vasajels j príftafms. Ls agpjrtmetl oastaecuar hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ol jplrmr oarlftmgletl hjs prjcrmgms cudlremgletmhls. Hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms y hjs prjylftjs ol hms jrcmeazmfajels pulole hhlcmr m slr pmrlfaojs y bmstm pmsme hjs gasgjs gjgletjs ol phmelmfaöe, agphlgletmfaöe y lvmhumfaöe, plrj bmy qul smdlr oailrlefamrhjs sa qualrle aefaoar ol gmelrm lilftavm.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=<
Iacurm 6. Jplrmfaöe ol prjylftjs vs. pjhçtafms pðdhafms J^LTMFAÖEOL^TJQLF_JVOLJVFs
\em slral ol mftavaomols oaslýmoms pjr uem jrcmeazmfaöe qul aetletme sjhufajemr prjdhlgms fjefrltjs ol ue eðglrj ol dlelfamrajs y fjgueaomols.
^JHÇ_AFMV^ÐDHAFMV
\e fursj ol mffaöe oaslýmoj pjr mutjraomols ol cjdalrej pmrm rlsjhvlr j mgaejrmr prjdhlgms pðdhafjs ol crme lsfmhm y mphafmfaöe clelrmh le ue tlrratjraj olhagatmoj. Lh eðglrj ol dlelfamrajs sl om le gmyjr lsfmhm
Le fumetj mh eðglrj ol dlelfamrajs, hjs prjylftjs ol hms JVFs talele glejr lsfmhm y gmyjr mfjtmfaöe.
(eugárafm y cljcrífm), puls mphafm m tjojs hjs bmdatmetls ol ue tlrratjraj ojeol sl hhlvl m fmdj hm pjhçtafm.
Ej bmy ue gmrfj aestatufajemh ejrgmtavj j durjfrítafj.
Tlspjesmdahaomo ol cjdalrej j aestatufaöe pðdhafm fje rlilrlefam m ue gmrfj ejrgmtavj.
Ls pjsadhl hm pmrtafapmfaöe oarlftm ol hjs y hms dlelfamrams le hm tjgm ol olfasajels.
Omom hm lsfmhm gmyjr, ej ls pjsadhl hm pmrtafapmfaöe oarlftm ol tjojs hjs dlelfamrajs le hm tjgm ol olfasajels.
=9
Hjs cjdalrejs oaspjele ol gís rlfursjs y fmpmfaomols qul hms JVFs, gasgjs qul msaceme m hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms. ^jr lsj, sa hms jrcmeazmfajels y fauomomejs aeffluyle le lhhms, sus mffajels pulole hhlvmr m fmgdajs qul rlsulhvme ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj y rlplrfutme le hm vaom ol gís plrsjems.
Hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ls uem jpfaöe ol fmom jrcmeazmfaöe. Oletrj olh prjylftj aestatufajemh ol uem jrcmeazmfaöe ls víhaoj olfaoar0 = Lxfhusavmgletl jplrmr prjylftjs. 4 Lxfhusavmgletl aefaoar. 6 Aefaoar y jplrmr, ol gmelrm saguhtíelm.
Va hm jrcmeazmfaöe olfaol aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms, tleorí hm jpjrtueaomo ol fjetraduar mh mvmefl olgjfrítafj ol hms aestatufajels pðdhafms, ijrtmhlfaleoj su rlprlsletmtavaomo y hm lilftavaomo olh cjdalrej. ^jr lsj, hls suclragjs qul rlffllxajele sjdrl lh rugdj ol su jrcmeazmfaöe, tjgmeoj le fuletm hjs lhlgletjs qul hls prjpjrfajemgjs m fjetaeumfaöe.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm ?. Mhcuems rmzjels pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms Hhlcmr m hms fmusms ol ijeoj ol hjs prjdhlgms qul mtaleole. ^rjiueoazmr le hms fmusms ol hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs y le su sjhufaöe gloametl oailrletls lstrmtlcams ol aevlstacmfaöe, meíhasas y oldmtl. Gmxagazmr lh agpmftj ol su trmdm`j. Mgphamr lh eðglrj ol dlelfamrajs y lh mhfmefl ol hjs dlelfajs clelrmojs, prjpjealeoj mhtlremtavms fje dmsl le su prjpam lxplralefam, jdtleaom ol hjs prjylftjs rlmhazmojs pjr hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Fjestruar fauomomeçm y cjdalrejs rlspjesmdhls. Clelrmr j prjiueoazmr fmgdajs le hm ijrgm ol mftumr olh cjdalrej y ol hjs fauomomejs pmrm rlsjhvlr prjdhlgms pðdhafjs. Agpuhsmr oldmtls y oasfusajels le hjs tlgms le hjs qul talele lxplralefam y rlspjesmdahazmr m hms mutjraomols fjgpltletls. Ijrtmhlflr y trmespmrletmr hms aestatufajels pðdhafms. Lgphlmr y oaiueoar aestrugletjs ol mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe pðdhafm y fmsjs ol áxatj olravmojs ol hm utahazmfaöe ol lstjs aestrugletjs. ºFögj smdlr sa qulrlgjs aefaoar: =3
Fumeoj mh mtleolr falrtms prjdhlgítafms ejs omgjs fuletm qul eulstrj prjylftj talel uem fmpmfaomo hagatmom y sa qulrlgjs rlsjhvlr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj ol ijeoj, oldlgjs ar m hms fmusms olh prjdhlgm le jtrm lsfmhm j aeffluar fje jtrjs mftjrls. Fumeoj dusfmgjs fjetraduar mh prjflsj ol olgjfrmtazmfaöe ol uem fjgueaomo, fauomo, lstmoj j rlcaöe gloametl hm pmrtafapmfaöe ol gís mftjrls. Fumeoj blgjs olfaoaoj rjgplr val`js lsqulgms j pmrmoacgms sjdrl uem pjhçtafm, ls olfar, sjdrl uem gmelrm ol mtleolr ue prjdhlgm u jirlflr slrvafajs pðdhafjs, y ejs aetlrlsm qul slme mdjromojs ol jtrm ijrgm. Fumeoj qulrlgjs lstmdhlflr puletls ol fjgueafmfaöe letrl hm sjfalomo y lh cjdalrej pmrm gl`jrmr lh letleoagaletj ol hms mutjraomols sjdrl hms elflsaomols y olgmeoms ol mhcuejs crupjs y fjgueaomols. Fumeoj hm satumfaöe qul qulrlgjs rlsjhvlr talel fmusms aoletafmdhls qul milftme m uej j gís crupjs sjfamhls y rlcajels cljcrífms.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Hjs prjflsjs ol jrcmeazmfajels qul olfaoalrje aefaoar0 Fjesjrfaj pmrm lh Oaíhjcj ^mrhmgletmraj y hm Lquaomo, y Jximg
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Le Gáxafj, lh trmdm`j pmrhmgletmraj olgjfrítafj y phurmh aeafaö le =113, fumeoj lh ^mrtaoj Tlvjhufajemraj Aestatufajemh (^TA) plroaö hm gmyjrçm qul gmetuvj pjr fmsa 3> mýjs le hm Fígmrm ol Oaputmojs. Ej söhj agphafö uem eulvm oaeígafm pmrm cjdalrej y jpjsafaöe, saej tmgdaáe eulvms jpjrtueaomols pmrm hm sjfalomo favah jrcmeazmom. Metl lstm jpjrtueaomo, le =112 trls jrcmeazmfajels olh gjvagaletj ilgaeastm glxafmej --Vmhuo Aetlcrmh pmrm hm Gu`lr (VA^MG), Iueomfaöe pmrm hm Lquaomo y Lquaomo ol Cáelrj, Imgaham y _rmdm`j-- dusfmrje ue gmrfj `urçoafj imvjrmdhl fje uem plrsplftavm ol hjs olrlfbjs ol hms gu`lrls y hm ej oasfragaemfaöe, mdmrfmeoj smhuo rlprjouftavm, olrlfbjs hmdjrmhls, vajhlefam ol cáelrj y jtrjs tlgms rlhmtavjs m hm aelquaomo letrl bjgdrls y gu`lrls. Hms trls jrcmeazmfajels omdme slrvafajs, fmpmfatmfaöe y rlmhazmdme aevlstacmfaöe, plrj eaecuem tleçm pjr sç sjhm hm fmpmfaomo sufaletl pmrm oloafmrsl talgpj fjgphltj ol gmelrm lilftavm m hm aefaolefam y lh fmdaholj qul lstl gmrfj `urçoafj olslmoj rlqulrçm. Olfaoalrje, letjefls, frlmr uem eulvm jrcmeazmfaöe oloafmom lxfhusavmgletl m frlmr puletls ol aetlrhjfufaöe letrl hms jrcmeazmfajels ol gu`lrls y hjs fjecrlsastms le Gáxafj, fje mutjejgçm olh cjdalrej. Msç emfaö Fjesjrfaj pmrm lh Oaíhjcj ^mrhmgletmraj y hm Lquaomo, fjgj uem ol hms praglrms aeafamtavms fauomomems le Gáxafj qul,
fhusavmgletl m agpuhsmr, mfjgpmýmr, oaiueoar, omr slcuagaletj y lvmhumr prjflsjs hlcashmtavjs. Olsol hm vasaöe ol Fjesjrfaj, hms gu`lrls bme saoj y sje hms gís milftmoms pjr hms pjhçtafms lfjeögafms, puls leirletme oamramgletl lh lefmrlfagaletj olh fjstj ol vaom, lh olslgphlj, hm lsfmslz ol slrvafajs pðdhafjs, hm agpueaomo ol mftjs ae`ustjs, molgís ol hm vajhlefam y hm oasfragaemfaöe ol cáelrj le hjs ígdatjs pðdhafjs y pravmojs, hj fumh rloufl su fmhaomo ol vaom. Jtrj l`lgphj m eavlh aetlremfajemh ls Jximg. Ourmetl gufbj talgpj, lstm jrcmeazmfaöe, aechlsm le sus jrçclels, rlmhazö prjylftjs ol olsmrrjhhj y mtlefaöe m olsmstrls y lglrclefams le pmçsls le olsmrrjhhj. Le ue aeafaj, jplrö sjhm y, olspuás, le fjhmdjrmfaöe oarlftm fje jrcmeazmfajels hjfmhls. Le mhcðe gjgletj, lstl trmdm`j iul aesufaletl pmrm hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Hms pjhçtafms lfjeögafms ol hjs mýjs =12>s le hjs pmçsls le olsmrrjhhj hhlvmrje m ue fhagm guy movlrsj pmrm hjs prjylftjs prjouftavjs y ol olsmrrjhhj qul bmdçme agpuhsmoj; sus lsiulrzjs ol oáfmoms pmrlfçme ej tlelr ue agpmftj pjsatavj pmrm lhlvmr lh eavlh ol vaom ol hms plrsjems. Hm olfasaöe ol fjglezmr m aefaoar rlsuhtö ol hm fjevaffaöe ol qul pjr sç gasgjs, hjs prjylftjs ol olsmrrjhhj fjgueatmraj y ol lglrclefam le pmçsls le olsmrrjhhj ej fjeoufçme m gl`jrms
olsol letjefls, oloafm sus lsiulrzjs y rlfursjs lx- sustletmdhls le hm vaom ol hm cletl pjdrl.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Lstm rlffllxaöe hhlvö m Jximg m plesmr le aeffluar le jtrjs lspmfajs, olsol ojeol lstms pjhçtafms lfjeögafms sl lstmdme olfaoaleoj l agphlgletmeoj, y m fjefldar su trmdm`j ol aefaolefam fjgj oarlftmgletl vaefuhmoj mh lgpjolrmgaletj ol hm sjfalomo favah. Jximg, letjefls, olfaoaö aeffluar le aestatufajels guhtahmtlrmhls fjgj lh Dmefj Gueoamh, lh Ijeoj Gjeltmraj Aetlremfajemh, hm \eaöe Lurjplm y hm Jrcmeazmfaöe Gueoamh olh Fjglrfaj, aevjhufrmeoj tmgdaáe m sus jrcmeazmfajels hjfmhls mhamoms. Vus lxplralefams y vçefuhjs fje jrcmeazmfajels le tjoj lh gueoj fjhjfmdme m Jximg le uem satumfaöe pravahlcamom
pmrm slr uem dulem aetlrhjfutjrm ol hms pjhçtafms guhtahmtlrmhls y hjs ijrjs chjdmhls. Hm jrcmeazmfaöe lgplzö m vlr hm aefaolefam ej söhj fjgj lh gloaj pmrm fmgdamr hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms, saej fjgj ue prjflsj gloametl lh fumh hms fjgueaomols, fje sus olgmeoms y elflsaomols, cmemdme iulrzm y clelrmdme bmdahaomols pmrm fmgdamr hms olfasajels qul milftme su iuturj. Bmstm hm ilfbm, Jximg sacul trmdm`meoj le prjcrmgms ol olsmrrjhhj, prjcrmgms ol lglrclefam y fmgpmýms ol aefaolefam.
L`lrfafaj. =. _jgmeoj hm olfasaöe ol aefaoar =1
Vl sucalrl qul lstl l`lrfafaj sl rlmhafl le ojs rjeoms. Le hm praglrm, qul lh lquapj ol fjhmdjrmojrls oasfutm hjs prjcrmgms y prjylftjs jplrmtavjs ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe y lh pjtlefamh trmdm`j ol aefaolefam. Le hm slcueom rjeom, sl oasfutm fje ue crupj gís mgphaj, ojeol pmrtafaple Fjesl`lrjs j galgdrjs olh örcmej ol cjdalrej, y qul hm oasfusaöe sl oá oletrj olh gmrfj ol uem phmelmfaöe lstrmtácafm j ol tjgm ol olfasajels olh prjylftj aestatufajemh. Le hm praglrm rjeom, hls suclragjs qul lh lquapj olfaom sa olslm prlsletmr sus fjefhusajels ol uem vlz mh Fjesl`j u jtrjs galgdrjs olh örcmej ol cjdalrej, j slcuar fje hjs olgís l`lrfafajs ol lstl gmeumh y mh tlrgaemr, rlcrlsmr m tlelr hm oasfusaöe fje hms plrsjems qul tjgme olfasajels u jraletme ol gmelrm lstrmtácafm m hm jrcmeazmfaöe.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
M pmrtar ol hm hlfturm ol lstjs ojs fmsjs ol jrcmeazmfajels qul olfaoalrje aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms le hm Iacurm <, fjetlstle hms sacualetls prlcuetms0 º]uá bazj qul lstms jrcmeazmfajels tjgmrme hm olfasaöe ol aefaoar: ºFögj fjetraduyö su lxplralefam prlvam m lstm olfasaöe: Le fmom fmsj, ºjplrme j aefaole lxfhusavmgletl j fjgdaeme mgdms hçelms ol trmdm`j:
4>
Mbjrm, rlffllxajele y fjetlstle sjdrl su prjpam jrcmeazmfaöe0 º]uá lstmgjs hjcrmeoj fje eulstrj trmdm`j: ºLstmgjs rlsjhvaleoj lh prjdhlgm qul qulrlgjs rlsjhvlr: ºFuíhls sje hms pjsadhls sjhufajels mh prjdhlgm:, ºfjetaeumr omeoj slrvafajs y jplrmr prjylftjs: j ºfmgdamr hms pjhçtafms, hjs prjcrmgms y hms hlyls oaracaoms m rlsjhvlr lstl prjdhlgm: ºFjejflgjs sufaletlgletl lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj pmrm aetletmr sjhufajemrhj:, ºfjejflgjs hj sufaletl sjdrl hms pjhçtafms, hjs prjcrmgms y hms hlyls oaracaoms m rlsjhvlr lstl prjdhlgm: Va ejsjtrjs ej fjejflgjs sufaletlgletl lstj, ºpjolgjs dusfmr m mhcuale qul ejs myuol m imgahamrazmrejs fje lhhj: º^jolgjs jplrmr eulstrjs prjcrmgms mftumhls y fmgdamr hms pjhçtafms mh gasgj talgpj: º]uá saelrcam pjsatavm sl pulol frlmr sa bmflgjs mgdms:, ºfje quaáe ejs pjolgjs mhamr pmrm mhfmezmr eulstrjs jd`ltavjs:, ºquá vletm`ms talel frlmr uem rlo u jrcmeazmfaöe oloafmom m aefaoar: º]uá oldl fmgdamr aestatufajemhgletl pmrm fjevlrtarejs le uem JVF qul aefaol: ºMilftm eulstrm agmcle lstl fmgdaj:, ºmilftm eulstrm rlhmfaöe fje hms iuletls ol emefamgaletj mftumh: j ºagphafm fjestruar mhamezms fje jtrjs mftjrls:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^MVJ 4 FJEV_T\QLEOJ LH LV^MFAJ ^ÐDHAFJ0 º]\Á OLDLGJV FJEJFLT ^MTM AEFAOAT:
Jd`ltavj0 Mh emh ol lstl pmsj tleoríe ue gmrfj tlörafj pmrm hm aefaolefam0 pjoríe aoletafmr fhmrmgletl hm oailrlefam letrl hj pðdhafj y hj pravmoj y letleolríe hm oailrlefam letrl uem fuhturm fçvafm y uem mutjratmram. ^joríe oasflrear letrl hj pjhçtafj y hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms y letleolr hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs. 4=
4.= Hj pravmoj, hj cudlremgletmh y hj pðdhafj Aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ls uem mftavaomo qul talel qul vlr fje pmrtafapmr le lh lspmfaj pðdhafj, y ls uem ijrgm ol bmflr qul qualels tjgme olfasajels ol cjdalrej (oaputmojs, slemojrls, iuefajemrajs ol hm mogaeastrmfaöe pðdhafm, cjdlremojrls, prlsaoletls gueafapmhls, olhlcmojs, `ulfls y lh ^rlsaoletl ol hm Tlpðdhafm) aefjrpjrle hjs aetlrlsls ol hm fauomomeçm le hjs prjcrmgms y hlyls qul lhmdjrme. ^mrm letleolr ue pjfj gís quá saceafm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms, ls elflsmraj qul fjejzfme hm oailrlefam letrl hj pravmoj, hj cudlremgletmh y hj pðdhafj.
Hj pravmoj Hj pravmoj ls hm lsilrm ol hm hadlrtmo aeoavaoumh y imgahamr, qul olhagatm hm aetagaomo y lh bjcmr. Hm vaom pravmom ls ue fmgpj mgphaj ol aetlrlsls y mftavaomols, ojeol ej aetlrvalel hm ejrgm lstmtmh, salgprl y fumeoj ej sl vajhl hm hly. Fjgj l`lgphjs, lstíe lh eðglrj ol ba`js qul uem pmrl`m olfaol tlelr, hm ijrgm ol loufmrhjs j hm lhlffaöe ol uem rlhacaöe. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Fumeoj bmdhmgjs ol hms elflsaomols, aetlrlsls, hadlrtmols Lh lspmfaj pravmoj ls lh y olrlfbjs aeoavaoumhls, ejs rlilragjs le pmrtl mh lspmfaj ígdatj le ojeol emoal pravmoj. Vae lgdmrcj, lh lspmfaj pravmoj y hm lsilrm pðdhafm pulol aetlrvlear, m glejs irlfuletlgletl sl rlhmfajeme ol gmelrm lstrlfbm, puls qul sl vajhl hm hly. le lh lspmfaj pðdhafj sl lstmdhlfle hms fjeoafajels pmrm qul sl pulome hhlvmr m fmdj hms olfasajels pravmoms. Ls olfar, fumeoj sl frlme hlyls y ejrgms jraletmoms m mhfmezmr dalels, hadlrtmols y olrlfbjs aeoavaoumhls j imgahamrls, sl lstíe cmrmetazmeoj msplftjs ol hm vaom pðdhafm y pravmom, mh jdhacmrejs m rlspltmr hçgatls pmrm uem gl`jr fjevavlefam sjfamh. ^jr l`lgphj, hm lhlffaöe ol uem rlhacaöe ls ue msuetj pravmoj, qul fjefalrel m hm imgaham y m hm plrsjem. Le fmgdaj, hm hadlrtmo ol frloj ls ue msuetj pðdhafj, ol aetlrás pmrm tjojs hjs galgdrjs ol hm sjfalomo, puls ls hj qul cmrmetazm hm pjsadahaomo ol lhlcar hm rlhacaöe ol gmelrm pravmom.
Hj pðdhafj
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Fumeoj bmdhmgjs ol hj pðdhafj, bmdhmgjs ol ue msuetj ol aetlrás, tmetj pmrm hjs mftjrls cudlremgletmhls fjgj pmrm hjs ej cudlremgletmhls y, pjr hj tmetj, ls mhcj qul hl fjefalrel m uem phurmhaomo ol crupjs l aeoavaoujs. Hms plrsjems vavagjs le fjgueaomols y sjfalomols qul
Lh lspmfaj pðdhafj sl fjestruyl m trmvás olh oldmtl sjdrl hjs aetlrlsls y elflsaomols ol hm sjfalomo le clelrmh,
sl bme jrcmeazmoj pmrm leirletmr y rlsjhvlr tlgms ol jplrsjems hjs qul fjgpmrtle j crupjs ol uem aetlrás clelrmh, ls olfar, satumfajels qul ol uem u jtrm fjgueaomo. gmelrm milftme ol ijrgm pjsatavm j elcmtavm hm vaom ol gufbms plrsjems mh gasgj talgpj. Lstjs msuetjs, qul sje rlfjejfaojs pjr hm sjfalomo, sl fjejfle fjgj hj pðdhafj j msuetjs ol aetlrás pðdhafj. Iacurm <. Hm oleafaöe y rloleafaöe ol hj pðdhafj y hj pravmoj0 Lh orlem`l, hm vajhlefam aetrmimgahamr y hms bmgdruems Hjs hçgatls letrl hj pðdhafj y hj pravmoj sl rlolele fjestmetlgletl . Hj qul sl fjevalrtl le msuetj ol aetlrás pðdafj fmgdam fje lh talgpj, sl fjestruyl sjfamhgletl m pmrtar olh oldmtl y olpleol ol hjs vmhjrls, hms plrflpfajels y hjs prjflsjs pjhçtafjs ol uem sjfalomo le ue fjetlxtj oltlrgaemoj. Msç, hjs dalels y slrvafajs pðdhafjs ej sje jd`ltavmgletl aoletafmdhls ea aegjoafmdhls; lstj lxphafmqul pjrlequá le mhcuejs pmçsls hmslrvafajs prjvasaöey dalels pðdhafmslyplrfadle lh tmgmýj olh Lstmoj sje gmyjrls, galetrms jtrjs hucmrls gufbjs fjgj lhlffajels olh ígdatj pravmoj. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Lh orlem`l. Hm bastjram ol mhcuejs slrvafajs qul mftumhgletl fjefldagjs fjgj aetrçeslfmgletl pðdhafjs ahustrm guy dale lstjs prjflsjs. Olsol gloamojs olh sachj RYAAA, hm gacrmfaöe olh fmgpj m hm fauomo le Aechmtlrrm bazj qul hms plrsjems fjevavalrme fje gmyjr olesaomo pjdhmfajemh y mugletmrm hm aetlrolpleolefam. Bmdçm fjestmetlslpaolgams, ym qul hm cletl olilfmdm y tarmdm su dmsurm m hms fmhhls. ^mrm lvatmr ralscjs le hm smhuo, hjs galgdrjs ol hms fhmsls gís mfjgjomoms sjhafatmdme hm aetlrvlefaöe ol hm pjhafçm pmrm agpjelr fjeoafajels ol smeaomo l bacalel pðdhafm letrl hjs crupjs gís pjdrls. M pmrtar olh sachj RAR, hjs olsmrrjhhmojrls aegjdahamrajs ojtmdme m falrtms fjhjeams ol fhmsl mfjgjomom qul pmcmdme uem susfrapfaöe0 slrvafajs ol ahugaemfaöe ol fmhhls, rltarj ol dmsurm, trmespjrtl pðdhafj y, sjdrl tjoj, mcum pjtmdhl y orlem`l. Vae lgdmrcj, qualels ej pjoçme pmcmr lstjs slrvafajs lstmdme lxfhuaojs y bmdçm uem slcrlcmfaöe lspmfamh letrl qualels tleçme lstjs slrvafajs pravmojs y qualels, ej. Fje hjs mvmefls le gloafaem, sl frlö hm fjefalefam letrl iuefajemrajs pðdhafjs olh cjdalrej hjfmh qul lh prjdhlgm ol hm dmsurm y olilfmfaöe lrme hm fmusm ol lpaolgams y leilrglomols le hm fauomo . ^jr lhhj, fjglezmrje m vlr lstjs prjdhlgms fjgj ol fmríftlr pðdhafj.Ojtmr ol lstjs slrvafajs ‟mcum, orlem`l y rltarj ol dmsurm, sjdrl tjoj‟ aetlrfjelftmeoj hms rlols ol hms zjems mfjgjomoms fáetrafms m hms zjems gís pjdrls ol gmelrm crmtuatm tleçm ue fjstj gmrcaemh (fudalrtj pjr ue eulvj agpulstj) `ustafmoj pjr prlvlear hm iuletl ol aeilffajels (Ol Vwmme, =122). M pmrtar ol letjefls, hms fjeoafajels ol bacalel y smeaomo sl fjevartalrje le ue msuetj pravmoj, qul hm pjhafçm ym ej tleçm imfuhtmols pmrm aesplffajemr ea smefajemr, plrj fjetaeðm saleoj ue msuetj pðdhafj prjgjvlr dulejs bídatjs ol bacalel pmrm lvatmr fjetmcajs y lpaolgams.
Hm vajhlefam aetrmimgahamr.Jtrj l`lgphj gís mftumh ls hm ijrgm le hm qul uem imgaham frçm m sus ba`js y fögj sl rlhmfajeme hjs föeyucls. Bmstm bmfl mhcuejs mýjs, qul sl mphafmrme cjhpls y vajhlefam fjgj pmrtl ol hm oasfaphaem lrm ue fjgpjrtmgaletj pravmoj y ‘mflptmdhl‗. Vae lgdmrcj, uem vlz olsfudalrtj lh blfbj ol qul lstm vajhlefam uem fjehhlvmdm ol hms fmusms ol hmfjstjs olsaetlcrmfaöe lsfjhmr, olhaefulefam `uvleah, sl lefjetrö qullslstj m mhtjs sjfamhls. Lhimgahamr, Lstmoj, olslrfaöe tmgdaáe oldçm prjtlclr m hjs gís vuhelrmdhls, qul hm gmyjrçm ol hms vlfls lrme eaýjs y gu`lrls. Ol mbç, qul sl fjglezö m hlcashmr y frlmr ejrgms qul lstmdhlfle qul lstms rlhmfajels letrl hjs galgdrjs ol uem imgaham oldle ol slr hadrls ol vajhlefam y le fmsj ol qul ej suflom msç, lh Lstmoj pulol aetlrvlear le lsms olfasajels. Hm vajhlefam aetrmimgahamr, msç, ol`ö ol slr ue msuetj pravmoj pmrm fjevlrtarsl le ue msuetj pðdhafj .
Hms bmgdruems. Lh pmplh ol hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y lh oldmtl pðdhafj sje frufamhls pmrm qul hm sjfalomo y lh cjdalrej oltlftle y letaleome hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs olsmtleoaojs, msç fjgj pmrm qul prjpafale mffajels ol sjhufaöe. Mgmrtym Vle y @lme Orâzl, le ue lstuoaj bastörafj ol hms bmgdruems le lh gueoj fjgj uem ijrgm lxtrlgm ol pjdrlzm, aoletafme qul eaecuem bm jfurraoj le pmçsls olgjfrítafjs ojeol lxastl uem prlesm hadrl, pmrtaojs ol jpjsafaöe y uem jpaeaöe pðdhafm. Lstjs lhlgletjs pjorçme aoletafmr mglemzms ol bmgdrl y pjelr le príftafm uem prlsaöe pjhçtafm sjdrl lh Lstmoj pmrm qul oaslýl uem mffaöe pðdhafm ol sjhufaöe mh prjdhlgm (Vle y Orâzl, =121). ‘Hj pðdhafj sl letaleol fjgj hj qul fjevalel m tjojs ol hm gasgm gmelrm pmrm su oaceaomo‗ Dlremroj _jrj mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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º]uaáe fjestruyl hj pðdhafj: Hjs mfmoágafjs. Hjs fjgueafmojrls. Hjs rlprlsletmetls lhlftjs y pjhçtafjs. Hjs iuefajemrajs pðdhafjs. Hjs lgprlsmrajs. Hjs oarlftavjs y hçolrls ol hms Jrcmeazmfajels ol hm Vjfalomo Favah (JVFs). Hjs mrtastms y prjouftjrls ol fuhturm. Hjs saeoafmtjs, hms fjjplrmtavms y hms msjfamfajels prjilsajemhls. Hjs hçolrls sjfamhls y fjgueatmrajs. Hjs hçolrls rlhacajsjs. Hjs jrcmeasgjs guhtahmtlrmhls y hms fjeilrlefams aetlremfajemhls. Iacurm 9. Hjs mftjrls qul fjestruyle lh lspmfaj pðdhafj
4?
Vastlgm loufmtavj y fletrjs ol fjejfagaletj
Fletrjs ol aevlstacmfaöe y olsmrrjhhj tlfejhöcafj ^rjcrmgms, letrlvastms y oldmtls pðdhafjs
Tlprlsletmetls lhlftjs y pjhçtafjs
Vaeoafmtjs y msjfamfajels prjilsajemhls
Iuefajemrajs pðdhafjs Mrtastms y prjouftjrls ol fuhturm0 loatjramhls, fmsms oasqulrms, prjouftjrms ol fael
Jrcmeasgjs guhtahmtlrmhls y fjeilrlefams aetlremfajemhls
JVFs Oasfusajels y msmgdhlms pðdhafms
Lgprlsmrajs
Hçolrls sjfamhls y fjgueatmrajs Hçolrls rlhacajsjs
Ijrjs y fjecrlsjs
Iuletl0 _jrj y Tjorçculz, 4>>=. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Hj cudlremgletmh Hj cudlremgletmh oltletm lh pjolr olh Lstmoj y/j ls sudjroaemoj mh mpmrmtj olh Lstmoj. Vje hjs msuetjs qul talele msplftjs pðdhafjs y pravmojs; sl rlhmfajem fje hm rlprlsletmfaöe le aestatufajels pjhçtafms y hms olfasajels ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Vae lgdmrcj, ls agpjrtmetl slýmhmr qul bmy gufbjs msuetjs pðdhafjs qul ej sl lefuletrme oletrj olh ígdatj cudlremgletmh. ^jr l`lgphj, hms JVFs tmgdaáe prjvlle dalels y slrvafajs pðdhafjs, emefamojs pjrpjdhmfajels gloaj ol ojemfajels pravmomsgufbms y fjetradufajels fauomomems. Mh tlelr dlelfajs pmrm hms ojeol sl rlmhazme, vlfls sl fjevalrtle le msuetjs pðdhafjs, qul aetlrlsme m hm fjgueaomo, muequl hms iuletls ol sus rlfursjs slme pravmoms y le eaecðe gjgletj aetlrvlecm lh cjdalrej. Iacurm 3. Hj pðdhafj ej-cudlremgletmh Le hm lsilrm pðdhafm ej cudlremgletmh, hjs mftjrls fletrmhls sje hms jrcmeazmfajels j ijrgms ol fjetrjh pðdhafms. Vl hls hhmgm msç pjrqul lstíe vjhfmoms mh aetlrás clelrmh y sje ‘ej-cudlremgletmhls‗ pjrqul ej sje mogaeastrmoms pjr slrvaojrls pðdhafjs ea ej sje pmrtl olh mpmrmtj olh Lstmoj. 4<
Vl dmsm le lh aetlrás pðdhafj y ej talel els ol hufrj Ls mutöejgj0 sl dmsm le mutj-jrcmeazmfaöe y mutj-clstaöe
Olleol vmhjrls fjhlftavjs0 sjhaomraomo, fjgprjgasj, fjjplrmfaöe
Hj pðdhafj ej-cudlremgletmh ^rjgulvl hm gl`jrm ol hm olgjfrmfam y ol hms aestatufajels pjhçtafms trmoafajemhls
Hjs mftjrls sje JVFs, fauomomejs pravmojs y vjhuetmrajs (ej pjhçtafjs lhlftjs)
^rjgulvl slrvafajs sjfamhls y fudrl elflsaomols y fhaletls qul ea hj pravmoj ea hj cudlremgletmh fudrle
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
L`lgphjs ol jrcmeazmfajels pðdhafms ej cudlremgletmhls0 Lsfulhms \eavlrsaomols Fletrjs ol aevlstacmfaöe Bjspatmhls Gusljs Hm loufmfaöe y hm smhuo sje hjs gmyjrls l`lgphjs ol hj qul pulol slr pðdhafj y ej cudlremgletmh. Vje slrvafajsrlfursjs pðdhafjspðdhafjs qul pulole slr jirlfaojs letaomols ej sje pmrtl olhpjrmpmrmtj durjfrítafj, rlfadle y pravmojs, ej talelepjrels ol hufrj,qul lstíe cjdlremojs fjesl`js u örcmejs fauomomejs, sje mutöejgjs, sl pulole olhlcmr m JVFs, y rlsulhvle elflsaomols ol aetlrás clelrmh. Hms ueavlrsaomols, fumeoj ej plrsacule lh hufrj y ej talele slrvaojrls pðdhafjs letrl sus fumorjs ea lstíe sudjroaemoms oarlftmgletl mh cjdalrej, sje aestatufajels pðdhafms ej cudlremgletmhls. _mgdaáe hjs bjspatmhls, qul talele uem hmrcm trmoafaöe ol omr ue slrvafaj m oavlrsjs slftjrls sjfamhls (fjdrme fujtms oailrlefamoms m pmrtar ol ue lstuoaj sjfaj-lfjeögafj) y qul sje cjdlremojs pjr fjesl`js aeolpleoaletls. Mgdms aestatufajels sulhle slr mutöejgms olh cjdalrej y ol hm durjfrmfam lstmtmh. Iuletl0 Drlsslr ^lrlarm y Fueahh, =112. 49
Iacurm 2. Oailrlefam letrl hj pravmoj, hj pðdhafj y hj cudlremgletmh VALV^TAYMOJ...
VALV^ÐDHAFJ...
VALVC\DLTEMGLE_MH...
• Ls ol lhlffaöe l aetlrás
• Ls ol aetlrás clelrmh pmrm hm
• Ls ol aetlrás pðdhafj.
aeoavaoumh j imgahamr. • Ej vm le fjetrm ol eaecuem hly. • ^ulol slr hufrmtavj.
sjfalomo j hm fjgueaomo. • ^rjgulvl j hagatm ue aetlrás hlcçtagj ol uem fjgueaomo j crupj sjfamh. • Mpjym lh hjcrj ol vmhjrls suplrajrls (hadlrtmols aeoavaoumhls y olrlfbjs bugmejs, pjhçtafjs y sjfamhls).
• Ls prjgjvaoj pjr hms mutjraomols
fje imfuhtmols oleaoms le hm hly.
Ej tjoj hj pðdhafj ls cudlremgletmh, plrj tjoj hj cudlremgletmh ls pðdhafj. Fjgj vagjs, hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, hms lgprlsms, hms ueavlrsaomols y hms JVFs sje mhcuejs ol hjs jtrjs mftjrls qul tmgdaáe pmrtafapme le hm fjestruffaöe olh lspmfaj pðdhafj. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm 1. Msplftjs pðdhafjs, pravmojs y cudlremgletmhls ol hm loufmfaöe
Hj pðdhafj
Loufmfaöe pðdhafm, hmafm y crmtuatm fjgj olrlfbj Jdhacmfaöe ol pmorls ol levamr m sus ba`js m hm lsfulhm
Hj pravmoj Lsfulhms pðdhafms prjvastms pjr cjdalrej Cjdalrej mutjrazm y vmhaom lstuoajs le lsfulhms pravmoms Hj cudlremgletmh
^mrtafuhmrls pulole prjvllr slrvafaj loufmtavj ^morls pulole lhlcar tapj ol loufmfaöe pmrm sus ba`js
43
4.4. Hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem le lh lspmfaj pðdhafj ^mrm fjgprleolr lh lspmfaj pðdhafj tmgdaáe oldlgjs Lh Lstmoj ls uem ijrgm ol letleolr lh fjeflptj ol Lstmoj. Hjs fauomomejs ijrgmgjs jrcmeazmfaöe letrl plrsjems pmrtl ol ue Lstmoj y, oletrj ol áh, ol ue sastlgm pjhçtafj. qul vavle le ue gasgj Fjgj pmrtl ol lhhjs, hjs fauomomejs sjgjs tmgdaáe tlrratjraj, sl aoletafme rlspjesmdhls ol hm fmhaomo ol hms pjhçtafms y hms gloaoms qul letrl sç y bme lstmdhlfaoj ue tapj ol cjdalrej. hhlvm m fmdj lh cjdalrej. ^jr lsj ls agpjrtmetl fjgprleolr qul hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem le hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs ls ue lhlgletj iueomgletmh ol hms eulvms ijrgms ol cjdlremr (hj qul le lstjs oçms sl fjejfl fjgj cjdlremezm ?), y ls fletrmh pmrm lh iuefajemgaletj ol fumhqualr olgjfrmfam.
Hm cjdlremezm lxmgaem lh pmplh qul olslgplýme hjs mftjrls ej cudlremgletmhls le hm prjouffaöe ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms. ?
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Lxastle aeoavaoujs qul l`lrfle su fauomomeçm ðeafmgletl Fumeoj bmdhmgjs ol fumeoj mfuole m hms urems m vjtmr pmrm lhlcar m sus fjestruar hj pðdhafj rlprlsletmetls. Iulrm ol hms lhlffajels, su vaom trmesfurrl plesmgjs le rlfuplrmr sae aevjhufrmrsl le jtrjs msuetjs pðdhafjs. ^jr jtrm pmrtl, pmrm hjs fauomomejs hm vaom pðdhafm y mgphamr bmy plrsjems qul fjetmftme m sus rlprlsletmetls pmrm y oavlrsafmr lh lspmfaj bmflrhls smdlr su puetj ol vastm sjdrl mhcðe msuetj pðdhafj, pðdhafj. lsfradaáeojhls fmrtms j mfuoaleoj m muoalefams. Hhmgme j lsfradle pmrm oleuefamr mhcuem arrlcuhmraomo, ue olhatj j ue prjdhlgm ol hjs slrvafajs pðdhafjs, fjgj uem iucm ol mcum. ^ulole tmgdaáe moblrar su rgm m uem pltafaöe j fmrtm ol mpjyj m mhcuem fmusm. _mgdaáe dusfme oaiueoar y olsplrtmr hm fjefalefam ol jtrjs fauomomejs sjdrl mhcðe prjdhlgm j fmusm, slm lsfradaleoj j hhmgmeoj m hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe gmsavjs fjgj lh rmoaj j lh plraöoafj, j pjr gloajs lhlftröeafjs fjgj ue dhjc le aetlrelt, ue fjrrlj lhlftröeafj j mhcuem rlo sjfamh. Iacurm =>. Mffajels ol pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem gís fjguels le Gáxafj 42
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44 m ap f a rt m p l u q l t e l c l o %
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=9 =<
=> =>
1
=> 3 <
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>
\earsl fje jtrms plrsjems milftmoms
]ul`mrsl metl hms mutjraomols
^loar mpjyj m mhcuem jrcmeazmfaöe favah
Msastar m gmeailstmfajels
Vjhafatmr mpjyj m ue pmrtaoj pjhçtafj
^loar myuom m Oaputmojs y Vlemojrls
?
Hhmgmr ue prjcrmgm ol rmoaj j ol tlhlvasaöe
Iargmr fmrtms/ `uetmr rgms
Iuletl0 Lhmdjrmfaöe prjpam m pmrtar ol hm Lefulstm Emfajemh sjdrl Fuhturm ^jhçtafm y ^ríftafms Fauomomems (LEF\^), 4>>2. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Jtrm ijrgm qul talele hms plrsjems ol pmrtafapmr ls plrtlelfaleoj m oastaetjs crupjs fçvafjs, fjgj fjgatás vlfaemhls, jrcmeazmfajels ol pmorls ol imgaham u jrcmeazmfajels ol hm sjfalomo favah. ^jr gloaj ol hm glgdrlsçm le lstjs crupjs u jrcmeazmfajels, hjs fauomomejs dusfmgjs mdjcmr fje gmyjr iulrzm pjr aetlrlsls fjguels qul ej salgprl sje rlprlsletmojs pjr hjs iuefajemrajs y rlprlsletmetls qul jfupme fmrcjs pðdhafjs. Msç, hm fauomomeçm ej ls söhj ue mftj aeoavaoumh, saej tmgdaáe ue mftj fjhlftavj, qul aevjhufrm hm fjjroaemfaöe y hm vjhuetmo ol gufbms plrsjems pmrm pjolr fmgdamr mhcj, saleoj pmrtl ol uem fjgueaomo pjhçtafm. Iacurm ==. Glgdrlsçm le jrcmeazmfajels le Gáxafj 4<
44 4> m o am f j =< s m l t e l c =>
=6 == 1
2
l o %
< <
>
6
Vaeoafmtj ^mrtaoj pjhçtafj
Mcrupmfaöe prjilsajemh
41
9 ?
6
Mcrupmfaöe pjhçtafm
Aestatufaöe ol dlelflefam
Jrcmeazmfaöe ol fauomomejs
Mcrupmfaöe ol myuom sjfamh
Ylfaejs, Ol fjhjejs, mrtl y fjeoö- fuhturm gaejs
Msjfamfaöe ol pmorls ol imgaham ol hm lsfulhm
Iuletl0 Lhmdjrmfaöe prjpam m pmrtar ol LEF\^, 4>>2.
Hm mffaöe ol hjs fauomomejs ls agpjrtmetl pmrm lh iuefajemgaletj olh Lstmoj, y ue pmçs sl vulhvl vamdhl fumeoj sus cjdalrejs sje fmpmfls ol aetlcrmr mftavmgletl m sus fauomomejs le hj pðdhafj (Blvam, 4>>3). Fjgj ym vagjs, lh lspmfaj pðdhafj ej ls mhcj `j, saej qul sl olel y rlolel fjestmetlgletl. Vu olhagatmfaöe olpleol ol hj qul hjs fauomomejs y hjs gasgjs cjdlremetls olele fjgj pmrtl olh aetlrás ol tjojs j ol crupjs sjfamhls agpjrtmetls. ^jr lsj, hj pðdhafj ls mhcj qul oldl fjestruar uem sjfalomo `uetj fje sus mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
cjdlremetls, y qul trmsfaleol lh ígdatj cudlremgletmh. Vae lgdmrcj, söhj le ue Lstmoj olgjfrítafj lxastle cmrmetçms pmrm qul hjs cjdlremojs pmrtafaple mftavmgletl le hm fjestruffaöe olh lspmfaj pðdhafj. Tlsuhtm ðtah fjefldar hm fjestruffaöe ol hj pðdhafj y hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs le ojs oaglesajels ol hm rlhmfaöe letrl fauomomejs y Lstmoj (qul sl ahustrme le hm Iacurm =4)0 = Hm pmrtafapmfaöe, qul sjdrl tjoj sl trmoufl le olgmeoms ol hjs fauomomejs m hm
mutjraomo. 4 Lh fugphagaletj ol hm hly y hms ejrgms , tmetj ol hm mutjraomo fjgj ol hjs oastaetjs
aeoavaoujs. Msç puls, sje tme agpjrtmetl hms mftatuols y lh fjgpjrtmgaletj ol hjs fauomomejs irletl m hm mutjraomo (olgmeomr mtlefaöe m msuetjs pðdhafjs y mslcurmrsl ol qul fugphm hm hly) fjgj hms prjpams mftatuols y lh fjgpjrtmgaletj ol hjs gasgjs fauomomejs letrl sç (fjemr letrl lhhjs, jrcmeazmrsl, lsplrmr qul fugphme hm hly y sa ej, rlprjdmr j oleuefamrhjs) (Mhgjeo y Ylrdm, =13>). 6>
Iacurm =4. Mftatuols y fjgpjrtmgaletj ol hjs fauomomejs letrl sç y irletl m hm mutjraomo Mutjraomo Mftatuols y fjgpjrtmgaletj ol fauomomejs irletl m mutjraomo
= ^mrtafapmr y olgmeomr
4 Fugphar hm hly y fjemezm le hm mutjraomo y letrl plrsjems Fauomomej
Fauomomej Mftatuols y fjgpjrtmgaletj ol fauomomejs letrl sa
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm =6. Hm cjdlremezm le uem fuhturm mutjratmram y le uem fuhturm fçvafm0 Gjolhjs tlörafjs pmrm rlffllxajemr Lxastle oailrletls ijrgms ol fjestruar lh lspmfaj pðdhafj y ol aetlrmftumr fje hm mutjraomo. Ej tjoms lhhms tjgme le fuletm m hjs aeoavaoujs y crupjs sjfamhls pmrm hm tjgm ol olfasajels. ^mrm lxphafmr lstms vmramfajels prlsletmgjs ojs gjolhjs tlörafjs. Ls agpjrtmetl fjesaolrmr qul lstjs gjolhjs sje sagphafmfajels qul sarvle pmrm lxphafmr hm rlmhaomo, muequl ástm ls ejrgmhgletl gís fjgphl`m. Hm sjfalomo glxafmem, j fumhqualr sjfalomo, pulol tlelr fmrmftlrçstafms ol mgdjs gjolhjs, y tmgdaáe sulhl prlsletmr gufbjs fjgpjrtmgaletjs ol trmesafaöe.
Gjolhj mutjratmraj
Mutjraomo leirletm gðhtaphls olgmeoms y rlspjeol ol gmelrm irmcgletmom y oasfrlfajemh
Mutjraomo
Vl pmrtafapm y mfuol m hm mutjraomo pmrm rlsjhvlr prjdhlgms plrsjemhls, y ej prjpösatjs fjhlftavjs. Aeoavaouj
Aeoavaouj Aeoavaouj
Fjelxajels y rlfjgleomfajels sje guy agpjrtmetls pmrm rlsjhvlr pltafaöe
Aeoavaouj
6=
Tlsuhtm oaiçfah
Vjfalomo olsjrcmeazmom, mffaöe pðdhafm aelilftavm
cjdlremr y sjhufajemr prjdhlgms pðdhafjs
Le hms sjfalomols mutjratmrams, hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs sje rlspjesmdahaomo ðeafmgletl olh cjdalrej, hms hlyls sje lhmdjrmoms pjr uejs fumetjs y lh oldmtl pðdhafj ls aelxastletl j saguhmoj. Hjs cjdlremojs ej sulhle msugar hm rlspjesmdahaomo ol pmrtafapmr le lh prjflsj ol tjgm ol olfasajels; ls olfar, ej l`lrfle, le lh sletaoj aetlcrmh ol hm pmhmdrm, su fauomomeçm. ^jr hj gasgj, hm gmyjrçm ol hms plrsjems j crupjs ej mflptme hm hly ea fjeiçme le lhhm fjgj gloaj pmrm rlcuhmr hm fjevavlefam sjfamh. Fjgj fjeslfulefam, pjfjs lstíe oaspulstjs m fugphar hms hlyls y m rlspltmr hjs olrlfbjs ol jtrms plrsjems. Hjs aeoavaoujs lstíe pjfj jrcmeazmojs y söhj mhcuejs talele uem vasaöe ol aetlrás pðdhafj. Dusfme rlsjhvlr sus prjdhlgms pmrtafuhmrls bmfaleoj clstajels y pltafajels metl hm mutjraomo, galetrms qul hjs crupjs lxfhuaojs sulhle bmflr gmeailstmfajels ol iulrzm pmrm aetletmr jdhacmr mh cjdalrej m mtleolr sus olgmeoms. ^jr su pmrtl, lh cjdalrej leirletm prlsajels y olgmeoms gðhtaphls y irmcgletmoms. Lstl lxflsj ol olgmeoms ol aeoavaoujs j plqulýjs crupjs jfmsajem qul lh cjdalrej mtaleom oasfrlfajemhgletl söhj hms pltafajels
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
qul valele ‘rlfjgleomoms‗. Omoj qul hms plrsjems vle fjgj m`lems l agpulstms hms ejrgms y hlyls, ej hms rlspltme y fjestmetlgletl sl vajhme. Hjs aeoavaoujs fjeiçme pjfj letrl sç y hm fjevavlefam sjfamh taleol mh olsjrole. Le lstl fjetlxtj ol memrquçm, ls irlfuletl qul hjs crupjs pravahlcamojs j hm sjfalomo le clelrmh paome ‘gmej ourm‗ mh cjdalrej pmrm rlsjhvlr prjdhlgms pjr hm iulrzm, pmsmeoj pjr lefagm ol hadlrtmols y olrlfbjs. Ej bmy glfmeasgjs qul cmrmetafle qul hms olfasajels qul sl tjgme sje pmrm lh dlelfaj fjgðe.
Gjolhj Fçvafj
Fje fauomomejs gís
Mutjraomo
Olgmeoms m mutjraomo lstíe gjtavmoms pjr gl`jrmr msuetjs pðdhafjs
aevjhufrmojs, cjdalrej rlqualrl aevlrtar glejs y hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms sje gís lilftavms
Fauomomej
64
Gmyjr pmrtafapmfaöe le jrcmeazmfajels vjhuetmrams
Fauomomej
Fauomomej
Fauomomej
Fauomomejs vle pjr su aetlrás pmrtafuhmr,
Aeoavaoujs sl aevjhufrme le lh fugphagaletj ol
fjesfaletls ol aetlrlsls ol jtrjs
hm hly
Cjdlremr ls gís iífah
Le fjetrmstl fje hms sjfalomols mutjratmrams, le hms sjfalomols fçvafms lxastl gmyjr pmrtafapmfaöe le jrcmeazmfajels vjhuetmrams y, le clelrmh, gmyjr fjetradufaöe ol hm fauomomeçm m hjs oldmtls sjdrl msuetjs pðdhafjs. Va dale hjs fauomomejs vle pjr su aetlrás pmrtafuhmr, hj bmfle le lh gmrfj olh aetlrás pðdhafj, ls olfar, fjesfaletls ol hms elflsaomols ol hjs jtrjs. Hjs fauomomejs mfuole m hms mutjraomols pmrm bmflr fugphar sus olrlfbjs, olgmeomr gl`jrms le hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs y hms hlyls, trmespmrletmr hm mffaöe cudlremgletmh y jdtlelr ue dlelfaj pmrm hm sjfalomo le clelrmh, y ej söhj pmrm jdtlelr ue dlelfaj pmrtafuhmr. Le uem fuhturm fçvafm, fumeoj sl tjgm uem olfasaöe olsol lh Lstmoj, ástm bm saoj prlvamgletl oasfutaom fje hjs fauomomejs, fjeirjetmeoj oailrletls puetjs ol vastm y pjsafajels. Lhhj clelrm mpjyj fauomomej, ym qul lhcrupjs oldmtlj pðdhafj lxpjel hms rmzjels m imvjroly le ol uem olfasaöe cudlremgletmh. lxastme aeoavaoujs aefjeijrgls, lh blfbj qulfjetrm lh msuetj bmym saoj oasfutaoj taleol mMuequl mhavamr
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
sletagaletjs ol lxfhusaöe y irustrmfaöe. _mgdaáe, omoj qul hjs fauomomejs fjetraduylrje m frlmr hms hlyls y ejrgms, sl rlspltme gís. Vl aevjhufrme le bmflrhms fugphar, tmetj ol pmrtl ol hm mutjraomo fjgj ol hjs jtrjs fauomomejs. Bmy msç gmyjr fjemezm y fjhmdjrmfaöe letrl hms plrsjems. ^jr lstj, lh gjolhj ol uem fuhturm fçvafm pulol tmgdaáe vlrsl fjgj uem rlhmfaöe aolmh qul pjolgjs plrslcuar mh dusfmr aefaoar le hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms.
\em ol hms ijrgms gís lilftavms ol pmrtafapmfaöe le lh lspmfaj pðdhafj sl om fumeoj hms JVFs sl prjpjele myuomr m rlsjhvlr prjdhlgms pðdhafjs j olileolr fmusms pðdhafms.
Iuletl0 ^utemg, =116.
L`lrfafaj 4. Aoletafmeoj hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs Lstl l`lrfafaj ls guy slefahhj; ls hm oaeígafm fje hm fumh fjglezmgjs eulstrjs tmhhlrls l aetrjoufl rípaomgletl m hjs pmrtafapmetls le hm oasfusaöe ol hj pðdhafj. Vl pulole fjetlstmr hms prlcuetms le plqulýjs crupjs ol oasfusaöe (ej gís ol < plrsjems) j ol gmelrm aeoavaoumh. Mh emh, sl sjfamhazme hms rlspulstms ol fmom uej ol hjs crupjs j hms plrsjems y sl oasfutle hms slgl`mezms y oailrlefams. 66
Vatumfaöe m oasfutar0
\e crupj ol bmdatmetls gmetalel dhjqulmom uem fmrrltlrm ilolrmh fjgj prjtlstm pjr hm imhtm ol mcum letudmom le su hjfmhaomo. Tlspjeome m hms sacualetls prlcuetms0 ºFuíh ls lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj: ºFuíhls sje hms fjeslfulefams ol lstl blfbj: ºFuíhls sje hjs mftjrls aevjhufrmojs le lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj: ºM quá mrlems ol aefaolefam y ígdatjs ol cjdalrej hl fjgpltl hm sjhufaöe olh prjdhlgm: (pulols fjetlstmrhm ol gmelrm aetuatavm j ol`mrhm pmrm oasfutar uem vlz qul sl bmym hlçoj lh ^msj 6) ºFögj pulol rlsjhvlrsl:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
L`lrfafaj 6. Oastaecualeoj letrl hj pðdhafj y hj pravmoj Le lstl l`lrfafaj, hlme fje fuaomoj hm aeijrgmfaöe olh fmsj ol ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj rlmh, ojeol aetlrvalele euglrjsjs mftjrls le su oleafaöe y le su rlsjhufaöe. ^jstlrajrgletl, rlspjeome m hms prlcuetms, pulol slr le crupjs j le phlemram. Mhcuejs fjeflptjs olh fmsj y hms prlcuetms sl rlvasme le lh ^msj 6, fjgj sl aeoafm.
Hms lgasajels ol Glt-Glx0 letleoaleoj hj pravmoj y hj pðdhafj Lh Crupj Aeoustramh ^lýjhls sl oloafm olsol =223 m hm gaelrçm, hm iueoafaöe y lhmdjrmfaöe ol prjouftjs quçgafjs; uej ol sus fjgphl`js aeoustramhls ls Glt-Glx le _jrrlöe, Fjmbuahm. Ourmetl oáfmoms, ^lýjhls gmetuvj uem trmoafaöe ol ojemfajels, ol gmelrm pravmom, sae oaiueoarhms y, sjdrl tjoj, sae lxpjelrsl m hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm.
6?
Lstj fmgdaö rmoafmhgletl, fumeoj le =112, ojs gáoafjs pudhafmrje uem aevlstacmfaöe qul slýmhmdm lh agpmftj elcmtavj ol smhuo qul prjoufçm lh fjgphl`j gltmhðrcafj, qul bmdçm jplrmoj pjr oáfmoms sae gmyjr fjetrmtalgpj guy flrfm ol dmrrajs olesmgletl pjdhmojs le _jrrlöe. Hm aevlstacmfaöe prlsletmdm lvaolefam ol qul hm lgasaöe ol pmrtçfuhms ol gltmhls plsmojs fmusmdm omýjs crmvls le hm smhuo ol eaýjs y gu`lrls lgdmrmzmoms, qualels prlsletmdme gmyjrls eavlhls ol fjetmgaemfaöe fjeijrgl vavçme gís flrfm ol hm phmetm Glt-Glx. Bmstm lstm aevlstacmfaöe, hm lgprlsm sl vlçm fjgj uem ol hms praefapmhls prjvllojrms ol lgphlj le hm rlcaöe y gjeatjrlmdm hm smhuo ol sus lgphlmojs. Vae lgdmrcj, hm fjetmgaemfaöe y hm smhuo pðdhafm ol hm fjgueaomo ej sl plrfadçme fjgj prjdhlgms ea lstmdme le hm mcleom pðdhafm ea le hm mcleom ol hms mutjraomols, rlspjesmdhls ol rlcuhmr lstjs tlgms. Hjs mutjrls ol hms aevlstacmfajels bafalrje hhlcmr hjs rlsuhtmojs m hjs bmdatmetls ol hms fjhjeams milftmoms y m hms mutjraomols fjrrlspjeoaletls ‟hm Vlfrltmrçm ol Vmhuo, hm Vlfrltmram olh Gloaj Mgdaletl, lh Fjecrlsj olh Lstmoj y hm Fígmrm ol Oaputmojs‟ fjgj uem ijrgm ol rlspjesmdahazmrhjs. Hm lgprlsm mrcugletmdm qul ej lstmdm vajhmeoj eaecuem hly, hj fumh lrm falrtj ym qul ej lxastçme ejrgms jfamhls qul lstmdhlfalrme hçgatls m hms lgasajels ol pmrtçfuhms j rlcuhmfajels mgdaletmhls qul mphafmrme m hm aeoustram. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Olspuás ol mhcðe talgpj, lh prjdhlgm mpmrlfaö le hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y, pjstlrajrgletl, lh msuetj emhgletl sl aefjrpjrö m hm mcleom ol cjdalrej. Hm ^rjfurmourçm Ilolrmh ol ^rjtlffaöe mh Mgdaletl (^TJIL^M) lgataö rlfjgleomfajels pmrm qul hm lgprlsm fugphalrm ol gmelrm vjhuetmram, gasgms qul ej sl bafalrje pðdhafms y pjr lhhj ej sl puoj gjeatjrlmr su fugphagaletj. Hm prlsaöe sjfamh mugletö y hm agmcle pðdhafm ol hm lgprlsm sl oltlrajrö, plrj mðe ej qulomdm fhmrj fuíh lrm hm mutjraomo rlspjesmdhl ol rlcuhmr y smefajemr lstms príftafms. \ejs glsls gís tmrol, lh msuetj bmdçm hhlcmoj ym m hm Fígmrm ol Oaputmojs, qualels vasatmrje lh sataj y bmdhmrje fje oavlrsms mutjraomols. Le lelrj ol =111, sl frlö ue fjgatá fje iuefajemrajs ol hjs trls eavlhls ol cjdalrej, lh fumh oleaö ue prjcrmgm ol gloaoms qul ^lýjhls oldaö mfmtmr. Glt-Glx oldaö ol aestmhmr eulvm tlfejhjcçm l aeirmlstrufturm pmrm lvatmr qul hms pmrtçfuhms smhalrme olh fjgphl`j; sl dmrraö y msparö hm zjem milftmom pjr lh pjhvj qul fjetleçm phjgj, sl rltarmrje lsfjgdrjs y sl pmvagletmrje fmgaejs y lsfulhms flrfmems. Vl fjgprmrje hjs tlrrlejs y fmsms gís flrfmejs m hm phmetm, hms fumhls sl olgjhalrje y sl fjestruyö ue pmrqul, qul sarvaö pmrm mgjrtazmr hm fjetmgaemfaöe olh fjgphl`j. Molgís, fje hjs rlfursjs ol ue olafjgasj frlmoj pjr hm lgprlsm y gloametl fjevleajs fje hms mutjraomols, sl aetlreö m gís ol 2> eaýjs le bjspatmhls y sl oaj trmtmgaletj m pjr hj glejs jtrjs 3>>. Vl lstmdhlfalrje ojs fletrjs ol mtlefaöe fjgueatmram le hms zjems milftmoms; sl fmpmfatö m plrsjemh gáoafj le hms aestatufajels ol smhuo pmrm omr trmtmgaletj gáoafj m hms milftmfajels ol phjgj le hm smecrl. Vl aetlcrö uem sjstafmom rlo ol gjeatjrlj mgdaletmh mh aetlrajr y mh lxtlrajr ol hm phmetm, le lh írlm ol milftmfaöe. Hm mffaöe pðdhafm ‟hjcrmom m trmvás ol hm oleafaöe ol ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj pjr uem aevlstacmfaöe y hm mtlefaöe ol gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y jtrms mutjraomols‟ clelrö fmgdajs le hms pjhçtafms ol hm lgprlsm y olh cjdalrej. ^lýjhls sl lefmrcö ol fugphar fje lstíeomrls y flrtafmfajels mgdaletmhls emfajemhls l aetlremfajemhls (gufbms ol lhhms, ol mojpfaöe vjhuetmrams) y fjglezö m pudhafmr ue rlpjrtl mgdaletmh y sjfamh, meumhgletl. ^jr su pmrtl, lh cjdalrej ilolrmh oleaö fje gmyjr prlfasaöe sus imfuhtmols pmrm suplrvasmr m hms lgprlsms, pjealeoj ue hçgatl gíxagj m hm
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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lgasaöe ol pmrtçfuhms y mtraduyáeojsl uem eulvm imfuhtmo ol mphafmr guhtms le fmsj ol aefugphagaletj. Lh cjdalrej lstmtmh oaslýö tmgdaáe blrrmgaletms pmrm lxacar fmgdajs m hm lgprlsm, frlmeoj le fjjroaemfaöe fje lh cjdalrej gueafapmh uem rlo ol gjeatjrlj ol lgasajels, fje lh rlspmhoj ol hm sjfalomo.
^rlcuetms sjdrl lh fmsj0
º^ulole aoletafmr hjs msplftjs pðdhafjs, pravmojs y cudlremgletmhls olh fmsj: ºFuíeoj pmsö lh msuetj m slr ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj: ºFuíeoj pmsö lh msuetj ol slr uej pravmoj m uej pðdhafj:, ºy uej cudlremgletmh: º]uá fmrmftlrçstafms gulstrme uem fuhturm mutjratmram: y ºfuíhls uem fuhturm fçvafm: º]uá imftjrls fjetraduylrje m qul lh prjdhlgm pmsmrm ol hm mcleom pðdhafm m hm mcleom ol cjdalrej: (pulols fjetlstmrhm ol gmelrm aetuatavm j ol`mrhm pmrm oasfutar uem vlz qul sl bmym hlçoj lh ^msj 6)
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Hlfturms rlfjgleomoms •
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Mhgjeo, Cmdralh y Vyoely Ylrdm (=13>)0 Hm fuhturm fçvafm. Gmorao, Iueomfaöe IJLVM. ^utemg, Tjdlrt (=116)0 Gmkaec Olgjfrmfy Sjrk0 Favaf trmoatajes ae gjolre Atmhy. ^raefltje, \eavlrsaty ji ^raefltje ^rlss. Drlsslr ^lrlarm, Huaz Fmrhjs y Euram Fueahh Crmu (=112)0 Hj ^ðdhafj Ej Lstmtmh le hm Tlijrgm olh Lstmoj. Dulejs Marls, Fletrj Hmtaejmglrafmej ol Mogaeastrmfaöe pmrm lh Olsmrrjhhj (FHMO)-^maoös. Lefulstm Emfajemh sjdrl Fuhturm ^jhçtafm y ^ríftafms Fauomomems (LEF\^) 4>>2. Gáxafj, Vlfrltmram ol Cjdlremfaöe.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^MVJ 6
AEIH\QLEOJ LE HM MCLEOM ^ÐDHAFM Q HM MCLEOM OL CJDALTEJ0 ºFÖGJ OAV_AEC\AGJV LV_MV MCLEOMV, Q \DAFMGJV HM MTLEM ^MTM AEFAOAT:
Jd`ltavj0 Mh emh ol lstl pmsj fjejflríe hm oailrlefam letrl hm mcleom pðdhafm y hm mcleom ol cjdalrej, y letleolríe fuíhls sje hms mrlems ol aefaolefam ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms pmrm
olear le fuíh ol lhhms aefaoar.
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Le lh gjolhj ol fuhturm fçvafm olh pmsj metlrajr ( Iacurm =6), sl rlsmhtö qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe ol hm fauomomeçm ls agpjrtmetl pmrm hm sjhufaöe ol prjdhlgms pðdhafjs. Vae lgdmrcj, lh cjdalrej ej mtaleol tjojs hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs, saej söhj hjs qul sl fjhjfme le hm mcleom ol cjdalrej. ^mrm qul hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs letrle m hm mcleom ol cjdalrej, oldl bmdlr fjeslesj le fumetj m0 = Hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm pðdhafj. 4 Hms fmusms olh prjdhlgm pðdhafj. 6 Hms ijrgms ol sjhufajemrhj. ? Hm elflsaomo ol aetlrvlefaöe cudlremgletmh pmrm hm sjhufaöe olh prjdhlgm pðdhafj.
Ls aeoasplesmdhl oastaecuar qul, galetrms ue msuetj pulol fjdrmr gufbm agpjrtmefam oletrj uem fjgueaomo, pulol ej pmrlflr rlhlvmetl pmrm hjs cjdlremetls. ^jr lsj, hms jrcmeazmfajels pulole myuomr m vasadahazmr y mrtafuhmr lstjs msuetjs pmrm qul slme rltjgmojs le hm mcleom pðdhafm y le hm mcleom ol cjdalrej.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
6.=. Mcleom pðdhafm y mcleom ol cjdalrej Mcleom pðdhafm Hm mcleom pðdhafm sl fjestruyl m pmrtar ol qul ue msuetj sl vulhvl agpjrtmetl le uem fjgueaomo, pjrqul lstí milftmeoj hm vaom ol gufbms plrsjems. Le lh gjgletj le lh qul sjfamhgletl sl plrfadl hm elflsaomo ol sjhufajemrhj, ls fumeoj sl oltlftm lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj. Hjs msuetjs sl lefuletrme le hm mcleom pðdhafm pjrqul sl aoletafme fjgj prjdhlgm, j sl bmfle vasadhls pmrm jtrjs y pjrqul glrlfle hm mtlefaöe ol hms mutjraomolsslyoldmtle sl lefuletrme oletrj ol su fjgpltlefam. ^mrm fjhjfmr ue tlgm le hm mcleom pðdhafm, hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm `ulcm ue pmplh iueomgletmh. Iacurm =?. º]uá ls hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm:
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Hm Msjfamfaöe Hmtaejmglrafmem ol Loufmfaöe Tmoajiöeafm (MHLT), le su hadrj Fögj aefaoar le hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm, olel hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm fjgj ‘ue prjflsj fjgueafmtavj gloametl lh fumh hjs fauomomejs sl aetlrlsme sjdrl ue blfbj, ijrgme `uafajs y sl lxprlsme sjdrl oltlrgaemoj msuetj ‗. Yastm ol lstm ijrgm, ls ue prjflsj le qul fjefurrle gufbjs mftjrls, aefhuyleoj hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, hm fauomomeçm le clelrmh y crupjs lsplfçfjs ol prlsaöe (crlgajs, jrcmeazmfajels ol dmsl, crmeols fjgpmýçms, hms achlsams, lh cjdalrej, hjs pmrtaojs pjhçtafjs, ltf.). Le ue fjetlxtj aolmh, tmgdaáe ls ue prjflsj qul clelrm mffaöe y fmgdajs sjfamhls pjsatavjs. Iuletl0 _bl Smsbaectje Jifl je Hmtae Mglrafm (SJHM), =119.
Mcleom ol cjdalrej Hm mcleom ol cjdalrej sl fjgpjel pjr hjs tlgms le hjs qul hjs cjdlremetls sl phmetlme tjgmr mffaöe y hls oloafme rlfursjs y talgpj, ijrguhmeoj prjcrmgms, hlyls, y jtrj tapj ol mffajels cudlremgletmhls ol hjs qul hms aestatufajels pðdhafms j mutjraomols sje rlspjesmdhls. Vje pmrtl ol hm mcleom ol cjdalrej msuetjs qul letrme le lh oldmtl cudlremgletmh, muequl ej elflsmramgletl sl mtaleome, y msuetjs qul mhcuem mutjraomo fje imfuhtmols hlcmhls olfaol mtleolr.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Hm fhmvl pmrm fjgprleolr hm ijrgmfaöe ol hm mcleom ls hm rlhmfaöe letrl hjs tlgms y hms aestatufajels. \e tlgm söhj lgpalzm m moquarar rlhlvmefam fumeoj lstmdhlfl ue vçefuhj fje uem aestatufaöe olh sastlgm pjhçtafj ^mrsjes, 4>>3
Hm rlhmfaöe letrl lstms ojs mcleoms ls fjgphl`m. Hm mcleom pðdhafm, le lh gl`jr ol hjs fmsjs, oldlrçm prlflolr l aeffluar m hm mcleom ol cjdalrej, pmrm qul hm sjhufaöe mh prjdhlgm pðdhafj slm hlcçtagm y fjeslesmom fje hm fauomomeçm. Vae lgdmrcj, ej tjojs hjs msuetjs ol hm mcleom pðdhafm sje pmrtl ol hm mcleom ol cjdalrej, y le jfmsajels hm hmdjr ol hms jrcmeazmfajels fjesastl le prlsajemr l aefaoar pmrm qul lstjs prjdhlgms ym fjejfaojs y oldmtaojs (le hm mcleom pðdhafm) pmsle m slr msuetjs qul lh cjdalrej mtaleom y sl hls msacel rlfursjs pðdhafjs pmrm su rlsjhufaöe.
Hm sjfalomo sl prljfupm pjr ue prjdhlgm fumeoj mhcj le lh oldmtl pðdhafj aeoafm qul pjtlefamhgletl tjojs pjolgjs smhar milftmojs, ol gmelrm oarlftm j aeoarlftm. ^jr lsj, pmrm qul ue msuetj pmsl m hm mcleom pðdhafm j ol cjdalrej talel qul olgjstrmrsl su agpjrtmefam y hjcrmrsl ue rlfjejfagaletj pðdhafj.
Le mhcuejs fmsjs, hm mcleom ol cjdalrej pulol prlflolr y pjsafajemr mhcðe prjdhlgm le hm mcleom pðdhafm y, fje lhhj, hlcatagmr uem aetlrvlefaöe cudlremgletmh. ^jr lsj, ls agpjrtmetl oastaecuar fögj surcl lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj y fögj sl fjhjfm le hms mcleoms. Hjs imftjrls qul oltlrgaeme hm letrmom ol ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj m hm mcleom ol cjdalrej sje0 \e oltjemetl j gjgletj fjyueturmh (lhlffajels, suflsjs lfjeögafjs rlhlvmetls, aeijrgl ol cjdalrej j ol uem jrcmeazmfaöe aetlremfajemh, ltf.). ]ul slm fjgpltlefam ol mhcuem mutjraomo ol cjdalrej. Hm plrflpfaöe olh pðdhafj ol qul lh prjdhlgm glrlfl hm aetlrvlefaöe olh cjdalrej. Hm rlhlvmefam y saceafmfaöe sjfamh olh prjdhlgm. Hm fjdlrturm y oaiusaöe ol hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe. Iacurm =<. ºFögj sl aefjrpjrm ue msuetj pðdhafj m hm mcleom ol cjdalrej: Msuetj
Vl olel fjgj prjdhlgm pðdhafj
Mcleom pðdhafm
Vurcl msuetj,y sl sl vulhvllhpðdhafj olhadlrm
Vl vulhvlirletl ue mh rlfhmgj cjdalrej
Mcleom ol cjdalrej
^rjdhlgm pravmoj Lh cjdalrej mtaleol lh rlfhmgj ol sjhufajemr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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6.4. Mrlems pðdhafms ol aefaolefam Hms mrlems pðdhafms ol aefaolefam sje hjs ígdatjs ol cjdalrej ojeol sl pulol aefaoar ym slm le lh msplftj tlrratjramh j le lh ol oavasaöe ol pjolrls. Le lh ígdatj tlrratjramh, hms mrlems ol aefaolefam sje lh eavlh gueafapmh, lh lstmtmh y lh emfajemh j ilolrmh. Le fumetj m hm oavasaöe ol pjolrls, hms mrlems ol aefaolefam sje lh ^jolr L`lfutavj, lh Hlcashmtavj y lh @uoafamh.
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\ej ol hjs puetjs iueomgletmhls pmrm aefaoar y fjhjfmr msuetjs le hm mcleom cjdalrej ls aoletafmr fhmrmgletl m quá ‘vletmeahhm ol cjdalrej‗ sl oldl mfuoar y, sjdrlol tjoj, m quá aestmefam ol cjdalrej hl fjgpltl, talel imfuhtmols y rlmhgletl pulol mtleolr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj. Le lstm ltmpm sl oldl rlfjromr qul lh cjdalrej ej ls ue letl gjejhçtafj, saej ue fje`uetj ol jfaems, olpleolefams, pjhçtafms, phmels, ltf. Fumeoj ustlols aoletaqule lh prjdhlgm qul qualrle hhlvmr m hm mcleom pðdhafm y ol cjdalrej, ls agpjrtmetl tmgdaáe oltlftmr fuíh ls lh ígdatj mh qul hl fjrrlspjeol hm rlsjhufaöe ol lstl prjdhlgm, msç fjgj hjs pmsjs qul sl oldle slcuar pmrm hjcrmr qul hms aestmefams fjgpltletls mftðle. Le jfmsajels sl pulol lefjetrmr gís ol ue ígdatj ol aefaolefam. Le lsl fmsj, ls agpjrtmetl prajrazmr l aoletafmr hjs gjgletjs molfumojs pmrm aetlrmftumr le hjs oastaetjs ígdatjs y fje hjs oastaetjs mftjrls (^msj <). M fjetaeumfaöe hls prlsletmgjs lsqulgms ol fögj sl lstrufturm lh cjdalrej pjr eavlhls y pjr pjolrls, pmrm bmflr gís iífah su dðsqulom l aoletafmfaöe ol hm mrlem ojeol qualrle aefaoar.
Oavasaöe tlrratjramh Lh cjdalrej talel ue ígdatj ilolrmh ojeol tjgm olfasajels qul fjrrlspjeole m tjom hm Tlpðdhafm; ue ígdatj lstmtmh, rlspjesmdhl ol mogaeastrmr fjsms plrtaeletls m fmom lstmoj, y ue ígdatj gueafapmh, lh lspmfaj mogaeastrmtavj gís hjfmh. ^mrm fjejflr fje gís oltmhhl hms imfuhtmols qul talele hjs oastaetjs ígdatjs ol cjdalrej, pulols fjesuhtmr lh _çtuhj Y (mrtçfuhjs ==<-=4= y pmrm lh O.I., lh mrtçfuhj =44) ol hm Fjestatufaöe ^jhçtafm ol Gáxafj<.
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^ulole lefjetrmr uem vlrsaöe lhlftröeafm le www.oaputmojs.cjd.gx/HlylsDadhaj/poi/=.poi.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm =9. Oavasaöe tlrratjramh olh Lstmoj glxafmej
Fjestatufaöe Cjdalrej Ilolrmh
Cjdalrejs ol letaomols ilolrmtavms
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Cjdalrejs gueafapmhls
^rlsaoletl,rlcaojrls y sçeoafjs
Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Ilolrmh y Lstmtmh Hm Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm sje hms olpleolefams olh ^jolr L`lfutavj, y sl oavaol tmetj m eavlh ilolrmh fjgj lstmtmh le mogaeastrmfaöe pðdhafm fletrmhazmom, qul sje hms Vlfrltmrçms ol Lstmoj (Loufmfaöe, Vmhuo, Olsmrrjhhj Vjfamh, Lfjejgçm, Cjdlremfaöe, Tlhmfajels Lxtlrajrls, letrl jtrms), fje sus oastaetms `lrmrquçms (slfrltmraj, sudslfrltmraj, `lil ol ueaomo, fjjroaemojr clelrmh, oarlftjr clelrmh, oarlftjr clelrmh mo`uetj, ltf.) y hm pmrmlstmtmh, qul lstí fjgpulstm ol jrcmeasgjs olsfletrmhazmojs, hms lgprlsms pmrmlstmtmhls, hjs olafjgasjs y hms aestatufajels ol hm dmefm ol olsmrrjhhj. Hjs jrcmeasgjs pðdhafjs mutöejgjs ej tjgme örolels oarlftmgletl ol hjs l`lfutavjs ilolrmhls j lstmtmhls, muequl sje prjpulstjs pjr lhhjs (le tlrem, clelrmhgletl) y slhlffajemojs pjr lh Hlcashmtavj. \em hlfturm ol hm Hly Jrcíeafm Ilolrmh j Lstmtmh hls omrí ue pmejrmgm guy fhmrj ol hms imfuhtmols y tmrlms praefapmhls ol fmom Vlfrltmram9. ^mrm gmyjrls oltmhhls sjdrl su jrcmeazmfaöe y jfaems m eavlh aetlrej, tmgdaáe pulole letrmr m hms pícaems wld ol hms Vlfrltmrams y dusfmr su jrcmeacrmgm, lh fumh oldl slr pðdhafj. 9
Le www.cjd.gx, bmy uem dulem fjgpahmfaöe ol pícaems ol hjs cjdalrejs ilolrmh y lstmtmh, msç fjgj hms oastaetms
Vlfrltmrams y hlyls ilolrmhls y lstmtmhls. ^ulole lefjetrmr uem vlrsaöe lhlftröeafm ol hm Hly Jrcíeafm ol hm Mogaeastrmfaöe Ilolrmh le www.oaputmojs.cjd.gx/HlylsDadhaj/poi/=<6.poi. Le hms dadhajtlfms ol hms Hlcashmturms lstmtmhls, pjoríe lefjetrmr uem vlrsaöe lhlftröeafm ol hm Hly Jrcíeafm ol hm Mogaeastrmfaöe Lstmtmh ol su lstmoj. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iacurm =3. Lstrufturm ol hm Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Ilolrmh y Lstmtmh
Hly Jrcíeafm ol hm Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Ilolrmh j Lstmtmh Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Fletrmhazmom
Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm ^mrmlstmtmh
Jrcmeasgjs ^ðdhafjs Mutöejgjs
Vlfrltmraj Vudslfrltmraj
Oarlftjr Clelrmh
@lil ol \eaomo
Oarlftjr Clelrmh Mo`uetj
Oarlftjr Clelrmh
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Oarlftjr ol Írlm
Oarlftjr ol Írlm
Oarlftjr ol Írlm
Vudoarlftjr
Vudoarlftjr
@lil ol Olpmrtmgletj
Le lh eavlh ol Vudslfrltmraj y @lil ol \eaomo, tmgdaáe pulol bmdlr ue Fjjroaemojr Clelrmh
Memhastm
Jrcmeasgjs olsfletrmhazmojs
AIMA j Aestatutj Lstmtmh ol Mfflsj m Aeijrgmfaöe
Jrcmeasgjs olsfletrmhazmojs
AIL j Aestatutj Lstmtmh Lhlftjrmh
Lgprlsms ol pmrtafapmfaöe lstmtmh
FEOB j Fjgasaöe Lstmtmh ol Olrlfbjs Bugmejs
Aestatufajels Emfajemhls ol Fráoatj y Iaolafjgasjs
M eavlh lstmtmh, hjs ejgdrls ol hjs eavlhls `lrírquafjs pulole slr oailrletls
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Gueafapmh Lh gueafapaj ls hm fáhuhm pjhçtafm qul sl aetlcrm fje hm pjdhmfaöe qul rlsaol oletrj ol su olgmrfmfaöe tlrratjramh, pmrm smtasimflr sus aetlrlsls fjguels. Lh Myuetmgaletj j mogaeastrmfaöe pðdhafm gueafapmh ls lh örcmej ol cjdalrej qul olhadlrm y iuefajem ol gmelrm fjhlcamom oletrj olh gueafapaj. Hm mogaeastrmfaöe pðdhafm gueafapmh talel fmrmftlrçstafms oailrletls m hms ol hm mogaeastrmfaöe pðdhafm ilolrmh y lstmtmh (le lh gmrfj olh mrtçfuhj ==< ol hm Fjestatufaöe)0 Hm Hly Jrcíeafm Gueafapmh ls uem hly lstmtmh, qul söhj ls jdhacmtjram pmrm lh tlrratjraj gueafapmh. Lstm hly rlcuhm hms dmsls pmrm hm aetlcrmfaöe y jrcmeazmfaöe olh tlrratjraj, hm pjdhmfaöe y lh cjdalrej gueafapmh, y lstmdhlfl hjs haelmgletjs dísafjs pmrm hm mogaeastrmfaöe pðdhafm gueafapmh. Hm ijrgm ol lhlffaöe olh Myuetmgaletj sl olel le hm Hly lhlftjrmh lstmtmh, le hm fumh sl fjetlgphme hjs jrcmeasgjs lhlftjrmhls y föoacjs pmrm hhlvmr mfmdj hms lhlffajels gueafapmhls le fmom lstmoj. Hm vjtmfaöe m eavlh gueafapmh ls pjr uem phmeahhm ol ue ^rlsaoletl, vmrajs rlcaojrls y ue sçeoafj j crupj ol sçeoafjs. Bmy rlcaojrls ol jpjsafaöe, pjrqul hm hly lhlftjrmh oltlrgaem fögj sl fjgpjel lh fmdahoj le tárgaejs ol pjrfletm`l ol vjtmfaöe. Lh Myuetmgaletj ej bmfl hlyls, söhj lgatl ejrgms mogaeastrmtavms (dmeojs y rlchmgletjs) qul sl su`ltme m hlyls ilolrmhls y lstmtmhls. Omoj qul ej bmy uem oavasaöe ol pjolrls le lh Myuetmgaletj, lh tatuhmr ol hm mogaeastrmfaöe pðdhafm gueafapmh ls lh prlsaoletl gueafapmh, plrj hjs rlcaojrls y sçeoafjs tmgdaáe talele imfuhtmols ol cjdalrej. Le hm mogaeastrmfaöe pðdhafm gueafapmh, lh sçeoafj ls lh lefmrcmoj ol vacahmr lh molfumoj iuefajemgaletj ol hm Bmfaleom Gueafapmh y ol hm fjeslrvmfaöe olh pmtragjeaj, msç fjgj ol hhlvmr hm rlprlsletmfaöe `urçoafm olh Myuetmgaletj metl hms mutjraomols; rlprlsletm mh pjolr `uoafamh le lh ígdatj hjfmh. Lh ^rlsaoletl Gueafapmh rlprlsletm mh pjolr l`lfutavj, hjs rlcaojrls mh pjolr hlcashmtavj y `uetjs hlcashme oletrj ol ue lspmfaj qul sl hhmgm Fmdahoj, lquavmhletl mh Fjecrlsj. Lh Fmdahoj tjgm lstl ejgdrl fumeoj hjs 6 pjolrls (rlcaojrls, prlsaoletl gueafapmh y sçeoafj) sl rlðele jfamhgletl le lh rlfaetj olh Myuetmgaletj. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iacurm =2. Jrcmeacrmgm ol ue Myuetmgaletj (Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Gueafapmh) Fjestatufaöe ^jhçtafm ol hjs Lstmojs \eaojs Glxafmejs (Mrt. ==<) Hly Jrcíeafm Gueafapmh Myuetmgaletj
Tlcaojrls
^rlsaoletl Gueafapmh
Vçeoafj
^jolr Hlcashmtavj (lquavmhletl)
^jolr Hlcashmtavj (lquavmhletl)
^jolr @uoafamh (lquavmhletl)
Vlfrltmrçms j oarlffajels Gueafapmhls (Olsmrrjhhj Vjfamh, Jdrms ^ðdhafms, ltf.)
Örcmejs olsfjefletrmojs (^jhafçm, örcmejs jplrmojrls ol mcum, ltf.)
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Iacurm =1. Ojs jrcmeasgjs pðdhafjs mutöejgjs0 Aestatutj Ilolrmh Lhlftjrmh (AIL) l Aestatutj Ilolrmh ol Mfflsj m hm Aeijrgmfaöe (AIMA)
Ojs jrcmeasgjs pðdhafjs mutöejgjs qul vmhl hm plem fjejflr sje0 lh Aestatutj Ilolrmh Lhlftjrmh (AIL), qul sl lefmrcm ol jrcmeazmr y gjeatjrlmr hms lhlffajels ilolrmhls; y lh Aestatutj Ilolrmh ol Mfflsj m hm Aeijrgmfaöe (AIMA), qul sl lefmrcm ol cmrmetazmr lh olrlfbj mh mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe pðdhafm y ol prjtlclr hjs omtjs plrsjemhls 3. Omoj qul sl dusfm su aeolpleolefam l agpmrfamhaomo, m hjs Fjesl`lrjs olh AIL hjs ejgdrme ojs tlrflrms pmrtls ol hm Fígmrm ol Oaputmojs y hjs Fjgasajemojs olh AIMA sje ejgdrmgaletjs olh ^rlsaoletl, plrj lh Vlemoj pulol jd`ltmrhjs. Lstjs ejgdrmgaletjs ourme 9 j 3 mýjs y lstíe lsfmhjemojs, fje lh prjpösatj ol qul le hjs örcmejs fjhlcamojs sl gmetlecm hm lxplralefam, mh gasgj talgpj qul sl rleulvme.
^mrm sjhafatmr aeijrgmfaöe ol prjcrmgms, hlyls y mffajels olh cjdalrej ilolrmh y qul hms mutjraomols lstíe jdhacmoms m letrlcmr m hjs fauomomejs qul hj sjhafatle, pulole mfflolr m hm pícaem lhlftröeafm ol AEIJGLR (www.aeijglx.jrc.gx). 3
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Oavasaöe ol pjolrls Molgís ol pjr eavlhls ol cjdalrej, lh Lstmoj sl oavaol tmgdaáe le trls pjolrls0 lh L`lfutavj, qul mogaeastrm hjs rlfursjs y l`lfutm prjcrmgms cudlremgletmhls; lh Hlcashmtavj, lefmrcmoj ol ijrguhmr hlyls; y lh @uoafamh, qul rlsulhvl oasputms hlcmhls. ^mrm fjejflr fje gís oltmhhl, hms imfuhtmols qul talele hjs trls pjolrls, pulols fjesuhtmr lh _çtuhj AAA (mrtçfuhjs 2>-16 pmrm lh L`lfutavj, mrtçfuhj <>-32 pmrm lh Hlcashmtavj y mrtçfuhj 1?-=>3 pmrm lh @uoafamh) ol hm Fjestatufaöe ^jhçtafm2. Iacurm 4>. Oavasaöe ol pjolrls olh Lstmoj glxafmej
Fjestatufaöe ^jolr L`lfutavj0 ^rlsaoletl ol hm Tlpðdhafm
Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Ilolrmh
^jolr Hlcashmtavj
Fígmrm ol Oaputmojs
^jolr @uoafamh
Vuprlgm Fjrtl ol @ustafam ?<
Fígmrm ol Vlemojrls
_raduemhls y `uzcmojs ilolrmhls
^hmelsyprjcrmgms
Hlyls
Vletlefams
M eavlh lstmtmh, lh ^jolr L`lfutavj ls lh Cjdlremojr y lh Hlcashmtavj ls lh Fjecrlsj Hjfmh, qul söhj talel uem fígmrm. Lh @uoafamh ls lh _raduemh Vuplrajr ol @ustafam olh Lstmoj.
2
^ulole lefjetrmr uem vlrsaöe lhlftröeafm le www.oaputmojs.cjd.gx/HlylsDadhaj/poi/=.poi. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm 4=. Hm aetlrhjfufaöe fauomomem fje lh ^jolr Hlcashmtavj Le Gáxafj hm aetlrhjfufaöe fauomomem fje hms ojs Fígmrms (slemojrls y oaputmojs) fjglezö fje hm trmesijrgmfaöe olgjfrítafm y hm fjgpltlefam pmrtaoastm, puls metlrajrgletl lstmdme dmstmetl su`ltms m hm vjhuetmo olh ^jolr L`lfutavj. Bjy, sje uem iulrzm pjhçtafm guy agpjrtmetl y phurmh, pjr hj qul lh Hlcashmtavj sl pulol fjevlrtar le ue lspmfaj pravahlcamoj pmrm hm aefaolefam. Le hjs prjflsjs hlcashmtavjs lxastle glfmeasgjs pmsavjs y mftavjs pmrm hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem. Hjs pmsavjs sl rllrle m hm rlhmfaöe ol hjs hlcashmojrls fje sus vjtmetls, slm m trmvás ol aeijrgmfaöe lsfratm j aeijrgls ol mftavaomols. Hjs mftavjs sl rllrle m hms aeafamtavms fauomomems pmrm hm tjgm ol olfasajels y hm rleoafaöe ol fuletms, fjgj lh rlilráeoug, muoalefams pðdhafms l aeafamtavms pjpuhmrls (Oívahm y Fmdmhhlrj, 4>><). Lh fmgaej ol uem hly sl ahustrm le lh sacualetl lsqulgm, tmetj le su prjflsj ijrgmh hlcashmtavj fjgj le lh pjhçtafj, ojeol hjs pmrtaojs y crupjs pmrhmgletmrajs talele ue iulrtl plsj le hms olfasajels.
^rjflsj ijrgmh hlcashmtavj ...plrj, pmrtaojs y crupjs pmrhmgletmrajs talele gufbj pjolr
Oaputmoj prlsletm aeafamtavm ol hly
Aeafamtavm sl sjgltl m fjesaolrmfaöe olh hçolr olh crupj pmrhmgletmraj
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L`lfutavj prlsletm aeafamtavm ol hly Aeafamtavm sl turem y oasfutl le fjgasaöe
Dm`j aeafamtavm pjpuhmr, fauomomejs pulole prlsletmr aeafamtavms ol hly
Aeafamtavm sl prlsletm mh phlej pmrm oldmtl y mprjdmfaöe
Hly sl mpruldm
Hly sl rlfbmzm
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Vl oasfutl le phlemram olh crupj pmrhmgletmraj pmrm slr gl`jrmom j rlfbmzmom
Vl oasfutl fje jtrjs pmrtaojs le @uetm ol Fjjroaemfaöe ^jhçtafm su prlsletmfaöe mh phlej
Vl vm mol‘fjeclhmojrm‗, pjr imhtm vjhuetmo pjhçtafm
Lstrufturm ol hms Fígmrms
Oloafmoms mh lstuoaj, meíhasas y oaftmgle ol aeafamtavms Fjgasajels jroaemrams, lsplfamhls y ol aevlstacmfaöe
@uetm ol Fjjroaemfaöe ^jhçtafm
Tlspjesmdhl ol clelrmr mfulrojs letrl oailrletls crupjs pmrhmgletmrajs
^hlej ol Fígmrm Örcmej gíxagj rlspjesmdhl ol oasfusaöe y mprjdmfaöe ol hlyls y puetjs ol mfulroj Glsm oarlftavm
Dmefmoms j crupjs pmrhmgletmrajs Mcrupmfaöe ol oaputmojs, ol mfulroj fje su mhamfaöe pmrtaoastm
Fjeoufl y mslcurm qul slsajels olh phlej sl hhlvle ol mfulroj m olrlfbj ?3
Hjs oastaetjs tapjs ol fjgasajels pmrhmgletmrams sje0 Jroaemrams. Ol oaftmgle hlcashmtavj (prlpmrme prjylftjs ol hly). Ol aeijrgmfaöe y fjetrjh lvmhumtavj. Lsplfamhls. Ol aevlstacmfaöe.
Tlfulrole qul pmrm fjhjfmr lxatjsmgletl ue tlgm le hm mcleom ol cjdalrej, ls pragjroamh qul aoletaqule hm mrlem ol aefaolefam m hm qul hl fjrrlspjeol lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj sjdrl lh qul qualrle mftumr.
Hms fígmrms tmgdaáe talele fletrjs ol aevlstacmfaöe y mslsjrçm lsplfamhazmom, qul bmstm hm ilfbm sje10 • Fletrj ol Lstuoajs ol hms Iaemezms ^ðdhafms (FLI^). • Fletrj ol Lstuoajs ol Olrlfbj l Aevlstacmfajels ^mrhmgletmrams (FLOA^). • Fletrj ol Lstuoajs Vjfamhls y ol Jpaeaöe ^ðdhafm (FLVJ^). • Fletrj ol Lstuoajs pmrm lh Molhmetj ol hms Gu`lrls y hm Lquaomo ol Cáelrj (FLMGLC). • Fletrj ol Lstuoajs pmrm lh Olsmrrjhhj Turmh Vustletmdhl y hm Vjdlrmeçm Mhagletmram (FLOTVVM).
^mrm gmyjr aeijrgmfaöe sjdrl lh Hlcashmtavj y hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem, vámsl Oívahm y Fmdmhhlrj, 4>>< y www.hlcashmtavjmtumhfmefl.jrc.gx (le pmrtafuhmr, lh djhltçe lhlftröeafj hhmgmoj Furuh <>=). 1
^ulole fjesuhtmrhjs le www6.oaputmojs.cjd.gx/fmgmrm/>>=Zoaputmojs/>>9ZfletrjsZolZlstuoaj mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
L`lrfafaj ?. \dafmeoj hm mrlem ol aefaolefam Hlme lh sacualetl fmsj, y olspuás rlspjeome hms prlcuetms mh emh olh tlxtj. Vl pulol bmflr ol gmelrm aeoavaoumh j le lquapjs, y mh emh sjfamhazmr hms rlspulstms y oasfutarhms.
^rjcrmgm Fauomomej pjr Gueafapajs _rmespmrletls (FAG_TM)
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Le `ueaj ol 4>>6, sl mprjdö hm Hly Ilolrmh ol _rmespmrlefam y Mfflsj m hm Aeijrgmfaöe ^ðdhafm Cudlremgletmh (HI_MA^C). Lstm eulvm hly agphafö, pjr ue hmoj, uem eulvm jdhacmfaöe pmrm lh cjdalrej‟hm ol mslcurmr hm trmespmrlefam‟y pjr jtrj, hm cmrmetçm hlcmh ol ue eulvj olrlfbj fauomomej‟lh mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe. M pmrtar ol hm mprjdmfaöe ol hm HI_MA, @mhasfj iul lh praglr lstmoj le fjetmr fje uem Hly ol _rmespmrlefam l Aeijrgmfaöe ^ðdhafm. ^mrm imfahatmr hm jplrmfaöe ol hm hly m eavlh hjfmh y mslcurmr hm jdhacmfaöe ol hms mutjraomols gueafapmhls ol clelrmr rlchmgletjs le lstm gmtlram, sl lxacaö lh lstmdhlfagaletj ol \eaomols ol _rmespmrlefam le hjs cjdalrejs gueafapmhls. Lstjs fmgdajs hlcmhls frlmrje uem jpjrtueaomo pmrm hms jrcmeazmfajels ol hm sjfalomo favah. Le lstl fjetlxtj, sl frlö hm aeafamtavm ol Fauomomejs pjr Gueafapajs _rmespmrletls (FAG_TM) ijrgmom pjr0 ^jolr Fauomomej-@mhasfj, lh A_LVJ, hm FJ^MTGLR-@mhasfj, lh Fjesl`j _áfeafj ol JECs ol @mhasfj, y hm Fjgasaöe Oajflsmem ol ^mstjrmh Vjfamh, qualels le 4>>< hmezmrje lh prjcrmgm ‘_rmespmrlefam y rleoafaöe ol fuletms le hm Tlcaöe Vur, Mhtjs y Fletrj olh Lstmoj ol @mhasfj‗. Lh jd`ltavj aegloamtj olh prjcrmgm lrm lvmhumr y fmhafmr lh eavlh ol trmespmrlefam olh cjdalrej hjfmh, plrj molgís dusfmdm fjetraduar m hm aestatufajemhazmfaöe ol hm rlhmfaöe cjdalrejsjfalomo, lgpjolrmr m hm fauomomeçm fje blrrmgaletms pmrm aefaoar, ijrtmhlflr hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem y fjevlrtarsl le ue prjflsj plrgmeletl pmrm l`lrflr hm fauomomeçm (vámsl bttp0//fagtrm.jrc.gx). ^mrm fugphar fje sus jd`ltavjs, FAG_TM utahazö vmrams lstrmtlcams. Fmpmfatö m fauomomejs y jrcmeazmfajels ol hm sjfalomo favah pmrm qul tuvalrme hms blrrmgaletms pmrm aevlstacmr hms fjeoafajels ol trmespmrlefam; hls aeijrgö sjdrl hms jdhacmfajels ol aeijrgmfaöe mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
qul hjs cjdalrejs gueafapmhls oldçme omr y oaslýö fulstajemrajs pmrm qul hjs prjpajs fauomomejs mphafmrme le fmgpj, rlmhazmrme letrlvastms y rlfjpahmrme ojfugletjs jfamhls pmrm rlspmhomr hm aevlstacmfaöe. Letrl hjs aeoafmojrls qul utahazö pmrm lvmhumr hm trmespmrlefam aefhuyö tmgdaáe rudrjs ol mtlefaöe fauomomem, aeijrgmfaöe fauomomem y lspmfajs ol fjgueafmfaöe cjdalrej-sjfalomo. M rmçz ol hm aevlstacmfaöe sl clelrö ue oamceöstafj olh eavlh ol trmespmrlefam ol 43 gueafapajs. Hjs rlsuhtmojs sl oalrje m fjejflr praglrj m hms mutjraomols y hulcj sl oaiueoalrje le gloajs pðdhafjs, sudrmymeoj dulems príftafms pmrm qul sl tjgmrme fjgj l`lgphj m slcuar le jtrjs gueafapajs. Hjs aetlcrmetls ol FAG_TM utahazmrje blrrmgaletms fjgj hms fjeilrlefams ol prlesm y rlueajels aeijrgmtavms. Hjs rlsuhtmojs iulrje pudhafmojs le ijhhltjs, plraöoafjs gurmhls, Aetlrelt, dadhajtlfms, prlesm hjfmh, cmfltms gueafapmhls y jfaems ol trígatls gueafapmhls. ^jr ðhtagj, FAG_TM utahazö hjs rlsuhtmojs pmrm rlsmhtmr lh aefugphagaletj ol hm hly le hjs gueafapajs fje glejr trmespmrlefam, olstmfmeoj tmgdaáe mqulhhjs ojeol budj rltrjflsjs le lh mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe. FAG_TM rlpataö lstl l`lrfafaj meumhgletl, hj fumh hhlvö m hm jpjrtueaomo ol qul hjs cjdalrejs gueafapmhls gl`jrmrme y utahazmrme lstms gl`jrms le trmespmrlefam pmrm prjylftmr uem gl`jr agmcle ol fmeoaomtjs y pmrtaojs le fjgpltlefam. Iuletl0 Lhmdjrmfaöe prjpam fje dmsl le omtjs jdtleaojs ol bttp0//fagtrm.jrc.gx ^rlcuetms sjdrl lh fmsj0
ºLh msuetj ol hm trmespmrlefam prjvaej ol hm mcleom pðdhafm j ol hm ol cjdalrej: ºM fuíh ol hjs trls pjolrls (hlcashmtavj, l`lfutavj, `uoafamh) hl fjgpltl hm sjhufaöe ol lstl msuetj pðdhafj: ºLe fuíh ol hjs trls eavlhls olh msplftj tlrratjramh ol cjdalrej sl jracaem lstm pjhçtafm: º]uá imfuhtmols talel lh cjdalrej lstmtmh pmrm jdhacmr m hjs gueafapajs m bmflr rlchmgletjs ol trmespmrlefam: M eavlh ol `lrmrquçm, ºquá hly ls gís agpjrtmetl0 hm ilolrmh, lstmtmh j gueafapmh:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Vlcðe su lxplralefam, ºle fuíh ol hjs trls eavlhls slrçm gís iífah aefaoar pmrm fmgdamr, gjoafmr j frlmr uem hly j rlchmgletj: Va quasalrme gjoafmr hjs rlchmgletjs gueafapmhls ol trmespmrlefam, ºm örcmej ol cjdalrej oldlrçme mfuoar:
Hlfturms rlfjgleomoms •
^mrsjes, Smyel (4>>3)0^jhçtafms pðdhafms, uem aetrjouffaöe m hm tljrçm y príftafm olh
meíhasas, Gáxafj, IHMFVJ.
Mcuahmr Yahhmeulvm, Huas I (=119m)0 Lh lstuoaj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Gáxafj, Gaculh Íeclh ^jrrðm, Metjhjcçms ol ^jhçtafms ^ðdhafms, Yjh. =. Oívahm Vtlime, Omvao y Hahm Fmdmhhlrj Vjsm (4>><)0 Lh sastlgm ol fjgasajels, lh fmdaholj hlcashmtavj y hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem le lh Fjecrlsj glxafmej. Gáxafj, I\EOMT. •
•
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mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^MVJ ?
FJEJFALEOJ LH FAFHJ OL HMV ^JHÇ_AFMV ^ÐDHAFMV=>0 ºFÖGJ VMDLT LE ]\Á L_M^ M OLH FAFHJ ]\LTLGJV AEFA OAT:
Jd`ltavj0 Mh emhazmr lstl pmsj fjgprleolríe lh fafhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms, aoletafmríe
hjs gjgletjs öptagjs pmrm aefaoar, y fjejflríe hms fjeoafajemetls ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Tlfjrolgjs qul hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm ls ue fje`uetj ol mffajels0 ejrgms, rlfursjs gmtlramhls y emefalrjs. Hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms molgís fjetalele jd`ltavjs mgphajs qul oldle fugpharsl crmoumhgletl. ^mrm tlelr fhmraomo sjdrl hm ijrgm le qul pulole aefaoar ls elflsmraj qul fjejzfme fögj sl fjestruyle hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Lh gjolhj qul hls prlsletmgjs mquç oastaecul trls ltmpms le lh fafhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms0 hm ijrguhmfaöe, hm agphlgletmfaöe y hm lvmhumfaöe.
Lh fafhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms myuom m letleolr hm gmelrm fjgj sl fjestruyle y tmgdaáe myuom m bmflr gl`jrls prjpulstms ol pjhçtafms pmrm aefaoar ol gmelrm gís lilftavm. Vae lgdmrcj, hms ltmpms olh fafhj le hm rlmhaomo ej sje elflsmramgletl slfulefamhls, saej qul pulole sjdrlpjelrsl, rlpltarsl j metafapmrsl. Lstl gjolhj myuom gís dale m aoletafmr gjgletjs ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. => Lstm slffaöe rlfjcl aolms trmdm`moms pjr hm metjhjcçm ol Huas Mcuahmr Yahhmeulvm, lsplfamhgletl su lstuoaj aetrjouftjraj ol hjs vjhðglels ojs y trls (Mcuahmr Yahhmeulvm, =119m y =119d).
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iacurm 44. Lh fafhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Ijrguhmfaöe
Lvmhumfaöe y gjeatjrlj
Agphlgletmfaöe
?.= Hm Ijrguhmfaöe ol pjhçtafms
<4
Hm ijrguhmfaöe ls hm praglrm ltmpm le hm fjestruffaöe ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Lstm ls hm ltmpm fje gís gjgletjs, puls aefhuyl olsol hm fjhjfmfaöe ol ue msuetj le hm mcleom pðdhafm bmstm qul sl lhmdjrme hms mhtlremtavms y sl tjgm hm olfasaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Iacurm 46. Hm ijrguhmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm Mcleom pðdhafm Mcleom ol cjdalrej Oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm Lvmhumfaöe y gjeatjrlj
Ijrguhmfaöe
Lhmdjrmfaöe ol mhtlremtavms Oaslýj y phmelmfaöe Agphlgletmfaöe
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Fjgj sl vaj le lh ^msj 6, hm ijrguhmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm fjgalezm olsol qul ue msuetj sl fjefadl fjgj prjdhlgm le hm mcleom pðdhafm y, pjstlrajrgletl, fumeoj lh cjdalrej hj rltjgm y hj aefjrpjrm le su mcleom ol cjdalrej. Ylmgjs mbjrm hjs sacualetls gjgletjs le hm ltmpm ol ijrguhmfaöe.
Hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm pðdhafj Olear ue prjdhlgm ls ue prjflsj gletmh gloametl lh fumh ue msuetj pðdhafj ls lstuoamoj, memhazmoj y jrcmeazmojpmrm aoletafmr sus fmusms, lilftjs, y hms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafm pmrm rlsjhvlrhj. Hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm ls ue gjgletj frufamh, pjrqul aeffluyl oarlftmgletl le hm olfasaöe qul sl tjgm sjdrl fögj rlsjhvlrhj, le ojs sletaojs0 ]uale olel ls quale olfaol.- qualels gl`jr letaleole lh prjdhlgm, fjgj aevlstacmojrls y lxplrtjs, hçolrls sjfamhls j iuefajemrajs cudlremgletmhls sje qualels gís aeffluyle le su oleafaöe, puls pulole jirlflr hjs gl`jrls phmelmgaletjs y uem oleafaöe mflptmdhl olh prjdhlgm. Hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm prlcurm hms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafms.- Hm ijrgm fjgj
sl bm oleaoj lh msuetj pðdhafj fjeoafajem hm fjecurmfaöe ol hjs aestrugletjs, gjojs y jd`ltavjs ol hms mhtlremtavms pmrm rlsjhvlr lh prjdhlgm. Fje lh prjpösatj ol fjetmr fje dulems pjhçtafms pðdhafms, ls iueomgletmh qul le hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm sl oastaecm letrl0 • Hjs sçetjgms0 sus gmeailstmfajels • Hms fmusms0 hj qul hjs jracaem ]ualels fjejfle hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs, qul sje fjgphl`js y clelrmhgletl talele oavlrsjs imftjrls oltrís, pulole fjetraduar m olear gl`jr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj y, fje lhhj, myuomr m oaslýmr gl`jrls pjhçtafms. M fjetaeumfaöe prlsletmgjs ue l`lgphj ol hm oafuhtmo qul agphafm olear ue prjdhlgm, tjgmeoj le fuletm hm bastjram rlhmtmom sjdrl hms lpaolgams le hm Iacurm 9 olh ^msj 4.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iacurm 4?. Oleafaöe ol ue prjdhlgm pðdhafj0 hms fmusms ol uem lpaolgam Oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm Fmusmoms pjr vafaj y fjgj fmstacj oavaej
Lpaolgam gmsavm
Mhtlremtavms ol mffaöe pðdhafm Msuetj pravmoj j rlhacajsj, ej aetlrvalel lh Lstmoj
_rmesgasaöe ol aeilffajels letrl plrsjems pjr smhavm, suojr, ltf.
Gloaoms olgmejs bacalel0 hmvmrsl hms fjestmetlgletl, ltf.
_rmesgasaöe ol aeilffajels pjr gloaj ol blfls ilfmhls y dmsurm
Aestmhmfajels smeatmrams ol dmýjs, orlem`l y slrvafajs ol rlfjhlffaöe ol dmsurm
Olesaomo pjdhmfajemh
Hjs prjdhlgms pðdhafjs rmrm vlz talele uem sjhm fmusm j pulole rlsjhvlrsl fje mffajels sagphls.
^jhçtafms ol fjetrjh ol pjdhmfaöe0 rloastradufaöe le lh tlrratjraj y lvatmr gacrmfaöe
\e prjdhlgm pðdhafj oleaoj ol gmelrm lrröelm, pjr sus sçetjgms y ej pjr sus fmusms, pulol prjvjfmr uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm imhhaom j aelilftavm, fje lh fjeslfuletl olsplroafaj ol rlfursjs pðdhafjs. Irlfuletlgletl, lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj ls oleaoj pjr ue crupj ol plrsjems, ol mfulroj fje hm ijrgm fjgj hj letaleole (olsol ue tlrratjraj lsplfçfj, olsol uem jfaem, olsol uem plrsplftavm aoljhöcafm, ltf.).
Ls agpjrtmetl aeffluar pmrm qul lh cjdalrej fjejzfm l aevlstacul m ijeoj hms fmusms rlmhls olh prjdhlgm. Hjs rlpjrtls ol aevlstacmfaöe mphafmom fje rlfjgleomfajels ol pjhçtafms,sje hms fjesuhtms pðdhafms, hjs fjgatás fjesuhtavjs, hjs oamceöstafjs, letrl jtrjs aestrugletjs, glfmeasgjs pmrm olear gl`jr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj. ^jr lsj, aefaoar le lstm ltmpm pmrm qul mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
hm oleafaöe rltjgl hjs fjejfagaletjs qul hms jrcmeazmfajels talele olh prjdhlgm pðdhafj ls frufamh. ¡Lstl gjgletj ls guy agpjrtmetl pmrm aefaoar le hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm!
Hms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafm \em vlz oleaoj lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj, bmy qul memhazmr sus pjsadhls sjhufajels. Le praglr hucmr, sl oldl tjgmr le fuletm qul fmom mhtlremtavm ol pjhçtafm0 Lstí ijrgmom pjr ue fje`uetj ol mffajels olstaemoms m rlsjhvlr hms fmusms olh prjdhlgm. Oldl memhazmrsl le iuefaöe ol hjs rlfursjs qul rlqualrl y hjs dlelfajs qul mpjrtmrçm, puls hjs rlfursjs pðdhafjs sje hagatmojs y ls aeoasplesmdhl prajrazmr. Hjs fratlrajs qul tjom pjhçtafm pðdhafm oldl fugphar sje0 Lstmr oletrj ol hm hly y hm ejrgmtavaomo. \smr molfumomgletl hjsrlfursjs(ls olfar, prjpjelr gl`jrls sjhufajels fje glejs rlfursjs). Fjetmr fje lh oaslýj y hm fmpmfaomo aestatufajemh pmrm agphlgletmr hm pjhçtafm (qul lxastme hms aestmefams rlspjesmdhls ol jplrmr hms mffajels y qul fuletle fje fmpmfaomo y rlfursjs sufaletls). << ^rjpjelr sjhufajels vamdhls, qul sl pulome hhlvmr m fmdj y slme mflptmdhls olsol lh puetj ol vastm pjhçtafj. ^jr l`lgphj, sa ej lxastl tlfejhjcçm pmrm leirletmr ue prjdhlgm j sa tjom hm sjfalomo lstí le olsmfulroj, letjefls ej pulol fugpharsl. ^jeolrmr hm vamdahaomo ol hm pjhçtafm y hms lxtlremhaomols qul pulol clelrmr. Ls olfar, hms pjsadhls fjeslfulefams elcmtavms. Iacurm 4<. Mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafm0 hms gloaoms pmrm prlvlear uem lpaolgam Oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm Lpaolgam gmsavm _rmesgasaöe ol aeilffajels letrl plrsjems suojr, ltf.pjr smhavm,
Mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms Fmgpmým ol fjgueafmfaöe pmrm omr m fjejflr gloaoms ol bacalel le tjoj lh tlrratjraj emfajemh
Fratlrajs fjstjdlelfaj $6? gahhjels ol plsjs, mprjx.
Mashmgaletj ol plrsjems smems l aeilftmoms
Mtletm fjetrm praefapaj hlcmh ol ej oasfragaemfaöe
^jhçtafms ol fjetrjh ol pjdhmfaöe aeilftmom
^jhçtafmgletl ej ls mflptmdhl
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Hm olfasaöe ol pjhçtafm pðdhafm \em vlz lhmdjrmoms hms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms, hjs iuefajemrajs dusfme lhlcar hm gl`jr mhtlremtavm pmrm qul sl fjevalrtm le hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Aoletafmr hms fmusms olh prjdhlgm fjrrlftmgletl plrgatl prjpjelr hjs jd`ltavjs molfumojs pmrm hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm y mh gasgj talgpj fjestruar pjhçtafms lilftavms. Hm Va olfaole aefaoar le lstl pjhçtafm supjel qul lh fje`uetj ol mffajels hjcrmrí lh gjgletj, oldle tjgmr le fuletm jd`ltavj phmetlmoj, pjr hj qul hms mffajels lsfjcaoms qul lstmríe le gloaj ol uem
hufbm letrl oailrletls aetlrlsls mh aetlrajr olh sastlgm cudlremgletmh y qul gufbjs vme m fulstajemr su prjpulstm. ^jr lhhj, hm mhtlremtavm ol pjhçtafm qul prjpjecme oldl slr fhmrm, slefahhm y lstmr dale iueomgletmom.
pmrm l`lfutmr hm pjhçtafmlh pðdhafm tleoríe qul lstmr oaracaoms m sjhufajemr prjdhlgm. Mh phmetlmr su prjpulstm ol pjhçtafm, rlfulrole qul oldl fugphar fje hjs fratlrajs glefajemojs metlrajrgletl, y qul ej söhj oldl slr táfeafmgletl dulem, saej tmgdaáe pjhçtafmgletl vamdhl.
Iacurm 49. Olfasaöe y oaslýj ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm <9
^hme ol Mffajels Frjejcrmgm Fmusms olh prjdhlgm
Jd`ltavjs ol pjhçtafm pðdhafm
\eaomo rlspjesmdhl y rlfursjs bugmejs ^rlsupulstj Iueomgletj `urçoafj
Olfasaöe
Oaslýj ol hm ^jhçtafm
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
L`lrfafaj <. Aoletafmeoj hjs gjgletjs ol hm ijrguhmfaöe ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm Le praglr hucmr, ole uem hlfturm fuaomojsm m lstl fmsj qul hls prlsletmgjs. Le slcueoj hucmr, le oasfusaöe fje ue crupj plqulýj (fjgj gíxagj 9 plrsjems ls hj rlfjgleomdhl) oasfutme, fjetlstle hms prlcuetms mh emh olh fmsj y, emhgletl, hhlele hm tmdhm ol mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafm, qul sl fjhjfm m fjetaeumfaöe ol hms prlcuetms.
Oaslýmeoj lh prjcrmgm ol rlouffaöe ol hm pjdrlzm le lh lstmoj ol Vme Metjeaj, Gáxafj Lh lstmoj ol Vme Metjeaj ol hm _jrrl lrm rlhmtavmgletl prösplrj, fje uem aeoustram ol vmecumroam y lxpjrtmojrm. Vae lgdmrcj, lh ^raglr Aeijrgl sjdrl ^jdrlzm Bugmem pudhafmoj pjr lh ^rjcrmgm ol hms Emfajels \eaoms pmrm lh Olsmrrjhhj (^E\O) fjhjfö mh lstmoj letrl hjs =4 gís pjdrls olh pmçs, puls flrfm olh <>% ol su pjdhmfaöe vavl le pjdrlzm gjolrmom j lxtrlgm. Hm pjdrlzm urdmem lrm uem ol hm gís mhtm olh pmçs, jracaemom praefapmhgletl pjr hm gacrmfaöe ol pjdhmojrls aeoçclems ol zjems rurmhls, qualels pjr hm imhtm ol jpjrtueaomols lfjeögafms y sjfamhls sl guomdme m hm fmpatmh. Hm pjdrlzm urdmem sl rlffll`mdm le olslgphlj, fjglrfaj aeijrgmh, msletmgaletjs urdmejs arrlcuhmrls sae aeirmlstrufturm ea mfflsj m slrvafajs dísafjs, vajhlefam y moaffajels. Molgís, hm pjdrlzm sl trmesgatçm m hm sacualetl clelrmfaöe, pjrqul hjs ba`js ol lstjs gacrmetls tleçme dm`js eavlhls ol lsfjhmraomo y prlsletmdme olslrfaöe lsfjhmr, hj fumh rlijrzmdm lh lgphlj prlfmraj l aeijrgmh. Le gloaj ol hm fmgpmým lhlftjrmh pmrm Cjdlremojr, hjs ejtafalrjs hjfmhls fjglezmrje m fudrar lh Aeijrgl olh ^E\O, `uetj fje uem lefulstm fuyjs rlsuhtmojs gjstrmdme qul hm pjdrlzm urdmem lrm uej ol hjs < prjdhlgms qul hm cletl olh lstmoj fjesaolrmdm qul glrlfçm hm mtlefaöe olh cjdalrej. M plsmr ol qul ourmetl vmrajs mýjs, lh fjgdmtl m hm pjdrlzm bmdçm saoj uem prjglsm ol fmgpmým irlfuletl, rlmhgletl olsol lh cjdalrej sl bmdçm blfbj guy pjfj mh rlsplftj. Le lstl fjetlxtj ol lhlffajels guy fjgpltaoms, hjs oastaetjs fmeoaomtjs olfhmrmrje qul rlsjhvlr hm pjdrlzm urdmem slrçm uem prajraomo ol su cjdalrej, le fmsj ol slr lhlftjs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iaemhgletl, Gmurafaj Vjtj iul lh cmemojr ol hm fjetaleom y ourmetl hm trmesafaöe meuefaö qul fjevjfmrçm mJrcmeazmfajels ol hm Vjfalomo Favah (JVFs) ylsplfamhastms pmrm qul, `uetj fje su crupj ol mslsjrls, fjetraduylrme m oaslýmr su prjcrmgm ol rlouffaöe ol hm pjdrlzm. Olfhmrö tmgdaáe qul sacualeoj hms Gltms olh Gahleaj, sl dusfmrçm rloufar hm pjdrlzm m hm gatmo pmrm 4>=< yhl msacemrçm m <>< gahhjels ol plsjs (gop). Hm oasfusaöe le hms glsms letrl jrcmeazmfajels, lsplfamhastms y mslsjrls ol cjdalrej ourö trls glsls, iul guy rafm l aetlesm, plrj rlsuhtö guy oaiçfah pjelrsl ol mfulroj. Hm pjdrlzm rlsuhtmdm ue ileöglej guy fjgphl`j. Tlmhgletl, olpleoaleoj ol hm ijrgm le fögj uej oleçm y letleoçm lh prjdhlgm, bmdçm oastaetms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafms pmrm slcuar. Le hm ðhtagm rlueaöe, sl sastlgmtazmrje hjs praefapmhls puetjs sjdrl sus oasfusajels ol hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm y hms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafm, msç fjgj sus fjstjs y dlelfajs, le lh sacualetl fumorj0 OLIAEAFAÖE OLH ^TJDHLGM OL HM ^JDTLPM <2
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y prjgjfaöe ol aevlrsajels Aecrlsj aesufaletl
Fjdlrturm aesufaletl ol slrvafajs dísafjs
• Lgphlj tlgpjrmh • _rmesilrlefams le
lilftavj • Gafrjfráoatjs y prjgjfaöe ol prjylftjs prjouftavjs • Mgphamfaöe ol fjdlrturm ol mcum pjtmdhl y orlem`l • Mgphamfaöe ol fjdlrturm ol lhlftrafaomo • Mutjfjestruffaöe ol vavaleom
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
OLIAEAFAÖE OLH ^TJDHLGM OL HM ^JDTLPM
Vae mfflsj m loufmfaöe y jpjrtueaomols ol lgphlj
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loufmtavjs aetlrfuhturmhls m pjdhmfaöe aeoçclem • Dlfms pmrm sustatuar imhtm ol aecrlsj
^rlcuetms pmrm oasfutar y fjetlstmr0
ºFuíh ls lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj: º]uá hhlvö m qul lh msuetj letrmrm m hm mcleom pðdhafm: ºHm mcleom pðdhafm aeffluyö le hm mcleom ol cjdalrej:, ºfögj: Le fmsj ol qul su jrcmeazmfaöe pmrtafapmrm ol hm oasfusaöe, ºquá oleafaöe ol pjdrlzm y quá mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafm prjpjeorçme y sustletmrçme:, ºpjr quá: Hhlele lh sacualetl fumorj, pmrm myuomr m sustletmr su prjpulstm. Tlfulrole qul0 Vu prjpulstm oldlrí slr táfeafmgletl fjesastletl y pjhçtafmgletl vamdhl. ^mrm lhhj, oldlríe mslcurmrsl qul lxastle hjs sufaletls rlfursjs emefalrjs pðdhafjs y fjaevlrsajels pjtlefamhls (olealeoj hms iuletls ol oöeol prjvleoríe lstms pjsadhls fjaevlrsajels, m pmrtar ol hjs mftjrls qul mpjyme lstm oleafaöe) pmrm sustletmr sus prjpulstms. Ls agpjrtmetl qul rlfulrole qul hjs rudrjs prlsupulstmhls ol hms mhtlremtavms ej pjoríe tjfmrsl ea sudoavaoarsl.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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?.4 Hm Agphlgletmfaöe ol pjhçtafms Hm agphlgletmfaöe ls hm slcueom ltmpm le lh fafhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms y fjesastl le hm rlmhazmfaöe ol mffajels sastlgmtazmoms, lefmgaemoms m sjhufajemr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj aoletafmoj. Lh gjgletj ol hm agphlgletmfaöe ls frufamh pmrm letleolr pjr quáhms pjhçtafms pðdhafms irmfmsme. Va puoaármgjs vlr le uem hçelm ol talgpj, jdslrvmrçmgjs qul hms jtrms ltmpms ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms sl fjglezmrje m lstuoamr olsol metls, pjrqul le ue aeafaj hjs aevlstacmojrls hl oalrje pjfm agpjrtmefam mh lstuoaj ol hm agphlgletmfaöe. ^lesmdme qul hm agphlgletmfaöe lrm ue pmsj qul sl omdm mutjgítafmgletl olspuás ol bmdlr oaslýmoj hm pjhçtafm, y qul pjr hj gasgj ej bmdçm elflsaomo ol memhazmrhj pjr sç gasgj. Vl bm vastj qul mhcuems pjhçtafms, mðe fumeoj sl bm pmsmoj pjr ue ‘lxbmustavj l`lrfafaj ol dðsqulom dm`j lh gmrfj ol hm lfalefam y ol hm pjhçtafm, hjcrmr emhgletl lhlcar hm mhtlremtavms ol olfasaöe oacem ol hhlvmrsl m fmdj, dm`j uem fhmrm gltm, fjgj fmusms y lilftj, rlsuhtm guy oaiçfah prlolfar fje metafapmfaöe lh fjgpjrtmgaletj ol tjojs hjs mftjrls qul pmrtafapme le lh prjflsj ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms j… fje ue mhtj crmoj ol flrtaougdrl y plrilffaöe hms elflsaomols, olfasajels y mffajels ol lsjs gasgjs mftjrls‗ (Duleoçm, =112). mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Lstj pulol hhlvmr m rlsuhtmojs pjfj smtasimftjrajs, pjr l`lgphj, ej sl hhlcm m dlelfamr m hm pjdhmfaöe pmrm hm qul sl phmelö hm pjhçtafm, ej sl rlsulhvl lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj j, aefhusj pljr, sl frlme eulvjs prjdhlgms. Muequl salgprl bmy ue mhtj gmrcle ol lrrjr l aeflrtaougdrl ‟aefhusj, sl oafl qul hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms oldle vlrsl fjgj ue prjflsj ol lesmyj-lrrjr‟sl rlfjgaleom qul pmrm qul lh cjdalrej agphlgletl uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm molfumomgletl oldl fugphar fje mhcuejs rlquasatjs y tjgmr le fuletm imftjrls qul pulole hhlcmr m jdstmfuhazmr hm pjhçtafm, sa ej sl phmetlme ol gmelrm fjrrlftm. Iacurm 43. Lh phme ol mffajels ol hm pjhçtafm pulol irmfmsmr le su agphlgletmfaöe Hms mffajels ej salgprl sl rlmhazme
^jhçtafm pðdhafm Mffaöe=
Mffaöe4
Mffaöe E
Tlsuhtmojs 9=
Hms supjsafajels olh phme ol pjhçtafm ej salgprl rlsuhtme falrtms
Bmy aetlrlsls y fjefflaftjs qul dhjqulme hms mffajels
Ej sl mhfmezme hjs rlsuhtmojs olslmojs
^jr lhhj, ls ðtah oastaecuar ojs oaglesajels elflsmrams pmrm hm agphlgletmfaöe ol fumhqualr pjhçtafm0 Hm oaglesaöe ol hm mogaeastrmfaöe (hjs rlquasatjs gmtlramhls y jrcmeazmtavjs)0 ejs gulstrm hjs pmsjs aetlrejs qul sacul uem aestatufaöe ol cjdalrej pmrm agphlgletmr uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm, hjs talgpjs qul tjgm fmom pmsj y hms ijrgms. ^mrm hm agphlgletmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm, hms aestmefams cudlremgletmhls oldle tlelr tjoj hj elflsmraj pmrm hm l`lfufaöe le talgpj y ijrgm, oldle tjgmr le fuletm hm phmelmfaöe, rlcuhmfaöe, jrcmeazmfaöe ol talgpjs,
oaspjsafaöe ol aestrugletjs gmtlramhls y emefalrjs, y rlfursjs bugmejs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Hm oaglesaöe ol hm pjhçtafm (hm fjgueafmfaöe y hjs mfulrojs)0 sl leijfm le hjs aetlrlsls ol hjs mftjrls aevjhufrmojs (tmetj le lh cjdalrej fjgj letrl hjs dlelfamrajs) y le hjs supulstjs tlörafjs ol hm pjhçtafm. Hjs aeoavaoujs qul pmrtafapme le su mphafmfaöe pulole letleolrhj ol ijrgms oastaetms, lstmr le olsmfulroj sjdrl hjs oltmhhls, pulole tlelr prajraomols oailrletls, fmom plrsjem u jrcmeazmfaöe pulol mphafmr sus mffajels le ijrgm oastaetm m hm lsplrmom j mftumr metls j olspuás ol hj lsplrmoj. Mhcuejs ol hjs `ulcjs plrvlrsjs qul pulole mrruaemr hm agphlgletmfaöe ol uem pjhçtafm sje0
= Hm oastjrsaöe ol jd`ltavjs. 4 Hjs prjdhlgms mogaeastrmtavjs. 6 Hms mftatuols olilesavms. ? Lh olsvçj ol ijeojs. ^mrm lhhj, lh cjdalrej oldl tjgmr le fuletm hm fjjroaemfaöe, elcjfamfaöe, fjgueafmfaöe, aoletafmfaöe ol jpjrtueaomols y ralscjs, prlvasaöe ol fjefflaftjs, rlsastlefams y jpjsafaöe.
Iacurm 42. Imftjrls frçtafjs le hm agphlgletmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm 94
Tlfursjs aestatufajemhls
Tlfursjs bugmejs
Tlfursjs emefalrjs
Oaglesaöe mogaeastrmtavm
^jhçtafm pðdhafm Mffaöe=
Mffaöe4
Mffaöe E
Tlsuhtmojs
Oaglesaöe pjhçtafm
Dule oaslýj y fjgueafmfaöe
Fjjroaemfaöe letrl aestmefams
Fjevlefagaletj y elcjfamfaöe fje mftjrls
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Olfasajels y rlmffajels ol lstrmtlcams ol mftjrls
Fjeoafajemetls Hms fjeoafajemetls sje imftjrls aeblrletls mh cjdalrej, m hm pjdhmfaöe dlelfamram j m eulstrm prjpam jrcmeazmfaöe, qul jdstmfuhazme j agpaole hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Ástms pulole lefjetrmrsl tmetj le lh oaslýj fjgj le hm agphlgletmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Mhcuejs l`lgphjs sje hjs sacualetls0 Ejrgmtavaomo (hms fjgpltlefams ol hms aestmefams ol cjdalrej, hjs mhfmefls mogaeastrmtavjs, hjs rlquasatjs durjfrítafjs y sus phmzjs). Tlstraffaöepjhçtafms. j imhtm ol rlfursjs pmrm hjcrmr tjoms hms mffajels phmelmoms. ^rlsajels Aeijrgmfaöe hagatmom. Aeirmlstrufturm j fmpmfaomols aestatufajemhls (rlfursjs bugmejs y fjdlrturm tlrratjramh) hagatmoms. Fjejfagaletj y letrlemgaletj aesufaletl pjr pmrtl ol Aefaoar le lh oaslýj ol uem hjs l`lfutjrls. pjhçtafm pðdhafm pulol slr Jd`ltavjs ej salgprl fhmrjs j lxphçfatjs. prlvletavj, galetrms qul Mfjetlfagaletjs agprlvastjs (pjr l`lgphj burmfmels, aefaoar le hm agphlgletmfaöe tlrrlgjtjs, falrrl ol hm aestatufaöe pjr fmusms pjhçtafms, ltf.). pulol slr fjrrlftavj. Mhcuems blrrmgaletms pmrm Fmgdajs le hms farfuestmefams olh prjdhlgm. Mhcuems ol hms fjeoafajemetls gís agpjrtmetls talele qul vlr fje hjs mftjrls aevjhufrmojs. Lstjs mftjrls pulole tlelr0
aefaoar le hm agphlgletmfaöe sje hm lvmhumfaöe, lh gjeatjrlj y lh slcuagaletj sastlgítafj.
Aetlrlsls fjetrmoaftjrajs letrl oastaetms jfaems ol cjdalrej. ^lrflpfajels oastaetms ol hjs iuefajemrajs le oastaetjs ígdatjs u jfaems ol cjdalrej. _algpjs olsimsmojs ol mphafmfaöe ol hms mffajels. ^jfm oaspjsafaöe pmrm hm fjjroaemfaöe ol mffajels, sjdrl tjoj fumeoj hm pjhçtafm ls agphlgletmom pjr gís ol uem aestatufaöe. Elflsaomo ol mtleolr hjs aetlrlsls ol jtrjs iuefajemrajs,
Mhcuejs l`lgphjs ol hj qul hms JVFs pulole bmflr le hm ltmpm ol agphlgletmfaöe ls vacahmr qul lh prjcrmgm, hm hly j hm pjhçtafm sl hhlvle m fmdj fjrrlftmgletl, qul lh prlsupulstj sl cmstl ol gmelrm molfumom, qul bmym trmespmrlefam, qul sl oleuefale hjs gmhjs gmel`js y qul ej sl
aetlrgloamrajs sjfamhls j crupjs sjfamhls, qul ‘fmpturme‗ j olijrgme hm pjhçtafm y sus dlelfajs.
rlpmrtme hjs dlelfajs ol hm pjhçtafm oasfrlfajemhgletl.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
96
L`lrfafaj 9. Fjejfaleoj hjs imftjrls frçtafjs ol hm agphlgletmfaöe ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm Le praglr hucmr, ole uem hlfturm fuaomojsm m lstl fmsj qul hls prlsletmgjs. Le slcueoj hucmr, le oasfusaöe fje ue crupj plqulýj (fjgj gíxagj 9 plrsjems, ls hj rlfjgleomdhl) oasfutme y fjetlstle hms prlcuetms mh emh olh fmsj.
Hm agphlgletmfaöe olh ^rjcrmgm Mhagletmraj Lsfjhmr== Lh Fjesl`j Fjesuhtavj ol Olsmrrjhhj Lstmtmh lefjgleoö uem lvmhumfaöe olh ^rjcrmgm Mhagletmraj Lsfjhmr le Pjem Aeoçclem y Mhtaphmej (^MLPA), qul aefhuyö su rlfjestruffaöe bastörafm, aevlstacmfaöe ol fmgpj y letrlvastms fje iuefajemrajs y lxplrtjs pmrm aoletafmr hjs prjdhlgms ol su oaslýj l agphlgletmfaöe. Hms fjefhusajels ol lstm lvmhumfaöe oldlrçme slrvar pmrm rloaslýmr lstm pjhçtafm oaracaom m eaýjs aeoçclems.
9?
Letrl hjs ojfugletjs bastörafjs, sl lefjetrö qul sl bmdçme blfbj oavlrsjs oamceöstafjs fjgueatmrajs ol hm rlcaöe ojeol sl pusj le gmrfbm lh ^MLPA. Hjs çeoafls ol memhimdltasgj lrme 4.4 vlfls gís mhtjs qul hjs olh rlstj olh lstmoj, acumh qul lh çeoafl ol rlprjdmfaöe y olslrfaöe lsfjhmr, hj fumh rlijrzmdm lh lgphlj prlfmraj l aeijrgmh. Hm olseutrafaöe vmramdm ol fjgueaomo le fjgueaomo, plrj lh prjgloaj rurmh lrm salgprl suplrajr mh ol hjs fletrjs urdmejs. Lh aecrlsj ol hms imgahams lrm guy dm`j y sl fmrlfçm ol rlfursjs pmrm mtrmlr hm frlmfaöe ol elcjfajs, molgís ol qul hms fjgueaomols lstmdme mashmoms ol fletrjs ol olsmrrjhhj agpjrtmetl. Ej sl fjetmdm fje fhçeafms ol smhuo ea fletrjs ol fjglrfaj; hjs gís flrfmejs sl hjfmhazmdme m gís ol uem bjrm le mutjtrmespjrtl. Lh lquapj qul bmdçm oaslýmoj y pulstj le príftafm lh ^MLPA bmdçm lstmoj haolrmoj pjr lh ^rjilsjr Tmimlh Ilreíeolz, quale fjetmdm fje uem mgpham lxplralefam le trmdm`j == Hm gmyjr pmrtl ol lstl fmsj ls ftafam, plrj lstí dmsmoj le aeijrgmfaöe dísafm ol Gm. Fjesulhj Vmhomým ^árlz y Omvao Mrlhhmej Cmuht0 ‘Lh ^rjcrmgm Mhagletmraj Lsfjhmr le Pjem Aeoçclem y Mhtaphmej0 lh fmsj ol Vme Huas ^jtjsç‗ le Leraqul Fmdrlrj y Cmdralhm Emvm (fjjros.)(=11<). Mcrmolflgjs m Mhl`meorj Emvmrrj hm rlfjgleomfaöe y slhlffaöe ol lstl tlxtj.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
fjgueatmraj le zjems rurmhls. Lstl lquapj bmdçm jtjrcmoj uem crme agpjrtmefam mh imftjr ol hm olseutrafaöe, qul msjfaö fje hjs mhtjs eavlhls ol rlprjdmfaöe y olslrfaöe lsfjhmr ol hm rlcaöe. Le lh oaslýj, sl bmdçm fjetlgphmoj ue fje`uetj ol mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafm, fjgj gl`jrmr hjs aecrlsjs ol hms fjgueaomols y mgphamr lh mfflsj m hjs slrvafajs dísafjs, plrj emhgletl sl jptö pjr gl`jrmr hm eutrafaöe aeimetah ‖pjr gloaj ol olsplesms, fjglojrls lsfjhmrls y crme`ms fjgueatmrams. Vl mfjroö dusfmr qul oasgaeuylrm lh eðglrj ol eaýjs qul olslrtmdm ol hm lsfulhm y gl`jrmr lh mprjvlfbmgaletj, fuaomeoj tmgdaáe su smhuo. Lh ^MLPA sl bmdçm oaslýmoj fjgj ue fje`uetj ol mffajels (uem pjhçtafm) olstaemoms m rlsfmtmr m hjs eaýjs aeoçclems ol hm pjdrlzm le 4? fjgueaomols ol mhtm gmrcaemfaöe, dm`j hjs sacualetls jd`ltavjs0 m) Mdmtar hm olseutrafaöe aeimetah. d) Tloufar hm olslrfaöe lsfjhmr. f) Clelrmr prjylftjs pmrm hm mutjsufalefam mhagletafam. o) Draeomr mtlefaöe m hm smhuo. 9<
Hms mffajels aefhuaoms fjesastalrje le ojtmr ol aeirmlstrufturm m hms fjgueaomols slhlffajemoms0 fjfaem, fjglojr lsfjhmr, bulrtj, crme`m fjguemh y fhçeafm ol smhuo. Molgís, sl prjpjrfajemrçm uem olsplesm glesumh fje mhagletjs dísafjs pmrm lh olsmyuej, slgahhms y 4< pjhhjs pmrm lfbmr m meomr lh bulrtj y hm crme`m qul mdmstlflrçme hjs fjglojrls lsfjhmrls. Lh prlsupulstj lrm ol $4>> gahhjels ol plsjs (gop) prjvlealetls olh cmstj fjrraletl olh cjdalrej lstmtmh y $=>> gop olh cjdalrej ilolrmh. ^mrm hm agphlgletmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm, sl fjgprjgltalrje vmrams olpleolefams olh cjdalrej lstmtmh (Loufmfaöe, Vmhuo, Olsmrrjhhj ol ^uldhjs Aeoçclems y lh Vastlgm Lstmtmh OAI, letrl jtrjs), rlfmyleoj hm jplrmfaöe le lstl ðhtagj, le fje`uetj fje ue Fjgatá Oarlftavj pjr fjgueaomo. \e prjgjtjr, olsacemoj pjr hms mutjraomols gueafapmhls, msastçm m hm fjgueaomo y fjevjfmdm m uem msmgdhlm, le ojeol sl mflptmdm lh prjcrmgm y sl lhlcçm m ue Fjgatá Oarlftavj y hjs crupjs ol trmdm`j pmrm hm crme`m, lh bulrtj y lh fjglojr. Lh OAI letrlcmdm glesumhgletl hjs aesugjs y lh Fjgatá hjs oastraduçm y ijrgmdm hjs crupjs ol fjfaelrms y ol mtlefaöe m hms crme`ms fjguemhls.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Le hm aevlstacmfaöe ol fmgpj, sl lefjetrö qul hjs eaýjs sl aefjrpjrmdme mh trmdm`j m tlgprmem lomo le mftavaomols olh fmgpj pmrm fjetraduar m hjs aecrlsjs imgahamrls. Hm olseutrafaöe qul pmolfçme hls agploçm hjcrmr ue rleoagaletj molfumoj le hms lsfulhms plrj slcðe M. Flrlzj, aevlstacmojrm ol hm ueavlrsaomo mutöejgm lstmtmh lsplfamhastm le loufmfaöe, hms mffajels pmrm rlsjhvlr hm olseutrafaöe aeimetah bmdçme hjcrmoj agpmftjs le lh mprjvlfbmgaletj lsfjhmr, gms ej le hm olslrfaöe. Ástm sl
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rlhmfajemdmmsçlstrlfbmgletl fje mhfmezmoj hms jpfajels aecrlsjs imgahamrls. Vl jdslrvmdm qul lh ^MLPA bmdçm suslxastletls gltms söhjol pmrfamhgletl. Hms fhçeafms ol smhuo jplrmdme rlcuhmrgletl le fmom fjgueaomo y hm olseutrafaöe sl bmdçm rloufaoj fjesaolrmdhlgletl. Bmdçm ue gl`jr mprjvlfbmgaletj lsfjhmr0 3>% ol hms lsfulhms tleçme ue pjrfletm`l ol rlprjdmojs aeilrajr mh <%, fairm qul ojs mýjs metls sl hjcrmdm söhj le ?>% ol lstms fjgueaomols. Vae lgdmrcj, m plsmr ol lstjs mvmefls, sl vlçm uem lsfmsm oasgaeufaöe le hm olslrfaöe lsfjhmr (olh =2% le 4>>= mh =3% le 4>>6). Hm fjefhusaöe tletmtavm olh Fjesl`j lrm0 ‘…m plsmr ol hms gl`jrms hjcrmoms le eutrafaöe y mprjvlfbmgaletj lsfjhmr, hm tmsm ol olslrfaöe plrgmelfl príftafmgletl aemhtlrmom‗. Hjs rlpjrtls meumhls gjstrmdme uem iulrtl rlstraffaöe ol rlfursjs ‖omoj qul hjs rlfursjs olh cjdalrej ilolrmh sl bmdçme fmemhazmoj m prjylftjs ol aeirmlstrufturm fmrrltlrm‟y uem imhtm ol fjgueafmfaöe letrl lh OAI lstmtmh y lh Gueafapaj pmrm hm letrlcm fjjroaemom ol rlfursjs. Hjs prjouftjs hhlcmdme le gmhms fjeoafajels y bmdçm uem fjestmetl rjtmfaöe ol prjgjtjrls, qul mcuoazmdm hjs rltrmsjs. Vl rlpjrtmdme tmgdaáe rltrmsjs pjrqul hm ejrgmtavaomo lxacçm prlsletmr mftms ol emfagaletj ol hjs eaýjs dlelfamrajs, letrl jtrjs rlquasatjs, y hm gmyjrçm ol lhhjs ej bmdçme saoj rlcastrmojs ea tleçme mftms. Le jtrjs fmsjs, hjs trmespjrtastms mprjvlfbmdme hm imhtm ol vacahmefam pmrm letrlcmr hjs rlfursjs glrgmojs, qul pjsadhlgletl vleoçme le fjgueaomols mhlomýms m dm`js prlfajs, y ej lxastçme glfmeasgjs pmrm rlpjrtmr prjdhlgms le hm jplrmfaöe olh prjcrmgm. Iaemhgletl, sl lefjetrö qul mhcuejs `lils ol imgaham, hhlcmom falrtm lomo olh eaýj, ej qulrçme qul fjetaeumrme fje su loufmfaöe puls omom su satumfaöe ol pjdrlzm, vlçme qul hm rlspjesmdahaomo ol hjs eaýjs lrm lh trmdm`j y tlgçme qul ‘sl bafalrme fflj`js mh lstmr sletmojs tjoj lh oçm le hm lsfulhm‗.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^rlcuetms pmrm oasfutar y fjetlstmr0
º]uá prjdhlgms dusfmdm sjhufajemr hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm: ºFuíhls iulrje hjs pmsjs qul tjgö lh cjdalrej pmrm mrgmr hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm: ºLh pmqultl ol mffajels y dlelfajs lrm fjblrletl fje hjs jd`ltavjs ol hm pjhçtafm: ºFögj sl jrcmeazö hm l`lfufaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm: º]uá rlsuhtmojs bmdçm jdtleaoj lstm pjhçtafm: ºLstíe fhmrmgletl lstmdhlfaoms hms rlspjesmdahaomols y hjs glfmeasgjs ol fjjroaemfaöe y fjgueafmfaöe: º]uá msuetjs y mftjrls ej sl tjgmrje le fuletm pmrm hm jplrmfaöe olh prjcrmgm: º]uá fjeoafajemetls lefjetrmrje: ºOöeol lstuvj hm imhhm ol hm pjhçtafm: ºle su oaslýj j le su agphlgletmfaöe:, ºquá rlvlhme hjs rlsuhtmojs ol hm lvmhumfaöe:
?.6. Hm Lvmhumfaöe ol pjhçtafms Hm lvmhumfaöe ls jtrm ol hms ltmpms olh fafhj ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Fjesastl le ue meíhasas qul myuom m clelrmr vmhjrmfajels j `uafajs iueomgletmojs mflrfm ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Hm lvmhumfaöe ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms sarvl pmrm0 Tlvasmr lh fursj ol mffaöe lhlcaoj. Fjgpmrmr hjs rlsuhtmojs ol hm pjhçtafm fje sus jd`ltavjs jracaemhls. Fjejflr hjs agpmftjs ol hm pjhçtafm. ^rjfurmr m`ustls y/j fmgdajs le hm pjhçtafm. •
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Hm lvmhumfaöe ls ue gjgletj iueomgletmh le lh olsmrrjhhj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms qul oldl slr utahazmoj pmrm ijrtmhlflrhms, gjoafmrhms j aefhusj lhagaemrhms, sa ls elflsmraj. Hjs cjdalrejs m gleuoj rlfurrle m hm lvmhumfaöe mh emh, ls olfar, uem vlz agphlgletmom hm pjhçtafm. Hj bmfle pjrqul ls le lstm ltmpm fumeoj dusfme rlvasmr lh fursj ol mffaöe lhlcaoj, fjgpmrmr hjs rlsuhtmojs y lilftjs fje hjs jd`ltavjs ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm, l aoletafmr hjs m`ustls j fmgdajs elflsmrajs. Vae lgdmrcj, `ustmgletl pmrm gl`jrmr msplftjs olh oaslýj y hm agphlgletmfaöe (y lvatmr lh olsplroafaj, lh olsvçj ol rlfursjs, ltf.) ls rlfjgleomdhl bmflr lvmhumfaöe le jtrjs gjgletjs olh fafhj ol hm pjhçtafm.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Hjs dlelfajs ol hm lvmhumfaöe ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms sje0 = Mfhmrmr hm mffaöe j mftumfaöe pðdhafm0 ºFuíh ls lh jd`ltavj ol oltlrgaemom mffaöe: 4 _rmespmrletmr hm mphafmfaöe ol rlfursjs y gl`jrmr su mphafmfaöe0 ºLh oaelrj sl olstaeö pmrm gl`jrmr ue slrvafaj j quá tme lfaletl y pðdhafj iul su usj: 6 Lstmdhlflr eavlhls ol olslgplýj0 ºVl bafalrje hms fjsms ol hm gl`jr ijrgm pjsadhl: ? Clelrmr mpjyj pmrm uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm dulem0 º]uá bmy qul fjgueafmr m hm sjfalomo
y hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels pmrm qul sl mgphçl j rlpatm uem dulem pjhçtafm pðdhafm: Hms vmhjrmfajels j `uafajs qul sl bmfle mhrlolojr ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm pulole slr memhçtafjs j átafjs. Ls agpjrtmetl oastaecuar letrl mgdjs, pmrm tlelr prlsletls hjs iueomgletjs ol hms olfasajels qul sl tjgme m pmrtar ol hm lvmhumfaöe.
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Iacurm 41. _apjs ol `uafajs pmrm lvmhumr MEMHÇ_AFJV
Á_AFJV
º]uá:
ºLstí dale:
ºFögj:
ºOldl slr:
ºFuíetj:
ºOldl fmgdamr:
º^jr quá:
_apjs ol lvmhumfaöe =. Ol oaslýj, lx metl j lstuoaj ol imftadahaomo0 myuom m lhlcar ue fratlraj pmrm olfaoar
quá mhtlremtavm ol pjhçtafm tjgmr y sa hms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafms slhlffajemoms sje hms fjrrlftms. ^ulol aefhuar ue lstuoaj ol imftadahaomo táfeafm (qul fjesastl smdlr sa sl fuletm fje lh fjejfagaletj lsplfamhazmoj pmrm rlsjhvlr lh prjdhlgm, msç fjgj hjs rlfursjs bugmejs l aetlhlftumhls qul sl elflsatme), sjfamh y pjhçtafm ol hm zjem j pjdhmfaöe le hm qul sl olsmrrjhhmrí hm pjhçtafm. Hm imftadahaomo pjhçtafm myuom m oamcejstafmr hjs fjeoafajemetls y prlvlear irmfmsjs le hm agphlgletmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
4. Lvmhumfaöe ol rlsuhtmojs aetlrgloajs j ol olslgplýj/agphlgletmfaöe0 sarvl pmrm lstmdhlflr pmrígltrjs ol gjeatjrlj y fjetrjh, myuom m smdlr quá prjfloagaletj lstí clelrmeoj ue rlsuhtmoj molfumoj y fuíhls pulole slr hms fmusms pjr hms qul hm pjhçtafm ej om hjs rlsuhtmojs lsplrmojs. 6. Lvmhumfaöe ol rlsuhtmojs0 sl bmfl mh emhazmr hm agphlgletmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pmrm smdlr sa fugphaö fje sus jd`ltavjs. Ls ðtah aefhuar ue meíhasas fjstj ‖ dlelfaj (pmrm gloar hm lfalefam) y ue meíhasas ol talgpj y/j rlfursjs le rlhmfaöe fje hjs rlsuhtmojs (pmrm gloar hm lfmfam j lilftavaomo). ?. Lvmhumfaöe ol agpmftj0 clelrmhgletl sl rlmhazm ol trls m faefj mýjs olspuás ol qul hm
pjhçtafm iul agphlgletmom, pmrm gloar lh eavlh ol sjstleadahaomo ol hm pjhçtafm y hjs fmgdajs qul clelrö le hm pjdhmfaöe dlelfamram. Dusfm smdlr le quá gloaom sl rlsjhvaö lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj.
Aeoafmojrls Mh fjestruar hm gltjojhjcçm ol uem lvmhumfaöe, sl oldle tjgmr le fuletm hjs tapjs ol aeoafmojrls qul elflsatme. Ástjs pulole slr fumhatmtavjs j fumetatmtavjs, muequl hm gmyjrçm ol hms vlfls sje elflsmrajs mgdjs. = Aeoafmojrls fumetatmtavjs0 sje guy agpjrtmetls pmrm clelrmr hlcatagaomo le uem
lvmhumfaöe ol prjcrmgms pðdhafjs, ym qul hjs rlsuhtmojs sl vulhvle gís tmecadhls y fjgpmrmdhls fumeoj sl lxprlsme le eðglrjs. Mhcuejs l`lgphjs sje lh eðglrj ol dlelfamrajs, lh gjetj ol aevlrsaöe, j fairms ol lfalefam y lfmfam. 4 Aeoafmojrls fumhatmtavjs0 hms falefams sjfamhls bme aetrjoufaoj ijrgms ol gloafaöe
qul plrgatle fjgphlgletmr hm aeijrgmfaöe fumetatmtavm j aoletafmr fmgdajs le fjsms qul ej pulole slr gloaoms oarlftmgletl fje eðglrjs. Mhcuejs l`lgphjs sje hjs eavlhls mutjlstagm y pmrtafapmfaöe ol hms gu`lrls, lh lgpjolrmgaletj ol plrsjems qul metls sl sletçme vuhelrmdhls, lh mprleoazm`l aestatufajemh, hjs prjflsjs qul olslefmoleme eulvjs prjylftjs j rlsuhtmojs, hjs sletagaletjs ol dalelstmr y ilhafaomo, letrl jtrjs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iacurm 6>. Hm lvmhumfaöe ol hms pjhçtafms y prjcrmgms ol olsmrrjhhj sjfamh le Gáxafj Hm lvmhumfaöe ls hm ltmpm ol aefaolefam pjr lxflhlefam pmrm hms JVFs, pjrqul ls lh gjgletj le qul lh cjdalrej sjhafatm gís irlfuletlgletl hm aetlrvlefaöe ol hm sjfalomo favah. Vae lgdmrcj, ls agpjrtmetl oastaecuar letrl lvmhumr y oleuefamr. Hm lvmhumfaöe sl dmsm le fjetlstmr hms prlcuetms ol hjs `uafajs memhçtafjs, mpjrtmeoj omtjs y fmsjs fjefrltjs. Vl dusfm gl`jrmr hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm, m pmrtar ol rlfjgleomfajels ol gl`jrms y gloaoms qul slme vamdhls ol hhlvmr m fmdj.
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Vl pulol fjetraduar le hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol aeoafmojrls, jdslrvmeoj tjojs y fmom uej ol hjs imftjrls m gloar, yleoj gís mhhí ol hjs aeoafmojrls fumetatmtavjs y dusfmeoj lh agpmftj ol hms pjhçtafms le hm fmhaomo ol vaom ol hms plrsjems. Tlfulrom qul hjs `uafajs átafjs sje elflsmrajs, plrj bmy qul bmflrhjs fje iueomgletj.
Lh Fjesl`j Emfajemh ol Lvmhumfaöe ol hm ^jhçtafm ol Olsmrrjhhj Vjfamh (FJELYMH) ejrgm y fjjroaem hm lvmhumfaöe ol pjhçtafms y prjcrmgms ol olsmrrjhhj sjfamh. _alel fjgj gmeomtj ol hm Hly Clelrmh ol Olsmrrjhhj Vjfamh rlvasmr plraöoafmgletl lh fugphagaletj olh jd`ltavj sjfamh ol hjs prjcrmgms, gltms y mffajels ol hm pjhçtafm ol olsmrrjhhj sjfamh pmrm fjrrlcarhjs, gjoafmrhjs, moafajemrhjs, rljraletmrhjs j suspleolrhjs tjtmh j pmrfamhgletl. ^mrm lhhj, hjs prjcrmgms sjfamhls oldlríe fjetmr fje aeoafmojrls ol0 =) Tlsuhtmojs. 4) Clstaöe y slrvafajs pmrm gloar su fjdlrturm, fmhaomo l agpmftj. Hjs aeoafmojrls ol rlsuhtmojs oldlríe gjstrmr lh fugphagaletj ol hjs jd`ltavjs sjfamhls. Hjs ol clstaöe y slrvafajs oldlríe aeijrgmr sjdrl hjs prjfloagaletjs y hm fmhaomo ol hjs slrvafajs ol hjs prjcrmgms. Lh Fjesl`j, metls ol mprjdmr hjs aeoafmojrls glefajemojs, oldl sjgltlrhjs m hm fjesaolrmfaöe ol hm Vlfrltmrçm ol Bmfaleom y Fráoatj ^ðdhafj y hm Fígmrm ol Oaputmojs (pjr fjeouftj ol hm Muoatjrçm Vuplrajr ol hm Ilolrmfaöe) pmrm qul lgatme rlfjgleomfajels=4. Lxastle fumtrj tapjs ol lvmhumfaöe qul sl mphafme m hjs prjcrmgms ilolrmhls0 m) Fjesastlefam y Tlsuhtmojs0 memhazm sastlgítafmgletl lh oaslýj y olslgplýj chjdmh ol hjs prjcrmgms ilolrmhls, pmrm gl`jrmr su clstaöe y gloar lh hjcrj ol sus rlsuhtmojs fje dmsl le hm gmtraz ol aeoafmojrls. d) Aeoafmojrls0 memhazm gloametl trmdm`j ol fmgpj hm plrtaelefam y mhfmefl ol hjs aeoafmojrls ol ue prjcrmgm ilolrmh pmrm lh hjcrj ol rlsuhtmojs. f) ^rjflsjs0 memhazm gloametl trmdm`j ol fmgpj sa lh prjcrmgm hhlvm m fmdj sus prjflsjs jplrmtavjs ol gmelrm lfmz y lfaletl y sa fjetraduyl mh gl`jrmgaletj ol hm clstaöe. o) Agpmftj0 aoletafm fje gltjojhjcçms racurjsms lh fmgdaj le hjs aeoafmojrls m eavlh ol rlsuhtmojs mtraduadhl m hm l`lfufaöe olh prjcrmgm ilolrmh. Hms lvmhumfajels ol prjcrmgms sjfamhls lxastletls y hm ejrgmtavaomo ol lstm lvmhumfaöe pulole fjesuhtmrsl le hm pícaem wld olh FJELYMH. Iuletl0 www.fjelvmh.cjd.gx
Le www.fjelvmh.cjd.gx, sl pulol fjesuhtmr hjs Haelmgaletjs Clelrmhls pmrm hm Lvmhumfaöe ol hjs ^rjcrmgms Ilolrmhls ol hm Mogaeastrmfaöe ^ðdhafm Ilolrmh =4
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
L`lrfafaj 3. Lvmhumfaöe y fjetrmhjrçm fauomomem ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm Le praglr hucmr, ole uem hlfturm fuaomojsm m lstl fmsj qul tl prlsletmgjs. Le slcueoj hucmr, le oasfusaöe fje ue crupj plqulýj (fjgj gíxagj 9 plrsjems ls hj rlfjgleomdhl) oasfutme y fjetlstle hms prlcuetms mh emh olh fmsj.
Yacahmeoj hjs rlfursjs pðdhafjs pmrm hm aeirmlstrufturm sjfamh gueafapmh=6 _rms vmrajs mýjs ol pltafajels y rlueajels fje iuefajemrajs sjhafatmeoj hm aetrjouffaöe ol mcum pjtmdhl, hjs bmdatmetls ol hm fjgueaomo ol Tmefbj Eulvj, le lh gueafapaj ol Vmetm Fmtmraem, rlmhazmrje ue phmetöe irletl mh Myuetmgaletj. Vu fjgueaomo bmdçm frlfaoj ol uem plqulým rmefblrçm m tlelr gís ol 6,>>> bmdatmetls. Hjs eaýjs adme m hm lsfulhm, plrj irlfuletlgletl sl leilrgmdme ol oamrrlm y jtrms aeilffajels; lh ojftjr ol hm fhçeafm flrfmem hls bmdçm oafbj qul lstms leilrglomols pjoçme prlvlearsl sa gl`jrmdme su bacalel, sa hmvmdme sus mhagletjs y tjgmdme mcum blrvaom. Bmfçm vmrajs mýjs, ue fmeoaomtj m prlsaoletl gueafapmh bmdçm prjgltaoj pjelr hm tudlrçm ol mcum pjtmdhl y fjestruar ue pjzj, plrj lsl prjylftj ej sl hhlcö m bmflr rlmhaomo. Hms mutjraomols gueafapmhls mrcugletmdme qul ej sl pjoçme mtleolr hms aeglesms elflsaomols fje hjs lsfmsjs rlfursjs qul tleçm lh gueafapaj. Vae lgdmrcj, lstm mrgmfaöe iul fulstajemom pjr ue oaputmoj hjfmh, quale mslcurö qul lh gueafapaj rlfadçm uej ol hjs gís mhtjs prlsupulstjs olh Tmgj 66 le lh lstmoj. Lstj olslefmoleö uem culrrm ol olfhmrmfajels letrl lh prlsaoletl gueafapmh y lh oaputmoj hjfmh ‖mgdjs dusfmeoj hm fmeoaomturm m hm oaputmfaöe ilolrmh le hms pröxagms lhlffajels‖ qul uem lstmfaöe ol rmoaj hjfmh rlfjcaö. Muequl plqulýj, lh ejtafamraj sl bmdçm vulhtj dmstmetl aeffluyletl le hm ijrgmfaöe ol jpaeaöe pðdhafm olh gueafapaj. Le lstm jfmsaöe, hls bme lxtleoaoj m ustlols hm aevatmfaöe pmrm pmrtafapmr le ue prjcrmgm fjgletmeoj sjdrl hms olgmeoms ol mcum pjtmdhl y hjs rlfursjs olh
=6 Lstl fmsj iul rlmhazmoj fje dmsl le hm lxplralefam ol gjeatjrlj ol rlfursjs olsfletrmhazmojs qul le =111 hhlvmrje m fmdj Mhamezm Fçvafm Eulvj Hlöe, lh Irletl Imgahamr ol Qufmtíe, Mhamezm Fçvafm Emfajemh y Iueomr, Fletrj ol Meíhasas l Aevlstacmfaöe. Hm aeijrgmfaöe iul prjpjrfajemom pjr Blhlem Bjidmulr m quale mcrmolflgjs su fjhmdjrmfaöe.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
3=
prlsupulstj gueafapmh. ¡Ymym hçj le lh qul hjs gltalrje! Ej hls qulomrí jtrm jpfaöe gís qul aeijrgmrsl dale ol hm satumfaöe y lgatar uem jpaeaöe iueomgletmom. Típaomgletl sl pjele le fjetmftj fje uem jrcmeazmfaöe qul bm trmdm`moj le hm vacahmefam olh prlsupulstj y hm rleoafaöe ol fuletms, qualels hls rlfjgleomrje dm`mr ol Aetlrelt hm Hly ol Fjjroaemfaöe Iasfmh pmrm letleolr quá ls lh Tmgj 66 y sus 3 ijeojs ol ‘mpjrtmfajels‗ (rlfursjs qul lh Cjdalrej ilolrmh levçm m hjs lstmojs y gueafapajs)0 bttp0//www.oaputmojs.cjd.gx/HlylsDadhaj/rli/hfi.btg. Hjs gueafapajs rlfadle rlfursjs ol ojs ijeojs0 lh Ijeoj ol Mpjrtmfajels pmrm hm Aeirmlstrufturm Vjfamh Gueafapmh (IMAVG) y lh Ijeoj ol Mpjrtmfajels pmrm lh Ijrtmhlfagaletj ol hjs Gueafapajs (Ijrtmgue). Vlcðe lh mrtçfuhj 66 ol hm Hly, hjs gueafapajs oldle olstaemr hjs rlfursjs olh IMAVG ‘lxfhusavmgletl mh emefamgaletj ol jdrms, mffajels sjfamhls dísafms y m aevlrsajels qul dlelfale oarlftmgletl m slftjrls ol su pjdhmfaöe qul sl lefuletrle le fjeoafajels ol rlzmcj sjfamh y pjdrlzm lxtrlgm, le hjs rudrjs ol0 [...W mcum pjtmdhl, 34
mhfmetmrahhmoj, orlem`l y hltraems, urdmeazmfaöe gueafapmh, lhlftrafmfaöe rurmh y ol fjhjeams pjdrls, aeirmlstrufturm dísafm ol smhuo, aeirmlstrufturm dísafm loufmtavm, gl`jrmgaletj ol vavaleom, fmgaejs rurmhls l aeirmlstrufturm prjouftavm rurmh‗. Hjs rlfursjs olh IMAVG sl oastraduyle letrl hjs gueafapajs olh pmçs, ol mfulroj fje uem iörguhm olsfratm le hm Hly qul fjesaolrm hm pjdrlzm ol fmom gueafapaj y ástl talel hm jdhacmfaöe ol aeijrgmr fuíhls sje sus aecrlsjs y fögj cmstm lstjs rlfursjs.
Hms plrsjems ol lstm jrcmeazmfaöe mgmdhlgletl hls bme levamoj hms sacualetls trls tmdhms rlfjcaleoj aeijrgmfaöe olh Oamraj Jfamh ol hm Ilolrmfaöe, lh ^lraöoafj Jfamh olh Lstmoj y hjs aeijrgls emefalrjs y ol mftavaomols qul hjs gueafapajs prlsletme metl lh Fjecrlsj hjfmh, tjojs ojfugletjs pðdhafjs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=. Tlpjrtl ol hjs aecrlsjs rlfadaojs le hjs gueafapajs, olh IMAVG y olh Ijrtmgue
G\EAFA^AJ
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m) Fairms olh ^lraöoafj olh Lstmoj molfumoms mh praglr slglstrl ol =111. d) Tlpjrtm aetlrlsls mfuguhmojs ol $=,>9?,3<6.=? pjr hj mbjrrmoj olh IAVG y Ijrtmgue ol =112 y =111. f) Gjetjs olh ^lraöoafj olh lstmoj molfumojs mh fafhj lelrj-gmrzj ol =111. o) Tlpjrtm aetlrlsls pmrm hjs mbjrrjs ol IAVG y Ijrtmgue ol lelrj m slptalgdrl ol =112 pjr $441,>>>.>> y $1=4,>>>.>> rlsplftavmgletl. ^mrm lh plraoj lelrj-gmrzj ol =111, rlpjrtm aetlrlsls ol $=?2,>>>.>> pjr lh IAVG y ol =,>41,>>>.>> pjr lh IJTM_G\E. l)Hj rlpjrtmoj ls pmrm lh praglr slglstrl. Hms fmetaomols ol aecrlsjs rlpjrtmoms pjr hjs gueafapajs aefhuyle aetlrlsls ol hj mbjrrmoj olh mýj metlrajr. ^mrmrlpjrtmoj lh IAVG hjslsaetlrlsls sje olslglstrl. $==3,626.1=; lh IMIGolsje ol $==,<3>.9>. i)Hj pmrm lh praglr Hmspmrm fmetaomols aecrlsjs rlpjrtmoms pjr hjs gueafapajs aefhuyle aetlrlsls ol hj mbjrrmoj olh mýj metlrajr. ^mrm lh IAVG hjs aetlrlsls sje ol $6,1<6,>>>.>>; pmrm lh IMIG sje ol $=>,<9<,>>>.>>.
4. Tlpjrtl ol hjs rlfursjs cmstmojs pjr hjs gueafapajs G\EAFA^AJV
LCTLVJV TL^JT_MOJV ^JT LH G\EAFA^AJ IMAVG
Vtm.Fmtmraem(m) Vme ^lorj Cmrzm Cmrfçm (m) Gjetlrrly(m)
$6,62=,332.3?
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m) Hjs lcrlsjs rlpjrtmojs mdmrfme lh praglr slglstrl ol =111.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
36
6. Mphafmfaöe ol hjs rlfursjs olh IMAVG, slcðe hj lstmdhlfaoj le hm Hly ol Fjjroaemfaöe Iasfmh
G\EAFA^AJV
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^rlcuetms pmrm oasfutar y fjetlstmr0 3?
^raglrj, hjs `uafajs memhçtafjs (fjeijrgl hm aeijrgmfaöe qul rlvasmrje)0 ºLh gueafapaj lstí rlpjrtmeoj molfumomgletl hjs aecrlsjs qul rlfadl olh cjdalrej ilolrmh y lstmtmh: ºLh fjrrlftmgletl hjs lh cmstj ol lstjs ºLh gueafapaj gueafapaj lstí lstí rlpjrtmeoj cmstmeoj molfumomgletl rlfursjs le hjsrlfursjs: rudrjs qul gmrfm hm Hly ol Fjjroaemfaöe Iasfmh: Tlsugme hm aeijrgmfaöe qul fjejzfme y pulome mrcugletmr fje omtjs sjdrl hm trmespmrlefam y rleoafaöe ol fuletms olh gueafapaj ol Vmetm Fmtmraem. Olspuás, hjs `uafajs átafjs iueomgletmojs0 ºLstí dale lstm satumfaöe: º]uá oldlrçm fmgdamr:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
L`lrfafaj 2. Letleoaleoj hm ltmpm ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm le hm qul qualrle aefaoar Vl sucalrl qul lstl l`lrfafaj sl rlmhafl fjgj lh L`lrfafaj =, sjdrl hm lxplralefam ol su prjpam jrcmeazmfaöe. Vl oldlrí oasfutar fje hjs galgdrjs olh lquapj, Fjesl`lrjs j galgdrjs olh örcmej ol cjdalrej qul tjgmríe olfasajels fje rlsplftj m aefaoar le hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Ls rlfjgleomdhl, pmrm lstm oasfusaöe, fjetmr fje tjom hm aeijrgmfaöe olh prjcrmgm j pjhçtafm le hm qul sl qualrl aefaoar j aevatmr m ue mslsjr lsplfamhastm le lh tlgm ol hm pjhçtafm lsplfçfm. Oaslýj
ºLh prjdhlgm pðdhafj le qul sl qualrl aetlrvlear lstí le hm mcleom pðdhafm:, ºy le hm ol cjdalrej: Va ym lxastl ue prjcrmgm jpjhçtafm oaracaoj m rlsjhvlrhj, ºfögj sl oleaö lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj:, ºsl rlvasmrje jtrms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafms:, ºfuíh sl lhacaö y pjr quá: ºFuíh ls lh jd`ltavj ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm:, ºfuíh ls hm lstrufturm ol cjdalrej qul ls rlspjesmdhl ol jplrmr lstm pjhçtafm:, ºlxastl mhcðe phme, rlchms ol jplrmfaöe j ojfugletj qul olsfradl lh oaslýj y lh phme ol mffaöe pmrm agphlgletmr hm pjhçtafm: Agphlgletmfaöe
º]uá glfmeasgjs ol fjgueafmfaöe y fjjroaemfaöe letrl olpleolefam lxastle pmrm agphlgletmr hm pjhçtafm: ºFje quá rlfursjs bugmejs y emefalrjs sl fuletme pmrm agphlgletmr hm pjhçtafm:, ºsje sufaletls:, ºsl utahazme fjgj sl phmelmrje: º]uá msuetjs y mftjrls ej sl tjgmrje le fuletm pmrm hm jplrmfaöe olh prjcrmgm: Lvmhumfaöe
ºLxastle lvmhumfajels olh prjcrmgm j pjhçtafm pðdhafm le fulstaöe:, ºfuíhls sje sus rlsuhtmojs gís agpjrtmetls: º]uá rlfjgleomfajels sl bme blfbj pmrm gl`jrmr lh prjcrmgm j pjhçtafm: Tltjgle hms rlspulstms m lstms prlcuetms pmrm lh ^msj 3, fumeoj phmelle su aefaolefam.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
3<
Hlfturms rlfjgleomoms
Mcuahmr Yahhmeulvm, Huas I. (=119d)0^rjdhlgms pðdhafjs y mcleom ol cjdalrej, 4om. lo. Gáxafj, Gaculh Íeclh ^jrrðm. Metjhjcçms ol ^jhçtafms ^ðdhafms, vjh. 6. Dmromfb, Luclel (4 >>=)0 Hjs jfbj pmsjs pmrm lh meíhasas ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms. \e gmeumh pmrm hm príftafm. Gáxafj, FAOL-Gaculh Íeclh ^jrrðm. Duleoçm, Mhl`meorj (=112)0 ‘Lstuoaj aetrjouftjraj‗ ol @liirly ^rlssgme y Mmrje Sahomvsky (=112)0 Agphlgletmfaöe. Fögj crmeols lxplftmtavms fjefldaoms le Smsbaectje sl irustrme le Jmkhmeo. Gáxafj, Ijeoj ol Fuhturm Lfjeögafm. Fmdrlrj, Leraqul y Cmdralhm Emvm (fjjros.) (=111)0 Clrlefam pðdhafm gueafapmh. Fjeflptjs dísafjs y lstuoajs ol fmsj. Gáxafj, FAOL-Gaculh Íeclh ^jrrðm. ^rlssgme, @liirly y Mmrje Sahomvsky (=112)0 Agphlgletmfaöe. Fögj crmeols lxplftmtavms fjefldaoms le Smsbaectje sl irustrme le Jmkhmeo. Gáxafj, Ijeoj ol Fuhturm Lfjeögafm. ^mrsjes, Smyel (4>>3)0 ^jhçtafms pðdhafms, uem aetrjouffaöe m hm tljrçm y príftafm olh meíhasas. Gáxafj, IHMFVJ. •
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•
•
•
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mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^MVJ <
IMGAHAMTAPÍEOJEJV FJE HMV LV_TM_LCAMV Q BLTTMGALE_MV ^MTM AEFAOAT0 ºOL ]\Á IJTGM ^JOLGJV AEFAOAT GL@JT:
Jd`ltavj0 Mh emhazmr lstl fmpçtuhj smdríe quá lstrmtlcams ol aefaolefam pulole utahazmr,
tleoríe uem aolm ol fögj lhmdjrmrhm y fjejflríe mhcuems blrrmgaletms qul hls slrvaríe pmrm hhlvmr m fmdj lstms lstrmtlcams gís lilftavmgletl.
<.= Lhmdjrmeoj su lstrmtlcam º]uá ls uem lstrmtlcam ol aefaolefam: Ls lh phmetlmgaletj ol uem slral ol pmutms m slcuar le hms imsls ol ue prjflsj ol aefaolefam, pmrm lh hjcrj ol uem gltm j e prjpulstj; talel uem slfulefam höcafm qul hls hhlvmrí, m trmvás olh usj ol falrtms blrrmgaletms, mh hjcrj ol ue jd`ltavj oleaoj ol aefaolefam. ^mrm fjestruar uem lstrmtlcam oldle tlelr fhmrj le quá pjsafaöe sl lefuletrm su jrcmeazmfaöe, m oöeol qualrle hhlcmr y fögj hj vme m hjcrmr. ^hmelmr l aoletafmr sus jd`ltavjs hls myuomrí m omrsl fuletm ol fuíhls lstrmtlcams hls slríe gís ðtahls. Mhcuems sarvle pmrm hlcatagmr su prjpulstm, jtrms pmrm hhlcmr m su pðdhafj jd`ltavj, y jtrms pmrm fjestruar iulrzm pmrm su prjpulstm. M fmom pmsj, hls rlfjgleomgjs olear quá tapj ol lstrmtlcams y blrrmgaletms utahazmríe.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
33
^mrm olsmrrjhhmr su lstrmtlcam oldle prlcuetmrsl hj sacualetl0 º]uá qulrlgjs fmgdamr: º]uaáe ls j quaáels sje hjs rlspjesmdhls ol hhlvmr m fmdj lstl fmgdaj: Le quá mrlem y eavlh elflsatmgjs aefaoar0 ºhlcashmtavj, l`lfutavj j `uoafamh:, ºhjfmh, lstmtmh, emfajemh: Vl vmhl tmgdaáe, sa ym fuletme fje lxplralefam, aefaoar m eavlh aetlremfajemh. Molgís, suclragjs qul lvmhðle ol gmelrm jd`ltavm hms fmpmfaomols aestatufajemhls ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, qul sl olsfradle le lh ^msj 9. Le crme gloaom, hms lstrmtlcams sl lhacle fje dmsl, pjr ue hmoj, le su lilftavaomo pmrm hjcrmr hm gltm ol aefaolefam y, pjr jtrj, fje dmsl le hms fmpmfaomols y jpjrtueaomols qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe talel pmrm hhlvmrhm m fmdj .
Oaíhjcj, prlsaöe j fjeirjetmfaöe0 ºle oöeol satumrsl:
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Ej bmy rlfltms qul mphaqule pmrm tjojs hjs fmsjs le tjoms hms farfuestmefams. Hm jrcmeazmfaöe oldlrí mojptmr hm plrsplftavm qul gl`jr sl momptl mh fjetlxtj y mh gjgletj prlfasj, pmrm hj fumh ls iueomgletmh bmflr ue meíhasas olh fjetlxtj y ol fjyueturm (vlr gís mdm`j fjgj blrrmgaletms). Le mhcuejs fmsjs, slrí rlfjgleomdhl fjglezmr mplhmeoj mh oaíhjcj fje hms mutjraomols, plrj le jtrjs, slrí gl`jr fjglezmr fje hm pjsafaöe aetlrgloam ol hm prlsaöe pmrm hjcrmr gmyjr oaspjsafaöe pjr pmrtl ol lhhjs. Jdtlelr gmyjr moblsaöe ol fauomomejs j gmyjr vasadahaomo le hjs gloajs sarvl pmrm mfuguhmr gmyjr pjolr y msç tlelr gís pjsadahaomols ol qul hms mutjraomols ejs tjgle le fuletm. Fumeoj lxastl hm jpjrtueaomo ol prlsletmr sus prjpulstms oarlftmgletl y pjr lh prjpaj aetlrás ol hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels, lh oaíhjcj sulhl slr lh gl`jr fmgaej. Ls dulej fjglezmr ol ue gjoj sumvl y saleoj rmzjemdhl, pjstlrajrgletl sl pulol lsfmhmr m jtrms tíftafms y lstrmtlcams. Va rlfurrle mh oaíhjcj, mslcðrlesl qul hms rlueajels y lh trmdm`j fje iuefajemrajs rlmhgletl lstíe tlealeoj rlsuhtmojs le tjrej m fmgdamr lh fursj ol mffaöe ol hm pjhçtafm y rlsjhvlr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj. Va olspuás ol ue talgpj hjs plrfadle ðeafmgletl fjgj mftjs ol prjtjfjhj, rlueajels y mfulrojs sae sustletj, su jrcmeazmfaöe oldlrí lvmhumr sa elflsatm fmgdamr ol lstrmtlcam. Vae lgdmrcj, fumeoj lh oaíhjcj y hm rmzöe ej sje sufaletls, tleoríe qul rlfurrar m bmflr prlsaöe olsol miulrm pmrm mvmezmr suaeafamtavm y ls guy ðtah slr salgprl frlmtavj mhrlsplftj. Le lsjs gjgletjs, oldlríe rlfjromr qul lstíe aefaoaleoj le ue ígdatj ojeol lxastle mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
oastaetjs crupjs ol aetlrás, ym slm oletrj j iulrm olh cjdalrej. Dusqule hms gjtavmfajels l aetlrlsls ol hjs mftjrls m hjs qulaetletme fjevleflr. Va olsfudrle qul ej bmy dulem vjhuetmo ol pmrtl ol hjs iuefajemrajs y qul bmy aetlrlsls plrsjemhls oltrís ol sus olfasajels, paome trmespmrlefam y mplhle mh Lstmoj ol olrlfbj, ls olfar, rlfurrme m hm hly. Hls prlsletmrlgjs hms blrrmgaletms ol prlsaöe qul pulole usmr pmrm lstj le hm slffaöe ol blrrmgaletms. Hm fjeirjetmfaöe hhlcm, hmgletmdhlgletl, fumeoj ej bmy vjhuetmo pjhçtafm, m plsmr ol qul su prjpulstm j olgmeom slm `ustm y tlecm iueomgletjs. ^ulole fjglezmr pjr leirletmr sus mrcugletjs fje hjs olh cjdalrej, olfar qul ej lstíe ol mfulroj fje hms olfasajels tjgmoms y oleuefamr pðdhafmgletl hm imhtm ol vjhuetmo pjhçtafm. Tlfurrar m hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe pmrm hm oleuefam ls ue praglr pmsj. ]ulrlgjs leimtazmr qul lstms trls ijrgms ol pjsafajemrsl irletl m hm mutjraomo ej sje elflsmramgletl lxfhuyletls y tjoms pulole fjetraduar ol oastaetms ijrgms m su fmusm. Olpleoaleoj olh gjgletj ol aefaolefam y olh fjetlxtj, pulole gjvlrsl ol uem m hm jtrm, dm`j ojs fjeoafajels aeoasplesmdhls0 = Dusqule slr fjesastletls y gmetlelrsl fje uem gasgm fmusm y mrcugletj, utahazmeoj hm lstrmtlcam molfumom, ourmetl falrtj talgpj bmstm qul hjcrle rlsuhtmojs j lvmhðle qul ls gjgletj ol fmgdamr. 4 Lvmhðle y rlvmhðle fje su jrcmeazmfaöe, fje hjs oailrletls crupjs j hjs galgdrjs ol su mhamezm/fjmhafaöe, sa lstm lstrmtlcam lstí tlealeoj áxatj y fuíeoj ls elflsmraj fmgdamrhm. Aetletle uem eulvm lstrmtlcam bmstm qul bmyme mcjtmoj hm metlrajr, plrj salgprl gmetlecme hm fmusm y lh mrcugletj.
Mhcuems rlols bme fjeslcuaoj sus jd`ltavjs y bme blfbj gís iulrtls hms gjvahazmfajels m imvjr ol uem fmusm fumeoj sl fjjroaeme hjs gjgletjs ol oaíhjcj y fjeirjetmfaöe. ^jr l`lgphj, pulole lstmr miulrm ol hm elcjfamfaöe qualels sl saletle mcrmvamojs y jptme pjr hm fjeirjetmfaöe, hjcrmeoj gmyjr vasadahaomo ol hms olgmeoms y fmusms, y moletrj (le hms elcjfamfajels), qualels mðe jptme pjr lh oaíhjcj. Mgdms lstrmtlcams sl rliulrzme gutumgletl, puls hms mutjraomols mh bmflr prlsaöe saletle fje gmyjr iulrzm hm elflsaomo ol mdrarsl mh oaíhjcj y hm elcjfamfaöe. Lstj iuefajem fumeoj hjs crupjs ol hm fjmhafaöe ej sl pjele ol mfulroj sjdrl hms lstrmtlcams gís lilftavms y bmy sufaletls plrsjems, jrcmeazmfaöe y rlfursjs pmrm hhlvmr molfumomgletl mgdms pjsafajels. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iacurm 6=. Lstrmtlcams pmrm lh oaíhjcj, hm prlsaöe j hm fjeirjetmfaöe
Aevlstacmr y rlfjgleomr
Fmdaholj Gmtlramhls y Mhamezms y Vagdjhazmfaöe Fjgueafmr Mpjyj y fmpmfatmfaöe fjmhafajels y moblsajels gjvahazmfaöe
Fjetrmhjrçm y ^rlsaöe Tlspjesmdahazmr gjeatjrlj
Fjeirjetmfaöe Oaíhjcj
Hms lstrmtlcams ol aefaolefam sjstafmoms ej ‘sl fmsme‗ fje uem sjhm pjsafaöe, saej qul fjgdaeme bídahgletl lh oaíhjcj, hm prlsaöe, hm elcjfamfaöe y hm fjhmdjrmfaöe. ^mrtafapmr y oamhjcmr fje lh cjdalrej ej agphafm moblrarsl m su vasaöe, pulole gmetlelr sus praefapajs y hjcrmr su jd`ltavj ol aefaolefam fje oavlrsms lstrmtlcams y blrrmgaletms. 2>
M fjetaeumfaöe olsfradagjs oalz lstrmtlcams qul sl utahazme fjgðegletl le lh trmdm`j ol aefaolefam y qul fjhjfmgjs le lstl fjetaeuug letrl lh oaíhjcj, hm prlsaöe y hm fjeirjetmfaöe.
m) Aevlstacmfaöe y lhmdjrmfaöe ol rlfjgleomfajels ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms Hm aevlstacmfaöe ls lh prjflsj ol prjouffaöe, rlfuplrmfaöe y rlftafmfaöe olh fjejfagaletj. Le hm gloaom le qul uem aevlstacmfaöe slram y racurjsm rlspmhol su prjpulstm, slrí gís iífah qul hm mutjraomo lsfufbl y mflptl sus rlfjgleomfajels. Hm aevlstacmfaöe mpjrtm lhlgletjs pmrm olfaoar y oaslýmr pjhçtafms, plrj ástms talele molgís jtrjs fratlrajs ol olfasaöe. Hm aevlstacmfaöe jirlfl0 Aeijrgmfaöe vlrmz, aeoasplesmdhl pmrm lh oaslýj y hm lvmhumfaöe ol fumhqualr pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Mrcugletjs pmrm hm olilesm ol su fmusm, olgjstrmeoj qul bmy ue prjdhlgm rlmh y qul •
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sl oldl ol aetlrvlear. Vlralomo y rlspltj irletl m sus movlrsmrajs. •
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^mrm lhhj, hm aevlstacmfaöe oldl fugphar fje hjs sacualetls Hm aevlstacmfaöe ls elflsmram praefapajs0 pmrm hlcatagmr su prjpulstm Agpmrfamhaomo0 ej jfuhtmr aeijrgmfaöe ea gletar; usmr ue y olgjstrmr qul ej ls hlecum`l elutrj y sae slscjs m imvjr ol uem pjsafaöe. aoljhöcafm. Hm slralomo fje qul \tahaomo príftafm0 olhaelmr hms fmusms ol hjs prjdhlgms prlsletle sus mrcugletjs pðdhafjs y su oleafaöe le hms fjeoafajels pjhçtafms, sjfamhls y hm gltjojhjcçm utahazmom y tlfejhöcafms mftumhls. bmdhmrí dale ol su trmdm`j \tahaomo sjfamh0 lxphjrmr msplftjs fjeflrealetls m hjs y hl omrí gmyjr iulrzm m su prjpulstm. milftmojs y m hjs oahlgms qul leirletme hjs cjdalrejs, le hm tjgm ol olfasajels. Bmflr rlfjgleomfajels ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms0 olspuás ol lxphjrmr y lxphafmr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj, lhmdjrmr rlfjgleomfajels qul slm imftadhl hhlvmr m fmdj. Ls iueomgletmh oastaecuar ojs tapjs ol aevlstacmfaöe0 MFMOÁGAFM0 D\VFM ^TJO\FAT FJEJFAGALE_J
^LTAJOÇV_AFM0 D\VFM CLELTMT EJ_AFAM Q J^AEAÖE ^ÐDHAFM 2=
^rltleol slr agpmrfamh, utahazmeoj lh gátjoj faletçfj.
Dusfm hhmgmr hm mtlefaöe sjdrl ue ileöglej j pjelrhj mh olsfudalrtj.
Tlqualrl uem ijrgmfaöe prjilsajemh y ue hlecum`l lsplfamhazmoj.
Fjetraduyl m clelrmr ue oldmtl le tjrej m ue prjdhlgm j fjefflaftj.
Vl rlmhazm le ueavlrsaomols, fletrjs ol aevlstacmfaöe Ej elflsmramgletl lxphafm sus fmusms m y mhcuems iueomfajels y jrcmeazmfajels favahls. prjiueoaomo. Mfflolgjs m lhhm gloametl lh fjetmftj y mhamezms fje mfmoágafjs qul pulole mpjrtmr aevlstacmfaöe mphafmom (lvmhumfaöe ol pjhçtafms, aevlstacmfaöe ol ue prjdhlgm lsplfçfj le oltlrgaemom rlcaöe j pjdhmfaöe, ltf.)
Va ej ls plrajoasgj aeolpleoaletl (y gufbms vlfls ol ijeoj), pravahlcam fratlrajs ol glrfmoj j pjhçtafjs.
Muequl gufbms vlfls hms jrcmeazmfajels pulole rlmhazmr sus prjpams aevlstacmfajels, tmgdaáe sl pulole mhamr fje lstl prjpösatj fje ueavlrsaomols,aestatufajels ol aevlstacmfaöe u jrcmeazmfajels lstahj tbaek tmek. Lstl tapj ol jrcmeazmfajels talel letrl su plrsjemh uem mhtm fmpmfaomo ol aevlstacmfaöe y mrcugletmfaöe y, m oailrlefam ol hms ueavlrsaomols l mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
aestatufajels ol aevlstacmfaöe, dusfme lsplfamhazmrsl le ue pmr ol tlgms, slcuar guy ol flrfm lh oldmtl, hm fjyueturm y lstmr m hm vmecumroam. Vl jraletme m bmflr uem aevlstacmfaöe mphafmom, fje hm aetlefaöe ol fmgdamr pjhçtafms j aeffluar le hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm sjdrl hjs tlgms qul trmtme. Vu vmhjr mcrlcmoj ls lsfradar fje ue hlecum`l gís mfflsadhl, lhmdjrmr rlpjrtls ol fjrtm lxtlesaöe oaracaojs m tjgmojrls ol olfasajels j fjgueafmojrls, y trmdm`mr fje gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y hçolrls ol jpaeaöe.
Valgprl myuomrí phmelmr `uetj fje hm aevlstacmfaöe uem lstrmtlcam ol oaiusaöe y gloajs pmrm fjgueafmr lstm aeijrgmfaöe y lh meíhasas prjoufaoj. Metls ol bmflr lstm oaiusaöe, olfaome dale hms muoalefams m hms qul sl qualrl hhlcmr. glesm`l oldl slr fhmrj,Vuslefahhj y fjetueoletl.
Hms mhamezms qul hms jrcmeazmfajels pulole bmflr pmrm hm aevlstacmfaöe oldle ol memhazmrsl m hm huz ol sus tleolefams aoljhöcafms, su slralomo, su imfahaomo pmrm letleolrsl y fjgueafmrsl, su fmpmfaomo ol aefaolefam y su aetlrás/oaspjsafaöe pjr mhamrsl fje jrcmeazmfajels fjgj hm suym. Hjs rlsuhtmojs ol hm aevlstacmfaöe oldle slr pjtlefamojs mh gíxagj, pmrm hjcrmr qul hm aeijrgmfaöe qul sl prlsletm slm tjgmom le fuletm pmrm olear lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj j pmrm gl`jrmr j fmgdamr hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. 24
d) Fmdaholj fje tjgmojrls ol olfasajels M uejs fumetjs mýjs ol hm trmesafaöe olgjfrítafm, le hm qul blgjs lxplragletmoj ue sastlgm ol rlprlsletmfaöe rlhmtavmgletl fjgpltatavj, lh fmdaholj sl bm fjevlrtaoj le ue tlgm pjhçtafmgletl rlhlvmetl le Gáxafj. Lh fmdaholj j hjddyaec ls uem príftafm qul omtm mh glejs ol gloamojs olh sachj RAR, le pmçsls qul olsmrrjhhmrje sastlgms pjhçtafjs phurmhastms. Le aechás, lh tárgaej sl usm pmrm rlilrarsl m hm metlsmhm (lh hjddy j hjs pmsahhjs) ol hms aestmefams ol olfasaöe pðdhafm, ue lspmfaj pmrm phmetlmr m hjs hlcashmojrls prljfupmfajels l aetlrlsls, ol gmelrm aeijrgmh y prlvam m hm mojpfaöe ol uem hly. Le lspmýjh tmgdaáe lh tárgaej bmfl mhusaöe mh fmdahoj, aestatufaöe fjhlcamom qul cjdlreö fauomols y puldhjs le Mgárafm Hmtaem, ourmetl lh plrajoj fjhjeamh, y qul sl bm gmetleaoj vavm bmstm eulstrjs oçms. \em ol hms iuefajels ol hjs fmdahojs iul bmflr fjevlrclr hjs aetlrlsls ol hjs crupjs ojgaemetls. Lxastle euglrjsms oleafajels ol fmdaholj. Ejrdlrtj Djddaj sl rllrl mh fmdaholj fjgj lh prjflsj pjr gloaj olh fumh, hjs rlprlsletmetls ol hjs crupjs ol aetlrás qul mftðme fjgj mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
aetlrgloamrajs, bmfle olh fjejfagaletj ol hjs hlcashmojrls j hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels hjs olsljs ol sus crupjs (Djddaj y Gmttlufba, =12?). Hlroj ol _l`mom y Cjoaem fjefadle mh fmdaholj fjgj hm pjsadahaomo ol aeffluar le hm tjgm ol olfasajels ol hjs örcmejs fjhlcamojs jfamhls (Hlroj ol _l`mom y Cjoaem Blrrlrm, 4>>?). Hm jrcmeazmfaöe Jximg hj olel fjgj ue prjflsj pjr gloaj olh fumh sl jirlfl aeijrgmfaöe pmrm aeffluar le hms jpaeajels ol qualels tjgme hms olfasajels j hm ‘cletl pjolrjsm‗. Lh mrgm praefapmh ol ue ‘fmdaholrj‗ ls hm aeijrgmfaöe, pulstj qul elflsmramgletl oldl tlelr le su pjolr omtjs y mrcugletjs aeblrletls mh msuetj le lh fumh dusfm aefaoar. Hm príftafm olh fmdaholj ej oldl `uzcmrsl lxfhusavmgletl m pmrtar ol hms lxplralefams elcmtavms. Tlprlsletm, tmgdaáe, uem ijrgm ol mflrfmr hjs milftmojs m hms olfasajels, metls ol qul slme oleatavms. Lh fmdaholj le Gáxafj talel trls praefapmhls fmrmftlrçstafms0 = Mpjrtm aeijrgmfaöe, mhagletmeoj hms olfasajels pðdhafms pjr pmrtl ol hjs mftjrls
agphafmojs le lhhms, hj fumh ls ue aesugj iueomgletmh pmrm fumhqualr olfasaöe. ]ul fjetlecm lh slscj ol quale hm prjvll ej agphafm qul mutjgítafmgletl vmym m oltlrgaemr hm olfasaöe. Le tjoj fmsj, pulol bmdlr ue prjdhlgm fje hm imhtm ol prjilsajemhasgj ol hm mutjraomo, j fumeoj qul sl hl usl fjgj lxfusm pmrm pmtrjfaemr jtrms mftavaomols, rjeomeoj msç plhacrjsmgletl le fjrrupfaöe (pjr l`lgphj, rlcmhjs j vam`ls ae`ustafmojs). 4 ^lrgatl lxprlsmr hms prljfupmfajels j aetlrlsls le ue fjetlxtj aeijrgmh, gufbjs ol hjs fumhls (irlfuletlgletl hjs ol hjs glejs pjolrjsjs) ej sl aefhuyle le lspmfajs aestatufajemhls (fjesl`js fjesuhtavjs, ltf.). Hm aeijrgmhaomo gmrfm ue fhmrj y elflsmraj hçgatl ol rlspjesmdahaomo letrl ‘hjs fmdaholrjs‗ y qualels sl lefuletrme imfuhtmojs pmrm tjgmr olfasajels ol mutjraomo. 6 Lh mfflsj m hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels ls, tmh vlz, lh tlgm gís olhafmoj. Hjs crupjs pjolrjsjs talele gmyjrls vletm`ms, puls fuletme fje rlfursjs qul jtrjs crupjs pulole fjgplesmr sjhmgletl gloametl hm jrcmeazmfaöe y hm lsplfamhazmfaöe le ue tlgm. Lvatmr lh prlojgaeaj ol uejs fumetjs crupjs irletl m jtrjs, le hms olfasajels y pjhçtafms pðdhafms, rlqualrl ijgletmr lh aetlrfmgdaj mdalrtj letrl hms mutjraomols, hjs crupjs ol aetlrás y hjs crupjs sjfamhls (y tmgdaáe letrl ástjs).
Lh fmdaholj ls ue glfmeasgj molfumoj sa sl hl rlcuhm le ijrgm mprjpamom. Bmy trls l`ls iueomgletmhls pmrm qul slm tjtmhgletl iuefajemh le eulstrj pmçs0 trmespmrlefam, hlcmhaomo y flrtaougdrl (Hlroj ol _l`mom y Cjoaem, 4>>?). mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Iacurm 64. Tlstraffajels hlcmhls sjdrl lh fmdaholj pmrm hms JVFs le Gáxafj y Lstmojs \eaojs Le Gáxafj, le hm Hly ol Ijgletj m hms Mftavaomols ol hms JVFssl rlfjejfl lh olrlfbj m aefaoar le hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms, plrj lstí prjbadaoj rlmhazmr mftavaomols ol prjslhatasgj pmrtaoastm j lhlftjrmh, ea prjslhatasgj j prjpmcmeom fje els rlhacajsjs (Mrt. 3, irmff. RA y RAA).^mrm hms jrcmeazmfajels ojemtmrams mutjrazmoms, hmHly olh Agpulstj sjdrl hm Tletmoaspjel gís lsplfçfmgletl0 ‘]ul hms mftavaomols qul olsmrrjhhle tlecme fjgj emhaomo pragjroamh lh fugphagaletj ol su jd`ltj sjfamh, sae qul pulome aetlrvlear le fmgpmýms pjhçtafms j aevjhufrmrsl le mftavaomolsol prjpmcmeom jolstaemoms m aeffluar le hm hlcashmfaöe. Ej sl fjesaolrm qul aeffluyl le hm hlcashmfaöe hm pudhafmfaöe ol ue meíhasas j ol uem aevlstacmfaöe qul ej tlecm fmríftlr prjslhatastm j hm msastlefam táfeafm m ue örcmej cudlremgletmh qul hj budalrl sjhafatmoj pjr lsfratj‗ (Mrt. 13, irmf. AA). Le lstl sletaoj, ls iueomgletmh olear hms mftavaomols ol fmdaholj dm`j ue meíhasas-aevlstacmfaöe ej prjslhatastm j fjetmr fje hm pltafaöe pjr lsfratj ol mhcuem aestmefam ol cjdalrej j hlcashmojr ol qul sjhafatm hm msastlefam táfeafm, pjr l`lgphj, pmrm aeijrgmr ol gmelrm pmrtafuhmr j myuomr m rlomftmr mhcuem hly le pmrtafuhmr. Lstj söhj mphafm m hms hlyls y ej mphafm m prjcrmgms, rlchmgletjs, lvmhumfajels, ltf.
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Omoj qul hms oaspjsafajels ol hm Hly ol Agpulstjs sjdrl hm Tletm le Gáxafj sacule ol flrfm hm hlcashmfaöe ol Lstmojs \eaojs, vmhl hm plem rlvasmr hms oleafajels gís prlfasms lhmdjrmoms mhhí. Vlcðe aeijrgmfaöe ol Mhhamefl ijr @ustafl, lh Fjecrlsj lstmojueaolesl bm olfhmrmoj qul aeffluar le hm imfuhtmo hlcashmtavm ls uem mftavaomo hlcçtagm ol hms jrcmeazmfajels sae els ol hufrj. ‘Vl olejgaem fmdaholj m fumhqualr fjgueafmfaöe fuyj prjpösatj slm aeffluar le uem hly oltlrgaemom. Hly sl rllrl m fumhqualr mffaöe ol ue örcmej hlcashmtavj, hj fumh aefhuyl hm ‒aetrjouffaöe, gjoafmfaöe, prjguhcmfaöe, olrjcmfaöe j meuhmfaöe ol hlyls, prjylftjs ol hly, rlsjhufajels j lhlgletjs sagahmrls‑. Örcmej hlcashmtavj sl rllrl mh Fjecrlsj, m hjs Fjecrlsjs lstmtmhls, m hjs fmdahojs y mh pðdhafj clelrmh fumeoj sl trmtm ol rlilrleojs, aeafamtavms j rlijrgms m hm Fjestatufaöe. Ej sl sulhl fjesaolrmr örcmej hlcashmtavj m hjs örcmejs `uoafamhls, l`lfutavjs ea mogaeastrmtavjs…Ej sl fjesaolrm fmdaholj fumhqualr fjgueafmfaöe qul slm uem ol hms sacualetls0 =) Meíhasas, aevlstacmfajels j lstuoajs ej pmrtaoastms qul prlsletle tjojs hjs msplftjs ol uem fulstaöe. 4) Tlspulstms m sjhafatuols pjr lsfratj ol fjgasajels u jtrjs örcmejs hlcashmtavjs qul sjhafatme msastlefam. 6) Jd`lfajels j mpjyj m prjpulstms hlcashmtavms qul fmgdamrçme hjs olrlfbjs ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, j su olrlfbj m lxastar. ?) Lxphjrmfajels y oasfusajels ol prjdhlgms sjfamhls, lfjeögafjs j ol emturmhlzm sagahmr.‗ Letrl hms iueomfajels ejrtlmglrafmems lxastl tmgdaáe fmutlhm pmrm emefamr mftavaomols ol fmdaholj ol hms jrcmeazmfajels. Vlcðe Mhhamefl ijr @ustafl, le lhföoacj tradutmraj ol Lstmojs \eaojs sl lstapuhm qulhjs cmstjs ol fmdaholj ol uem iueomfaöe pravmom ‟aefhuyleoj lh emefamgaletj m jrcmeazmfajels qul bmfle fmdaholj‟ lstíe su`ltjs m uem plemhazmfaöe sfmh. Vae lgdmrcj, hms iueomfajels sç pulole omr emefamgaletj pmrm mpjyj clelrmh (clelrmh suppjrt) j m prjylftjs salgprl y fumeoj le lh prlsupulstj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe j olh prjylftj ej sl sjdrlpmsle hjs hçgatls lstmdhlfaojs dm`j hm fmtlcjrçm lsplfafmom le hm hly. ^mrm rlmhazmr tmh oltlrgaemfaöe, hms iueomfajels pulole fjemr lehjs prlsupulstjs qul hls prjpjrfajeme hmsjrcmeazmfajels. Iuletl pmrm aeijrgmfaöe le Lstmojs \eaojs0 Mhhamefl ijr @ustafl, www.mi`.jrc. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Mhcuems mftavaomols fjefrltms qul pulole hhlvmr m fmdj pmrm olear su lstrmtlcam ol fmdaholj sje0 Tlcastrle y ole slcuagaletj m hms pjsafajels y hjs vjtjs ol fmom hlcashmojr sjdrl hm j hms hlyls qul hls aetlrlsme. Gjeatjrlle mh crupj j hjs crupjs ol trmdm`j qul sl ijrgle pmrm hm oasfusaöe ol lstl tlgm le lh Fjecrlsj (ym slme ol uem sjhm fígmrm j dafmglrmhls). Tlvasle quá crupjs ol prlsaöe j aetlrás lstíe bmfaleoj fmdaholj le lh Fjecrlsj sjdrl lh gasgj tlgm qul ustlols y fuíhls sje sus aetlrhjfutjrls. Fjestruyme ue gmpm ol mftjrls y ol crmoj ol aefflulefam (vlr blrrmgaletms gís mdm`j), ojeol fjhjqule fuíetjs hlcashmojrls lstíe m imvjr ol su prjpulstm j fmusm y fuíetjs le fjetrm, y ol quá pmrtaoj sje. Aoletaqule quaáels pulole slr mhamojs, lelgacjs y quaáels ej talele pjsafaöe l aevlstacule quá mftjrls j aetlrlsls bmy oltrís ol lhhjs. ^mrm rlmhazmr uefmdaholj lilftavjfje tjgmojrls ol olfasajels, Jximg om mhcuejs fjesl`js ðtahls0 Fjejflr guy dale m hms aestatufajels0 smdlr quaáe olfaol, fje quaáe bmdhmr, ol quá bmdhmr y fuíeoj bmdhmr. \dafmr hm iuletl ol pjolr olh aetlrhjfutjr y sus pjsadhls aetlrgloamrajs. Fjetmr fje aeijrgmfaöe mftumhazmom y fjemdhl. •
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_lelr salgprl fhmrj quá sl qualrl hjcrmr. Hjcrmr fjemezm y slr fjesastletls. ^rlpmrmr mrcugletjs pmrm elutrmhazmr j dhjqulmr m qualels sl jpjele. Ej bmdhmr sjhj0 tlelr tlstacjs qul dusqule hjs gasgjs els. Vastlgmtazmr hjs mfulrojs. Lvmhumr y mcrmolflr hjs fjetmftjs. Fumeoj jdtlecme uem vaftjram, mcrmolflr pðdhafmgletl m hjs iuefajemrajs j hlcashmojrls qul trmdm`mrje le lhhm (Jximg, =11?). •
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f) ^rjouffaöe ol gmtlramhls loufmtavjs y fmpmfatmfaöe fauomomem Lh jd`ltavj ol lstm lstrmtlcam ls fjestruar jpaeaöe j slesadahazmr m hm pjdhmfaöe mflrfm ol ue tlgm. Lstj sl pulol bmflr, pjr l`lgphj, aeijrgmeoj m hm fauomomeçm m trmvás ol blrrmgaletms pmrm omr m fjejflr mgphamgletl su prjpulstm, aevlstacmfaöe j oleuefamr ue gmh gmel`j pðdhafj. Vl pulol bmflr m trmvás ol gmtlramhls loufmtavjs y ijrgmfaöe mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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pmrm sugmr gís sagpmtazmetls j elutrmhazmr m hm jpjsafaöe. Fumeoj ls aetlrem, fjesastl le fmpmfatmr m hjs aetlcrmetls ol su jrcmeazmfaöe j fjmhafaöe le falrtms bmdahaomols pmrm hm aefaolefam y sl fjevalrtl le uem aevlrsaöe. Oldle olfaoar sa dusfme aeijrgmr m tjojs hjs fauomomejs y hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm le clelrmh j sa qualrle oaracarsl m ue crupj lsplfçfj, ls olfar, qualels oarlftmgletl sje pmrtl olh prjdhlgm qul aetletme rlsjhvlr j sugmr m su fmusm m qualels ej lstmdme fjesfaletls olh prjdhlgm. \em vlz qul aoletafmrje m lstjs crupjs, pulole oaslýmr glesm`ls oaracaojs m lhhjs l aefhuarhjs le su lstrmtlcam ol gloajs, fjevjfmrhjs m ijrjs y slgaemrajs, fjgueafmrsl m trmvás ol hhmgmoms tlhliöeafms j levamrhls fjrrljs. Mhcuejs pmsjs fjefrltjs pmrm olsmrrjhhmr lstm lstrmtlcam sje0 Lhmdjrle hjs fjetleaojs qul sl qualrle oaiueoar j utahazmr pmrm fmpmfatmr. Oaslýle hjs gmtlramhls ol uem ijrgm mfflsadhl pmrm hm gmyjr pmrtl ol hm pjdhmfaöe j le pmrtafuhmr pmrm su muoalefam slhlffajemom, m pmrtar ol ijhhltjs, djhltaels ol rmoaj, vaoljs, fjrrljs lhlftröeafjs, ltf., rlsmhtmeoj hjs omtjs y glesm`ls gís agpjrtmetls. 29
Bmcme uem lstrmtlcam ol oaiusaöe, plesmeoj le quá aeijrgmfaöe mflrfm ol su fmusm y lh prjdhlgm qul dusfme sjhufajemr oldl lstmr le lh aetlrelt y gmtlramhls agprlsjs; oöeol gís sl pulole fjhjfmr jtrjs fjetleaojs y fögj sl vme m oastraduar. Hm utahazmfaöe ol tlfejhjcçms ol aeijrgmfaöe y rlols sjfamhls ls iueomgletmh pjrqul sje mfflsadhls, dmrmtms y guy iífahls ol oaiueoar. Tlfhutle m fmpmfatmojrls, ijrgmojrls, prjgjtjrls j glesm`lrjs olh tlgm, qualels slríe hjs guhtaphafmojrls ol hm aeijrgmfaöe. Mslcðrlesl ol qul lstáe dale fmpmfatmojs y pulome rlspjeolr m prlcuetms y fulstajemgaletjs, y qul fjejfle sufaletlgletl lh tlgm. Jrcmeafle slsajels aeijrgmtavms oaracaoms m su muoalefam lsplfçfm, le hucmrls qul irlfuletme (phmzms pðdhafms, fletrjs fjgueatmrajs, lsfulhms, ltf.) j m trmvás ol crupjs u jrcmeazmfajels qul lstms muoalefams irlfuletme. Lstms slsajels pulole slr tmhhlrls y slsajels lstrufturmoms le ue bjrmraj, fje ue crupj j m trmvás ol prjgjtjrls qul aeijrgle m pmrtar ol ue oaíhjcj letrl pmrls (ol `jvle m `jvle, ol vlfaej m vlfaej, ltf.). mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Jrcmeafle slsajels j slgaemrajs le oavlrsjs aestatutjs u jrcmeazmfajels; pulole aevatmr m jtrms plrsjems m oasfutar hjs rlsuhtmojs. Va sl trmtm ol oaiueoar su prjpulstm, mrgle uem slsaöe ol oldmtl pðdhafj fje hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels y mh emhazmr hm slsaöe lstmdhlzfme fjgprjgasjs m hjs qul pulome omr slcuagaletj fje lhhjs. Tlfulrole qul le hm prjouffaöe ol gmtlramhls y le hm rlmhazmfaöe ol fmpmfatmfajels, molgís ol oaiueoar lh glesm`l j prjdhlgm, oldle hhmgmr m uem mffaöe j lsplfafmr fögj hjs fauomomejs pulole sugmrsl m hm mffaöe fjhlftavm j fjevlrtarsl le guhtaphafmojrls.
Jximg utahazm uem fjgdaemfaöe ol lstrmtlcams0 loufmfaöe, usj ol gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y fmdaholj Jximg olel su leijqul fjgj ‘fletrmoj le hm plrsjem‗, dusfmeoj mflrfmr m hjs pjdrls fje hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels, pmrm hj qul prjfurm hm gmyjr pmrtafapmfaöe pjsadhl ol hjs dlelfamrajs le mftavaomols ol aefaolefam, trmdm`m le hms fjgueaomols, prjgulvl prjflsjs ol mprleoazm`l fjhlftavj y fjetraduyl m clelrmrpjhçtafms hjfmhls. Tlfjcl hm lxplralefam ol hm rlmhaomo qul leirletm hm cletl le aevlstacmfajels ol mhtj eavlh, meíhasas y mffajels ol aefaolefam sjfamh y pjhçtafm, fje lh jd`ltavj ol fmgdamr hms pjhçtafms y príftafms aetlremfajemhls, ol gmelrm qul mslcurle qul hm cletl lgpjdrlfaom tlecm hjs olrlfbjs, jpjrtueaomols y rlfursjs qul elflsatme.
Vu gloaj aolmh sje hms fmgpmýms, le hms fumhls dusfm hjcrmr trls jd`ltavjs0 =) Aefaoar. 4) Loufmr. 6) Lgpjolrmr. ^mrm lhhj, fmdaholm utahazmeoj hm aevlstacmfaöe y hms rlhmfajels qul talel fjgj fjetrmpmrtls y jrcmeazmfajels ol dmsl qul vavle lh prjdhlgm, utahazm hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe (vlr gís mdm`j), prjoufl gmtlramhls loufmtavjs y jrcmeazm lvletjs ol slesadahazmfaöe y fmpmfatmfaöe, le hj qul hhmgm fmgpmýms pjpuhmrls.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Lstrmtlcam utahazmom pjr Jximg Aevlstacmfaöe dmsmom le lvaolefam y tlstagjeajs Fmdaholj fje cletl pjolrjsm Tlhmfajels fje fjgueaomols milftmoms y jrcmeazmfajels ol dmsl
Fmusm \sj ol hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe \sj ol hjs gloajs aetlremfajemhls, rlcajemhls y emfajemhls
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Fmgpmým pjpuhmr
^rjouffaöe ol gmtlramhls loufmtavjs y lvletjs ol gjvahazmfaöe sjfamh
o) Fjestruffaöe ol mhamezms y fjmhafajels=? \em fjmhafaöe ls ue crupj ol jrcmeazmfajels qul trmdm`me `uetms pmrm mhfmezmr ue jd`ltavj fjgðe qul ejrgmhgletl ls ol hmrcj phmzj (Fjggje Fmusl Aetlremtajemh, 4>=>). Fjestruar uem fjmhafaöe agphafm qul ojs pmrtls lefuletrme fjevlealetl lstmr `uetms y sl mpjyme gutumgletl pmrm hjcrmr gl`jrls rlsuhtmojs. Lxastle fjmhafajels tlgpjrmhls, j mhamezms fjyueturmhls qul sl ome le uem satumfaöe guy puetumh, ojeol hms ojs pmrtls talele aetlrlsls ol fjrtj j gloamej phmzj. Hm ourmfaöe ol hms fjmhafajels j mhamezms olpleol ol sus jd`ltavjs. Hms
\em mhamezm j fjmhafaöe sarvl pmrm frlmr uem vjz gís iulrtl le prj ol eulstrjs jd`ltavjs y gltms.
fjmhafajels fje ue jd`ltavj lsplfçfj fhmrj yfjesastletl Va olslme lxphjrmr fje gís oltmhhl lstl tlgm, suclragjs fjesuhtmr hm pícaem wld ol Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols, le hm slffaöe ol aefaolefam y pudhafmfajels, hmCuçm pmrm aoletafmr mhamojs y bmflr fjmhafajels 0 www.mhtlremtavmsjfamhls.jrc.
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mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
pmrm tjoms hms pmrtls sje hms gís lilftavms pmrm aefaoar, puls hm ijrgmfaöe ol lstms fjmhafajels ej agphafm qul hjs crupjs mhamojs sl pjecme ol mfulroj le mdsjhutmgletl tjojs hjs tlgms ea leijquls qul trmdm`me, saej le uem mcleom gçeagm ol fmgdajs qul qualrle hjcrmr. Tmzjels pmrm ijrgmr mhamezms y/j fjmhafajels0
Fjgpmrtar aeijrgmfaöe y rlfursjs. ^rjvllr j rlfadar msastlefam táfeafm. Lvatmr hm ouphafaomo ol lsiulrzjs. Fjeslcuar gmyjr vasadahaomo y oaiusaöe. Vugmr hm iulrzm pjhçtafm ol oastaetjs crupjs. Mslcurmr fjesastlefam y frloadahaomo. Mhfmezmr uem vaftjram pjhçtafm. Ol mfulroj m hm lvaolefam, hms fjmhafajels y mhamezms qul bme saoj lxatjsms, talele hjs sacualetls lhlgletjs0 _alele ue mhtj eavlh ol mfulroj sjdrl hm sjhufaöe olh prjdhlgm pðdhafj phmetlmoj. Fuletme fje oaspjsafaöe pmrm fjgpmrtar lh fráoatj, lh rlfjejfagaletj y hjs rlsuhtmojs jdtleaojs. Gmxagazme hm lilftavaomo ol hjs galgdrjs m eavlh aeoavaoumh, ls olfar, pjtlefame sus ijrtmhlzms. Mftðme rípaomgletl y rlspjeole m hms jpjrtueaomols y Hms mhamezms y fjmhafajels hjs rltjs qul sl hls prlsletme. pulole slr lstrmtácafms y Lstíe mpjymoms pjr crupjs qul talele fmpmfaomo ol clelrmr dlelfajs, plrj tmgdaáe fjetalele ralscjs aefaoar oarlftmgletl le hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels. ^rlcuetms qul pulole fjetlstmr pmrm aoletafmr y sugmr mhamojs0 º]uá crupjs elflsatmgjs aefjrpjrmr hj gís prjetj pjsadhl pjrqul su pmrtafapmfaöe ls vatmh: º]uá crupjs gjvahazme m hm gmyjr fmetaomo ol cletl qul •
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slrí elflsmram pmrm agphlgletmr eulstrm lstrmtlcam ol aefaolefam:
y pulole tlelr mhcuems fjeslfulefams plr`uoafamhls. Bmcme ue meíhasas m ijeoj ol hjs prjs y hjs fjetrms metls ol olfaoar y oleme hm ourmfaöe ol hm mhamezm j fjmhafaöe (fjrtj, gloamej j hmrcj phmzj) le su phmelmfaöe fje hjs oailrletls crupjs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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º]uaáels sje mqulhhjs crupjs qul pjr msjfamrsl m eulstrm lstrmtlcam, mtrmlríe hm mtlefaöe ol jtrjs mftjrls le hm fjmhafaöe: ^jr l`lgphj, pjolgjs fjeslcuar lh mpjyj ol crupjs fje uem vmralomo ol jraletmfajels pjhçtafms qul mtrmlríe m hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y m hm sjfalomo le clelrmh. º]uá crupjs talele lxplralefam le hm pjhçtafm qul lstmgjs dusfmeoj aefaoar y hm sufaletl lxplralefam pmrm myuomrejs m omr ijrgm m hm mffaöe ol aefaolefam: º]uá crupjs talele rlhmfaöe j aefaole fje gís irlfulefam l agpmftj le hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels j le hms mutjraomols: º]uá jtrms jrcmeazmfajels j aeoavaoujs fjgpmrtle eulstrms gltms y lstíe trmdm`meoj pmrm hjcrmrhms:
l) Vagdjhazmfaöe y moblsaöe ol hçolrls m hm fmusm Fjesastl le utahazmr sçgdjhjs ol vmhjr y fjejfagaletj ueavlrsmh, pmrm slesadahazmr, bmflr fjgprleolr j hlcatagmr su fmusm. Vl trmtm ol mplhmr m hjs sçgdjhjs, hms mffajels j hjs mfjetlfagaletjs qul bmfle fjgprlesadhl uem satumfaöe pmrm ue pðdhafj qul gufbms
. Fje lstj, vlfls sl lefuletrm hl`js j ej sl saletl trmoafajemhgletl mtrmçoj m eulstrm fmusm sl dusfm mfuguhmr pjolr y hlcatagaomo. 1>
Lstm lstrmtlcam sl vaefuhm lstrlfbmgletl fje hj qul sl fjejfl fjgj lh ‘lilftj djjglrmec‗ (Klfk y Vakkaek, 4>>>) qul sjstalel qul0 = Hms jrcmeazmfajels hjfmhls ej salgprl talele hjs fmemhls mdalrtjs pmrm slr lsfufbmojs pjr sus mutjraomols j ej talele hm sufaletl iulrzm, aefflulefam j rlfursjs pmrm hjcrmr fmemhazmr sus olgmeoms. 4
Hms jrcmeazmfajels oldle letjefls mfuoar m jtrjs hçolrls u jrcmeazmfajels aetlremfajemhls pmrm qul sl mobalrme m su fmusm y hl ole hlcatagaomo. Fje ástjs, sl lstmdhlfl ue vçefuhj y sl aeijrgm sjdrl lh prjdhlgm y hm fmusm; lh hçolr u jrcmeazmfaöe memhazm lstm aeijrgmfaöe y sl mslcurm qul hl fjgpltl j sl aoletafm fje lstl prjdhlgm y fmusm y olfaol sa hj mojptm j ej. 6
Va lh hçolr j hm jrcmeazmfaöe mojptm lh fmsj, sl frlme eulvms lstrmtlcams pmrm moquarar
mpjyj y bmflr pðdhafj lh fmsj m hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm rlcajemh, emfajemh l aetlremfajemh. Lstj sl hjcrm praefapmhgletl fjetmftmeoj m tjom uem ‒rlo‑ ol0 mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
m)Vagpmtazmetls y galgdrjs, fje qualels vmhl hm plem gmetlelr ue fjetmftj fjetaeuj gloametl uem pícaem le aetlrelt, fjrrljs lhlftröeafjs, pudhafmfajels, fjeilrlefams ol prlesm, olsphlcmojs, aeijrgls, ltf. (vlr gís mdm`j hm lstrmtlcam ol fjestruffaöe ol mpjyj y gjvahazmfaöe fauomomem). d) Jtrms jrcmeazmfajels, iueomfajels j hçolrls mels. f) Jtrjs cjdalrejs rlcajemhls, emfajemhls y jrcmeasgjs aetlremfajemhls. ? \em vlz jdtleaoj lh mpjyj ol hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm gueoamh, sl oaracl m hms ‘mutjraomols
gltm‗ y sl sjhafatm fje hm iulrzm ol tjoj lstl mpjyj slr lsfufbmoj y qul sl rlsulhvm lh msuetj. Vl hhmgm ‘lilftj djjglrmec‗ pjrqul hm fmusm smhl ol su rlcaöe j pmçs, ls rltjgmom pjr ue hçolr, rlo u jrcmeazmfaöe qul hj msugl, prlsajem olsol lh lxtlrajr y rlcrlsm m hm rlcaöe j pmçs fje gís iulrzm. Mhcuems prlcuetms qul pulole jraletmrhls pmrm mojptmr lstm lstrmtlcam sje0 º]uá pjhçtafjs, flhldraomols, plrsjemhaomols u jrcmeazmfajels ol mhtj plrh pjolgjs aevjhufrmr: º^jr quá qulrrçme trmdm`mr fje ejsjtrjs: º]uá mpjrtme m eulstrm fmusm le agmcle, prlstacaj, prjylffaöe j hlcatagaomo: ºFögj vmgjs m fjhmdjrmr fje lhhjs: ºFögj hjs vmgjs m mpjymr: º]uá lsplrmgjs ol lhhjs:
i) Fjgueafmfaöe, gloajs y glesm`ls Hm lstrmtlcam ol fjgueafmfaöe pulolfjestruarsl pmrmhlhmgletl Hm fjgueafmfaöe pjhçtafm y ls ðtah pmrm mfjgpmýmr fumhqualr jtrm lstrmtlcam slhlffajemom. fjesastl le ue prjflsj Lstj ls ue rlquasatj aeoasplesmdhl sa sl qualrl aeffluar le hm fjetaeuj ol prlslefam, pmrm jpaeaöe pðdhafm, hm mcleom pðdhafm y hm mcleom ol cjdalrej. Hm trmesgatar aeijrgmfaöe, fjgueafmfaöe clelrm vasajels fjhlftavms y rlilrletls fjguels, omtjs, aolms, y slýmhls fje lh e ol plrsumoar m ue gjholm hms plrflpfajels y fjetraduyl mh letleoagaletj y hm pðdhafj oltlrgaemoj. oleafaöe olh prjdhlgmpðdhafj.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Hjs fumtrj pmsjs dísafjs ol lstm lstrmtlcam sje=<0 = _lelr guy fhmrjs hjsjd`ltavjs ol aefaolefam (ºquá sl qualrl hjcrmr:) 4 Vlhlffajemr m hjs pðdhafjs jd`ltavjj muoalefams m qualels sl qualrl plrsumoar. Olear m quaáe qualrle hhlcmr. ^ulole slr `övlels, gu`lrls, pjdhmfaöe rurmh, mfmoágafjs, iuefajemrajs pðdhafjs, hçolrls sjfamhls j lh fauomomej fjgðe. 6
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Lhmdjrmr hjs glesm`ls y hm jraletmfaöe ol hm fjgueafmfaöe. \em vlz oleaoj su pðdhafj pulole frlmr hjs glesm`ls qul qualrle gmeomr. Oldle plesmr le glesm`ls fhmrjs, slefahhjs y oarlftjs, oaslýmojs pmrm fmom pðdhafj le pmrtafuhmr. Hjs lhlgletjs fhmvl ol hjs glesm`ls sje0 m) Lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj qul qualrle fmgdamr. d) Hjs vmhjrls, hm sjhufaöe y sus dlelfajs (mquç letrm lh jd`ltavj ol aefaolefam). f) Hm prjpulstm qul lstíe agpuhsmeoj fjgj sjhufaöe. o) Lh hhmgmoj m hm mffaöe, fje lh qul dusfme qul hjs fauomomejs pmrtafaple. M hj hmrcj ol su glesm`l pulole utahazmr cmefbjs (mrcugletjs qul aevjhufrle m su pðdhafj gís mftavmgletl), agíclels y fmsjs ol áxatj. ^ulole fjestruar ue glesm`l clelrmh qul fmpturl hm gasaöe/jd`ltavjs ol su jrcmeazmfaöe. Vae lgdmrcj, hms ojs praglrms pmrtls olh glesm`l oldle slr `ms, galetrms hm prjpulstm y hm mffaöe vme m slr vmramdhls slcðe lh pðdhafj. Lh hlecum`l y hms mffajels ej slríe hjs gasgjs pmrm ue mgm ol fmsm qul pmrm ue pjhçtafj j pmrm ue `jvle, pjr l`lgphj. ? Olspuás ol olear su pðdhafj y tlelr fhmrj lh glesm`l qul qualrle fjgueafmr, oldle
aoletafmr hjs gloajs gís molfumojs pmrm bmflrhj. Va letrl su pðdhafj lstíe hjs iuefajemrajs j hlcashmojrls, oldlríe lhlcar fjgj gloaj-lstrmtlcam lh fmdaholj j plraöoafjs y prjcrmgms ol ejtafams y meíhasas qul lstms plrsjems lsfufble. Va qualrle hhlcmr m uem muoalefam gís mgpham y oaiçfah ol mfflolr, oldlríe lsfjclr hjs gloajs gmsavjs ol fjgueafmfaöe, fjgj hm prlesm, hm tlhlvasaöe, hm rmoaj fjglrfamh j hm rmoaj fjgueatmram, lhacaleoj tmgdaáe hjs prjcrmgms, hjs bjrmrajs y hjs gloajs gís molfumojs. Va qualrle hhlcmr m hjs `övlels, pulole lhlcar hjs gloajs lhlftröeafjs (aetlrelt, fjrrljs lhlftröeafjs) y hms rlols sjfamhls vartumhls. Va talele uem dmsl ol omtjs ol pjtlefamhls fauomomejs aetlrlsmojs, lh fjetmftj oarlftj pjr gloaj ol fjrrljs j hhmgmoms tlhliöeafms pulol slr uem jpfaöe. =< Mcrmolflgjs m Mhafam Mtbaá pjr hm mpjrtmfaöe ol lstm gltjojhjcçm pmrm fjestruar fjgueafmfaöe lstrmtácafm olsol hms Jrcmeazmfajels ol hm Vjfalomo Favah.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm 66. ¡Qm Dí`lehl!0 Fmgpmým y glesm`ls olsol hjs fauomomejs Mhamezm Fçvafm, uem jrcmeazmfaöe qul olsol =11? hufbm pjr hm olgjfrmfam, hm rleoafaöe ol fuletms y rlijrgms qul hl ole gmyjr vjz mh fauomomej, fjglezö `uetj fje jtrms jrcmeazmfajels mcrupmoms le hm Msmgdhlm Emfajemh Fauomomem (MEFM) uem fmgpmým le 4>>1 pmrm rloufar lh emefamgaletj pðdhafj m pmrtaojs pjhçtafjs. M fjetaeumfaöe prlsletmgjs fögj hjs hçolrls ol lstl gjvagaletj olschjsmrje hjs lhlgletjs ol su glesm`l, y hjs trmesgatalrje m hjs fauomomejs0 Hlgm (plqulým irmsl qul trmesgatl hm aolm iulrzm olh glesm`l)0 ¡Qm Dí`lehl! ^TJDHLGM ^ÐDHAFJ (VL TLOMF_M LE ELCM_AYJ)
VJH\FAÖE
^TJ^\LV_M
MFFAÖE
Lh lxflsavj emefamgaletj Hm sjhufaöe ls qul m pmrtaojs ls guy fjstjsj y hjs fauomomejs y fjrrjgpl hm olgjfrmfam. mftjrls ol hm sjfalomo favah prlsajelgjs mh Le Gáxafj lh fjstj pjr vjtj cjdalrej pmrm rloufar ls ol $44?, galetrms le lh cmstj pðdhafj pmçsls fjgj Mrcletaem y olstaemoj m hjs pmrtaDrmsah ls ol $? y $< rlsplf- ojs y hadlrmr flrfm ol tavmgletl. $=,2>> gop pmrm jtrjs rudrjs. Le hm Fjestatufaöe Glxafm- ^mrm lxacar qul sl
Fmgdamr 3 pmhmdrms0 ]ul lh Fjecrlsj ol hm \eaöe rlijrgl lh mrtçfuhj ?=, irmffaöe AA ol hm Fjestatufaöe, pmrm gjoafmr hm iörguhm ol fíhfuhj ol hjs rlfursjs pðdhafjs qul sl letrlcme m hjs pmrtaojs. Hjs rlfursjs oldle qulomr vaefuhm-
• Levçm fjrrljs m
em, le 4>>3?=, sl irmffaöe aefhuyö le lh mrtçfuhj AA, hm iörguhm pmrm msacemr hjs rlfursjs m hjs pmrtaojs.
ojs mh eðglrj ol vjtjs víhaojs lgataojs le uem lhlffaöe, y ej mh eðglrj ol fauomomejs aesfratjs le lh pmoröe lhlftjrmh, fjgj mbjrm sl fmhfuhme.
y Glejs Oaelrj m hjs ^mrtaojs. •Fjhjfm glesm`ls mhusavjs le hucmrls pðdhafjs (mutj, vletmems, jfaems). • Vjhafatm m hjs oaputmojs le lvletjs qul ‘hl dm`le‗. • Bmz qul sl lsfufbl tu vjz lhmdjrmeoj y levaíeojejs0 • \e vaolj. • \e pjofmst. • \em meagmfaöe le fflmsb. • \em agmcle frlmtavm
fugphm hmle prjglsm rlmhazmom hm rlijrgm lhlftjrmh ol 4>>3, fumeoj sl prjbadaö hm fjetrmtmfaöe ol Le uem ápjfm ol frasas, spjts le rmoaj y _Y le hm qul bmy rlfjrtls mh y sl msacemrje m hjs prlsupulstj le loufmfaöe, pmrtaojs uem pmrtl ol smhuo y fjgdmtl m hm pjhjs talgpjs jfamhls le drlzm, lh ðeafj prlsupulstj lsjs gloajs. ej rlfjrtmoj slrí pmrm pmrtaojs pjhçtafjs.
oaputmojs lxacaleoj ‘glejs oaelrj m pmrtaojs‗ m trmvás olh sataj www.ymdm`lehl. jrc.gx • Oaiueol lh glesm`l0 levçm fjrrljs m mgacjs y fjejfaojs. • Vçculejs le Imfldjjk0 Mhamezm Fçvafm
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Gloajs utahazmojs pmrm trmesgatar lh glesm`l0 • Fjrrljs lhlftröeafjs qul sl levamrje letrl fauomomejs. • ^ícaem wld ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, m trmvás ol hm fumh hjs fauomomejs levamdme ue fjrrlj lhlftröeafj m hjs oaputmojs sjhafatmeoj hm rlouffaöe olh emefamgaletj pðdhafj m hjs pmrtaojs. ^jr gloaj ol lstm pícaem, sl frlö uem dmsl ol omtjs qul sugö m 6> gah fauomomejs qul levamrje fjrrljs m oaputmojs. • Moblrarsl m hm fmusm ol ¡Qm Dí`lehl! Glejs oaelrj m hjs pmrtaojs le Imfldjjk, ojeol gís ol 9,<>> plrsjems sl sugmrje. ^jr gloaj ol lstm rlo sjfamh, hjs prjpajs fauomomejs aevatmrje j rlfjgleomrje m sus mgacjs m moblrarsl m hm fmusm. • Le _wattlr mfatavstms y fauomomejs guhtaphafmrje pjr gahls lh glesm`l y farfuhmrje hjs omtjs pmrm clelrmr
fmom vlz gmyjr fjejfagaletj y sagpmtçm bmfam lstm fmusm, hm ‘ltaqultm‗ (bmsbtmc) #ymdm`lehl talel gís ol =>,>>> letrmoms le _wattlr y sl usm fje irlfulefam, aefhusj mgphamom bmfam jtrjs tlgms (mdusjs ol mutjraomols, fjdrjs lxflsavjs, ltf.) • Iahgmrje vaoljs drlvls (mhrlolojr ol 6 m < gaeutjs) fjhjfmojs le lh sataj ol Qm Dí`lehl y le Qju_udl fje lxphafmfajels ol lsplfamhastms y hçolrls ol jpaeaöe fje mrcugletjs sjdrl hm prjpulstm y su agpjrtmefam. • Lh oçm qul hm Fígmrm ol Oaputmojs oasfutçm l aeafamdm hm mprjdmfaöe olh prlsupulstj, aestmhmrje lh Ijfj Fauomomej le lh Íeclh ol hm Aeolpleolefam, ue hucmr guy pðdhafj y fáetrafj. Fmsa 6>> fauomomejs plomhlmrje uem dafafhltm pmrm gmetlelr prleoaoj ourmetl 4? bjrms su ijfj. Ymrajs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe oalrje fjdlrturm m lstl frlmtavj lvletj, l aefhusj sl meagmrje m plomhlmr hm dafafhltm. 1?
Gís aeijrgmfaöe le www.mhamezmfavafm.jrc.gx
Muequl sl pulole fjgdaemr, ls agpjrtmetl qul oastaecme trls lstrmtlcams ol gloajs y lha`me ol mfulroj m hms muoalefams y hjs rlfursjs, fjetmftjs y fmpmfaomols qul tlecm su jrcmeazmfaöe0
Fjetrmtmr y pmcmr lspmfajs pudhafatmrajs le gloajs gmsavjs ol fjgueafmfaöe Hm pudhafaomo ls lh gloaj gís lilftavj pmrmtrmesgatar hjs glesm`ls fhmvl ol su prjylftj, pmrm agpmftmr le hms muoalefams j pðdhafjs jd`ltavj oltlftmojs pjr hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Vuclragjs lvmhumr hms vletm`ms y olsvletm`ms le tárgaejs ol fjstj/dlelfaj, omoj qul pmcmr pjr pudhafaomo le gloajs gmsavjs ol fjgueafmfaöe talel ue fjstj mhtj y hjs dlelfajs oldle gloarsl fjgj agpmftj oarlftj le hms muoalefams olslmoms. Ls agpjrtmetl qul bmcme ue lstuoaj prlvaj ol glrfmolj, ol meíhasas ol fjstjs j ol slhlffaöe ol gloajs pmrm oltlftmr quá tapj ol pudhafaomo talel ue agpmftj oarlftj le hms muoalefams qul qulrlgjs mhfmezmr, puls lstj hjcrmrí pjsafajemr m hm jrcmeazmfaöe ol uem ijrgm pjsatavm metl sus pðdhafjs jd`ltavj (cjdalrej, fjgueaomols mhms qul msastl, ojemetls, jtrms jrcmeazmfajels, ltf.). mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^mcmr pjr pudhafaomo jirlfl hm vletm`m ol qul tleoríe lh fjetrjh ol hj qul sl oaiueom, plrj tmgdaáe ls agpjrtmetl rlfjromr qul hm pudhafaomo ej talel tmetm frloadahaomo; fmom vlz frllgjs glejs le hj qul vlgjs meuefamoj le hjs gloajs. ^jr lsj, tmgdaáe lxastle jtrms ijrgms pmrm jdtlelr frloadahaomo qul fjesastle le trmdm`mr fje ue tlrflrj y fjestruar rlhmfajels ol cmemr ‖ cmemr. Mhcuems vlfls talel gmyjr frloadahaomo lh blfbj ol qul ue hçolr ol jpaeaöe le lh tlgm bmdhl m imvjr ol hm fmusm, qul hm prjpam jrcmeazmfaöe meuefal j olleom su fmusm. ^mrm lstj sl rlqualrl bmflr ue gmplj ol gloajs y hçolrls ol jpaeaöe, ojeol sl udaqul0 =. ºquá hlle, lsfufbme, vle y jyle sus muoalefams: 4. ºm quaáe hlle, lsfufbme, vle y jyle sus muoalefams: Oletrj ol lstl gmplj aefhuyme prjcrmgms y lstmfajels ol rmoaj, tlhlvasaöe ol pmcm, tlhlvasaöe mdalrtm, ejtafalrjs, rlvastms lsplfamhazmoms, plraöoafjs, slffajels lsplfçfms le plraöoafjs, aetlrelt, dhjcs ojeol lsfradme hçolrls ol jpaeaöe, pícaems wld ol jtrms jrcmeazmfajels j olpleolefams ol cjdalrej, rlols sjfamhls, djhltaels slgmemhls, ltf. \em vlz fjestruaoj lstl gmplj, pulole bmflr su prjpaj oarlftjraj ol gloajs. Mh bmflr lh gmplj, tmgdaáe mprjvlfble pmrm fjejflr hjs lstahjs, tjejs, fjetleaojs y slscjs ol hjs gloajs fhmvls. Lstl l`lrfafaj ls agpjrtmetl, ym qul gís vmhl uem dmhm le lh dhmefj qul gufbms dmhms plroaoms qul sl rlsugme le lsiulrzjs lxbmustavjs fje guy pjfjs j euhjs rlsuhtmojs. Hjs hçolrls ol jpaeaöe ej sje lxfhusavmgletl fjeouftjrls j prlsletmojrls ol ejtafams imgjsjs. \e hçolr ol jpaeaöe ls uem plrsjem m hm fumh jtrjs sl rllrle fjgj lxplrtj le ue tlgm, ls mhcuale qul talel uem aefflulefam agpjrtmetl sjdrl hm jpaeaöe ol ue crupj sjfamh. ^ulole slr plrajoastms lsplfamhazmojs, mfmoágafjs, hçolrls ol ue crupj sjfamh j uem jrcmeazmfaöe.
Vlr ejtafam y hjcrmr hm fjdlrturm ol gloajs gmsavjs ol fjgueafmfaöe Tlfulrole qul tjoj fjgueafm, pjr hj tmetj oldle lstmr prlpmrmojs tjoj lh talgpj, lsplfamhgletl sa vme m tlelr uem rlhmfaöe fje gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, plrajoastms, hçolrls ol jpaeaöe, ltf. Ls agpjrtmetl qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe oltlrgael fuíeoj fjevjfmr m gloajs y fumeoj ej, m sus
Hms rlhmfajels fje plrajoastms sje fhmvl le lstl msuetj, pjr hj gasgj sl talele qul hhlvmr fuaomojsmgletl, pjrqul ue lrrjr le gloajs pulol fjstmr hm agmcle ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Vl fjestruyl uem agmcle le mýjs y sl olstruyl le gaeutjs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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lvletjs pðdhafjs. ^mrm lstj ls elflsmraj tlelr uem lstrmtlcam ol fjgueafmfaöe ojeol sl fjesaolrle hjs tárgaejs ol hmrlhmfaöe fje gloajs0 fögj y fuíeoj msastar mletrlvastms,fögj gmel`mr lh oasfursj, hms fjsms qul euefm sl oldle bmflr le prlslefam ol ue gloaj, fögj clelrmr dulems rlhmfajels fje plrajoastms, fögj lsfradar y prajrazmr hm aeijrgmfaöe pmrm slr ejtafam y hjcrmr uem fjdlrturm mgpham, ltf. Mhcuems fmrmftlrçstafms qul oldlríe dusfmr tlelr, pmrm pjsafajemr su tlgm fjgj ejtafam=9sje 0 r, qul sl saletm mhuoaoj. ]ul tlecm prjxagaomo.-qul slm ue mfjetlfagaletj qul milftl mh hlftj ]ul slm ol mftumhaomo.- qul lstá sufloaleoj mh gjgletj le qul sl lstí fjetmeoj. ]ul tlecm ue lhlgletj ol rmrlzm.-qul ej slm uem ejtafam rlpltaom j rlfafhmom ol mhcj qul ym bmdçm sufloaoj. Dusqule tlelr hm lxfhusavaomo. ]ul hm plrsjemhaomo olh prjtmcjeastm hhmgl hm mtlefaöe.- qul bmym uem plrsjemhaomo imgjsm mhuoaom j qul aevatl m hm mffaöe, j qul bmym blfbj uem olfhmrmfaöe sjdrl lh tlgm le fulstaöe. ]ul slm ol aetlrás bugmej.-qul tlecm vletm`m sjdrl jtrms ejtafams pjrqul ls ue mfjetlfagaletj slesadhl jfjegjvlojr. 19
^mrm hm rlomffaöe ol fjgueafmojs j djhltaels ol prlesm, fjgalefle fje lh mfjetlfagaletj gís mtrmftavj,
Le jfmsajels pulole levamr söhj fjgueafmojs ol prlesm pmrm mbjrrmr rlfursjs. Va lh tlgm ls fjyueturmh, ol fumhqualr ijrgm hj rltjgmríe hjs gloajs.
fjefáetrlesl le hjs blfbjs y rlspjeome prlcuetms dísafms (quá, quaáe, fögj, oöeol, fuíeoj, pjrquá, pmrm quá). _lecme salgprl hastjs y oastraduaojs hjs djhltaels, metls ol hjs lvletjs. Tlmhazmr djhltaels y fjeilrlefams ol prlesm, dusfmr letrlvastms, lsfradar loatjramhls y fmrtms m hjs gloajs pmrm qul slme pudhafmoms fjgj fmrtms olh hlftjr sje hms ijrgms gís lilftavms ol hjcrmr lstm fjdlrturm gloaítafm. Va sl gmetalele le hjs gloajs y sje fjesastletls, su jrcmeazmfaöe pulol fjevlrtarsl le uem iuletl m hm qul hjs plrajoastms rlfurrme pmrm rlmffajemr m ejtafams j fumeoj qualrme dusfmr eulvms ejtafams. ^mrm hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol ue glesm`l pmrm hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, molgís oldle fjesaolrmr qul su aeijrgmfaöe pulom prjoufar uem ejtafam vmhajsm. Mquç hls fjgpmrtagjs ue l`lgphj, qul fjetalel prjpulstms y cmefbjs.
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Mcrmolflgjs m Mhafam Mtbaá hm mpjrtmfaöe ol lstjs fratlrajs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm 6?. Glesm`l pmrm gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe0 l`lgphj ol djhltçe ol prlesm. Gáxafj, O.I., =2 ol ildrlrj ol 4>=> OLGMEOME JTCMEAPMFAJELV MH VLEMOJ ¡QM DÍ@LEHL!; LRACLE TLO\FAT IAEMEFAMGALE_J M HJV ^MT_AOJV • Metl lh prlsaoletl olh Vlemoj, lxacle qul lh prlsupulstj m hjs pmrtaojs sl fmhfuhl fje dmsl le hjs suirmcajs víhaojs lgataojs le uem lhlffaöe, y ej pjr lh pmoröe lhlftjrmh. • Hms jrcmeazmfajels fauomomems phmetlme qul hjs pmrtaojs slme su`ltjs ol hm Hly ol _rmespmrlefam y
Mfflsj m hm Aeijrgmfaöe, letrl jtrms prjpulstms. • Meuefame gjvahazmfajels frlmtavms qul mtrmlríe hm sagpmtçm y mpjyj fauomomej, pmrm qul su lxaclefam slm mtleoaom le lh mftumh plrajoj ol slsajels olh Fjecrlsj. Galgdrjs ol jrcmeazmfajels fauomomems y twattlrjs ol hm fmgpmým ¡Qm Dí`lehl!, Glejs oaelrj m hjs pmrtaojs, sl rluealrje fje lh prlsaoletl olh Vlemoj, Fmrhjs Emvmrrltl, y fje hm Fjgasaöe ol Falefam y _lfejhjcçm pmrm lxacarhls sl rlouzfm lh emefamgaletj pðdhafj m hjs pmrtaojs pjhçtafjs. Tjclhaj Cöglz Blrgjsahhj, prlsaoletl ol Mhamezm Fçvafm, M.F., slýmhö qul lstm olgmeom hm lemrdjhme fmsa 6> gah fauomomejs moblraoj lhlftröeafmgletl m hm fmgpmým, msç fjgj 9,<>> plrsjems le Imfldjjk, qualels fjesaolrme aegjrmh qul hjs pmrtaojs pjhçtafjs tlecme su prlsupulstj aetjfmdhl pjr lstmtutj fjestatufajemh, m plsmr ol hm crmvl frasas lfjeögafm ol eulstrj pmçs. Q jirlfaö omtjs qul rlvlhme hj aelquatmtavj olh oaelrj pðdhafj olstaemoj m hjs pmrtaojs, qul le lstl mýj rlfadaríe $6,>=4 gahhjels ol plsjs, qul ls lh ojdhl lh prlsupulstj tjtmh ol hms dlfms pmrm `övlels ol lsfmsjs rlfursjs; faefj vlfls lh=.< prlsupulstj Emfajemhpmrm ol Fmeflrjhjcçm y ?.< vlfls lh ol ^loamtrçm.4>M hjs pmrtaojs sl olstaem vlfls gísolh qulAestatutj lh prlsupulstj lh Vastlgm Emfajemh ol Aevlstacmojrls, vlfls lh prlsupulstj olh Aestatutj Emfajemh ol hms Gu`lrls y <> vlfls lh olh Fjesl`j Emfajemh pmrm ^rlvlear hm Oasfragaemfaöe. ^jr lstms rmzjels, Tjclhaj Cöglz Blrgjsahhj gmeailstö qul hjs fauomomejs lxacle sl gjoaqul hm iörguhm ol fíhfuhj ol hjs rlfursjs pðdhafjs qul sl letrlcme m hjs pmrtaojs, pmrm qul qulole vaefuhmojs mh eðglrj ol vjtjs víhaojs lgataojs le uem lhlffaöe, y ej fjgj mbjrm sl fmhfuhme fje dmsl le lh eðglrj ol fauomomejs aesfratjs le lh pmoröe lhlftjrmh. Le tmh sletaoj, meuefaö qul sl talele hastms oavlrsms gjvahazmfajels guy frlmtavms qul mtrmlríe lh mpjyj y hm pmrtafapmfaöe ol jtrjs fauomomejs pmrm hjcrmr qul hm olgmeom ol rlouffaöe olh emefamgaletj m hjs pmrtaojs pjhçtafjs slm mtleoaom ourmetl lh mftumh plrajoj ol slsajels olh Fjecrlsj ol hm \eaöe. Hm iörguhm prjpulstm pmrm fmhfuhmr lh oaelrj pðdhafj qul sl letrlcm m hjs pmrtaojs plrgatarçm hm hadlrmfaöe ol mprjxagmomgletl =,2>> gahhjels ol plsjs slýmhö Mhdlrtj Vlroíe Tjsmhls, slfrltmraj táfeafj ol ^rjpulstm Fçvafm, M.F., quale leimtazö hm agpjrtmefam ol lstm gloaom sa sl fjesaolrm qul sl lstíe olstaemeoj 9<> gahhjels ol plsjs pmrm lh fjgdmtl m hm olhaefulefam jrcmeazmom le Fauomo @uírlz, y =14 gahhjels ol plsjs pmrm mtleolr hm fjetaeclefam frlmom pjr hms aeueomfajels ol lstl gls.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Vlroíe Tjsmhls prlsletö jtrms prjpulstms mfjromoms pjr hm Msmgdhlm Emfajemh Fauomomem (MEFM), le su rlueaöe olh pmsmoj 6> y 6= ol lelrj, le Gjetlrrly, E.H., letrl hms fumhls olstmfme hms sacualetls0 • ]ul sl rlfjejzfm le hm Fjestatufaöe lh olrlfbj fauomomej m pmrtafapmr le hjs msuetjs pðdhafjs, aefhuyáeojsl glfmeasgjs fjgj hm aeafamtavm fauomomem, lh phldasfatj, lh rlilráeoug, hm rlvjfmfaöe olh gmeomtj, hms mffajels fjhlftavms, lh olrlfbj m hm tutlhm, lh rlfjejfagaletj ol hm fjetrmhjrçm fauomomem y lh vmhjr `urçoafj olh vjtj euhj. Hjs galgdrjs ol hm MEFM prlsletls le hm rlueaöe fje hjs slemojrls slýmhmrje su mfulroj fje hm aeafamtavm hlcashmtavm fauomomem, olgmeomeoj sl rlouzfm lh pjrfletm`l m >.><% pmrm prlsletmr aeafamtavms fauomomems, y qul rlfadme mmtlefaöe plrajoj gíxagj ol slas glsls. _mgdaáe sl gmeailstmrje imvjr ollehmuerllhlffaöe pmrm prlsaoletls gueafapmhls y hlcashmojrls, plrj ol eaecuem gmelrm pmrm prlsaoletl ol hm Tlpðdhafm ea pmrm cjdlremojrls, fje fumtrj fjeoafajemetls0 =. Va sl lhagaem lh iulrj. 4. Va sl rloufle hjs rlfursjs m hjs pmrtaojs pjhçtafjs 6. Va sl aestatuyl hm rlvjfmfaöe ol gmeomtj, ?. Va sl clelrme ijrgms ol rleoafaöe ol fuletms Mh flrrmr hm rlueaöe, lh prlsaoletl olh Vlemoj Fmrhjs Emvmrrltl slýmhö qul tjoms hms prjpulstms prlsletmoms pjr hms jrcmeazmfajels fauomomems sl pmsmrçme m hms fjgasajels oaftmgaemojrms, fje hm sjhafatuo ol qul sl hls pulom lsfufbmr ourmetl hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol hjs oaftíglels. 12
\tahazmr hjs gloajs lhlftröeafjs y hms rlols sjfamhls vartumhls Hjs gloajs lhlftröeafjs sje dmrmtjs, salgprl oaspjeadhls y oaeígafjs, ym qul sje rlhmtavmgletl iífahls ol mftumhazmr, y sl pulol fjetrjhmr hm aeijrgmfaöe y hjs glesm`ls qul sl oaiueole. Molgís, hm jrcmeazmfaöe pulol aetlrmftumr y gmetlelr uem fjgueaomo vavm ol sagpmtazmetls y moblrletls m hm fmusm. Mðe fumeoj utahafle jtrjs gloajs, hjs lhlftröeafjs sje uem iuletl pmrm mgphamr hm aeijrgmfaöe, fjgueafmrsl fje hjs sagpmtazmetls ol su fmusm y lfbmr m meomr mffajels ol gmelrm fjjroaemom. ^mrm fjgueafmr, hms mhtlremtavms sje vmstms y olpleole ol sus jd`ltavjs ol fjrtj y gloamej phmzj. ^ulole fjgueafmr glesm`ls fhmvl, jrcmeazmr m fauomomejs y dusfmr qul jtrms jrcmeazmfajels sl mobalrme m su fmusm, m trmvás ol ue dhjc j uem pícaem wld; mgdjs sl pulole fjestruar iífah y rípaomgletl. Hm pícaem wld, fuym oarlffaöe pulole mpmrlflr le tjojs hjs gmtlramhls y fjgueafmfajels qul bmcme, hm pulole fjestruar iífahgletl pjr fjetrmtmfaöe,j pulole mdrar ue plrh ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, j hm fmusm olaefaolefam le Imfldjjk (www.imfldjjk.fjg) u jtrm rlo sjfamh vartumh. _mgdaáe pulole frlmr ue plqulýj vaolj y fmrcmrhj le pícaems fjgj Qju _udl (www.yjutudl.fjg). Hjs l`lgphjs ol satajs le hjs qul mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
pulole jdtlelr ue fjrrlj lhlftröeafj ol gmelrm crmtuatm sje letrl jtrjs, Bjtgmah (www.bjtgmah.fjg) j Cgmah (www. cgmah.fjg) y ol gmelrm guy sagphl y dmrmtm, bmflr qul hm cletl rlfadm y rllevçl su aeijrgmfaöe pmrm omrhm m fjejflr y hhmgmr m hm mffaöe.
Tlpmsle hms mrlems ol aefaolefam, utahafle su gmpm ol mftjrls, dusqule hçolrls ol jpaeaöe y palesle le jrcmeazmfajels l aestatufajels qul hls pulome mpjymr.
_mgdaáe pulole lsfradar le ue dhjc j frlmr uej prjpaj, puls sje gufbms hms plrsjems qul vasatme fjtaoamemgletl lstjs lspmfajs. Lh dhjc sl pulol fjestruar pjr gloaj ol www.cjjchl.fjg j www.wjroprlss. fjg, qul sje hjs gís iífahls ol gmel`mr. Mhcuems plrsjems qul lsfradle le dhjcs j le phmtmijrgms fjgj lh _wattlr, sl lstíe fjevartaleoj fmom oçm gís le pjolrjsjs hçolrls ol jpaeaöe qul mdrle lspmfajs pmrm fmusms y msuetjs qul ej lefuletrme fmdaom j ej sje ol aetlrás aegloamtj ol hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe le hm prjcrmgmfaöe gloaítafm.
c) Fjestruffaöe ol mpjyj y gjvahazmfaöe ol fauomomejs Hm gjvahazmfaöe fjesastl le fjevjfmr m crupjs y fauomomejs pmrm pmrtafapmr pðdhafmgletl m imvjr ol ue prjpösatj fjgðe. Lstm lstrmtlcam lstí oaracaom sjdrl tjoj m rlfhutmr, fmpmfatmr, aesparmr y trmdm`mr fje fauomomejs vjhuetmrajs qul qualrme mpjymr hm fmusm. Le fmetaomols agpjrtmetls, lstjs vjhuetmrajs sl pulole fjevlrtar le uem iulrzm pjhçtafm y dmsl sjfamh gís mgpham pmrm hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms, fjetmftmeoj m hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, m iuefajemrajs y m pjhçtafjs pmrm lxpmeoar lh glesm`l j fjgj gloaj ol prlsaöe pmrm hhlvmr m fmdj rlijrgms pjhçtafms y sjfamhls. Lstm lstrmtlcam, fjgdaemom fje hm fmpmfatmfaöe y lh fmdaholj, talel lh pjtlefamh ol lgpjolrmr l aevjhufrmr m hjs fauomomejs le hjs prjflsjs pjhçtafjs y sjfamhls, fjetraduyleoj m hm fjesjhaomfaöe olgjfrítafm. Vl pulol utahazmr hm gjvahazmfaöe fauomomem pmrm lvletjs puetumhls j pmrm mftavaomols fjtaoamems, plrj ls agpjrtmetl qul aoletaqule m quaáels qualrls gjvahazmr y qul hls aeijrgle fögj pulole pmrtafapmr y fje quá aestrugletjs. Ls iueomgletmh qul sl mpjyle le uem dulem fjgueafmfaöe fje qualels pmrtafaple pmrm omrhls slcuraomo ol qul tjojs lstíe mpjrtmeoj mhcj pmrm hm fmusm, aesparmrhjs y clelrmr ue sletagaletj ol ueaomo (_jrj y Tjorçculz, 4>>=).
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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^mrm lhhj, le praglr hucmr, ls elflsmraj letleolr guy dale quá aesparm y mtrml m lstjs fauomomejs, quá qualrle, m quaáels pulole aeffluar, le quá sje vuhelrmdhls y fögj mpjymrhjs y lgpjolrmrhjs pmrm tjgmr mffajels. Le slcueoj hucmr, ls agpjrtmetl slr frlmtavj y ploarhls qul hhlvle m fmdj mftavaomols oavlrtaoms; mh emh, sl trmtm ol plrsjems qul lstmríe mbç pjr custj y le su talgpj hadrl, mpjymeoj su fmusm. Muequl fjejflr m lstms plrsjems le fmrel y bulsj ls lh praglr pmsj, hms blrrmgaletms tlfejhöcafms y hms rlols sjfamhls vartumhls sje uem dulem ijrgm pmrm gmetlelr lstms fjgueaomols mftavms. _mgdaáe, sl pulol frlmr ue lsqulgm ol glgdrlsçm ojeol hms plrsjems sl mhame y mpjrtme rlfursjs j ojeme ijeojs, fjgj uem lxprlsaöe gís ol mpjyj y sjhaomraomo m hm fmusm. Tlfjgleomgjs aoletafmr m mhcuejs fauomomejs qul plrgatme ‘mdrar pulrtms‗ m jtrjs fauomomejs y bmdhmr m imvjr ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, fjetmeoj fje rlfjejfagaletj y prlstacaj hjfmh, pmrm myuomr fje lstm tmrlm.
Fmusm Fjgðe, uem jrcmeazmfaöe qul gjvahazm m fauomomejs pmrm hm rleoafaöe ol fuletms le Lstmojs \eaojs =>>
Olspuás bmdlr pmrtafapmoj le lh gjvagaletj ol olrlfbjs favahls y trmdm`moj fjgj Vlfrltmraj ol Vmhuo, Loufmfaöe y Dalelstmr pmrm lh ^rlsaoletl
lstmtmhls, letrl jtrjs fmgdajs pjhçtafjs.
@jbesje, @jbe Cmroelr lstmdm olsahusajemoj olh cjdalrej. Ylçm qul hjs crupjs ol aetlrlsls pravmojs lstmdme guy dale jrcmeazmojs, plrj hm fauomomeçm ej hj lstmdm y emoal olileoçm hjs tlgms ol aetlrás fjgðe. Fje lstm aolm le gletl, le =13> hmezö uem fmgpmým ol galgdrjs pjr hm ‘Fmusm Fjgðe‗ pmrm rlprlsletmr m hjs aetlrlsls ol hjs fauomomejs le Smsbaectje. Le hjs sacualetls slas glsls, =>>,>>> galgdrjs sl mobaralrje m hm gasaöe ol Fmusm Fjgðe. Lstm jrcmeazmfaöe, qul dusfmdm aestatufajels cudlremgletmhls gís mdalrtms, qul raeoalrme fuletms m hm fauomomeçm, myuoö m oltlelr hm culrrm le Yaltemg, rlijrgmr y pjelrhl tjpls mh
y hm fjgueafmfaöe fjgj lstrmtlcams pmrm hjcrmr lstjs fmgdajs, plrj su iulrzm gmyjr sje hjs fauomomejs jrcmeazmojs y su gjvahazmfaöe. Hm jrcmeazmfaöe fuletm mftumhgletl fje gloaj gahhöe ol galgdrjs qul pmcme le prjgloaj =< oöhmrls mh mýj y pmrtafapme le hms fmgpmýms ol rlijrgms pjhçtafms, m trmvás ol sus 69 fmpçtuhjs lstmtmhls. Olsol 4>><, trmdm`m aetlesmgletl utahazmeoj fjrrljs lhlftröeafjs, dhjcs, Imfldjjk y jtrms blrrmgaletms tlfejhöcafms pmrm qul sus galgdrjs fjetmftle m sus oaputmojs, ojele l aevatle m jtrms plrsjems m slr galgdrjs.
emefamgaletj ol pmrtaojs pjhçtafjs y m mdrar muoalefams pðdhafms olh Fjecrlsj ilolrmh y
m pmrtar ol rlueajels hjfmhls fje sus galgdrjs, m qualels hls om0
Fmusm Fjgðe utahazm lh fmdaholj, hm aevlstacmfaöe
Fmusm Fjgðe aevjhufrm y jrcmeazm m fauomomejs
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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\em jrole olh oçm j mcleom gjolhj, qul hjs galgdrjs pulole momptmr. _lgms ol fjevlrsmfaöe (tmhkaec pjaets) qul oldle oasfutar sjdrl prjdhlgms y prjpulstms. Mrtçfuhjs ol prlesm rlfaletls sjdrl lh prjdhlgm y hm sjhufaöe.
Fjjroaemr lh hmezmgaletj ol mhcðe rlpjrtl emfajemh le su rlcaöe j hjfmhaomo. Lsfradar uem fmrtm mh loatjr ol ue plraöoafj. Hhmgmr m ue prjcrmgm ol rmoaj pmrm lxprlsmr su jpaeaöe sjdrl lh tlgm. ^mrtafapmr le uem fjeilrlefam ol prlesm hjfmh. Lsfradar uem fmrtm m ue iuefajemraj j
Mhcuejs fjesl`js pmrm aefaoar y bmflr fmdaholj. Aestruffajels sjdrl fögj omr slcuagaletj m hjs mfulrojs ol hm rlueaöe y fjgueafmr hj qul mprleoalrje.
hlcashmojr. Hhmgmr m ue iuefajemraj. _lelr uem letrlvastm fje iuefajemrajs j hlcashmojrls sjdrl lh prjdhlgm j hm fmusm. Levamr uem pjstmh. Levamr ue fjrrlj lhlftröeafj. Msastar m uem muoalefam pðdhafm olh Myuetmgaletj j fje ue oaputmoj hjfmh. Iargmr y farfuhmr uem pltafaöe mh cjdalrej. Aevlstacmr lh rlcastrj ol vjtmfajels ol mhcðe hlcashmojr. Levamr ue vaolj j ijtjs. Lhmdjrmr uem gmetm j fmrtlhls. Lhmdjrmr gmtlramhls pmrm hm fmgpmým,
Mhcuems mftavaomols qul paole m sus galgdrjs y mftavastms aevjhufrmojs sje (mhcuems ol lhhms sje blrrmgaletms qul rlvasmgjs gís mdm`j)0 Msastar m ijrjs sjdrl lh prjdhlgm. Vlr metraöe ol uem rlueaöe letrl galgdrjs y jtrjs fauomomejs. Ojemr m hm fmgpmým. Ojemr m hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Vlr vjhuetmraj le hm jfaem ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Bmflr uem aevlstacmfaöe j lsfradar ue tlstagjeaj. Momptmr ue rlpjrtl emfajemh mh fjetlxtj rlcajemh j hjfmh.
fjgj pjstlrs, ijhhltjs, vaoljs, fmgasltms j fmrpltms ol gmtlramhls. Iuletl0 www.hmurlefjhlttm.jrc y www.fjggjefmusl.jrc
^ulole lefjetrmr gís aeijrgmfaöe l aolms sjdrl gjvahazmfajels fauomomems le0 www.mvmmz.jrc/ls/ (le lspmýjh, sjdrl gjvahazmfajels m eavlh chjdmh) www.crlleplmfl.jrc/glxafj/ (le Gáxafj, sjdrl gloaj mgdaletl) www.elwtmftafs.jrc (le lspmýjh, sjdrl tíftafms le olrlfbjs bugmejs) www.lhpjolrolhfjesugaojr.jrc (le Gáxafj, sjdrl hm olilesm y lh fjesugj rlspjesmdhl) •
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mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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b) Fjetrmhjrçm, gjeatjrlj y lxacar fuletms=3 Hm fjetrmhjrçm sjfamh ls ue l`lrfafaj ol pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem oaracaom mh fjetrjh, vacahmefam y lvmhumfaöe ol hms pjhçtafms cudlremgletmhls . Hm fjetrmhjrçm ls uem ijrgm ol vlrafmr lh usj molfumoj ol rlfursjs pðdhafjs y sjdrl tjoj ol bmflr lilftavjs hjs praefapajs ol trmespmrlefam y rleoafaöe ol fuletms. Yacahmr ue prjcrmgm pðdhafj rlqualrl qul0 = Aoletaqule lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj qul sl dusfm rlsjhvlr fje lh gjeatjrlj j fjetrmhjrçm
sjfamh. 4 Aevlstacule y fjejzfme guy dale lh prjcrmgm y hm aestatufaöe qul qualrle vacahmr. 6 Bmcme ue fflu`jcrmgm olh prjcrmgm m vacahmr (fuíhls sje hjs pmsjs y hms ltmpms ol hm
pjhçtafm pðdhafm0 fögj sl ijrguhm, fögj sl agphlgletm y fögj sl lvmhðm). ? Lstmdhlzfme jd`ltavjs y olhagatle lh mhfmefl olh l`lrfafaj ol gjeatjrlj.
Oleme hm ltmpm ol jplrmfaöe olh prjcrmgm qul fjevalel lvmhumr j gjeatjrlmr. Lstmdhlzfme fratlrajs j pmrígltrjs pmrm memhazmr hm aeijrgmfaöe. Lhmdjrle ue phme ol mftavaomols. < Oleme hms elflsaomols ol aeijrgmfaöe y hjs glfmeasgjs pmrm su rlfjpahmfaöe. 9 Aoletaqule, sjhafatle, rlfjpahle y rlcastrle hm aeijrgmfaöe. •
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Tlfjpahle aeijrgmfaöe ol hm pícaem wld y lh fletrj ol ojfugletmfaöe olh prjcrmgm j hm olpleolefam. Aoletaqule y letrlvastle m mftjrls fhmvl pmrm jdtlelr aeijrgmfaöe. Vjhafatle hm aeijrgmfaöe pjr gloaj olh Vastlgm ol Mfflsj m hm Aeijrgmfaöe (AEIJGLR), rlcastrle y ole slcuagaletj m hm aeijrgmfaöe sjhafatmom. (vlr pmc.==9). 3 Aoletaqule y trmdm`le fje mhamojs y mutjraomols ol hm olpleolefam qul gulstrle fjgprjgasj. 2 Vastlgmtafle y memhafle hm aeijrgmfaöe jdtleaom, ol mfulroj fje hjs jd`ltavjs olh gjeatjrlj. Memhafle hm ejrgmtavaomo. •
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^mrm fjesuhtmr fje gmyjr oltmhhl lh prjflsj ol fjetrmhjrçm, y le lsplfamh bmflr fjetrmhjrçm sjfamh ol prjcrmgms ol msacemfaöe ol ijeojs pðdhafjs m Jrcmeazmfajels ol hm Vjfalomo Favah, fjesuhtle hm cuçm ol Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols ‘Yacahmefam fauomomem m prjcrmgms ol msacemfaöe ol ijeojs pðdhafjs‗, oaspjeadhl le hm slffaöe ol pjhçtafms ol ijgletj y pudhafmfajels0 www.mhtlremtavmsjfamhls.jrc.
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mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Lvmhðle hm trmespmrlefam ol hm olpleolefam. Memhafle hm aeijrgmfaöe le tárgaejs ol fugphagaletj ol ejrgms y prjfloagaletjs. Memhafle hm aeijrgmfaöe le tárgaejs ol jd`ltavjs olh prjcrmgm y su oaslýj jracaemh. Memhafle hm aeijrgmfaöe le tárgaejs ol hjs rlsuhtmojs lsplrmojs y hjcrmojs pjr lh prjcrmgm. 1 Tlomftle ue rlpjrtl ol aevlstacmfaöe, sacualeoj hj glefajemoj prlvamgletl le hm lstrmtlcam ol aevlstacmfaöe y lhmdjrmfaöe ol rlfjgleomfajels (píc. 2> y 2=). => Oaiueome hjs rlsuhtmojs letrl iuefajemrajs y pðdhafjs ol oavlrsjs slftjrls0 Oleme y oaslýle hjs prjouftjs pmrm oaiueoar hjs rlsuhtmojs0 agprlsaöe olh rlpjrtl, ijhhltjs, fjgueafmojs ol prlesm, pícaem wld, ltf. Oleme y oaslýle ijrgms oarlftms pmrm oaiueoar hjs rlsuhtmojs0 tmhhlrls,prlsletmfajels le ijrjs. ^rjgulvme lh aetlrfmgdaj fje jtrjs mftjrls0 rlueajels pmrm oasfutar rlsuhtmojs, aetlrmffaöe fje mutjraomols pðdhafms pmrm rltrjmhagletmr hjs rlsuhtmojs l agpuhsmr gjoafmfajels mh prjcrmgm. == Lvmhðle lh prjylftj y rlfj`me mprleoazm`ls letrl lh lquapj aevjhufrmoj. •
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Gís aeijrgmfaöe sjdrl gjeatjrlj fauomomej y fögj hhlvmrhj m fmdj le0 Cuçm pmrm lh Gjeatjrlj Fauomomej, pudhafmoj pjr hm Vlfrltmrçm ol hm Iuefaöe ^ðdhafm le •
www.gjeatjrljfauomomej.cjd.gx, slffaöe fögj puloj bmflr ue gjeatjrlj fauomomej. Fletrj ol Fjetrmhjrçm Vjfamh le bttp0//ffs.falsms.lou.gx/, slffaöe ol prjylftjs mpjymojs •
a) Olgjstrmfajels pðdhafms Gufbms jrcmeazmfajels rlfurrle m olgjstrmfajels le lspmfajs pðdhafjs pmrm oaiueoar su prjpulstm y hhmgmr hm mtlefaöe ol hm fauomomeçm. Lstm lstrmtlcam tmgdaáe sl fjgphlgletm fje jtrms. Mhcuems ol hms mffajels qul sje pmrtl ol lstm lstrmtlcam sje0 Gmeailstmfajels y prjtlstms le lspmfajs pðdhafjs y vasadhls. Bulhcms ol bmgdrl. Djafjts fjetrm falrtjs prjouftjs j slrvafajs. ^hmetjels.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=>6
Mh rlfurrar m lstm lstrmtlcam, hls rlfjgleomgjs slr frlmtavjs fje lstms olgjstrmfajels, fje lhlgletjs fjgj0 gðsafm, tlmtrj, fmrtlhls y gmetms mrtçstafms. Ls aeoasplesmdhl lvatmr slr arrlspltujsjs fje hjs olrlfbjs ol jtrms plrsjems. Vjdr l tjoj sa palesme bmflr uem gmrfbm jue phmetöe, puls pulole milftmr m tlrflrjs qul le hucmr ol mpjymr su prjpulstm, lvatmríe mpjymrhjs.
`) Tlspjesmdahazmfaöe y mffaöe hlcmh Fjesastl le bmflr qul hjs rlspjesmdhls ol hms fmusms olh prjdhlgm, msugme hms fjeslfulefams ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm y sl tjgle fmrtms le lh msuetj. Hm rlspjesmdahazmfaöe pulol slr bmfaleoj pðdhafms hms olfhmrmfajels y oleuefameoj hms fjetrmoaffajels ol hms mutjraomols j l`lrfaleoj mffajels hlcmhls pmrm qul sl hls smefajel, le su rlspjesmdahaomo fjgj iuefajemrajs j hlcashmojrls. ^mrm hj praglrj, oldlríe rlvasmr hjs oasfursjs ol hjs iuefajemrajs j hlcashmojrls m hjs qul qualrle fjevleflr, usmr sus prjpajs mrcugletjs, dusfmr hms fjetrmoaffajels letrl hj qul oafle y hj qul bmfle y pjelrhjs le lvaolefam.
=>?
Hm slcueom jpfaöe, hm mffaöe hlcmh, fjesastl le mpjymrsl le rlfursjs hlcmhls (mgpmrjs y olgmeoms), pmrm omrhl gís vmhaolz m hj qul sjhafatme. Le praglr hucmr, rlvasle lh gmtlramh (hlyls, rlchmgletjs) sjdrl hms imfuhtmols y jdhacmfajels ol hjs iuefajemrajs, pmrm smdlr sa lstí fugphaleoj j ej, y pjolr oleuefamrhj fjeijrgl m hm hly. Dusqule mdjcmojs slesadhls m su fmusm, qul lstáe dale aeijrgmojs y pulome tjgmr lh fmsj le sus gmejs; mhcuejs olspmfbjs ol mdjcmojs hhlvme lstjs fmsjs ol gmelrm prj djej, ls olfar, ojemeoj le lsplfal su trmdm`j j fje ue fjstj sudsaoamoj. Hm lstrmtlcam hlcmh ls guy elflsmram le fmsjs ol olilesm ol hm talrrm, lh gloaj mgdaletl, hjs olrlfbjs bugmejs, lh fjesugj y hm fjgpltlefam lfjeögafm. Ol crme agpjrtmefam pmrm lstm lstrmtlcam sje hms mffajels, j olgmeoms fjhlftavms. Hms olgmeoms fjhlftavms sje aestrugletjs hlcmhls qul sl mphafme le Lstmojs \eaojs, Fmemoí, y le Mgárafm Hmtaem (Fjhjgdam, Mrcletaem y Drmsah). Lstjs rlfursjs hlcmhls fjesastle le qul mgphajs crupjs ol fjesugaojrls pulome olgmeomr m lgprlsms sae hm aetlrvlefaöe ol olpleolefams ilolrmhls. Le tlgms fjgj gmtlram ol prjtlffaöe mh fjesugaojr, usumrajs ol slrvafajs emefalrjs y prjtlffaöe mh gloaj mgdaletl. Le gmrzj ol 4>>? sl mprjdö le Gáxafj hm aeafamtavm ol mffajels fjhlftavms, pjr gloaj ol uem rlijrgm mh mrtçfuhj =3 ol hm Fjestatufaöe. Lstm rlijrgm plrgatarí qul fumhqualr plrsjem, sae hm elflsaomo ol mutjrazmfaöe, iulrj j pjolr lsplfamh, pulom prlsletmr mhcuem mffaöe m ejgdrl ol tjom uem mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
fjhlftavaomo y qul hjs rlsuhtmojs dlelfale m hm fjhlftavaomo gasgm. Ol lstm gmelrm, tjojs hjs rlfhmgjs slríe gís vamdhls y slefahhjs, mh omr hm imfuhtmo pmrm qul ue sjhj rlprlsletmetl pulom olgmeomr metl traduemhls lh fugphagaletj ol uem hly, fjetrmtj j rlpmrmfaöe ol omýjs, sae slr elflsmraj qul tjoj lh crupj fjgpmrlzfm m `uafaj, fjgpmrtaleoj msç hjs fjstjs olh hatacaj y plrgataleoj irlemr pmrm tjojs hjs milftmojs j pjtlefamhls milftmojs, lh mdusj, omýj, ahlcmhaomo, fjdrj aeoldaoj, fjetmgaemfaöe, u jgasaöe plr`uoafamh. Lstj jtjrcmrí rlprlsletmfaöe y hlcatagaomo m jrcmeazmfajels y crupjs fauomomejs pmrm lgprleolr lstl tapj ol `uafajs. Lstm agpjrtmetl blrrmgaletm plrgatarí qul gufbms plrsjems rlfurrme m mffajels hlcmhls y jdtlecme fjgplesmfajels fje uem sletlefam ðeafm, fjgdmtaleoj mdusjs y gmhms príftafms. ^jr lsj lstm rlijrgm bm saoj flhldrmom mgphamgletl pjr hms JVFs. ^mrm gmyjr aeijrgmfaöe, vámsl www.mhfjesugaojr.jrc j hm pícaem ol ‘Mffajels y Olgmeoms Fjhlftavms‗ le Imfldjjk.
Tlfulrole qul gufbms vlfls tleoríe qul fjgdaemr gís ol uem lstrmtlcam pmrm bmflr lilftavm su aefaolefam =><
L`lrfafaj 1. Fmrtlhlrm faelgmtjcrífm ol lstrmtlcams ol aefaolefam Lh fael bm ojfugletmoj euglrjsms bastjrams ol jrcmeazmfajels y fmusms qul bme fmgdamoj pjhçtafms pðdhafms y, fje lhhj, bme trmesijrgmoj sustmefamhgletl hm pjhçtafm y eulstrm sjfalomo. Mquç, lhlcagjs uejs fumetjs l`lgphjs qul hls pulole myuomr m imgahamrazmrsl fje hms oastaetms lstrmtlcams oaspjeadhls pmrm lhlcar su fjgdaemfaöe gís molfumom. Ol mqulhhms plhçfuhms qul bmyme vastj, aoletaqule hms lstrmtlcams utahazmoms y hm fmusm olileoaom, y oadu`le uem hçelm bmfam hm plhçfuhm, slcðe hms lstrmtlcams qul gís utahazmrje sus prjtmcjeastms pmrm hjcrmr mvmezmr su fmusm.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
_Ç_\HJ
\em vlromo aefögjom (Me aefjevlealet trutb)
Lrae Drjfkjvafb0 \em gu`lr muomz Lrae Drjfkjvafb
Íeclhls fje Cmrrms ol Mflrj (Arje @mwlo Meclhs)
Crmfams pjr iugmr (_bmek yju ijr sgjkaec)
FM\VM
LV_TM_LCAM
^rlsaöe Olilesm ol hm aeoustram tmdmfmhlrm
Tlspjesmdahazmfaöe y mffaöe hlcmh Fmdaholj
Olrlfbjs ol hjs bjgjslxumhls
^rjouffaöe ol gmtlramhls loufmtavjs y fmpmfatmfaöe pmrm omr
Fmgdaj fhagítafj
m fjejflr lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj Fjgueafmfaöe, gloajs y glesm`ls
Fjetmgaemfaöe ol hjs rlfursjs emturmhls
Fjetrmhjrçm, gjeatjrlj y lxacar rleoafaöe ol fuletms
Olrlfbjs m hm ej oasfragaemfaöe Vuirmcaj ol hms gu`lrls
Vagdjhazmfaöe Fjestruffaöe ol mpjyj y gjvahazmfaöe ol fauomomejs Aevlstacmfaöe
Gahk =>9
Le hjs l`lrfafajs => y ==, hlme fje fuaomoj hjs fmsjs qul hls prlsletmgjs. Mh emh, bmy prlcuetms pmrm oasfutar y rlsjhvlr le ue crupj plqulýj (ej gís ol 9 plrsjems).
L`lrfafaj =>. Vjejrm Fauomomem y sus lstrmtlcams ^ulole lefjetrmr lh ojfugletj fjgphltj ol lstm lxplralefam y ‘=> ^msjs pmrm Gjeatjrlmr m tu Fjecrlsj‗ le www.mhtlremtavmsjfamhls.jrc. Vlffaöe ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms y pudhafmfajels.
Lh Gjeatjrlj Hlcashmtavj Vjejrlesl Vjejrm Fauomomem ls uem jrcmeazmfaöe ol Blrgjsahhj, Vjejrm, qul sl oloafm m hm aevlstacmfaöe y slcuagaletj ol hms pjhçtafms aestatufajels l pðdhafms le su lstmoj. \ej ol sus prjcrmgms iul lh Gjeatjrlj Hlcashmtavj Vjejrlesl (GHV) qul aeafaö le lh mýj 4>>9. Lstl prjcrmgm lvmhuö y vacahö ourmetl trls mýjs lh olslgplýj ol hjs hlcashmojrls olh Fjecrlsj olh lstmoj fje hjs jd`ltavjs ol prjilsajemhazmr su trmdm`j, trmespmrletmr lh pjolr hlcashmtavj y ijgletmr hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem le lh prjflsj ol ijrguhmfaöe ol hlyls. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Le ue praglr gjgletj, hm jrcmeazmfaöe gjeatjrlö hms slsajels pmrhmgletmrams, fjestruyleoj aeoafmojrls pmrm bmflr uem lvmhumfaöe gís jd`ltavm0 msastlefam, puetumhaomo, prjouffaöe hlcashmtavm, ue l`lrfafaj ol rleoafaöe ol fuletms y ue rlcastrj olh vjtj ol fmom oaputmoj . ^mrm lhhj, mfuoaö m hms slsajels olh Fjecrlsj y mhcuems fjgasajels, rlvasö hms pudhafmfajels y cmfltm pmrhmgletmram l bazj sjhafatuols ol aeijrgmfaöe. Molgís, lhmdjrö ojfugletjs ol aevlstacmfaöe qul rlpjrtmdme sjdrl lh olslgplýj clelrmh olh hlcashmtavj le lh plrajoj ol ue mýj,
rlsmhtmeoj hms tleolefams chjdmhls olh fjgpjrtmgaletj ol hjs hlcashmojrls (hjcrjs, imhhms y rltjs) ol ijrgm aeoavaoumh, pjr fjgasaöe y pjr hlcashmturm. Lh praefapmh gloaj pmrm bmflr pðdhafjs hjs rlsuhtmojs olh gjeatjrlj iul lh pjrtmh ol Aetlrelt ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, qul jirlfçm aeijrgmfaöe dísafm m hm fauomomeçm. _mgdaáe sl utahazmrje jtrjs gloajs fjgj hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol ue prjcrmgm ol rmoaj, qul sl trmesgatçm le vavj olsol lh Fjecrlsj slgmemhgletl y hm rlmhazmfaöe ol fjeilrlefams ol prlesm pmrm prlsletmr hm aeijrgmfaöe m hjs gloajs, sjdrl tjoj le gjgletjs fjyueturmhls le hjs qul lrm elflsmraj mtrmlr hm mtlefaöe ol hm jpaeaöe pðdhafm. =>3
Vjejrm Fauomomem supj lxphjtmr hm fjyueturm pjhçtafm qul sl oaj fumeoj hm Hlcashmturm mplems aeafamdm. Molgís, mftuö jpjrtuemgletl fumeoj hjs hlcashmojrls meuefamrje qul rlijrgmrçme hm Hly Jrcíeafm olh Fjecrlsj olh Lstmoj, mðe fumeoj ej sl bmdçm fjeslesumoj fje lh pðdhafj fjgj hj aeoafmdm hm Hly ol trmespmrlefam. Vjejrm Fauomomem sjhafatö pðdhafmgletl qul sl oltuvalrm lh prjflsj pmrm aefjrpjrmr jdslrvmfajels y prjpulstms ol hm fauomomeçm. Metl hm prlsaöe tmetj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe fjgj ol hjs gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, lh Fjecrlsj sjhafatö sus prjpulstms pmrm aefjrpjrmrhms. Hm jrcmeazmfaöe hjcrö qul sl aefhuylrme mhcuems ol sus aeafamtavms, fjgj hm frlmfaöe ol uem Cmfltm ^mrhmgletmram, hm rlouffaöe olh eðglrj ol fjgasajels y lh ijrtmhlfagaletj ol hm Mcleom Hlcashmtavm Fjgðe (qul tleçm fjgj jd`ltavj bmflr olh fjejfagaletj pðdhafj hm mcleom hlcashmtavm, fje bjrmrajs y ilfbms ol hms slsajels pmrm qul hjs fauomomejs puoalrme pmrtafapmr). Fjgj pmrtl ol lstl lsiulrzj sl olfrltö hm frlmfaöe ol ue Fjgatá Fauomomej ol Lvmhumfaöe olh Olslgplýj Hlcashmtavj. Lh oarlftjr ol Vjejrm Fauomomem sl aefjrpjrö m lstl fjgatá y fjetraduyö oaslýmeoj hjs aeoafmojrls m pmrtar ol su prjpam lxplralefam mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
fje lh Gjeatjrlj Hlcashmtavj Vjejrlesl. Iuletl0 Vjejrm Fauomomem, www.sjejrmfauomomem.jrc.gx ^rlcuetms pmrm oasfutar y fjetlstmr0
ºFuíhls iulrje hms lstrmtlcams qul Vjejrm Fauomomem pusj le príftafm: ºFögj sl fjgphlgletmrje sus oailrletls lstrmtlcams: ºFuíeoj sl utahazö lh oaíhjcj y fuíeoj sl pmsö m lstrmtlcams ol gmyjr fjeirjetmfaöe:
L`lrfafaj ==. Hm olilesm ol hjs fmgplsaejs mgdaletmhastms ol Culrrlrj
Hm rlo ol olilesm ol hjs fmgplsaejs mgdaletmhastms ol Culrrlrj
=>2
Le =11<, hm Djasl Fmsfmol Fjrpjrmtaje jdtuvj ue fjetrmtj ol faefj mýjs pmrm lxtrmlr gmolrm le lh lstmoj ol Culrrlrj, fjglezmeoj uem tmhm mdusavm le hm rlcaöe. Tjojhij Gjetalh y _ljojrj Fmdrlrm, ojs fmgplsaejs ol hm zjem, jrcmeazmrje m hm pjdhmfaöe, ijrgmeoj hm Jrcmeazmfaöe ol Lfjhjcastms ol hm Valrrm ol ^ltmthíe. Lvletumhgletl, gloametl fmrtms ol oleuefam y m trmvás ol hm oastradufaöe ol pmefflltjs, hjcrmrje qul Djasl Fmsfmol ol`mrm hm zjem. Vae lgdmrcj, mhcuejs iuefajemrajs pðdhafjs y fmfaquls hjfmhls qul jdtleçme cmemefams ol hms vletms ol lstm fjgpmýçm utahazmrje sus fjetmftjs fje lh l`árfatj y hjs cjdlremetls pmrm plrslcuar m hjs ojs hçolrls ol hm fmgpmým. Lh 4 ol gmyj ol =111, Tjojhij Gjetalh y _ljojrj Fmdrlrm iulrje mrrlstmojs y jdhacmojs m mflptmr fmrcjs le su fjetrm pjr pjslsaöe ol mrgms ol iulcj y orjcms. Fjgj rlmffaöe m lstms ae`ustafams sl fjeijrgö uem rlo ol olilesm emfajemh, lefmdlzmom pjr lh Fletrj ol Olrlfbjs Bugmejs Gaculh Mcustçe ^rj @uírlz, qul dusfö prlsajemr mh cjdalrej pmrm qul rlspltmrme hjs olrlfbjs ol hjs fmgplsaejs. \em lstrmtlcam qul myuoö m gmxagazmr lh trmdm`j ol lstm rlo ol mftavastms hjfmhls y emfajemhls iul clelrmr mpjyj y prlsaöe m eavlh aetlremfajemh. ^jr ue hmoj, Mgeastçm Aetlremfajemh, jrcmeazmfaöe qul sl oloafm m hm oaiusaöe y olilesm ol hjs prlsjs ol fjefalefam, y pjr jtrj hmoj, Crlleplmfl Aetlremtajemh y Valrrm Fhud, jrcmeazmfajels oloafmoms m hm olilesm y fjeslrvmfaöe ol hjs rlfursjs emturmhls, sl uealrje m hm rlo. Hm fjetradufaöe ol lstms jrcmeazmfajels aetlremfajemhls iul iueomgletmh, mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
puls hm aeijrgmfaöe ol hm ae`ustm oltlefaöe ol hjs fmgplsaejs sl oaiueoaö pjr fjrrlj lhlftröeafj y pícaems wld aetlremfajemhls. Vl paoaö m hjs galgdrjs ol hms jrcmeazmfajels qul ijrgmdme uem mgpham rlo qul lsfradalrme fmrtms, sl gmeailstmrme le hms lgdm`moms y fjesuhmojs glxafmejs y prlsajemrme pmrm qul sus cjdalrejs tjgmrme uem pjsturm irletl m hm satumfaöe ol mdusj qul prlvmhlfçm le Gáxafj, utahazmeoj lh ‘lilftj djjglrmec‗. Hjs glesm`ls qul hm rlo oaiueoaö iulrje fhmrjs y hhlejs ol iulrzm, fje ijtjcrmiçms y tlstagjeajs ol hjs fmgplsaejs trms hms rl`ms, aeoafmeoj quaáels lrme rlspjesmdhls ol hm satumfaöe. Tlfjromdme pðdhafmgletl mh Vlfrltmraj ol Cjdlremfaöe sjdrl sus fjgprjgasjs moquaraojs metl hm Jrcmeazmfaöe ol Emfajels \eaoms y metl hm Fjrtl Aetlrmglrafmem ol Olrlfbjs Bugmejs, mprjvlfbmeoj hm hhlcmom ol Yafletl Ijx mh cjdalrej, quale ourmetl su fmgpmým lhlftjrmh bmdçm lemrdjhmoj ue oasfursj olgjfrítafj y ol fjgprjgasj fje hjs olrlfbjs bugmejs. Lh fmsj tmgdaáe iul hhlvmoj m hm Fjrtl Aetlrmglrafmem ol Olrlfbjs Bugmejs, quale bazj uem rlfjgleomfaöe mh cjdalrej glxafmej. Dm`j clstajels ol lstm gasgm rlo ol jrcmeazmfajels, sl jtjrcö lh prlgaj Cjhogme ol Gloaj Mgdaletl (fjesaolrmoj lquavmhletl mh Ejdlh pmrm hm prjtlffaöe mgdaletmh) m Tjojhij Gjetalh. Vu lspjsm \dmhom, hj rlfjcaö y ourmetl hm flrlgjeam hlyö uem fmrtm ol mcrmolfagaletj ol Tjojhij, quale slcuçm le hm fírflh. ^jstlrajrgletl, \dmhom sl rlueaö fje hlcashmojrms ejrtlmglrafmems y iul rlfadaom pjr Bahmry Fhaetje (letjefls, lspjsm olh ^rlsaoletl Fhaetje) le hm Fmsm Dhmefm, y su ijtjcrmiçm `uetms farfuhö le oavlrsjs gloajs. Olspuás ol slas mýjs, fjgj rlmffaöe m lstl fje`uetj ol mffajels fjjroaemoms y mh hmgletmdhl mslsaemtj ol Oacem Jfbjm quale bmdçm saoj su mdjcmom, lh cjdalrej glxafmej pusj le hadlrtmo m lstjs ojs fmgplsaejs le slptalgdrl ol 4>><. ^rlcuetms ol rlffllxaöe0
ºFuíhls iulrje hms lstrmtlcams qul sl usmrje: º]uá glesm`l trmesgatçme: ºFögj y m quaáe adm oaracaoj: Le su jpaeaöe, ºfuíh iul hm lstrmtlcam gís lilftavm: \em vlz qul bmyme rlvasmoj hm sacualetl slffaöe sjdrl blrrmgaletms, fjetlstle ºfuíhls blrrmgaletms aoletafms oletrj ol hms lstrmtlcams utahazmoms: mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=>1
<.4 Vlhlffajemeoj sus blrrmgaletms Hms blrrmgaletms sje prjfloagaletjs qul ol ijrgm sastlgítafm fjestruyle uem lstrmtlcam pmrm hhlcmr m uem gltm oleaom. Vje ðtahls pmrm fumhqualrm ol hms lstrmtlcams qul olfaoms utahazmr. Muequl mhcuems ym hms glefajemgjs oletrj ol hms mffajels fjefrltms ol fmom lstrmtlcam, m fjetaeumfaöe tl prlsletmgjs jtrms eulvl blrrmgaletms moafajemhls. =
Meíhasas pjhçtafj Lh meíhasas pjhçtafj ls lh slcuagaletj, rlfjpahmfaöe, slhlffaöe, jrcmeazmfaöe l aetlrprltmfaöe ol aeijrgmfaöe sjdrl ue ileöglej pjhçtafj pmrm lxphafmr sus fmusms j prlolfar su fjgpjrtmgaletj. Lstm blrrmgaletm hls plrgatl fjejflr lh gmpm pjhçtafj olh prjdhlgm sjdrl lh qul lstíe trmdm`meoj y hm gmelrm fjgj sl rlhmfajem fje jtrjs tlgms y mftjrls. Ls agpjrtmetl tjgmrhj le fuletm pmrm phmelmr sus mffajels l aoletafmr hjs gjgletjs jpjrtuejs pmrm mftumr j pjsadhls jdstífuhjs. ^mrm rlmhazmrhj, ls agpjrtmetl qul letaleome lh mfjetlflr y hms jpjrtueaomols qul sl prlsletme. Hms mftavaomols qul pulole rlmhazmr sje0 Omr slcuagaletj m gloajs (sastlgmtazmfaöe ol prlesm, rmoaj y _Y) y sjdrl tjoj rlfurrar m hjs loatjramhls j prjcrmgms ol fjgletmrajs y meíhasas pjhçtafj qul lxphaqule hms tleolefams y hjs prjflsjs pjhçtafjs ( ^raglr phmej ol Jefl _Y y Letrl _rls ol _Y Mztlfm sje l`lgphjs fhmrjs lstl tapj ol prjcrmgms). •
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Meíhasas ol oasfursjs, djhltaels y rlpjrtls jfamhls (ol cjdalrej, jrcmeazmfajels favahls rlfjejfaoms y jrcmeasgjs aetlremfajemhls). Vjstlelr rlueajels y phítafms fje memhastms pjhçtafjs, qul pulome omr su fjesl`j y hlfturm sjdrl hm satumfaöe y fjyueturms pjhçtafms. Lstjs memhastms pulole slr mfmoágafjs, pjhçtafjs, iuefajemrajs j galgdrjs ol jrcmeazmfajels, fje lstm fmpmfaomo ol meíhasas.
4 Meíhasas ol fjyueturm
Lstl meíhasas sarvl pmrm aoletafmr gjgletjs imvjrmdhls, ol ralscj y olsimvjrmdhls fjgj pmrtl ol hm phmelmfaöe ol hms mffajels ol aefaolefam y fjgueafmfaöe. Oldl tjgmr le fuletm lh fjetlxtj lfjeögafj, sjfamh y fuhturmh, molgís olh pjhçtafj.^mrm rlmhazmrhj, pulole fjesaolrmr0 Fafhjs ol mhtm j dm`m aetlesaomo ol mtlefaöe olh pðdhafj fjgj, pjr l`lgphj, plrajojs lhlftjrmhls y vmfmfajels. Oçms sagdöhafjs pmrm lh prjdhlgm j hjs dlelfamrajs, fjgj slrçme lh oçm aetlremfajemh ol hm gu`lr, lh oçm ol hms gmorls, lh oçm ol hufbm fjetrm lh YAB, lh oçm olh eaýj j lhoçm ol hm talrrm.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^jsadhls suflsjs trmsfleoletls qul hhmgme hm mtlefaöe y lstíe le hjs gloajs, fjgj ue tlrrlgjtj j hm lxploafaöe ol uem rlsjhufaöe ol hm Fjrtl. Ilfbms ol lgasaöe ol aeijrgls pjr jrcmeasgjs mutjrazmojs, fjgj hjs aeijrgls meumhls olh ^rlsaoletl j Cjdlremojrls, hms Fjgasajels ol Olrlfbjs Bugmejs, rlpjrtls traglstrmhls olh Dmefj ol Gáxafj j ol jrcmeazmfajels fjgj Gáoafjs sae Irjetlrms. Frasas lfjeögafms gueoamhls j suflsjs aetlremfajemhls (fugdrls fjgj hm olh fmgdaj fhagítafj, pjr l`lgphj), y su agpmftj le lh ígdatj emfajemh y hjfmh. Fje dmsl le lstl meíhasas ol fjyueturm, phmelle mflrfmgaletjs, mffajels y lstrmtlcams ol fjgueafmfaöe bmfam hjs mftjrls agpjrtmetls (gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, iuefajemrajs, fauomomejs le clelrmh). 6 Gmplj ol mftjrls y meíhasas ol pjolr
Lstl meíhasas sl leijfm le hjs mftjrls qul aetlrvalele le ue prjflsj le pmrtafuhmr y le lh pmplh qul olslgplýme le hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Lh prjpösatj ls smdlr quá dusfme hjs mftjrls pmrm mflrfmrhjs m eulstrm fmusm j elutrmhazmrhjs. Lh gmplj myuom m letleolr m fmom mftjr, sus gjtavmfajels y quá aetletm fjeslcuar j fuíhls sje sus aetlrlsls. Ol lstm gmelrm, lh meíhasas hls myuom, praglrj, m aoletafmr m hjs mhamojs y hjs jpjsatjrls mftumhls y pjtlefamhls ol su prjpulstm; slcueoj, m phmelmr sus mhamezms y; tlrflrj, m olear lstrmtlcams pmrm trmdm`mr fje fmom uej ol hjs mftjrls. Oldle aefhuar le lh gmplj m tjojs hjs mftjrls aevjhufrmojs le lh tlgm0 crupjs ol hm sjfalomo favah, pmrtaojs j irmffajels ol pmrtaojs, fjecrlsastms, iuefajemrajs, crupjs ol prlsaöe, gloajs, ltf. Valgprl aetletle bmflr su gmplj aefhuyleoj pmsmoj, prlsletl y iuturj le plrçjojs ol ue mýj, pmrm pjolr tjgmr le fuletm fögj bm lvjhufajemoj hm pjsafaöe ol hjs mftjrls y fögj vme fmgdameoj hms farfuestmefams. M vlfls, lvletjs fjgj hms lhlffajels, hm fjyueturm j olfasajels aetlrems ol ue pmrtaoj pjhçtafj pulole fmgdamr hm mftatuo ol hjs mftjrls. Le jfmsajels, lh puetj ol aeafaj ls aevlstacmr fuíh ls hm pjsafaöe olh mftjr mh rlsplftj, sa ej hm fjejfle j ej ls guy fhmrm. Oldlríe slr hj gís fjefrltjs pjsadhl mh rlmhazmr lstl gmplj, hastmeoj oldm`j ol fmom aestmefam lh ejgdrl lxmftj olh j hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels, msç fjgj hjs sacualetls omtjs0
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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^jsafaöe0 sa lstíe m imvjr j le fjetrm ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm, j ej talele uem pjsturm oleaom (elutrm). ºLstmrçme ol mfulroj j le olsmfulroj fje sus jd`ltavjs: Aetlrlsls0 hms rmzjels ol su pjsafaöe º^mrm quá hls sarvl j milftm hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm: º]uá ls hj qul lstíe dusfmeoj: m) Aoljhöcafjs0 uem pjsafaöe gjrmh irletl m ue msuetj pðdhafj. L`lgphj, ºOldl lh Lstmoj aetlrvlear le msuetjs ol hm lfjejgçm j prjvllr slcuraomo sjfamh: d) ^jhçtafjs y mogaeastrmtavjs0lilftjs pjsatavjs j elcmtavjs pmrm hm agmcle ol ue mftjr, fjyueturms pjhçtafms (lhlffajels, lsfíeomhjs, ltf.) Lh pulstj durjfrítafj j rlprlsletmtavj qul jfupm. f) Lfjeögafjs0 sl rlhmfajeme fje lh fjstj/dlelfaj lfjeögafj olh prjylftj, agpmftj le lh prlsupulstj, cmstj emefalrj j sfmh, cmemefam lfjeögafm, sa fuletm j ej fje ijeojs, sa lxastl mhcðe fjstj rlhmfajemoj fje lh ej mftumr/ej agphlgletmr lh prjcrmgm. Tlfursjs fje hjs qul lstjs mftjrls fuletme pmrm mpjymr u jpjelrsl m su fmusm0 •
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Mpjyj sagdöhafj/ pjhçtafj. Mutjraomo hlcmh j durjfrítafm. Tlfursjs lfjeögafjs (oaelrj, prjpalomols, olrlfbjs).
Fjgj pmrtl olh gmplj, ls agpjrtmetl frlmr ue plrh ol hjs mftjrls aevjhufrmojs. ^mrm lhhj, pulole hhlemr uem fbm táfeafm fje hjs sacualetls omtjs0 Omtjs plrsjemhls. Metlfloletls sjfamhls y pjhçtafjs. ^lrtlelefam m jrcmeazmfajels y rlols pjhçtafms. Tlhmfaöe fje hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm j msuetj le fulstaöe. ^mrm fmom uej ol lstjs mftjrls praefapmhls, oldlríe fjestruar ue phme ol mffaöe m slcuar (oaíhjcj, fjeirjetmfaöe, oleuefam, mhamezm, ltf.). \em ijrgm slefahhm pmrm fhmsafmrhjs ls lh sacualetl lsqulgm=2 (gís mdm`j bmy jtrj l`lrfafaj)0
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Mcrmolflgjs m Hmurle Fjhlttm ol Fjggje Fmusl Aetlremtajemh imfahatmr lstl aestrugletj.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm 6<. Fhmsafmfaöe ol mftjrls fjgj cuçm pmrm phme ol mffaöe EÐGLTJ
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FHMVAIAFMFAÖE
TLFJGLEOMFAJELV^MTM^HMEOLMFFAÖE
Vje sus mgacjs y mhamojs, ej hjs jhvaole
Mslcðrlesl ol qul tlecme lh fráoatj qul glrlfle fjgj mhamojs; mcrmoázfmehls pðdhafmgletl su mpjyj; gmetáecmehjs aeijrgmojs y `uetj m ustlols le hms vaftjrams; aevjhðfrlehjs le fjevleflr m sus fjhlcms. Vlme gjolrmojs le ue aeafaj; lsfufble fje fuaomoj sus
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Vje gís agpjrtmetls qul gmetlelrhjs flrfmqul = y bmy
prljfupmfajels; jrcmeafle y gulstrle su dmsl sjfamh, fumeoj qualrme mslcurmr su fjemezm.
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Vu pðdhafj gís agpjrtmetl pmrm plrsumoar
Lsiuárflesl hj gís pjsadhl pjr fjevleflrhjs; gmetáecmehjs salgprl le su rmomr y levçlehls tjojs hjs gmtlramhls qul myuole m iueomgletmr su prjpulstm; leiöqulesl le sus iuletls ol pjolr (ºol oöeol valele:, ºquaáe hjs aeffluyl:, ºol oöeol valel su emefamgaletj/ rlfursjs:)
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Vlrí oaiçfah fjevleflrhjs, plrj sa hjs trmtme dale ej sl jpjeoríe mftavmgletl m su prjpulstm
Muequl ls prjdmdhl qul ej hjs fjevlezme, gmetáecmehjs flrfm y mslcðrlesl ol lsfufbmr sus mrcugletjs; lefuletrle mhcðe crupj qul hjs mpjyl y tmgdaáe sagpmtafle fje su fmusm, y dusqule qul ej sl jpjecme mftavmgletl m su prjpulstm.
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Jhvçolehjs, muequl oldle rlspltmrhjs pjrqul hjs pjorçme elflsatmr le jtrm plhlm
Ej utahafle su talgpj vmhajsj le lhhjs; elutrmhafle sus mrcugletjs; gmetáecmesl mhlrtm y fjgprleome dale hms mffajels qul rlmhafle pmrm jpjelrsl; ej hj tjgle plrsjemh.
? Tlueajels ol oaíhjcj, slgaemrajs,
fjeilrlefams, oldmtls Lh jd`ltavj ol lstms blrrmgaletms ls bmflr pðdhafm su mftumfaöe y hm ol quale trmtme ol fjevleflr, mh gasgj talgpj qul clelrme jpaeaöe pðdhafm. ^mrm fmom ijrj j oaíhjcj, tlecme fhmrj hj qul qualrle fjeslcuar0
Fjejflr hjs bahjs j gjtavmfajels qul gulvle m qualels talele le sus gmejs hms olfasajels ls ue imftjr qul oltlrgaemrí le crme gloaom su lstrmtlcam. Vmdlr sa hjs mftjrls fje qualels sl oldle rlhmfajemr talele vçefuhjs hjfmhls, emfajemhls y/j aetlremfajemhls, ls aeijrgmfaöe iueomgletmh pmrm fumhqualr lstrmtlcam ol aefaolefam.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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=) trmtmr puetjs oletrj ol uem mcleom, 4) hjcrmr fjgprjgasjs pjr pmrtl ol su aetlrhjfutjr.
^ulole slr pmrtl ol sus lstrmtlcams ol aevlstacmfaöe, fmpmfatmfaöe j fjgueafmfaöe. < Vjhafatuols ol mfflsj m aeijrgmfaöe pðdhafm
Hm Hly Ilolrmh ol _rmespmrlefam y Mfflsj m hm Aeijrgmfaöe ^ðdhafm Cudlremgletmh mprjdö lh mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe pðdhafm fjgj ue olrlfbj qul oldl slr cmrmetazmoj pjr lh Lstmoj. Lstm hly lstmdhlfl qul hms mutjraomols oldle rlcarsl pjr lh praefapaj ol qul tjom hm aeijrgmfaöe ls pðdhafm (söhj pjorí slr rlslrvmom tlgpjrmhgletl pjr rmzjels ol aetlrás pðdhafj) y qul tjom plrsjem tleorí mfflsj crmtuatj m lhhm. M pmrtar ol lstm hly sl fjeijrgmrje lh Aestatutj Ilolrmh ol Mfflsj m hm Aeijrgmfaöe ^ðdhafm (AIMA), hjs aestatutjs lstmtmhls y lh Vastlgm ol Aeijrgmfaöe ^ðdhafm (AEIJGLR) pmrm cmrmetazmr su l`lfufaöe. Lh sjhafatmr mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe pðdhafm ls uem blrrmgaletm qul pulol slr ðtah pmrm tu lstrmtlcam ol aevlstacmfaöe y fjetrmhjrçm. Vl pulol sjhafatmr aeijrgmfaöe pðdhafm m eavlh ilolrmh, lstmtmh y gueafapmh, muequl hjs pjolrls hlcashmtavj y `uoafamh talele sus prjpajs sastlgms ol mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe. ==?
Vastlgm ol Aeijrgmfaöe ^ðdhafm (AEIJGLR)0 www.aeijglx.cjd.gx. Fjhlftavj pjr hm _rmespmrlefam0 www.glxafjtrmespmrletl.jrc.gx, slffaöe ol suclrlefams y mslsjrçm. 9 Fmrtms pðdhafms
Vje uem blrrmgaletm ol fjgueafmfaöe y prlsaöe qul myuom m oleuefamr fumeoj lh oaíhjcj ym ej iuefajem, fumeoj mhcðe iuefajemraj ej bm fugphaoj su fjgprjgasj j fumeoj lstíe lxacaleoj ue olrlfbj pmrm uem satumfaöe pjfj mtleoaom y fjejfaom pjr lh pðdhafj. ^ulole mfjgpmýmr su fmrtm fje ue melxj qul fjetlecm hms rgms ol plrsjems qul sl mobalrme m su fmusm, puls lsj hl omrí ue gmyjr plsj. Lstm blrrmgaletm ls guy ðtah pmrm hms lstrmtlcams ol gjvahazmfaöe y rlspjesmdahazmfaöe. Hms rgms sl pulole rlfmdmr tmetj içsafm fjgj lhlftröeafmgletl. Galetrms gís ejgdrls ol ‘plsj‗ hjcrle sugmr m su fmusm, gmyjr slrí lh áxatj.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
3 Fmrtm m su rlprlsletmetl
Lstm blrrmgaletm ls guy utahazmom le pmçsls fje trmoafaöe olgjfrítafm, le hjs qul hm fauomomeçm lxacl m sus rlprlsletmetls qul fugphme fje sus fjgprjgasjs y hm rllhlffaöe prlsajem pmrm rlspjeolr metl su lhlftjrmoj. Le lh fmsj ol Gáxafj, ls tjomvçm uem príftafm aefapaletl. ^mrm utahazmrhm, oldle aoletafmr praglrj m su rlprlsletmetl0 ym slm le hm Fígmrm ol Oaputmojs, le lh Vlemoj, le lh Fjecrlsj ol su lstmoj, le su Myuetmgaletj j hm Olhlcmfaöe. _joj mqulh qul iul vjtmoj le hms urems oldl rlspjeolr m sus fjgprjgasjs y rleoar ey fuletms. Lsfradarhl uem fmrtm pulol slr uem blrrmgaletm ol rlspjesmdahazmfaö qul clelrm rleoafaöe ol fuletms tmgdaáe y trmespmrlefam y qul fjetraduyl gjvahazmfaöe fauomomem
m hm fjestruffaöe ol fauomomeçm. 2 \sj y fjesuhtm ol aeijrgmfaöe
Fjetmr fje iuletls ol aeijrgmfaöe, qul slme fjemdhls y vmramoms, ls uem blrrmgaletm ol aevlstacmfaöe iueomgletmh qul sarvl ol mpjyj pmrm su lstrmtlcam chjdmh. Mhcuems iuletls ol aeijrgmfaöe qul pulole slr ðtahls sje hms sacualetls0 ^lraöoafjs y slgmemrajs0 le lstm oarlffaöe pjoríe fjejflr hms oastaetms iuletls ol prlesm lsfratm, fhmsafmom pjr lstmojs www.prlesmlsfratm.fjg/mglrafm/glxafj.pbp Letrlvastms •
Oasfursjs Aeijrgls y phmels ol cjdalrej praglr.aeijrgl.cjd.gx/ Lstmoçstafms www.aelca.cjd.gx www.fjempj.cjd.gx/ www.fjelvmh.cjd.gx/ Vatajs wld jfamhls olh cjdalrej www.prlsaolefam.cjd.gx Hlcashmfaöe y `uraspruolefam / Olfrltjs y rlchmgletjs ol hlyls l aestatufajels www.`uraoafms.uemg.gx/aei`ur/hlc Ojfugletmfaöe mogaeastrmtavm (fjetrmtjs, fjevleajs, lsfraturms, rlchmgletjs aetlrejs, •
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glgjrmeom)
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Tlpjrtls lsplfamhazmojs0 www.dmefjgueoamh.jrc/aevlstacmfaje/ (Dmefj Gueoamh). www.lfhmf.fh/memhasas/ (FL^MH). uelsojf.uelsfj.jrc/uhas/aeolx.btgh (\ELVFJ). www.ahj.jrc/pudhaf/spmeasb/pudhafmtaje.btg (JA_). Tlvastms mfmoágafms y lsplfamhazmoms. Hadrjs. •
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1 ^rlgajs y rlfjejfagaletjs
Mhcuems rlols u jrcmeasgjs utahazme lstm blrrmgaletm fjgj lstçguhj pmrm qul hjs mftjrls sl fjgpjrtle ol falrtm ijrgm j pmrm oleuefamr hms gmhms príftafms. Hjs prlgajs j rlfjejfagaletjs pðdhafjs tmhls fjgj ‘lgprlsm rlspjesmdhl‗ j ‘lh oaputmoj gís slesadhl‗ clelrme mftatuols pjsatavms le hjs mftjrls fje qualels qulrlgjs aefaoar. Jtrjs rlfjejfagaletjs elcmtavjs fjgj ‘hms => lgprlsms qul gís fjetmgaeme‗ j ‘hm pudhafaomo gís gasöcaem‗ myuome tmgdaáe m omrhl pudhafaomo y frlmtavaomo m sus oleuefams.
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L`lrfafaj =4. Gmplmeoj m sus mftjrls y iuletls ol pjolr Le praglr hucmr, oasfutme y rlspjeome m hms sacualetls prlcuetms y, le slcueoj hucmr, hhlele hjs ojs sacualetls lsqulgms ( Iacurm 69) pmrm letleolr gl`jr hms iulrzms oltrís ol hjs mftjrls qul olfaole sjdrl hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm le hm qul qualrle aeffluar. Fjesaolrle qul hjs rlfursjs qul gmel`me hjs mftjrls y su aeolpleolefam olele su crmoj ol aefflulefam. ^rlcuetms pmrm oasfutar y fjetlstmr0
º]uaáels lstíe aevjhufrmojs le hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm qul qulrlgjs fmgdamr: ºLstmrçme m imvjr j le fjetrm ol eulstrm prjpulstm:, ºfögj rlsuhtmrçme milftmojs: º]uá mffajels pjorçme lgprleolr:, ºquá tapj ol aefflulefam talele:, ºfuíhls sje sus rlfursjs:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Iacurm 69. Gmtrafls pmrm lh gmplj ol mftjrls =. Fjhjqule m hjs mftjrls qul aoletafmrje le sus fumormetls rlsplftavjs. Gís aeffluyletls
Jpjsatjrls
Mhamojs
Glejs aeffluyletls 4. Vlhlffajele m hjs trls praefapmhls mftjrls mhamojs aeffluyletls, trls praefapmhls jpjsatjrls aeffluyletls y ue mftjr elutrj aeffluyletl y hhlele lstm tmdhm0
MF_JT
M IMYJT EL\_TJ LE FJE_TM
AE_LTLVLV OLH MF_JT (^ÍC.==4)
TLF\TVJV OLH MF_JT ^MTM AEIH\AT (^ÍC.==4)
MFFAJELV OL HM JTCMEAPMFAÖE ^MTM _LELT V\ M^JQJ ⁏ EL\_TMHAPMT
M imvjr M imvjr M imvjr Elutrj Le fjetrm Le fjetrm Le fjetrm
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
==3
Hlfturms rlfjgleomoms
Djddaj, Ejrdlrtj y E. Gmttluffa (=12?)0 Oaffajemraj ol ^jhçtafm. Gáxafj, Vachj RRA. Drlsslr ^lrlarm, Huaz Fmrhjs y Fueahh Crmu, Euram (=112)0 Hj ^ðdhafj Ej Lstmtmh le hm Tlijrgm olh Lstmoj. Dulejs Marls, Fletrj Hmtaejmglrafmej ol Mogaeastrmfaöe pmrm lh Olsmrrjhhj (FHMO)-^maoös. Cjroje, Crmbmg (4>>4)0 Gmeumh ol olilesjrçm. Dmsls pmrm letleolr hm olilesjrçm. Hjeorls, _lmriueo. Klfk, Gmrcmrlt y Kmtrye Vakkaek (4>>>)0 Mftavastms sae irjetlrms. Gáxafj, Vachj RRA. Kusb, Fbrastjpblr, (4>>?)0_bl Jel Bjur Mftavast. _bl =< Gjst ^jwlriuh Mftajes Qju Fme _mkl tj Iacbt ijr tbl Assuls meo Fmeoaomtls Qju Fmrl Mdjut. Vme Irmefasfj, @jssly-Dmss. Hlroj ol _l`mom, Vldmstaíe y Huas Metjeaj Cjoaem Blrrlrm (4>>?)0 Lh Hjddyaec le Gáxafj. Gáxafj, ^jrrðm. Gf Kaehly, Meorás (4>>4)0 Fjestruyleoj uem lstrmtlcam ol gloajs pmrm hm aefaolefam pjhçtafm. Lh Vmhvmojr, SJHM. Jximg (=11?)0 Cuaol tj Movjfmfy ^hmeeaec. Jximg \K/Arl Fmgpmace @uel =11< ‖ 4>>>. Jxijro, Gmeusfratj. _jrj, @jsá Dlremroj y Gmrtbm F. Tjorçculz (4>>=)0Hm fjgueafmfaöe y hm gjvahazmfaöe sjfamh le hm fjestruffaöe ol dalels pðdhafjs. Djcjtí, Dmefj Aetlrmglrafmej ol Olsmrrjhhj. •
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==2
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^MVJ 9
^TL^MTMEOJ Q IJT_MHLFALEOJ V\ JTCMEAPMFAÖE ^MTM HM AEFAOLEFAM ºFÖGJ M^TJYLFBMGJV HMV FM^MFAOMOLV OL HM JTCMEAPMFAÖE Q HM IJT_MHLFLGJV ^MTM HJCTMT FMGDAJV LE HMV ^JHÇ_AFMV ^ÐDHAFMV:
Jd`ltavj0 Mh emhazmr lstl fmpçtuhj, bmdríe vmhjrmoj hjs rlfursjs y hms fmpmfaomols elflsmrams
pmrm aefaoar. Fjgj gjstrmgjs le lh ^msj =, olear sa hm jrcmeazmfaöe lstí hastm y fögj sl ijrtmhlfl pmrm hm aefaolefam ls iueomgletmh. Lstj talel qul vlr fje lh prjflsj ol gmourmfaöe ol su jrcmeazmfaöe, su aoletaomo y sa lxastle fjeoafajels pmrm phmelmr hm aefaolefam. Fjgj ym glefajemgjs, le jfmsajels sl pulol fjeiueoar hm phmelmfaöe y rlfursjs elflsmrajs pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms fje hm phmelmfaöe pmrm fjhmdjrmr le ue prjylftj cudlremgletmh. Ls agpjrtmetl rlfjromr qul aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms sl trmtm dísafmgletl ol plrsumoar m jtrjs (iueomgletmhgletl, cjdalrejs) pmrm qul trmesijrgle sus mftatuols, vasajels j príftafms. Le lstl sletaoj, lstm slffaöe trmtm ol oailrlefamr y fjefletrmrsl dísafmgletl le hms fmpmfaomols pmrm aefaoar y plrsumoar, ej pmrm mugletmr lh agpmftj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, qul ls gufbj gís mgphaj y oavlrsj.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
==1
9.=. º^jr quá sl rlqualrl prlpmrmr m hm jrcmeazmfaöe pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms: Fmom jrcmeazmfaöe rlqualrl ol fmpmfaomols y rlfursjs oastaetjs, slcðe lh tlgm qul trmdm`m, su prjpam bastjram, trmylftjram y prjilsajemhazmfaöe y hms olfasajels y phmelmfaöe sjdrl oöeol y fögj qualrl aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms (^msjs ? y <). ^rlpmrmrsl y ijrtmhlflrsl ls agpjrtmetl pjr hjs sacualetls imftjrls0 =
=4>
Gmyjr prjilsajemhazmfaöe.- Hms JVFs rlqualrle aevlrtar le prjilsajemhazmr m sus fjhmdjrmojrls y olslgplýmrsl fje gmyjr lilftavaomo pmrm bmflr irletl m hjs prjdhlgms sjfamhls qul qualrle rlsjhvlr. 4 Gmyjr vasadahaomo.- Hms jrcmeazmfajels qul aefaole fmom vlz sl bme vulhtj gís vasadhls, jpaemeoj le ijrjs y gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe. 6 Gmyjr elflsaomo ol rleoafaöe ol fuletms.- Hms JVFs lstíe su`ltms m uem gmyjr prlsaöe pmrm qul ole fuletms ol sus rlsuhtmojs y sus mffajels. Molgís ol sus jdhacmfajels hlcmhls y sfmhls, hjs ojemetls paole fje gmyjr irlfulefam qul lvmhðle sus lsiulrzjs y hjcrle rlsuhtmojs lsplfçfjs. ? Gmyjrls jpjrtueaomols ol emefamgaletj.-Lxastle fmom vlz gís ojemetls qul letaleole y lstíe oaspulstjs m mpjymr hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms, dusfmeoj hjcrmr gmyjr agpmftj. < Gmyjr fjgpltlefam.-Mðe fumeoj hjs rlfursjs pmrm bmflr aefaolefam bme mugletmoj, lh
eðglrj ol jrcmeazmfajels qul qualrle aefaoar y hjs tlgms le hjs qul aefaole bm frlfaoj m ue ratgj gmyjr. Lstj bm hhlvmojm uem fjgpltlefam aetlesm pjrhjs rlfursjs (Tmyejr,Qjrk y Vag, 4>>1). Iacurm 63. Oldmtls ðtahls sjdrl lh ijrtmhlfagaletj aesatufajemh y hm aefaolefam Le Gáxafj, uem dulem pmrtl ol hms jrcmeazmfajels emfalrje pmrm myuomr m crupjs gmrcaemojs j pjr jpjelrsl mh cjdalrej, rlavaeoafmeoj praefapajs ol olsmrrjhhj mhtlremtavj qul leimtazmdme hm aeijrgmhaomo, hm ffllxadahaomo y lh fmgdaj sjfamh. Hjs mftavastms trmoafajemhgletl sl fjesaolrme gís ‘plrsjems ol mffaöe‗, sae oloafmr talgpj pmrm plesmr le tlgms aestatufajemhls ea prjflsjs aetlrejs. Mhcuejs mrcugletme qul hm gçstafm y lh fjgprjgasj oldle prlvmhlflr sjdrl hm phmelmfaöe, hjs prjfloagaletjs lstmeomrazmojs y hm lvmhumfaöe. Gufbjs hjs fjefadle fjgj aestrugletjs usmojs ðeafmgletl pjr durjfrmfams cudlremgletmhls j lgprlsmramhls, ol hms fumhls hms jrcmeazmfajels sl qualrle olshaeomr. Mhcuems jrcmeazmfajels bme mojptmoj hm phmelmfaöe lstrmtácafm lvmhumfaöe, jdhacmojsaestatufajemh gís pjr susslm ojemetls aetlremfajemhls qul pjr su prjpaj aetlrás. Ol mbç,y hm qul lh ijrtmhlfagaletj fulstajemoj j glejsprlfamoj pjr mhcuems jrcmeazmfajels oloafmoms m hm aefaolefam. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Le Mhtlremtavms, sjstlelgjs qul hms jrcmeazmfajels qul dusfme aefaoar, pjr sus rlhmfajels y rltjs, oldle slr söhaoms y iulrtls le su clstaöe aetlrem sa qualrle sjstlelrsl le lh talgpj. Lstms JVFs sje hms qul gís elflsaomo talele ol mprleolr ol su prjpam lxplralefam pmrm gl`jrmr su olslgplýj y slr gís lilftavms. ^mrm tlelr hlcatagaomo y emefamgaletj pmrm agpuhsmr sus fmusms, hms jrcmeazmfajels oldle gjstrmr rlsuhtmojs. ^mrm lhhj, ‘oldle fjetmr fje falrtms fmpmfaomols pmrm gl`jrmr prjflsjs aetlrejs jraletmojs m cmrmetazmr lh usj öptagj ol hjs rlfursjs, hm lfalefam ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe y hm fmhaomo ol sus prjcrmgms‗ (Fmrrahhj, _mpam meo Cmrfçm, 4>>9, p. =3). Olsol Mhtlremtavms tmgdaáe letleolgjs sus elflsaomols pmrtafuhmrls. Vu ijrtmhlfagaletj mogaeastrmtavj ls iueomgletmh plrj ej sufaletl, puls rlqualrle fjestruar jtrms fmpmfaomols qul hls myuole m gl`jrmr su vaefuhmfaöe fje mftjrls lxtlrejs y su fjetlxtj. Mh dusfmr ue fmgdaj sjfamh pjr gloaj ol hm aefaolefam, lstms jrcmeazmfajels sl rlhmfajeme fje oavlrsjs crupjs, fjgj dlelfamrajs, ojemetls, rlcuhmojrls, cjdalrej, lgprlsms, gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y sjfalomo le clelrmh. ^jr lhhj, mrcugletmgjs qul sl rlqualrl trmdm`mr hms oavlrsms oaglesajels olh ijrtmhlfagaletj0 OAGLEVAÖE MOGAEAV_TM_AYM J AE_LTEM
Fjestatufaöe hlcmh y sfmh, `uetj fje fugphagaletj plraöoafj ol rlquasatjs y jdhacmfajels=1. Ijrtmhlfagaletj y fhmrafmfaöe ol iuefajels y rlspjesmdahaomols ol Fjesl`js Oarlftavjs, Oarlffaöe L`lfutavm y fjhmdjrmojrls.
OAGLEVAÖE OL TLHMFAJELV L AG^MF_J LE FJE_LR_J
Oleafaöe y fjecrulefam ol su aoletaomo aestatufajemh. Haolrmzcj, fjblrlefam y frloadahaomo ol sus aetlcrmetls, tmetj le lh Fjesl`j Oarlftavj fjgj le su Oarlffaöe L`lfutavm.
Fjestruffaöe ol fjemezm y ijrgmfaöe ol ^rjflsjs ol phmelmfaöe lstrmtácafm y phmelmfaöe mhamezms y fjmhafajels, aefhuyleoj m sus jplrmtavm. dlelfamrajs. Clstaöe ol rlfursjs bugmejs y vjhuetmramoj, aefhuyleoj rlfhutmgaletj y rltlefaöe ol tmhletj y gmel`j ol fjefflaftjs.
Vlesadahaomo y meíhasas plrgmeletl olh fjetlxtj.
^rjflsjs ol prjfurmfaöe y oavlrsafmfaöe ol Elcjfamfaöe y fjestruffaöe ol mhamezms/ ijeojs4>. fjmhafajels fje jtrjs mftjrls. =1 4>
Aefhuyl fjevlrtarsl le ojemtmram mutjrazmom y lstmr aesfratm le lh Tlcastrj Ilolrmh ol JVFs (fjetmr fje FH\EA). Aefhuyl prjfurmfaöe ol ijeojs, slme aestatufajemhls j ojemfajels pmrtafuhmrls, y sacualeoj su gasaöe, clelrmfaöe ol rlfursjs (pjr gloaj ol prlstmfaöe ol slrvafajs, fjglrfamhazmfaöe, ltf.)
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=4=
OAGLEVAÖE MOGAEAV_TM_AYM J AE_LTEM
OAGLEVAÖE OL TLHMFAJELV L AG^MF_J LE FJE_LR_J
Clstaöe y fjetrjh mogaeastrmtavj-fjetmdhl ol rlfursjs emefalrjs.
_rmespmrlefam y rleoafaöe ol fuletms.
Vastlgmtazmfaöe ol su fjejfagaletj y mprleoazm`ls.
Gmel`j ol gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y fmgpmýms ol loufmfaöe
^rjflsjs ol lvmhumfaöe, fjestruffaöe ol aeoafmojrls agpmftjs. y gloafaöe ol rlsuhtmojs l
Fjejfagaletj lsplfamhazmoj le su írlm ol trmdm`j.
Fjgueafmfaöe y vasadahaomo ol sus mffajels y rlsuhtmojs. Iuletl0 Fmrrahhj, _mpam y Cmrfçm, 4>>9.
=44
M fjetaeumfaöe lxphafmgjs hjs rlfursjs, hjs eavlhls ol ijrtmhlfagaletj y hms fmpmfaomols aestatufajemhls qul fjesaolrmgjs elflsmrams pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Lstm slffaöe pulol myuomr m qul su jrcmeazmfaöe aoletaqul mqulhhj fje hj qul ym fuletm y tmgdaáe m olsfudrar hj qul rlqualrl ijrtmhlflrsl. Le lsl sletaoj, ls elflsmraj qul fuaole y eutrme sus ijrtmhlzms, msç fjgj mtaleome sus puetjs gís oádahls.
9. 4. Tlfursjs elflsmrajs pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ^mrm tlelr áxatj le hm aefaolefam, hm jrcmeazmfaöe oldlrí aoletafmr hm fjetradufaöe qul pulol bmflr m hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms, sus lstrmtlcams y su pjsafajemgaletj, bmfaleoj tmgdaáe ue usj öptagj ol sus mftavjs. Hm jrcmeazmfaöe oldlrí bmflr ue mutjoamceöstafj ol hjs rlfursjs qul talel y hjs qul elflsatm, msç fjgj hms ijrtmhlzms y rlfursjs le hm fjgueaomo y le jtrms jrcmeazmfajels. Hjs rlfursjs, dale utahazmojs, hl plrgatle m uem jrcmeazmfaöe olsmrrjhhmr fmpmfaomols pmrm aefaoar gís lilftavmgletl. Lstjs rlfursjs sje bugmejs, emefalrjs, ol talgpjl aetmecadhls fjgj hm rlputmfaöe y hms rlhmfajels.
Tlfursjs bugmejs0 fjhmdjrmojrls, fjesl`j y vjhuetmrajs
Hjs praefapmhls rlfursjs pmrm aefaoar sje ue lquapj jplrmtavj prjilsajemh, le pmrtafuhmr, hm Oarlffaöe L`lfutavm y/j hm plrsjem rlspjesmdhl olh prjflsj ol aefaolefam. Vu plrh oldl mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
slr ol uem plrsjem imgahamrazmom fje hjs prjflsjs pjhçtafjs, lh cjdalrej y hms hlyls. Oldlrí fjetmr fje uem dulem fmpmfaomo ol meíhasas, aevlstacmfaöe, mrcugletmfaöe, rlomffaöe, msç fjgj lxflhletl fjgueafmfaöe, fmpmfaomo pmrm plrsumoar y elcjfamr fje iuefajemrajs, mslsjrls, hlcashmojrls y jtrjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels. Va hm aefaolefam fjesaolrmrí hm ijrgmfaöe ol fjmhafajels y mhamezms, slríe elflsmrams bmdahaomols pmrm fjjroaemr oavlrsjs crupjs, msç fjgj rlfhutmr, gjtavmr y suplrvasmr m vjhuetmrajs. Va letrl hms lstrmtlcams ol aefaolefam lstí hm fjgueafmfaöe, sl oldlrí fjesaolrmr uem plrsjem imgahamrazmom fje hjs gloajs y hms tlfejhjcçms. Lh ojgaeaj olh aechás pulol slr ðtah, söhj sa sl rlqualrl rlvasmr rlpjrtls aetlremfajemhls j hm aefaolefam agphafm fjjroaemfaöe fje crupjs aetlremfajemhls. Ls aeoasplesmdhl qul qualels lstáe aevjhufrmojs sl fjgprjgltme mutáetafmgletl fje hm fmusm, ol gjoj qul pulome rltrmesgatar m jtrjs lh letusamsgj, hm urclefam y lh prjpösatj ol hms mffajels qul hhlvme m fmdj. Molgís, oldlrí slr fhmrj fögj sl tjgme hms olfasajels y hms hçelms ol gmeoj j rlspjesmdahaomo, le pmrtafuhmr letrl Fjesl`j Oarlftavj, Oarlffaöe L`lfutavm y rlspjesmdhl ol aefaolefam, msç fjgj fje lh rlstj olh lquapj qul le falrtms tmrlms oldlrí mpjymr. Omoj qul hms furvms ol mprleoazm`l le lstjs tlgms sje hmrcms y pmrtl olh trmdm`j ls fjestruar rlhmfajels fje oastaetjs mftjrls, sl oldlrí tmgdaáe prajrazmr hm prjilsajemhazmfaöe y rltlefaöe ol hjs fjhmdjrmojrls fje lstm lxplralefam y rlhmfajels. Hjs galgdrjs olh Fjesl`j Oarlftavjsje tmgdaáe uem palzm agpjrtmetl, puls hm frloadahaomo y fjecrulefam ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe olpleole le dulem pmrtl ol su Fjesl`j Oarlftavj. Oldle fjejflr y mpjymr lh phme ol aefaolefam, aevjhufríeojsl le hm gloaom le qul slm pjsadhl. Bmy ijrgms guy slefahhms pmrm bmflrhj0 hjs fjesl`lrjs pulole ‘mpjrtmr fjetmftjs, rlhmfajels y mfflsj m plrsjems y jrcmeazmfajels fhmvl; fjgueafmr hjs glesm`ls ol hm aefaolefam ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe m sus prjpajs fçrfuhjs ol aefflulefam; y prjpjrfajemr aeijrgmfaöe y rltrjmhagletmfaöe sjdrl fögj jtrjs le hm fjgueaomo plrfadle hjs tlgms y hms sjhufajels‗ (Tmyejr, Qjrk y Vag, 4>>1, p. =9). Iaemhgletl, sl oldlrí fjesaolrmr tmgdaáe m hjs vjhuetmrajs fjgj pmrtl ol hjs rlfursjs bugmejs ol hm aefaolefam. Bmy euglrjsms jpjrtueaomols pmrm aevjhufrmr y ijrgmr fauomomejs le lstjs prjflsjs (vlr pmc. =>=), muequl tmgdaáe su rlfhutmgaletj, fmpmfatmfaöe y suplrvasaöe rlqualrl phmelmfaöe, talgpj y rlfursjs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=46
Tlfursjs emefalrjs0 emefamgaletj, mpjrtmfajels ol galgdrjs, ojemfajels le lsplfal y slrvafajs ol vjhuetmrajs Omoj qul sl rlqualrl ue plrsjemh prjilsajemh, fje falrtm slcuraomo y fjetaeuaomo qul sl oloaqul talgpj fjgphltj m olileolr y mvmezmr hms fmusms ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, sl oldl ol fjetmr fje rlfursjs emefalrjs. \em plqulým aeafamtavm ol aefaolefam sl pjorí sjstlelr fje hjs gasgjs rlfursjs qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe ym fuletm, plrj sa lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam ls mgphaj, rlqulrarí ue prlsupulstj y rlfursjs emefalrjs moafajemhls. Lh talgpj ol gís hm Oarlffaöe L`lfutavm ol tmgdaáe oldlrí aefhuarsl le lstl prlsupulstj pjr fudrarsl. Ls agpjrtmetl qul fjgueaqule y oasfutme fje hjs ojemetls gís agpjrtmetls, su aetlrás pjr bmflr aefaolefam ol gjoj qul ej sl sjrprleome y letaleome hm eulvm oarlffaöe qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe tjgmrí, sae qul su mpjyj lstá le ralscj. Lh emefamgaletj oaspjeadhl lsplfçfmgletl pmrm hm aefaolefam le Gáxafj ls lsfmsj. Vae lgdmrcj, bmy oavlrsms iuletls qul oldle tjgmrsl le fuletm. Mh phmelmr hm rlfmuomfaöe pmrm hm aefaolefam, ls tme agpjrtmetl hm fmetaomo ol rlfursjs fjgj hm prjpam oavlrsafmfaöe ol =4?
hms iuletls ol ijeojs y su lstmdahaomo. Fje rlsplftj m hjs emefamgaletjs aestatufajemhls, sl oldle dusfmr ej söhj mqulhhjs qul lxphçfatmgletl mpjyme hm aefaolefam y hm fjetrmhjrçm ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Vl pulol rlfurrar m emefamgaletjs tlgítafjs (eaýjs, gu`lrls, mouhtjs
gmyjrls, mcum, ltf.) leimtazmeoj hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem y hm fjestruffaöe ol fauomomeçm, sa vme m aevjhufrmr m vjhuetmrajs j dlelfamrajs le sus lstrmtlcams, j le hm trmespmrlefam y lh mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe. _mgdaáe pulole sjhafatmr rlfursjs lxfhusavmgletl pmrm uem pmrtl frufamh ol su lstrmtlcam ol aefaolefam; pjr l`lgphj, bmflr uem aevlstacmfaöe, oaiueoar m trmvás ol gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, fmpmfatmfaöe y tmhhlrls, ltf. Tlsuhtm iueomgletmh qul gmetlecme aeolpleolefam y frloadahaomo pmrm hm aefaolefam, pjr hj qul oldlríe fuaomr gufbj qul sus iuletls ol emefamgaletj ej fjgprjgltme lstjs vmhjrls. Metls ol mflptmr falrtjs emefamgaletjs ol lgprlsms j cjdalrejs qul pulome slr fjetrjvlrsamhls, oasfutme y fjesuhtle m su fjmhafaöe, su Fjesl`j Oarlftavj j hjs olgís galgdrjs ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Lstj ls pmrtafuhmrgletl rlhlvmetl pmrm emefamgaletjs ol lgprlsms imrgmfáutafms le tlgms ol smhuo, mcrj-tlfejhöcafms le olsmrrjhhj rurmh, gaelrmslxtrmftavms-quçgafms le gloaj mgdaletl, letrl jtrms. Fumeoj slm emefamgaletj pðdhafj pmrm bmflr fjetrmhjrçm, mslcðrlesl qul lxastle rlchms, trmespmrlefam y vjhuetmo pmrm mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
msacemr hjs rlfursjs sae fjeoafajemgaletjs y rlspltj m hjs rlsuhtmojs y lh pjsafajemgaletj ol su jrcmeazmfaöe irletl m hms pjhçtafms su`ltms mh lsfrutaeaj. Hms mpjrtmfajels ol galgdrjs pulole slr tmgdaáe uem ijrgm aeolpleoaletl y lilftavm pmrm emefamr su aefaolefam. ^mrm lhhj, oldlríe prjfurmr ijeojs ol pmrtafuhmrls j sjfajs le ojeol hjs ojemetls sl saletme pmrtl ol hm fmusm y qul hjs rlsuhtmojs pjtlefamhls ol hm aefaolefam hls mtrmacme y rlprlsletle ue dlelfaj. ^ulole ojemr ol gmelrm rlfurrletl (ue plqulýj gjetj glesumh j traglstrmhgletl qul sl fjdrl m trmvás ol uem tmr`ltm ol fráoatj, oádatj j fblqul) j ojemr pmrm fudrar falrtjs cmstjs le pmrtafuhmr (fjetrmtmr ue lspmfaj le gloajs, agpragar gmtlramhls, pudhafmr ue rlpjrtl, bmflr uem fjeilrlefam ol prlesm, ltf.). Fjestruar uem lstrufturm ol galgdrjs agphafm aevjhufrmr m hjs fauomomejs tmetj le hms lstrmtlcams ol gjvahazmfaöe fjgj le lh emefamgaletj olh prjflsj ol aefaolefam. Va hls aetlrlsm qul hjs fauomomejs mpjyle emefalrmgletl su prjylftj ol aefaolefam, tleoríe qul fjestruar ue sastlgm pmrm rlfadar hjs pmcjs (sastlgms ol fmrcjs mutjgítafjs j glesm`lrjs/ vjhuetmrajs qul rlfj`me hjs ojemtavjs plraöoafjs), ue ijrgmtj ol sjhafatuo ojeol rlfj`me tjom hm aeijrgmfaöe rlqulraom y ue sastlgm ol rlcastrj y slcuagaletj. Muequl mhcuems vlfls hjs galgdrjs ej lsplrme rlfadar mhcj m fmgdaj pjr su mpjrtmfaöe, salgprl ls dulej omrhls mhcðe dlelfaj sagdöhafj, fjgj lh levçj ol djhltaels qul hjs gmetlecm aevjhufrmojs le hm fmusm, aevatmfajels m mffajels y lvletjs, olsfuletj le pudhafmfajels, rlfjejfagaletjs plrsjemhazmojs y glefaöe le su aeijrgl meumh. Hms ojemfajels le lsplfal y slrvafajs prjilsajemhls ol vjhuetmrajs pulole slr tmgdaáe mpjrtmfajels guy vmhajsms, salgprl y fumeoj slme rlfursjs qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe rlqualrm pmrm hm aefaolefam. Vl rlfjgaleom qul fumeoj sl bmcm ue prlsupulstj, sl fjesaolrle hjs rlfursjs qul sl pulole fjeslcuar le lsplfal j fjgj mpjrtmfajels ol slrvafajs prjilsajemhls ol vjhuetmrajs (lspmfajs y rlhmfajels le gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, oaslýj crífj, slrvafajs j mslsjrçm hlcmh, pmplhlrçm, lquapj, lspmfajs pmrm ijrjs j fjeilrlefams, vaítafjs j prjgjfajelskahögltrjs pmrm vam`ls, letrl jtrms).
Tlfursjs ol talgpj Hjs prjflsjs ol aefaolefam sje sjdrl tjoj aetlesjs le clstajels, rlueajels, letrlvastms y hhmgmoms. Q pjr hj tmetj, lh talgpj ls uej ol hjs rlfursjs gís agpjrtmetls. Fje glejs mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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rlfursjs emefalrjs, lh talgpj sl vulhvl ue vmhjr guy prlfamoj, puls lh plrsjemh fjgðegletl sl oavaol letrl gufbms tmrlms. Ls guy vmhajsm uem dulem phmelmfaöe olh talgpj, tmetj ol hjs fjhmdjrmojrls qul lstmríe oarlftmgletl aevjhufrmojs fjgj ol hjs frjejcrmgms ol mftavaomols, le pmrtafuhmr ol hm ijrgmfaöe ol fjmhafajels l aevjhufrmgaletj ol fauomomejs, qul elflsatmríe salgprl falrtm gmourmfaöe.
Tlfursjs aetmecadhls0 rlputmfaöe y rlhmfajels Hjs rlfursjs aetmecadhls tmgdaáe sje aeoasplesmdhls pmrm hm aefaolefam; mquç, suclragjs ojs. Hm rlputmfaöe, qul sl rllrl m hm fjemezm y lh prlstacaj qul hms plrsjems talele ol uem jrcmeazmfaöe le tjrej m su prjilsajemhasgj, hm fmhaomo, hm rlhlvmefam y lh agpmftj ol su trmdm`j. Lstm rlputmfaöe sl frlm m pmrtar ol hjs lsiulrzjs ol vasadahaomo y ol vaefuhmrsl fje hçolrls ol jpaeaöe le falrtjs slftjrls, qul pulome rlfjgleomr j bmdhmr dale ol su trmdm`j.
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Hms rlhmfajels sje vatmhls, sjdrl tjoj fje hçolrls ol oastaetjs slftjrls fjgj cjdalrej, lgprlsms, gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y jrcmeazmfajels. Le lstl sletaoj, sl oldl slr fmpmz ol tleolr puletls letrl lstjs slftjrls, m trmvás ol hm frlmfaöe ol lspmfajs elutrmhls y mpmrtaoastms vaefuhmojs m hm prjgjfaöe olh fmgdaj sjfamh. Hms rlhmfajels plrgatle mtrmlr m gís plrsjems y gís rlfursjs. Hms rlhmfajels sje uej ol hjs rlfursjs aeoasplesmdhls pmrm hm lstrmtlcam ol fjestruar fjmhafajels y gjvahazmr fauomomejs.
9.6. Fmpmfaomols elflsmrams pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms Hms fmpmfaomols aestatufajemhls qul hms jrcmeazmfajels ol aefaolefam rlqualrle fjestruar, sl fjestruyle m pmrtar ol hjs rlfursjs oaspjeadhls le hm jrcmeazmfaöe, sl rlhmfajeme fje aevjhufrmr ol gmelrm lilftavm m y elcjfamr fje gðhtaphls mftjrls le oailrletls eavlhls ‖ fjgueaomols, jrcmeazmfajels ol dmsl, tjgmojrls ol olfasajels, ojemetls aetlremfajemhls, lgprlsms‟msç fjgj gmeajdrmr letrl oavlrsjs aetlrlsls, sae olpleolr j slr fjjptmoj pjr mhcuej le pmrtafuhmr (Hlwas, 4>>6 y Ijwhlr, =113). Vu ijrtmhlfagaletj oldl ar lefmgaemoj m gl`jrmr su olslgplýj, sus rlhmfajels, sus rlsuhtmojs y tmgdaáe su agpmftj le hjs prjflsjs ol fmgdaj sjfamh, fjgj lh lgpjolrmgaletj, hms rlhmfajels gís bjrazjetmhls, hm rleoafaöe ol fuletms, hm prjgjfaöe olh olsmrrjhhj, hm `ustafam sjfamhy hm rlouffaöe ol hm pjdrlzm, letrl jtrms. Le clelrmh, hms jrcmeazmfajels oloafmoms m hm aefaolefam ej talele tme fhmrmgletl mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
oailrlefamojs sus prjcrmgms y su olsmrrjhhj aestatufajemh. Hjs Oarlftjrls L`lfutavjs fje irlfulefam lefmdlzme tmetj hjs prjflsjs ol aefaolefam fjgj hm prjfurmfaöe ol ijeojs y sje hm fmrm pðdhafm ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Omoj qul hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ls sugmgletl aefalrtm, pjrqul aeffluyle gðhtaphls imftjrls y iulrzms, sl rlqualrl qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe slm ffllxadhl y sl momptl rípaomgletl m hms farfuestmefams y lh mgdaletl. Vae lgdmrcj, dm`j lstms fjeoafajels rlsuhtm oaiçfah phmelmr y lvmhumr, msç fjgj rleoar fuletms m hjs ojemetls ol hjs rlsuhtmojs hjcrmojs y quá tmetj iulrje mtraduadhls m hm aefaolefam ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe (Tmyejr, Qjrk y Vag, 4>>1). M pmrtar olqul lstms fjesaolrmfajels sjdrl hms jrcmeazmfajels ol aefaolefam, lxphafmgjs hms fmpmfaomols ástms rlqualrle fjestruar0
Fmpmfaomols ol vasaöe ol fmgdaj sjfamh y haolrmzcj \em fmpmfaomo iueomgletmh pmrm aefaoar ls fjetmr fje uem vasaöe fhmrm y lstrmtácafm sjdrl hjs fmgdajs qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe qualrl hjcrmr, tmetj le lh hmrcj fjgj le lh fjrtj phmzj. ^mrm lhhj, lh plrsjemh y hm jrcmeazmfaöe elflsatme olgjstrmr ue fjgprjgasj mutáetafj fje hm fmusm; fjgueafmr fjblrletlgletl pjr quá hm jrcmeazmfaöe oldl y lstí le pjsafaöe pmrm aefaoar le falrtm pjhçtafm; y plrsumoar fje sufaletls rmzjels m jtrjs pmrm qul sl aevjhufrle.
‘Hjs hçolrls qul dusfme aefaoar talele lh aetagaometl rltj ol mrgmr hms palzms ol ue fjgphl`j rjgplfmdlzms, mhaelíeojhms le ue fmgaej söhaoj bmfam lh áxatj. Oldle mrtafuhmr lsiulrzjs l aetlrmffajels le lstrmtlcams qul gulvme m hm jrcmeazmfaöe bmfam
rlsuhtmojs prlfasjs. Oldle Lh haolrmzcj iulrtl bmfam lh lxtlrajr ‖hm fmpmfaomo ol gjtavmr trmesgatar lstm vasaöe ej y plrsumoar m oavlrsjs pðdhafjs, fjestruar fjeslesjs, söhj mh lquapj jplrmtavj y clelrmr prjpulstms, fmdaholmr fje frloadahaomo y fugphar mh Fjesl`j, saej tmgdaáe fje lh jd`ltavj olslmoj‟oldl ol ar mfjgpmýmoj ol uem m ojemetls, mhamojs y mh fuhturm jrcmeazmtavm. Lstm fuhturm, pjr ue hmoj, aefhuyl uem pðdhafj le clelrmh‗. vasaöe fjgpmrtaom olh fmgdaj m hjcrmr, ue trmdm`j le lquapj Tmyejr, Qjrk y Vag, 4>>1. fje ue jd`ltavj fjgðe y lh mpjyj gutuj pmrm tjhlrmr hm irustrmfaöe y rlsastar hjs cjhpls olh prjflsj. ^jr lh jtrj, oletrj ol lstm fuhturm sl oldl meagmr y lstmr oaspulstj m fjrrlr ralscjs fmhfuhmojs, msç fjgj flhldrmr lh áxatj y mprleolr olh irmfmsj4=. Fjgj pmrtl ol Mhcuems aeafamtavms pmrm fuhtavmr y ijrtmhlflr lstjs haolrmzcjs sl bme leijfmoj tmgdaáe le eutrar y fuaomr m hm plrsjem, msç fjgj omrhl pmusms j lspmfajs pmrm rlffllxajemr y rlfmrcmr lelrcçms, ol gmelrm qul ej sl olscmstle prjilsajemhgletl (sçeorjgl ol dure-jut). 4=
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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lstm fuhturm, lh Fjesl`j Oarlftavj oldlrí letleolr y mpjymr mftavm y lxphçfatmgletl. Ej söhj lh prlstacaj y hm frloadahaomo ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe lstíe lxpulstjs ourmetl lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam, saej qul tmgdaáe lstí le ralscj su rlputmfaöe fjgj fjesl`lrjs, sjdrl tjoj fumeoj sl trmtm ol msuetjs pjhágafjs.
Fmpmfaomols ol fjestruffaöe ol fjemezm y mrtafuhmfaöe olh tl`aoj sjfamh
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Lstm fmpmfaomo fjesastl le aoletafmr y lvmhumr hjs oastaetjs mftavjs y crupjs qul bmy le hm fjgueaomo, msç fjgj hjs rlfursjs qul fmom uej pulol mpjrtmr m hm fmusm (talgpj, fjejfagaletjs, rlfursjs emefalrjs, rlhmfajels, rlputmfaöe, frloadahaomo, ltf.). Lhhj agphafm ue dule gmplj ol hjs mftjrls. Hm mrtafuhmfaöe44 y fjhmdjrmfaöe fje jtrms plrsjems y jrcmeazmfajels mugletm hjs rlfursjs, ijrtmhlfl hjs lsiulrzjs fjgphlgletmrajs, rliulrzm hjs glesm`ls y lh mhfmefl ol hjs glesm`lrjs, y guhtaphafm lh agpmftj.
Lh rltj ls rlfjejflr hjs oailrletls aetlrlsls, olsmrrjhhmr lstrmtlcams qul mtrmacme m hjs oastaetjs crupjs y prlsletmr hm fmusm ol gjoj qul hls aetlrlsl, mfjgjomeoj hms oailrlefams fuhturmhls.
^ulole mpjymrsl fje oavlrsjs mftjrls ol hm fjgueaomo, sjdrl tjoj mqulhhjs qul slríe hjs gís milftmojs pjr lh áxatj j lh irmfmsj ol hm aefaolefam. _mgdaáe fjesaolrle aevjhufrmr m sus dlelfamrajs le hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol olgmeoms y prjpulstms ol sjhufaöe, fje blrrmgaletms fjgj hjs oamceöstafjs pmrtafapmtavjs.
Molgís ol rlfjejflr lstms ‘palzms olh rjgplfmdlzms‗, sl elflsatm gufbm lgpmtçm pmrm aevjhufrmr m jtrjs mftjrls molfumomgletl mh prjflsj. ‘Fjevleflr m hms plrsjems qul fmgdale su fjgpjrtmgaletj rlqualrl tmgdaáe letleolr guy dale sus elflsaomols y olsljs, y smdlr quá fjsms hjs gulvle y fjesaolrme agpjrtmetls y pjsatavms‗ (Tmyejr, Qjrk y Vag, 4>>1, p. =<). Vl trmtm puls ol mrtafuhmr hj qul lh fmgdaj olslmoj saceafm pmrm hjs jtrjs; slr rlflptavj ol sus sjhafatuols y elflsaomols; rlspltujsj ol su talgpjy sus prjpams fmpmfaomols, bmdahaomols y hagatmfajels. Hm fjestruffaöe ol fjemezmy lh olsmrrjhhj ol rlhmfajels plrsjemhls sje guy agpjrtmetls. Vuclragjs qul frlle lspmfajs slcurjs ojeol sl fuhtavle hm clelrjsaomo y lh letleoagaletj, dm`j uem dulem imfahatmfaöe olh prjflsj.Hm trmespmrlefam y lh dule cjdalrej olhms fjmhafajels/ mhamezms, fjgj glefajemgjs le lh^msj <, sje aecrloaletls iueomgletmhls pmrm gmetlelr lstms rlhmfajels ol fjemezm. 44
Eltwjrkaec j fjestruffaöe ol rlols y fjetmftjs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Le lstl gasgj sletaoj, fjgpmrtme hm aeijrgmfaöe ourmetl lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam fje hms oavlrsms pmrtls, slme jrcmeazmfajels, tjgmojrls ol olfasajels, gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe j fauomomejs. Hms blrrmgaletms tlfejhöcafms, fjgj sl vlrí gís mdm`j, pulole myuomr le lstl prjflsj, plrj salgprl ls dulej rlfjromr qul hm fjemezm y mrtafuhmfaöe sl fjestruyle m pmrtar ol oaíhjcjs oarlftjs y irmefjs. Hm bmdahaomo ol gmetlelr fjestmetlgletl aeijrgmojs m hjs mftjrls ls iueomgletmh, fje mffajels fjgj0 Fjgpmrtar aevlstacmfajels y rlpjrtls ðtahls pmrm lh letleoagaletj olh prjdhlgm pðdhafj qul sl olslm sjhufajemr. Meuefamr sus lvletjs y mffajels. Levamr djhltaels aeijrgmtavjs. Oaiueoar hjs rlsuhtmojs ol su aefaolefam. Muequl frlmr uem rlo j fjmhafaöe ls uem fmpmfaomo ol haolrmzcj, hm bmdahaomo pmrm gmetlelrhm, mogaeastrmrhm y usmr lstms mhamezms pmrm lh áxatj ijrgme pmrtl ol hm fmpmfaomo ol fjestruar fjemezm y mrtafuhmfaöe. Iaemhgletl, hls rlfjgleomgjs lvmhumr fjestmetlgletl sa hm jrcmeazmfaöe oldl gmetlelrsl le falrtm rlo j mhamezm; letrmr y smhar ol lstms rlhmfajels fje ffluaolz, sae olsfuaomr hms rlhmfajels ol hmrcj phmzj. Ástm ls tmgdaáe uem fmpmfaomo qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe rlqualrl olsmrrjhhmr.
Fmpmfaomols ol meíhasas, ffllxadahaomo, lvmhumfaöe y mprleoazm`l
^mrm aefaoar ol gmelrm lilftavm, sl rlqualrl qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe fjestmetlgletl memhafl y gjeatjrll lh fjetlxtj, aoletafmeoj eulvms jpjrtueaomols y ralscjs. Lstj plrgatarí qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe momptl sus lstrmtlcams y mffajels, bmfaleoj hjs fmgdajs elflsmrajs slcðe fjevlecm le fmom gjgletj. Hms blrrmgaletms olh ^msj < ol meíhasas pjhçtafj, meíhasas ol fjyueturm y gmplj ol mftjrls myuome m ‘hllr‗ lstl fjetlxtj, plrj mh emh tmgdaáe sl trmtm ol qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe tjgl olfasajels ol mfulroj fje lstl meíhasas (rlfulrole tlelr fhmrj quaáels oletrj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe j fjmhafaöe tjgmríe lstms olfasajels). ^mrm slr fmpmz ol momptmrsl fjetaeumgletl mh fjetlxtj, sl rlqualrl qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe tlecm falrtm ffllxadahaomo pmrm msacemr y rlmsacemr sus rlfursjs, tmetj rlfursjs bugmejs y emefalrjs fjgj lspmfajs y tlfejhjcçm. Ol mbç qul lh emefamgaletj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe oldl prjvlear ol ojemetls aestatufajemhls qul letaleome y plrgatme lstm fmpmfaomo ol momptmfaöe, ol emefamgaletjs oaracaojs mh mpjyj clelrmh ej ltaqultmoj ( clelrmh suppjrt) mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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j ol ue lsqulgm ol galgdrjs y ojemetls pmrtafuhmrls qul plrgatm usmr hjs ijeojs fje gmyjr ffllxadahaomo. Hms gltms y hjs jd`ltavjs ol hm aefaolefam ol uem jrcmeazmfaöe oldle ol slr fhmrjs y fmgdamr guy pjfj, mðe fumeoj hms lstrmtlcams y mffajels slme ffllxadhls y momptmdhls mh fjetlxtj. ^mrm lhhj, ls iueomgletmh gjeatjrlmr y gloar hjs fmgdajs y prjcrlsjs qul sl vme mhfmezmeoj, fje hms oastaetms lstrmtlcams fjgj sl glefajeö le lh ^msj <. Mquç prlsletmgjs mhcuejs fjesl`js príftafjs pmrm qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe gjeatjrll sus rlsuhtmojs l aefjrpjrl hjs mprleoazm`ls ol gmelrm aestatufajemh0 • Ojfugletmr lh oamceöstafj j hm ‘hçelm dmsl‗, ls olfar, hm satumfaöe lxastletl prlvam m hm aefaolefam (fögj lrm hm rlomffaöe ol uem hly, hm jpmfaomo ol uem pjhçtafm j ue prlsupulstj, hms mftatuols y vasajels qul lxastçme, letrl jtrms). Lstj slrí guy ðtah pmrm smdlr pjstlrajrgletl quá y fuíetj fmgdaö. • Lstmdhlflr le hm phmelmfaöe fjgj gltms ol fjrtj phmzj falrtjs gjgletjs j hjcrjs fhmvl
olh prjflsj qul pulome mhfmezmrsl ol gmelrm rlmhastm, lvmhumeoj sa sl hhlcö m lhhms fjgj
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sl phmelö. ^jr l`lgphj, mrtafuhmr hm fjmhafaöe, tlelr letrlvastms fje falrtjs iuefajemrajs, prlsletmr ue rlpjrtl metl gloajs, fjestruar uem dmsl ol omtjs ol sagpmtazmetls, aetrjoufar uem aeafamtavm le lh Fjecrlsj, hjcrmr ue eðglrj ol rgms ol moblsaöe, letrl jtrms. Tlsuhtm iueomgletmh fjgueafmr m hms pmrtls aetlrlsmoms (galgdrjs ol hm fjmhafaöe, sagpmtazmetls, ojemetls, iuefajemrajs) lstjs hjcrjs ol hm fmgpmým ol aefaolefam, pmrm mslcurmrhls qul sl bm mvmezmoj y, fje lhhj, fjestruar fjemezm le hm jrcmeazmfaöe. • Lvmhumr y ojfugletmr fmgdajs le hm vasaöe y mftatuo ol hms plrsjems fjgj pmrtl olh
prjflsj ol aefaolefam. ‘Lh vjtj ol ue oaputmoj, hm sletlefam ol ue `ulz, hm olfasaöe ol ue
fauomomej ol lsfradar uem fmrtm, lh rlpjrtm`l ol ue plrajoastm, hm olfasaöe ol ue loatjr ol pudhafmr ue mrtçfuhj. Hm lvmhumfaöe ol hm fmgpmým ol aefaolefam pulol aefhuar ue meíhasas ol hjs fmgdajs ol fjgpjrtmgaletj qul bme sufloaoj fjgj rlsuhtmoj olh trmdm`j ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe‗ (Tmyejr, Qjrk y Vag, 4>>1, p. 44). Lstjs fmgdajs ol fjgpjrtmgaletj sje acumhgletl víhaojs fumeoj talele hucmr mh aetlrajr ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. • Aevjhufrmr mh Fjesl`j Oarlftavj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe pmrm gjeatjrlmr jd`ltavjs ol fjrtj y
hmrcj phmzj. Hjs fjesl`lrjs talele lh pmplh ol suplrvasmr lh olslgplýj y hms emezms ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, msç fjgj gjeatjrlmr lh prjcrlsj ol hjs gjgletjs fhmvl, oasfutar lh fmgdaj ol
lstrmtlcam y lvmhumr hjs jd`ltavjs ol hmrcj phmzj ol hm aefaolefam.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
• Bmflr ‘mhtjs le lh fmgaej‗, omr lspmfajs pmrm lvmhumr y lsfradar hms hlffajels mprleoaoms
pmrm iuturms lxplralefams. Oletrj olh phme, sl oldlrí fjetlgphmr lefuletrjs pmrm
rlffllxajemr sjdrl hj qul sl bm hjcrmoj, rlvmhjrmr y rlleijfmr hjs jd`ltavjs, y sastlgmtazmr hm lxplralefam y hj mprleoaoj. M fjetaeumfaöe le lh L`lrfafaj =6 suclragjs ue ijrgmtj slefahhj pmrm sastlgmtazmr hjs rlsuhtmojs hjcrmojs, hms hlffajels mprleoaoms pmrm fjesaolrmr le iuturjs prjylftjs y hj qul sl budalrm blfbj oailrletl.
Fmpmfaomols pjhçtafms Lstm fmpmfaomo talel qul vlr fje trls lhlgletjs0 =) rlhmfaöe,4) elcjfamfaöe y6) fjgueafmfaöe aetlr-plrsjemh. Lh lhlgletj olrlhmfaöe sl rllrl m hm meaomo qul sl pulol frlmr fje mftjrls fhmvl, olsol mqulhhjs qul lstíe le hm dmsl bmstm mqulhhjs flrfmejs mh pjolr, smdaleoj m quaáe y fuíeoj mflrfmrsl, m quaáe y fuíeoj sjhafatmr mpjyj, y fögj gmetlelr hm rlhmfaöe le lh talgpj y le hms movlrsaomols. _mgdaáe ls letleolr lh usj y hms iuletls olh pjolr0 smdlr l`lrflrhj y fjgueafmrsl molfumomgletl fje quaáels hj l`lrfle. Lh lhlgletj ol elcjfamfaöe ls mqulh qul ejs plrgatl hjcrmr mfulrojs ol ijrgm qul tmetj hm jtrm pmrtl, fjgj
Gjvahazmr m fauomomejs ls uem ol hms bmdahaomols qul gís rlqualrle ol fmpmfaomo pjhçtafm, puls mquç ej sl trmtm ol qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe fmdaholl y oaiueom hjs glesm`ls. Fjgj sl slýmhö le lh ^msj <, gjvahazmr qualrl olfar qul hjs prjpajs fauomomejs mojptle hm fmusm y hm prjgulvme lhhjs gasgjs.
ejsjtrjs, ejs vlmgjs dlelfamojs. Q lh ðhtagj lhlgletj, hm fjgueafmfaöe aetlr-plrsjemh talel qul vlr fje hm lgpmtçm, fjgj hj glefajemgjs le hm fmpmfaomo ol fjestruffaöe ol fjemezm, y rlqualrl ol aetlrmftumr fje fmrasgm fje jtrms plrsjems, lsfufbíeojhls, frlmeoj fjemezm y plrsumoaáeojhls pmrm mftumr ol falrtm ijrgm, aefhusj fje mqulhhms plrsjems fje plrsplftavms guy oailrletls. ^jr ðhtagj, hm fmpmfaomo pjhçtafm tmgdaáe aefhuyl hm elflsaomo ol fjejflr y rlffllxajemr sjdrl uej gasgj, bmfaleoj ue l`lrfafaj ol mutj-frçtafm. Tlfjejflr tmetj sus prjpams ijrtmhlzms y hagatmfajels; sletarsl bugahol, lefjetrmr hm iulrzm aetlrem y smdlr qul lh pjolr ls mhcj trmesatjraj. Acumh qul hjs pjhçtafjs, hms plrsjems ol hms jrcmeazmfajels ej oldle ‘plrolr pasj‗ y ls guy smdaj lsfufbmr m jtrjs y m sç gasgj. Hm pjhçtafm ls sugmgletl vjhudhl0 m vlfls sl lstí mrradm y m vlfls sl lstí mdm`j; slr iulrtl, mutáetafj y fjblrletl le mgdms farfuestmefams ls uem bmdahaomo pmrm bmflr dulem aefaolefam.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Fmpmfaomols táfeafms Lstms fmpmfaomols sl rllrle mh fjejfagaletj oletrj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe pmrm mvmezmr hm aefaolefam. Ej ls sufaletl lstmr guy aevjhufrmoj fje hm fmusm j tlelr gufbm vjhuetmo pmrm fmgdamr hms fjsms, saej qul sl rlqualrl ol falrtms bmdahaomols ol aevlstacmfaöe, mrcugletmfaöe, hlecum`l y fjejfagaletj pmrm qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe slm fmpmz ol letleolr hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms qul qualrl fmgdamr y prjpjelr eulvms mhtlremtavms. Vl elflsatm fjejfagaletj ol hm tlgítafm le lsplfçfj y lxplralefam le lh oaslýj ol prjcrmgms. Va hm jrcmeazmfaöe frlmojgl`jr. prjylftjs j gjolhjs aeejvmojrls, y hjsvastj talel sastlgmtazmojs lvmhumojs, slríbmgufbj Msç tleorí gmyjr hlcatagaomo y slrí fjgj lxplrtj, sjdrly tjoj, sa qualrl mftumr sjdrl hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm, hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafms j su lvmhumfaöe, fjgj olsfradagjs le lh ^msj ?.
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Molgís ol fjejflr dale hm tlgítafm y lh prjdhlgm, oldlrí fjejflr hjs praefapmhls puetjs olh oldmtl olh tlgm y slr fmpmz ol frlmr, memhazmr j aetlrprltmr prjpulstms ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms, msç fjgj omtjs l aeijrgmfaöe rlhlvmetl. _mgdaáe oldl lstmr imgahamrazmoj fje lh prjflsj ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm; ls olfar, fjejflr hm hly, lh prjcrmgm slftjramh, hjs ojfugletjs jfamhls gís rlhlvmetls l aoletafmr guy dale m hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels, y pjr hj tmetj lh jrcmeacrmgm ol hms írlms aevjhufrmoms. Le jfmsajels, sl rlqulrarí tmgdaáe ol ue fjejfagaletj táfeafj hlcmh, fjgj meíhasas `urçoafj, pmrm prjpjelr rlomffajels ol ojfugletjs l aeafamtavms hlcmhls j, aefhusj, pmrm olileolr m sus mftavastms olspuás ol mftjs ol prlsaöe pðdhafm, sa iulrm lh fmsj.
Fmpmfaomols ol clstaöe ol rlfursjs bugmejs, emefalrjs y tlfejhöcafjs Ls hm fmpmfaomo pmrm mogaeastrmr ol gmelrm lilftavm lh talgpj oaspjeadhl ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe y su plrsjemh. @uetj fje lh lquapj jplrmtavj, hjs vjhuetmrajs y fauomomejs sje uej ol hjs rlfursjs gís vmhajsjs pmrm hm aefaolefam, pjr hj qul tmgdaáe oldlrí clstajemrsl ol gmelrm aetlcrmh0 rlfhutíeojhjs y gjtavíeojhjs, jrcmeazmeoj fhmrmgletl sus tmrlms y prjouftjs lsplrmojs, y suplrvasmeoj y rltrjmhagletmeoj su trmdm`j. Ol mbç qul sa pmrm lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam hjs vjhuetmrajs sje palzm iueomgletmh, sl oldlrí olstaemr rlfursjs pmrm su clstaöe. ^jr lh hmoj ol hjs rlfursjs emefalrjs, hm jrcmeazmfaöe oldlrí tlelr ue dule gmel`j y fmpmfaomo mogaeastrmtavm. Oldlrí fjetmr fje uem dulem prjfurmfaöe ol ijeojs, ue sastlgm ol rlpjrtls emefalrjs y ue fugphagaletj fmdmh ol sus jdhacmfajels hlcmhls y sfmhls. Le mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
tárgaejs ol hm prjfurmfaöe ol ijeojs, slrí elflsmraj prlsletmr hms prjpulstms dm`j talgpjs prlvastjs y ol gmelrm qul lh ojemetl sl saletm fögjoj fje lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam; oavlrsafmr hm dmsl ol ojemetls ol gmelrm qul ej sl olpleom ol ue sjhj ojemetl y mfjromr hm pjsadahaomo ol fmgdamr y m`ustmr hjs rudrjs olh prlsupulstj, ol gjoj qul hm jrcmeazmfaöe pulom slr ffllxadhl y sl momptl iífahgletl. Ls guy agpjrtmetl bmdhmr fje bjelstaomo y fjemezm fje hjs ojemetls, frlmeoj lxplftmtavms rlmhls y ej tlrgaemr `ustafíeojsl sjdrl pjr quá ej sl hjcrmrje tjojs hjs fmgdajs prlvastjs. Fumeoj sl rlfmuole ijeojs fauomomejs, slrí aeoasplesmdhl rlpjrtmr m hjs ojemetls y galgdrjs sjdrl hjs aecrlsjs y cmstjs ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Hjs rlpjrtls myuomríe m hm jrcmeazmfaöe m gjeatjrlmr sus cmstjs y rlmsacemfajels, molgís ol frlmr trmespmrlefam y rleoafaöe ol fuletms ol hms emezms metl lh fjesl`j y hm sjfalomo le clelrmh. Letrl hj qul sl rlfjgaleom rlpjrtmr sje0 mftavaomols y rlsuhtmojs, msç fjgj aecrlsjs`uetj ( fje lh pjrfletm`l ol fmom iuletl ol emefamgaletj y ejgdrls ol ojemetls fumeoj slm elflsmraj pjr lh gjetj j prlstacaj) y cmstjs (`uetj fje lh pjrfletm`l cmstmoj le hjs rudrjs gís agpjrtmetls, aefhuyleoj cmstj jplrmtavj j olsmrrjhhj aestatufajemh ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe).Fugphar fje lh pmcj y hm olfhmrmfaöe ol agpulstjs, hms jdhacmfajels hmdjrmhls y hjs rlpjrtls meumhls qul hms mutjraomols lstmdhlfle ol gmelrm jdhacmtjram46 pulol slr vastj fjgj ue msuetj dísafj, fuyj aefugphagaletj ol`m guy vuhelrmdhl m hm jrcmeazmfaöe ourmetl hm aefaolefam. Hm aeijrgmfaöe y lh fjejfagaletj sl oldle ol gmel`mr ol gmelrm lilftavm, tmetj bmfam lh aetlrajr fjgj bmfam miulrm ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Lstj söhj slrí pjsadhl sa sl fuletm fje lquapj y blrrmgaletms tlfejhöcafms pmrm fjgpmrtar ojfugletjs letrl lh plrsjemh y hms oastaetms jrcmeazmfajels mhamoms, msç fjgj pmrm oaiueoar aeijrgmfaöe letrl hms muoalefams rlhlvmetls. Letrl hms blrrmgaletms tlfejhöcafms aeoasplesmdhls lstíe hms phmtmijrgms pmrm rlomftmr ojfugletjs le fjhmdjrmfaöe, sastlgms ol clstaöe ol ojfugletjs y jrcmeazmfaöe ol mrfbavjs pmrm qul hjs oastaetjs crupjs lefuletrle hm aeijrgmfaöe rlhlvmetl y dadhajtlfms j fletrjs ol ojfugletmfaöe (içsafms y lhlftröeafms). Hjs aeijrgls pjr prlsletmr gís agpjrtmetls sje0 =) Tlcastrj Ilolrmh ol JVFs, mðe fumeoj ej sl bmyme rlfadaoj ijeojs pðdhafjs (lelrj-ildrlrj); 4) Olfhmrmfaöe sfmh aeijrgmtavm y ol prjvllojrls (ildrlrj) y ol agpulstjs meumh pmrm
46
plrsjems gjrmhls (gmrzj) (hms olfhmrmfajels prjvasajemhls sl prlsletme glesumhgletl); y 6) Oaftmgle sfmh sagphafmoj (muoatjrçm), le fmsj ol slr ojemtmram mutjrazmom, (`ueaj). Le fmsj ol slr rlcuhmom pjr uem @uetm ol Msastlefam ^ravmom, sl rlqualrle prlsletmr prlsupulstj l aeijrgls emefalrjs moafajemhls.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Jtrm fmpmfaomo tlfejhöcafm iueomgletmh ls hm clstaöe ol fjetmftjs le dmsls ol omtjs mfflsadhls y slcgletmojs, pmrm fmpturmr y gmetlelr mh tmetj m sagpmtazmetls, vjhuetmrajs, iuefajemrajs, gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe j ojemetls. Bmy blrrmgaletms tlfejhöcafms qul sarvle pmrm fmpturmr rgms ol moblsaöe le hçelm j levamr fjrrljs fje pltafajels 4?. Hms rlols sjfamhls pjr aetlrelt, fjgj sl glefajem le lh ^msj <, bme prjdmoj slr ue lhlgletj frçtafj pmrm jdtlelr dulejs rlsuhtmojs ol aefaolefam. Le tjrej m hm rlfmuomfaöe ol ijeojs tmgdaáe bmy oavlrsms blrrmgaletms tlfejhöcafms pmrm hjcrmr ojemfajels le hçelm, qul vme olsphmzmeoj mftavaomols trmoafajemhls fjgj lh ‘djtlj‗. Iacurm 62. Lh oldmtl letrl prjilsajemhazmr plrsjems j ijrtmhlflr jrcmeazmfajels Hm prjilsajemhazmfaöe sl bm usmoj fjgj ue saeöeagj olh ijrtmhlfagaletj. Vae lgdmrcj, le hm príftafm dm`j hm aolm ol prjilsajemhazmfaöe sl bme jirlfaoj fursjs ol fmpmfatmfaöe m plrsjems qul trmdm`me le jrcmeazmfajels, msugaleoj qul lstj sl trmoufarí le jrcmeazmfajels gís iulrtls. Le Mhtlremtavms oastaecuagjs letrl0 hm prjilsajemhazmfaöe ol hms plrsjems y lh ijrtmhlfagaletj ol hms fmpmfaomols ol hms jrcmeazmfajels. Ejs rlilragjs m hm prjilsajemhazmfaöe fumeoj sl fmpmfatme plrsjems qul pulole gl`jrmr lh olslgplýj y hmlilftavaomo ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Bmdhmgjs ol ijrtmhlfagaletj ol fmpmfaomols fumeoj talel qul vlr fje hms príftafms y oaeígafms qul sl aestatufajemhazme oletrj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, fjgj prjfloagaletjs, ojfugletjs, gmeumhls, blrrmgaletms, bídatjs y fjeouftms fjtaoamems.
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Fjgj Carmroj (4>>3) lsfradl, ‘hm fmpmfatmfaöe ls uem mftavaomo loufmtavm fje lh prjpösatj ol mugletmr y rlfjejflr lh fjejfagaletj ol hjs aeoavaoujs, qul pulol trmoufarsl le ue fmgdaj jrcmeazmfajemh söhj dm`j falrtms fjeoafajels, plrj euefm le uem ijrgm mutjgítafm.Lstj ls, bmy vmrajs imftjrls fjgphl`js letrl lh mprleoazm` l ol ue aeoavaouj y hjcrmr fmgdajs le hm jrcmeazmfaöe qul oldle rlfjejflrsl‗ (p. 4?). Jdvamgletl hms jrcmeazmfajels lstíe ijrgmoms pjr aeoavaoujs qul trmle fjesacj bmdahaomols, fjejfagaletjs y fjgpltlefams. Vae lgdmrcj, hms bmdahaomols qul uem plrsjem talel ejagphafm qul hms pjeorí lepríftafm le su fjetlxtj jrcmeazmfajemh (Kmphme, =11?). ºDm`j quá fjeoafajels hms plrsjems usme hms blrrmgaletms, aolms, fjeflptjs y gltjojhjcçms mprleoaoms le tmhhlrls y fmpmfatmfajels pmrm ijrtmhlflr m su jrcmeazmfaöe: _alele qul vlr fje hm fuhturm jrcmeazmfajemh, fje sufaletls rlfursjs y talgpj, fje `lrmrquçms aetlrems, glfmeasgjs y prjfloagaletjs aestatufajemhls lxastletls, letrl jtrms. ºQ quá pmsm fje hm rjtmfaöe ol plrsjemh: Mh rlfjejflr qul bmy uem mhtm rjtmfaöe ol plrsjemh letrl hms jrcmeazmfajels, hjs rlfursjs aevlrtaojs le hm prjilsajemhazmfaöe ol falrtms plrsjems ej sl trmoufle le ijrtmhlfagaletj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. ^jr lstms rmzjels, sl oldl ol plesmr le lh ijrtmhlfagaletj le vmrams lsfmhms0 hm aeoavaoumh, hm jrcmeazmfajemh y hm ol saelrcam, fumeoj lxastle vmrams jrcmeazmfajels j rlols. Va olslme lxphjrmr fje gís oltmhhl lstl tlgm, hls suclragjs fjesuhtmr hm pícaem wld ol Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols, le hm slffaöe ol aefaolefam y pudhafmfajels Cuçm pmrm lh usj ol tlfejhjcçm pmrm hm aefaolefam0 www.mhtlremtavmsjfamhls.jrc. 4?
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
9.?. Hms oastaetms lsfmhms pmrm lh ijrtmhlfagaletj ol hms fmpmfaomols ol aefaolefam Lh ijrtmhlfagaletj pmrm hm aefaolefam sl om le oastaetms lsfmhms, ol gmelrm qul hjs rlfursjs sl fjevalrtme le fmpmfaomols aestatufajemhls, sl fjeslrvle y sl fjesjhaole, mðe fje hjs fmgdajs ol plrsjemh. Hms oastaetms lsfmhms ojeol sl trmdm`m sje0
Aeoavaoumh j plrsjemh0 sl rllrl mh haolrmzcj, fjgpjrtmgaletjs, vmhjrls, mftatuols y bmdahaomols pjhçtafms y ol fjgueafmfaöe ol hms plrsjems aevjhufrmoms le hm aefaolefam. Lstjs hjs hlcatagme y hls ome mutjraomo y haolrmzcj gjrmh, mh gasgj talgpj qul ijrtmhlfle hm jrcmeazmfaöe y su fmusm. Jrcmeazmfajemh0 hms bmdahaomols ol hjs aeoavaoujs myuome m hm jrcmeazmfaöe, plrj oldl
bmdlr falrtms oaeígafms y fjeoafajels pmrm gl`jrmr lh olslgplýj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Hms bmdahaomols oldle ol aeslrtmrsl oletrj ol uem lstrufturm, ojeol hm jrcmeazmfaöe fjestruym fmpmfaomols aestatufajemhls, fjgj sl glefajem le hm Iacurm 62. Ástms pjr l`lgphj talele qul vlr fje hm mogaeastrmfaöe, hm fuhturm jrcmeazmtavm, hjs prjfloagaletjs, hm fjblrlefam y hm rlputmfaöe, letrl jtrms. Vaelrcam0 sje hms bmdahaomols y rlhmfajels qul sl rlqualrle pmrm qul vmrams plrsjems u jrcmeazmfajels pulome trmdm`mr ol gmelrm fjjroaemom, oastraduyáeojsl fhmrmgletl hms rlspjesmdahaomols fjgj ue lquapj, fjgphlgletíeojsl fje rlspltj y tjhlrmefam, frlmeoj mhamezms y gmel`meoj hjs fjefflaftjs ol hms prjpams oaeígafms ol pjolr. Vl om, pjr l`lgphj, fumeoj hm jrcmeazmfaöe pmrtafapm le rlols, fjesl`js, fjgatás, fjeilolrmfajels, mhamezms y fmgpmýms, ltf.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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L`lrfafaj =6. Hlffajels mprleoaoms ol lxplralefams prlvams ol aefaolefam Va ustlols j hm jrcmeazmfaöe bm tleaoj mhcuem lxplralefam prlvam ol aefaolefam, oasfutme y fjgphltle lstl l`lrfafaj metls olh pmsmr mh L`lrfafaj =?. Va ej bme tleaoj lstm lxplralefam, pmsle oarlftmgletl mh L`lrfafaj =?. =. ºFuíh lrm lh fmgdaj j hm prjpulstm jracaemh qul sl dusfmdm le lsm lxplralefam ol
aefaolefam:
4. º]uá prjdhlgm pðdhafj dusfmdm rlsjhvlr:
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6. º]uá hjcrjs tuvj lsl prjflsj ol aefaolefam (fmgdaj ol vasajels y mftatuols; eulvjs prjcrmgms, hlcashmfaöe j rlijrgms, pjr l`lgphj):
?. ºFuíhls prjdhlgms/jdstífuhjs sl leirletmrje y fögj sl suplrmrje:
<. ºFuíhls iulrje hjs gjgletjs olh prjflsj qul rlsuhtmrje frufamhls pmrm hjs hjcrjs j irmfmsjs ol gloamej y hmrcj phmzj:
9. ºFögj iul hm mrtafuhmfaöe gís agpjrtmetl fje jtrms jrcmeazmfajels, fauomomejs,
gloajs j iuefajemrajs: (sa iulrm elflsmraj, slpmrmr pmrm fmom mftjr hm rlspulstm)
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
3. º]uá hagatmfajels tuvj lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam:, ºquá ej sl mhfmezö y pjr quá:
2. º]uá sl budalrm blfbj fje gís rlfursjs/talgpj:
1. º]uá aeijrgmfaöe oldlrçm rlfjpahmrsl pmrm fjejflr hjs rlsuhtmojs l agpmftjs olh prjflsj ol aefaolefam y pmrm omr slcuagaletj mh trmdm`j rlmhazmoj:
=>. º]uá jtrjs prjflsjs j rlsuhtmojs ej lsplrmojs surcalrje ol lstl prjflsj ol aefaolefam qul sl oldlrçme vmhjrmr:
==. º]uá fjetmftjs j rlhmfajels lstrmtácafms surcalrje ol lstl prjflsj ol aefaolefam:
=4. º]uá hlffajels sl mprleoalrje ourmetl lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam j quá suclrlefams talele pmrm prjflsjs sagahmrls:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=63
L`lrfafaj =?. Oamceöstafj ol hjs rlfursjs y hms fmpmfaomols ol su jrcmeazmfaöe pmrm aefaoar le lh lspmfaj pðdhafj M fjetaeumfaöe hls prlsletmgjs mhcuems prlcuetms qul hls myuomríe m aoletafmr hjs rlfursjs y hms fmpmfaomols qul su jrcmeazmfaöe talel j elflsatm pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Le hm fjhugem ‘Tlfursj/Fmpmfaomo‗ aoletaqule sa hm prlcuetm fjrrlspjeol m ue rlfursj j m uem fmpmfaomo, slcðe lh tlxtj metlrajr. Le hm fjhugem ‘Mffaöe‗, lsplfaqule lh tapj ol mffaöe qul sl elflsatm pmrm ijrtmhlflr m hm jrcmeazmfaöe0 pjr l`lgphj, msastar m ue fursj ol fmpmfatmfaöe, tlelr rlueajels j fjgueafmfaöe, fjetrmtmr m ue fjesuhtjr, aoletafmr dadhajcrmiçm j gmtlramhls ðtahls, olear hms iuefajels y rlspjesmdahaomols, ltf. Le hm fjhugem ‘Lsfmhm‗, lsplfaqule lh eavlh ol hm mffaöe qul rlqualrle hhlvmr m fmdj, aeoafíeojhj fje uem aeafamh0 A (aeoavaoumh), J (jrcmeazmfajemh) y V (saelrcam).
=62
Iacurm 61. Gmtraz ol rlfursjs y fmpmfaomols TLF\TVJV Q FM^MFAOMOLV MF_\MHLV
VA
EJ
TLF\TVJ ⁏ FM^MFAOMO
ºMhcuejs ol eulstrjs fjhmdjrmojrls j Oarlftjr L`lfutavj talele hms bmdahaomols y lh plrh molfumoj pmrm fjjroaemr j mpjymr lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam: ºLstí fhmrj quá tmrlms y rlspjesmdahaomols hl fjrrlspjeole m fmom quale: (Fjesl`j Oarlftavj, Oarlffaöe L`lfutavm, plrsjemh) ºEulstrj Fjesl`j Oarlftavj fjejfl y mpjym lstm aefaolefam: ºLstmgjs fjesaolrmeoj trmdm`mr fje vjhuetmrajs y fjetmgjs fje ue glfmeasgj pmrm gmel`mr lstl rlfursj bugmej ol gmelrm lilftavm: º_lelgjs sufaletls rlfursjs emefalrjs pmrm hm aefaolefam:, ºrlqulragjs prjfurmr emefamgaletj moafajemh:, ºol quá iuletls dusfmrlgjs lstjs rlfursjs: mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
MFFAÖE
LVFMHM
TLF\TVJV Q FM^MFAOMOLV MF_\MHLV
VA
EJ
TLF\TVJ FM^MFAOMO
MFFAÖE
LVFMHM
º_lelgjs ue lsqulgm (fmhleomraj, frjejcrmgm) olh talgpj qul ejs vm m tjgmr fmom tmrlm: º_lelgjs sufaletl frloadahaomo y rlhmfajels pmrm lgprleolr lstm aefaolefam: ºFjetmgjs fje rlfursjs pmrm pjolr fjgueafmrejs letrl ejsjtrjs:, ºy pmrm fjgueafmr eulstrms prjpulstms mh lxtlrajr:, ºpjolgjs fjgueafmr y trmesgatar ol gmelrm lilftavm lstl fmgdaj, gjtavíeojhjs pmrm aevjhufrmrsl: º_lelgjs aoletafmoms hms rlhmfajels y hjs mhamojs qul elflsatmgjs pmrm aefaoar:, ºejs talele sufaletl fjemezm pmrm trmdm`mr `uetjs: ºFjejflgjs y gjeatjrlmgjs sufaletlgletl dale lh fjetlxtj, hjs mftjrls, hjs ralscjs y hms jpjrtueaomols ol eulstrm aefaolefam:, ºrlqulragjs mpjyj j eulvms bmdahaomols pmrm lstj: º^jolgjs slr ffllxadhls y momptmrejs iífahgletl m hjs fmgdajs:, ºeulstrjs rlfursjs bugmejs y emefalrjs pulole m`ustmrsl rípaomgletl m lstjs fmgdajs:
=61
º_lelgjs ue oamceöstafj/hçelm dmsl ol hm satumfaöe, pmrm lvmhumr pjstlrajrgletl eulstrj trmdm`j:, ºblgjs lstmdhlfaoj gltms ol fjrtj phmzj rlmhgletl mhfmezmdhls: ºBlgjs aevjhufrmoj m eulstrj Fjesl`j Oarlftavj le lh gjeatjrlj y lvmhumfaöe ol eulstrj trmdm`j ol aefaolefam: ºBlgjs olsmrrjhhmoj bmdahaomols y lspmfajs pmrm rlffllxajemr, oasfutar, sastlgmtazmr y mprleolr ol eulstrj qulbmflr le tjrej m eulstrj prjflsj ol aefaolefam: mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
TLF\TVJV Q FM^MFAOMOLV MF_\MHLV
VA
EJ
TLF\TVJ FM^MFAOMO
ºFjejflgjs y pjolgjs oamhjcmr/elcjfamr fje jtrjs mftjrls, fjgj iuefajemrajs, gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe, mfmoágafjs:, ºrlqulragjs mpjyj pmrm trmdm`mr fje lhhjs: º_lelgjs sufaletl fjejfagaletj olh tlgm y msuetjs táfeafjs pmrm sustletmr eulstrm prjpulstm ol aefaolefam:, ºy hjs prjflsjs ol hmjfamhls pjhçtafmy pðdhafm, hlyls, ojfugletjs jrcmeacrmgms ol hjs tjgmojrls ol olfasajels:, ºelflsatmgjs fjejfagaletj hlcmh pmrm agpuhsmr eulstrm prjpulstm: ºHm mogaeastrmfaöe ol eulstrjs rlfursjs bugmejs lstí le jrole y ls lilftavm:
=?>
ºEulstrm fmpmfaomo mogaeastrmtavm y emefalrm lstí le jrole y ls lilftavm:, ºfugphagjs fje eulstrms jdhacmfajels hlcmhls y sfmhls:, ºtlelgjs trmespmrlefam oletrj ol eulstrm jrcmeazmfaöe pmrm leirletmr hms fjeslfulefams ol eulstrms mftavaomols ol aefaolefam: º_lelgjs uem dulem clstaöe ol hm aeijrgmfaöe y lh fjejfagaletj pmrmºy fje fjgpmrtarhm letrl fjhmdjrmojrls:, eulstrjs mhamojs y muoalefams lxtlrems: ºFjetmgjs fje lh lquapj y tlfejhjcçm sufaletl pmrm mhfmezmr eulstrms gltms ol aefaolefam:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
MFFAÖE
LVFMHM
L`lrfafaj =<. Hm oleafaöe ol iuefajels y rlspjesmdahaomols ourmetl lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam Oasfutme fje lh lquapj rlspjesmdhl y fjgphltle lstm tmdhm fje hms iuefajels y rlspjesmdahaomols ol fmom uem ol hms plrsjems qul sl aevjhufrmríe j mpjymríe lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam. \em vlz qul lstá hastm, suclragjs qul hm fjgpmrtme fje su Fjesl`j Oarlftavj. Tlfulrole qul lstj ls pmrm lh prjflsj ol aefaolefam y pulol slrvar pmrm rlmsacemr/rlolear tmrlms y rlspjesmdahaomols qul hm plrsjem ejrgmhgletl olslgplým oletrj ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. ^ulole momptmr hjs ejgdrls j fmrcjs qul talele le su jrcmeazmfaöe, mquç pjelgjs mhcuejs l`lgphjs. Iacurm ?>. _mdhm ol iuefajels y rlspjesmdahaomols pmrm hm aefaolefam FMTCJ
I\EFAJELV Q TLV^JEVMDAHAOMOLV ^MTM HM AEFAOLEFAM
EJGDTL OL HM ^LTVJEM
^rlsaoletl olh Fjesl`j Oarlftavj Galgdrjs olh Fjesl`j Oarlftavj
=?=
Oarlftjr L`lfutavj Fjgasaöe l`lfutavm ol hm rlo ol jrcmeazmfajels Vlfrltmraj táfeafj ol rlols Fjjroaemojr ol pjhçtafm pðdhafm Fjjroaemojr ol fjgueafmfaöe Fjjroaemojr ol prjcrmgms Fjjroaemojr ol aevlstacmfaöe Yjflrj Vuplrvasjr ol vjhuetmramoj ^rjgjtjr Vjpjrtl táfeafj mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Hlfturms rlfjgleomoms0
Tmyejr, ^mrlo, ^ltlr Qjrk y Vbmj Fbll-Vae (4>>1)0Sbmt Gmkls me Liilftavl Movjfmfy Jrcmeazmtaje: M Irmglwjrk ijr Oltlrgaeaec Movjfmfy Fmpmfaty. Vme Irmefasfj-Hjs Meclhls, •
_FF Crjup-_bl Fmhaijream Leojwglet. Mvelr, Gmrfam (4>>4)0_bl hjddyaec meo movjfmfy bmeodjjk ijr ejeprjt jrcmeazmtajes. Vt. ^muh0 Ialhostjel Mhhamefl. Elhsje, ^muh y Ojrsly, Lhhle (4>>2)0 Elw Tacbts Movjfmfy. Fbmecaec Vtrmtlcals ji Olvlhjpglet meo Bugme Tacbts ECJs. Mfuým, Fmrhjs y Ymffbalra, Mramem (fjgp.) (4>>3)0Hm aefaolefam pjhçtafm ol hm sjfalomo favah. Dulejs Marls, Vachj RRA. Kmphme, Mhhme (=11?)0 ECJs, Favah Vjfalty meo Fmpmfaty-Duahoaec. _jwmros tbl Olvlhjpglet ji Vtrmtlcy. Vjutb Mirafm, Fjggueaty Olvlhjpglet Tlsjurfl Mssjfamtaje (FOTM). Hlwas, Omvao (4>>6)0 _bl Gmemclglet ji Eje-Cjvlregletmh Jrcmeazmtajes. Hjeorls, Tjuthlocl. Carmroj, Frastaem (4>>3)0Hm prjilsajemhazmfaöe ol hms JVFs le Gáxafj0 mftjrls y lstrmtlcams. Gáxafj, Lh Fjhlcaj Glxaqulesl. Ijwhlr, Mhme (=113)0 Vtrakaec m Dmhmefl. M Cuaol tj Lebmefaec tbl Liilftavlelss ji EjeCjvlregletmh Jrcmeasmtajes ae Aetlremtajemh Olvlhjpglet. Hjeorls, Lmrtbsfme. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
=?4
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^MVJ 3 MBJTM VÇ, ¡M ^HMELMT HM AEFAOLEFAM! ºFÖGJ BMFLGJV TLMHAOMO E\LV_TM AE_LEFAÖE OL AEFAOAT:
Jd`ltavj0 Mh emhazmr lstl fmpçtuhj, fjejflríe uem gltjojhjcçm slefahhm pmrm lhmdjrmr ue
phme ol aefaolefam, rlfuplrmeoj lhlgletjs ol tjojs hjs pmsjs qul fjetalel lstl gmeumh. Lstl pmsj hls slrvarí tmgdaáe fjgj ue rlpmsj ol hjs metlrajrls.
3.= Lhmdjrmeoj lh phme ol aefaolefam \em vlz qul bmyme rlvasmoj tjojs hjs pmsjs elflsmrajs pmrm aefaoar, ls gjgletj ol fje`uetmr tjoj y mphafmr sus fjejfagaletjs le ue phme ol aefaolefam. Tlfulrole, qul phmelmr pmrm aefaoar ls oailrletl ol phmelmr pmrm jplrmr prjylftjs. Olear lh phme fje lh fjeslesj y hm pmrtafapmfaöe ol tjom hm jrcmeazmfaöe ls guy agpjrtmetl, puls fmom plrsjem pulol mpjrtmr lhlgletjs agpjrtmetls olsol su lxplralefam y ijrgmfaöe j pulole aoletafmr rlsastlefams ej prlvastms. Lh phme pmrm aefaoar pulol rlmhazmrsl le lh gmrfj ol hm phmelmfaöe jplrmtavm j fjgj ue l`lrfafaj mpmrtl.
Tlfulrole qul ue dule phme oldl lstmr vavj, ls olfar, slr utahazmoj fjestmetlgletl fjgj rlilrlefam y, sjdrl tjoj, slr rlvasmoj y mftumhazmoj plraöoafmgletl. \e phme qul le mrms ol lstmr plrilftj euefm sl tlrgaem, qul sl cumrom le ue fm`öe ol ue lsfratjraj j qul ej sl molfðm ej ls uem rlilrlefam ðtah. Fjgj ym glefajemgjs, gufbms jpjrtueaomols y ralscjs sl fmhfuhme sjdrl hm gmrfbm. Vae lgdmrcj, ue phme ls fjgj ue gmpm olh fmgpj. Ej pjolgjs hadrmr uem dmtmhhm sae fjejflr hm cljcrmiçm y lh fhagm olh tlrratjraj, oöeol lstíe hjfmhazmojs eulstrjs mhamojs y movlrsmrajs, quá lstrmtlcams utahazmrlgjs y quá gjvagaletjs bmríe hjs olgís, ltf.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=?6
^jr lsj, hls suclragjs qul tjgle lh talgpj elflsmraj pmrm oloafmrhj m hm phmelmfaöe ol hm aefaolefam. Va tjomvçm ej tlrgaeme ol olear sa qualrle aefaoar y le quá, molgís ol bmflr hjs l`lrfafajs olh ^msj =, lhmdjrmr ue plqulýj phme ol aefaolefam hls pulol myuomr m mfhmrmr lh pmejrmgm pmrm tlrgaemr ol tjgmr hm olfasaöe. Tlfjgleomgjs slcuar hjs pmsjs m fjetaeumfaöe pmrm lhmdjrmr su phme ol aefaolefam ( Iacurm ?=). Ejtmríe qul pulol tlelr sagahatuo fje hjs pmsjs ol lstl gmeumh.
Iacurm ?=. Ihu`jrmgm pmrm lhmdjrmr ue phme ol aefaolefam =
9 =??
Oltlrgaele quá prjdhlgm qualrle fmgdamr y oliçemehj
Clelrle glesm`ls ol fjgueafmfaöe
3
4
<
2 Oleme sus mffajels
6 Oleme hm mrlem pðdhafm ol aefaolefam
Aoletaqule hm ltmpm ol hm ^^ le hm qul sl aefaoarí
? Gmplle m hjs mftjrls
Lhmdjrle su prjpulstm
^rlpírlesl mh aetlrajr ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe
¡M AEFAOAT!
=. Oltlrgaele lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj qul qualrle sjhufajemr y oliçemehj ^alesle le lh prjdhlgm y su oaglesaöe pðdhafm0 ºfuíhls sje sus fmusms, sus rmçfls y imftjrls qul hj jracaeme:, ºfuíhls sje sus sçetjgms, gmeailstmfajels j lxprlsajels:, ºquá msplftjs sje sjhufajemdhls y fuíhls oleatavmgletl lstíe iulrm ol eulstrj mhfmefl: Fjesaolrle m hjs milftmojs0 º]uaáels sje:, ºle quá írlm cljcrífm sl lefuletrme:, ºol quá gmelrm hjs rlplrfutl lstl prjdhlgm:, ºfögj hj plrfadle: Olfaome quá fmusms olh prjdhlgm hls pmrlfle prajratmrams y fuíhls ls pjsadhl rlsjhvlr. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
4. Oleme hm mrlem pðdhafm ol aefaolefam Lh prjdhlgm, fjgj vagjs le lh ^msj 4, fjgpltl m uem mutjraomo, m uem mrlem pðdhafm. ºM quá mutjraomols fjgpltl trmtmr lh prjdhlgm qul qualrle rlsjhvlr: Agmcaele fögj lsl prjdhlgm pulol slr sjhufajemoj gís iífahgletl. ºOlsol hm mrlem hlcashmtavm:, ºprjguhcmeoj, rlijrgmeoj j mdjhaleoj uem hly:, ºolsol lh L`lfutavj:, ºfrlmeoj j trmesijrgmeoj ue prjcrmgm, j uem aestatufaöe fjgj uem Vlfrltmrçm, ue Aestatutj:, ºj fmgdameoj uem ejrgmtavaomo qul lh L`lfutavj pulol gjoafmr, fjgj ue Tlchmgletj: ºJ ls elflsmraj qul ue `ulz hm Vuprlgm sl prjeuefale fjeºLe uemlhsletlefam, bmfaáeojhj lxacadhl:ºLe ºLegís quá eavlh ol jcjdalrej oldlFjrtl trmtmrsl lh prjdhlgm: Ilolrmh: ºLstmtmh: ºGueafapmh: ol uej: Olhagatle le quá írlm olh cjdalrej phmelme oaracar su trmdm`j.
6. Aoletaqule hm ltmpm ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm le hm qul aefaoaríe ^ulole rltjgmr lh L`lrfafaj 2 ojeol sl ploçm fjetlstmr oavlrsms prlcuetms sjdrl lh fafhj y hm ltmpm ol pjhçtafm pðdhafm le hm qul qualrle aefaoar. Le hm Ijrguhmfaöe0 hm aefaolefam le lstm ltmpm talel qul dusfmr fjhjfmr lh tlgm le hm mcleom pðdhafm j ol cjdalrej, olear lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj y mpjrtmr lhlgletjs pmrm lh oaslýj y hm phmelmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm0 ^mrm aefaoar le hm mcleom pðdhafm j ol cjdalrej, fjesuhtle hj qul sl oafl mftumhgletl
le hjs gloajs y hj qul oafle hms mutjraomols mflrfm olh prjdhlgm. _jgle le fuletm qul hjs tárgaejs olh oldmtl pðdhafj y oasfursj olh cjdalrej aeffluyle le hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm y le hms mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafm. ^mrm aefaoar le hm oleafaöe olh prjdhlgm, mhtlremtavms ol pjhçtafms j oaslýj ol pjhçtafm, lh puetj = ol lstl phme hls myuomrí. Aevlstacule sa mhcuem mutjraomo phmelm rlmhazmr mhcðe prjcrmgm j prjylftj rlhmfajemoj fje lh prjdhlgm qul qualrle rlsjhvlr j sa sl lstí oasfutaleoj mftumhgletl uem hly rlhmfajemom m ástl j su rlijrgm. º]uá lxphafmfajels sl ome ol hms fmusms olh prjdhlgm: º]uá pjsadhls sjhufajels sl phmetlme: ºLstíe ol mfulroj: Tlfjpahle aeijrgmfaöe mflrfm olh gmrfj hlcmh y hm vamdahaomo pjhçtafm ol hm prjpulstm mftumh. º]uá eulvm aeijrgmfaöe rlqualrle dusfmr j ijrguhmr pmrm aefaoar le lstm ltmpm: Le hm Agphlgletmfaöe0 hm aefaolefam talel qul dusfmr gl`jrmr hm jplrmfaöe ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm, ym slm gjoafmeoj rlchms ol jplrmfaöe ol ue prjcrmgm, rlijrgmr hm hly, j tmgdaáe dusfmr gjeatjrlmr y lvmhumr pmrm rloaracar lh rugdj ol uem pjhçtafm bmfam uem gl`jr pulstm le príftafm j olslgplýj. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=?<
Jdslrvle sa sl lefuletrm le jplrmfaöe mhcðe prjcrmgm j prjylftj rlhmfajemojs fje lh prjdhlgm qul dusfme rlsjhvlr, y quaáels pmrtafapme. Va sl mprjdö uem hly rlfaletlgletl ºm quá mutjraomols fjrrlspjeol mphafmrhm: º]uá lstíe bmfaleoj pmrm lhhj: º]uá ilfbms lxastle pmrm hjs mvmefls: ºLs uem mffaöe jpjrtuem: ºBmy mhcðe imftjrj ralscj qul ej sl lstá tjgmeoj le fuletm y rlqualrm aefjrpjrmrsl: ^rjgulvme su prjpulstm letrl qualels sje rlspjesmdhls ol hm agphlgletmfaöe ol hm pjhçtafm, j letrl qualels pulome aeffluar le lhhjs. Le hm Lvmhumfaöe0 hm aefaolefam talel qul vlr fje gjeatjrlmr hjs rlsuhtmojs ol uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm, bmflr fjetrmhjrçm ol prjcrmgms fje ijeojs pðdhafjs y dusfmr glfmeasgjs pmrm qul lh cjdalrej raeom fuletms y slm trmespmrletl le rlhmfaöe m hjs rlsuhtmojs ol uem pjhçtafm.
Aevlstacule quá mutjraomo j aestmefam lstírlvasmeoj mhcðe prjcrmgm j mffaöe ol cjdalrej rlhmfajemom fje lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj y quá dusfm fje lhhj. º]uá `uafajs lgatle le tjrej m hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm: º]uá msplftjs eulvjs sl rlqualrl lvmhumr: º^jolgjs jdtlelr aeijrgmfaöe mh rlsplftj: º^jolgjs mpjrtmr eulvjs `uafajs fje iueomgletj: ºQ eulvjs aeoafmojrls: º]uá tapj ol aeijrgmfaöe rlqulragjs rlfjhlftmr j prjflsmr pmrm aefaoar le lstm ltmpm:
?. Lhmdjrle su prjpulstm =?9
Tlffllxajele mflrfm olh jd`ltavj ol aefaolefam qul dusfme mhfmezmr, y vlme ol quá ijrgm sjhufajem lh prjdhlgm olsfratj le lh puetj = ol lstl phme. ^rlcðetlesl pjr quá lstm prjpulstm ls gl`jr qul hj qul lstí phmetlmeoj hm mutjraomo. Lstl pmsj ls guy agpjrtmetl pjrqul ol mquç smhorí lh jd`ltavj ol su aefaolefam.
<. Gmplle m hjs mftjrls Le lh ^msj < prjpjrfajemgjs aeijrgmfaöe mflrfm ol lstm pjolrjsm y slefahhm blrrmgaletm, ojeol sl dusfm aoletafmr m hjs mftjrls gís aeffluyletls y fuíhls sje sus dmsls ol pjolr. Tltjgle hm aeijrgmfaöe olh L`lrfafaj =4 y dusqule mprjvlfbmrhm mh gíxagj le hm lhmdjrmfaöe ol su phme, aefhuyleoj m tjojs hjs mftjrls qul lstíe oarlftm j aeoarlftmgletl aevjhufrmojs (mutjraomols, dlelfamrajs, slftjr pravmoj, gloajs ol fjgueafmfaöe y jrcmeazmfajels). Aoletaqule fuíh ls hm pjsafaöe ol lstjs mftjrls fje rlsplftj m su prjpulstm y jd`ltavj ol aefaolefam (elutrm, le fjetrm j m imvjr), msç fjgj oavlrsms mffajels pmrm plrsumoarhjs m imvjr j elutrmhazmr su jpjsafaöe.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
Mhcuems prlcuetms pmrm rlsjhvlr le lh gmplj ol mftjrls sje0 º]uaáels lstíe aevjhufrmojs le hm ltmpm le hm qul qulrlgjs aefaoar: ºLstmrçme m imvjr j le fjetrm ol eulstrm prjpulstm: ºFögj rlsuhtmrçme milftmojs: º]uá mffajels pjorçme lgprleolr: º]uá tapj ol aefflulefam talele: ºFuíhls sje sus rlfursjs: ºFögj pjolgjs fjetmr fje gís mhamojs: ºFögj pjolgjs fjetrmrrlstmr j elutrmhazmr m quaáels lstíe le fjetrm:
9. Clelrle glesm`ls pmrm fjgueafmr hm prjpulstm Le lh ^msj < mpjrtmgjs hjs lhlgletjs qul fjgpjele ue glesm`l pmrm hjcrmr hjs gl`jrls lilftjs le tárgaejs ol fjgueafmfaöe (prjdhlgm, sjhufaöe, prjpulstm y mffaöe). Hls suclragjs rlsmhtmr hjs fjgprjgasjs ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe y prlcuetmrsl fögj pulole rlsugar su prjpulstm le irmsls saetátafms y leuefamojs slefahhjs qul hhlcule m hms muoalefams slhlffajemoms. Ej söhj hjs glesm`ls sje agpjrtmetls, tmgdaáe hjs gloajs pmrm trmesgatar lstjs glesm`ls (rlpmsm hm hastm suclraom le lh ^msj <) y hjs glesm`lrjs. Tlfulrole qul lh rlsuhtmoj ol uem mffaöe ol aefaolefam pulol slr guhtaphafmoj fje uem dulem lstrmtlcam ol fjgueafmfaöe.
3. Oleme sus mffajels fje gltms y rlsuhtmojs Le praglr hucmr, lha`me hms lstrmtlcams y blrrmgaletms qul utahazmríe (rlcrlsle mh ^msj < pmrm lhlcar hms lstrmtlcams gís lilftavms pmrm su aefaolefam) y m pmrtar ol lhhms, oleme hms mffajels qul hhlvmríe m fmdj. Ls agpjrtmetl qul fjetlgphle pjelr pjr fmom mffaöe uem slral ol gltms y rlsuhtmojs mhfmezmdhls le ue phmzj oltlrgaemoj, puls lstj hls myuomrí m jrcmeazmrsl gl`jr y m lvmhumr sa hms lstrmtlcams y mffajels hls lstíe iuefajemeoj j fuíeoj ls gjgletj pmrm fmgdamrhms. Ls olfar, phmetlle mffajels, gltms y rlsuhtmojs pmrm0 Vlas m jfbj glsls (fjrtj phmzj). \e mýj m mýj y gloaj (gloamej phmzj). _rls m faefj mýjs (hmrcj phmzj).
2. ^rlpírlesl mh aetlrajr ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe Lvmhðle hjs rlfursjs y hms fmpmfaomols ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe, ol hms fumhls bmdhmgjs le lh ^msj 9. Tltjgle lh mutjoamceöstafj y hms mffajels ol ijrtmhlfagaletj qul phmelmrje le lh L`lrfafaj =? pmrm fjeslcuar su jd`ltavj ol aefaolefam. Aoletaqule hjs trls eavlhls0 aeoavaoumh, jrcmeazmfajemh y ol saelrcam le hjs fumhls rlqualrle prlpmrmrsl. Le lstm pmrtl mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=?3
olh phme, ls agpjrtmetl qul sl prlcuetle bjelstmgletl sa frlle tlelr hms fmpmfaomols pmrm aefaoar pjrqul ol lstj olpleolrí le crme pmrtl ue fjrrlftj rlsuhtmoj ol hm aefaolefam. Mhcuems prlcuetms qul oldlríe rlspjeolr sje0 ºLstmgjs hastjs pmrm vjhvlrejs pðdhafjs j pjhçtafjs: º_lelgjs hm fmsm le jrole: º_lelgjs fmpmfaomo pjhçtafmy haolrmzcj: º]uá mhamezms rlqulragjs: º]uá fjeslfulefams pjorçme clelrmrsl mh aetlrajr ol eulstrm jrcmeazmfaöe, le fumetj m su gasaöe, lstrufturm y emefamgaletj: ºFögj milftm lstj meulstrjs dlelfamrajs: º]uá ralscjs agphafm pmrm eulstrm jrcmeazmfaöe, pmrtafuhmrgletl le su aoletaomo y mutjejgçm: Fjesaolrle hjs ralscjs qul lxastle, y tmgdaáe hms jpjrtueaomols. Va ls elflsmraj, rlcrlsle mh ^msj = y m hm slcueom pmrtl olhL`lrfafaj = sjdrl tjgmr hm olfasaöe ol aefaoar.
1. ¡M aefaoar! Hm aefaolefam ls ue prjflsj oaeígafj, ej hm rltrmsle olgmsamoj, plrj tmgpjfj sl mprlsurle le tjgmr uem olfasaöe olhafmom fumeoj rlqualrm ol ue meíhasas gís oltleaoj.
3.4 Gjeatjrlmeoj y lvmhumeoj lh phme ol aefaolefam0 gaoaleoj lh áxatj =?2
_joj phme oldl ar mfjgpmýmoj ol uem mftavaomo ol gjeatjrlj pmrm gjvlrsl bmfam y cmrmetazmr hjs rlsuhtmojs
‘_metj hjs ojemetls fjgj hms jrcmeazmfajels
lsplrmojs. Gjeatjrlmr y lvmhumr talel qul vlr fje fumetafmr y gloar hj qul lstmgjs mhfmezmeoj. ^mrtafuhmrgletl le hm aefaolefam rlsuhtm oaiçfah gloar hjs fmgdajs clelrmojs, ym slm pjrqul ej salgprl olpleole oarlftmgletl ol ejsjtrjs j pjrqul clelrmhgletl hjs rlsuhtmojs y, sjdrl tjoj, lh agpmftj fjgalezme m ejtmrsl bmstm ue talgpj olspuás (hm gmyjrçm ol hms vlfls, vmrajs mýjs gís tmrol).
aevjhufrmoms lh trmdm`j ol aefaolefam,leelflsatme blrrmgaletms lilftavms pmrm smdlr sa sus lsiulrzjs lstíe prjvjfmeoj ue fmgdaj saceafmtavj‗ _bl Fmhaijream Leojwglet
Ls iueomgletmh gjstrmr mvmefls y hjcrjs, tmetj pmrm hjs oastaetjs aetlcrmetls ol hm fjmhafaöe j mhamezm, hjs sagpmtazmetls y moblrletls fjgj pmrm hjs prjpajs ojemetls y galgdrjs qul mpjrtmrje rlfursjs. Ls elflsmraj frlmr hm fjemezm ol qul sl clelrö mh glejs mhcðe fmgdaj saceafmtavj le hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm. Mquç ls elflsmraj rltjgmr hj glefajemoj le hm fmpmfaomo ol momptmfaöe y mprleoazm`l (^msj 9) y mhcuems fjesaolrmfajels pmrm tjgmr le fuletm le lh oaslýj l agphlgletmfaöe olh gjeatjrlj j lvmhumfaöe ol su phme ol aefaolefam. mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
^rajraomols pmrm lvmhumr hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms 4<0 Lstmdhlflr gltms y ue sastlgm ol prjcrlsj. Vl rlqualrl smdlr y phmelmr fögj su prjpulstm fjetraduarí m trmesijrgmr uem pjhçtafm pðdhafm le lh hmrcj phmzj, plrj tmgdaáe elflsatme smdlr fögj arí gjeatjrlmeoj hm jrcmeazmfaöe lh prjcrlsj bmfam mhfmezmr hm gltm lstmdhlfaom. Aeijrgmr fjestmetlgletl m hjs ojemetls y m qualels bme mpjymoj olh prjcrlsj ol hm aefaolefam. Va fjgj jrcmeazmfaöe lsplrmgjs smdlr quá sufloaö olspuás j m hj hmrcj ol
hm aefaolefam, tmgdaáe hjs ojemetls y qualels bme mpjymoj hm fmusm qualrle fjejflr quá pmsö. Molgís ol hjs rlpjrtls ijrgmhls, ls agpjrtmetl gmetlelr uem fjevlrsmfaöe bjelstm sjdrl hjs hjcrjs, hjs jdstífuhjs, hjs rltjs iuturjs y tmgdaáe, hjs mprleoazm`ls. Gl`jrmr hjs prjcrmgms y olsmrrjhhmr fjejfagaletj sjdrl lstrmtlcams lilftavms ol aefaolefam. Tlhmfajemoj mh puetj metlrajr, lstm prajraomo sl rllrl m hm agpjrtmefam ol ojfugletmr su prjflsj ol aefaolefam, lh fumh pulol tlelr mprleoazm`ls saceafmtavjs tmetj pmrm lh ojemetl, fjgj pmrm jtrms jrcmeazmfajels qul tmgdaáe olslme j lstíe aefaoaleoj. Hm aeijrgmfaöe sjdrl hj qul iuefajeö y hj qul ej ls ol sugm agpjrtmefam y vmhaolz pmrm lh slftjr. Tlfjgleomfajels pmrm uem lvmhumfaöe y ue gjeatjrlj lxatjsjs490
Oasfutme tlgprmem y mgphamgletl hms lxplftmtavms. Tlfjejzfme qul hm lvmhumfaöe oldl slr mfjrol fje hm emturmhlzm ol hm jrcmeazmfaöe. Ymhjrle lh prjflsj y hm fjestruffaöe ol fmpmfaomols, rlhmfajels y fjemezm. Bmcme m`ustls le hms lstrmtlcams pmrm sjrtlmr hms mglemzms lxtlrems. Tlfjejzfme qul lh gáratj ol hm aefaolefam ls fjhlftavj y fjgpmrtaoj. Bmcme usj ol hjs rlfursjs ol gjeatjrlj y phmelle fje metafapmfaöe. Olsmrrjhhle gltms ol hmrcj phmzj l aefrlgletmhls. \tahafle jtrms lxplralefams fjgj pmutm pmrm gloar rlsuhtmojs, prjcrlsj y fjestruffaöe ol fmpmfaomols. Fjesaolrle hm lxplralefam ol jtrjs le fumetj m hjs rlsuhtmojs ol aefaolefam mhfmezmojs, sjdrl tjoj hjs qul sl oaracle mh gasgj pðdhafj qul ustlols.
4< Hm iuletl ls Cutbral, Hjual, Omvao y Ijstlr (4>><) pmrm _bl Fmhaijream Leojwglet, uem Iueomfaöe pravmom frlmom le =119, qul mdjrom tlgms ol aefaolefam pðdhafm le smhuo, le lh lstmoj ol Fmhaijream, Lstmojs \eaojs. 49 Hm iuletl ls Mhhamefl ijr @ustafl.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=?1
L`lrfafaj =9. Lh írdjh ol hm aefaolefam, lh djsqul olh fmgdaj sjfamh Le eulstrjs tmhhlrls, ploagjs m hjs pmrtafapmetls qul fje tjom hm aeijrgmfaöe lhmdjrle ue írdjh, utahazmeoj hm gmyjr frlmtavaomo pjsadhl (pulol slr oadu`moj, fje tlhm rlfjrtmom, j fje pmrtls ol ue írdjh rlmh) oletrj olh fumh fjhjqule hjs sacualetls lhlgletjs le hms oailrletls pmrtls olh írdjh0
Fjpm = º]uá `ustafm su olfasaöe ol aefaoar: 4 ºFuíh ls lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj qul qualrle rlsjhvlr: 6 ºFuíh ls lh jd`ltavj ol aefaolefam: ? ºFuíh ls hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm qul trmtm lstl prjdhlgm: < ºLe quá ltmpm ol lstm pjhçtafm pðdhafm olslme aefaoar:
_rjefj =<>
9 ºOl fuíh(ls) mutjraomo(ls) olpleol lstm pjhçtafm: 3 ºFuíhls sje jtrjs mftjrls aevjhufrmojs: 2 º]uá lstrmtlcams y blrrmgaletms utahazmríe pmrm pmrtafapmr le lh prjflsj:
Tmçz 1 º]uá fmpmfaomols y rlfursjs talele pmrm aefaoar: => º]uá fmpmfaomols y rlfursjs rlqualrle pmrm uem aefaolefam lilftavm:
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
L`lgphj0
= º]uá `ustafmfaöe talel eulstrm olfasaöe ol aefaoar: 4 ºFuíh ls lh prjdhlgm pðdhafj: 6
? ºFuíh ls hm pjhçtafm pðdhafm: ºLe quá ltmpm < vmgjs m aefaoar:
ºFuíh ls lh jd`ltavj ol aefaolefam:
9 ºFuíh ls hm mutjraomo fjgpltletl:
3 º]uá jtrjs mftjrls lstíe aevjhufrmojs:
1 º]uá fmpmfaomols y rlfursjs tlelgjs:
2 º]uá lstrmtlcams y blrrmgaletms utahazmrlgjs: =<=
=> º]uá fmpmfaomols y rlfursjs elflsatmgjs:
Hlfturms rlfjgleomoms • Cutbral, Kleomhh, @ustae Hjual, _jg Omvao y Fmtblrael Frystmh Ijstlr (4>><)0 _bl Fbmhhlecl
ji Msslssaec ^jhafy meo Movjfmfy Mftavatals0 Vtrmtlcals ijr m ^rjsplftavl Lvmhumtaje Mpprjmfb. Vme Irmefasfj-Hjs Meclhls,Dhulpraet Tlslmrfb & Olsace-_bl Fmhaijream Leojwglet.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
L^ÇHJCJ \ej ol hjs praefapajs qul bm cuamoj olsol 4>>6 m Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols bm saoj hm msparmfaöe ol gl`jrmr hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms, ojeol tmetj hjs cjdalrejs fjgj hms JVFs talele gufbj qul mprleolr uejs ol jtrjs. Frllgjs rglgletl qul ls pjsadhl fjestruar uem olgjfrmfam sustmetavm y ue olsmrrjhhj pmrtafapmtavj, m pmrtar ol lstl oaíhjcj. Bmfl tme söhj mhcuems oáfmoms, le Gáxafj lrm fmsa agpjsadhl fruzmr olh ígdatj ol hm sjfalomo favah mh olh cjdalrej y vaflvlrsm; lxastçme gufbms dmrrlrms, y sjdrl tjoj, olsfjemezm letrl mgdjs slftjrls. Olsol Mhtlremtavms, vlgjs ue crme pjtlefamh le hm fjhmdjrmfaöe letrl lstjs ojs slftjrls y frllgjs qul hm aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms ls ue gloaj pmrm qul hms JVFs pulome fjetraduar ‟trmesijrgmeoj mh cjdalrej‟ m rlsjhvlr hjs prjdhlgms sjfamhls. =<4
Fje lh talgpj, blgjs fjestruaoj hm lxplralefam elflsmram pmrm mpjymr fje eulstrj fjejfagaletj mh slftjr. Le 4>>?, lh Aestatutj Emfajemh ol Olsmrrjhhj Vjfamh (AEOLVJH) ejs oaj uem crme jpjrtueaomo pmrm aefursajemr le lstl tlgm. Mhtlremtavms pmrtafapö fjgj ojfletl le lh Oaphjgmoj ol ^rjilsajemhazmfaöe ol Jrcmeazmfajels letrl 4>>? y 4>>9, fmpmfatmeoj m gís ol =,4>> plrsjems le 4= fauomols olh pmçs. ^mrm lstl lsiulrzj, ue crupj ol prjilsajeastms fje lxplralefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms, cjdalrej, jrcmeazmfajels fauomomems, aefaolefam y olsmrrjhhj oamhjcmgjs pmrm oaslýmr hjs praglrjs prjcrmgms y gmtlramhls ojfletls, qul iulrje hm slgahhm ol lstl gmeumh. Dlmtraz Fmgpahhj Fmrrltl, Göeafm _mpam Íhvmrlz, Vusmem Fruafksmek, Irmefasfj Gjrmhls, Fmrjhaem Tulscm, ^mtrafam Fmrrahhj Fjhhmro, Moramem Mdmroçm Gmrtçelz, Vahvaej Vmeojvmh, Caslhm Tjdhls, ^mjhm Cmrfçm Fbaýms y Cajvmeem Gjrmhls fjetraduylrje fje lstm fjestruffaöe fjhlftavm. Lstl lsiulrzj plrgataö olsmrrjhhmr y, sjdrl tjoj, mflrfmr fjeflptjs y blrrmgaletms tlörafms le ue hlecum`l iífah y mfflsadhl m jrcmeazmfajels qul pjr praglrm vlz lsfufbmdme sjdrl lh tlgm ol hm aefaolefam. Molgís ol hjs tmhhlrls, mslsjrmgjs y imfahatmgjs prjflsjs ol oaíhjcj letrl rlols ol jrcmeazmfajels qul bme dusfmoj aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Le 4>>9, trmdm`mgjs pjr praglrm vlz fje Vlrvafajs m hm @uvletuo M.F. (VLTM@) le lh gmrfj ol hm aeafamtavm ‘_jojs hjs mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
eaýjs y eaýms le hm lsfulhm‗, `uetj fje \EAFLI, hm Fjgasaöe ol Olrlfbjs Bugmejs-OI y lh Crupj ol Loufmfaöe ^jpuhmr fje Gu`lrls (CLG). M pmrtar ol 4>>3, mfjgpmýmgjs ue prjflsj ol aefaolefam le loufmfaöe fje hm Tlo Emfajemh pmrm hm Aefhusaöe y hm Fmhaomo le hm Loufmfaöe (AFML), le lh gmrfj olh Fjesl`j Fauomomej Mutöejgj pjr hm Loufmfaöe, ijrgmoj pjr vmrams rlols y jrcmeazmfajels fjgj Aefaolefam Favah pjr hm Loufmfaöe, Glxafmejs ^raglrj, y hm rlo ol loufmfaöe ol Flgl, letrl jtrms. Le mhcuems jfmsajels, Mhtlremtavms bm tleaoj lh pravahlcaj ol imfahatmr oaíhjcjs ol pjhçtafms pðdhafms letrl iuefajemrajs pðdhafjs y JVFs, fjgj lh oaíhjcj qul lh OAI emfajemh mdraö sjdrl lh ^rjcrmgm Ol hm Fmhhl hm Yaom, le 4>>3. Lstms lxplralefams ejs bme plrgataoj frlmr vçefuhjs, mrtafuhmfajels y letleoagaletjs letrl jrcmeazmfajels y iuefajemrajs, msç fjgj mprleolr gís sjdrl hms fmpmfaomols qul hms jrcmeazmfajels elflsatme fjestruar pmrm fjevlrtarsl le gl`jrls aetlrhjfutjrms ol pjhçtafms. Mh gasgj talgpj, eulstrm lxplralefam sjdrl hjs prjflsjs rlmhls sl bm ijrtmhlfaoj, crmfams m hm aevlstacmfaöe y sastlgmtazmfaöe ol lxplralefams ol aefaolefam. Letrl lstms lxplralefams sl lefuletrme ‘^jolr Hjfmh‗ ol Iueomr, ‘Gjeatjrlj Hlcashmtavj Vjejrlesl‗ ol Vjejrm Fauomomem, lh Fjhlftavj pjr hm _rmespmrlefam jraletmoj m prjgjvlr lh olrlfbj ol mfflsj m hm aeijrgmfaöe y hm rleoafaöe ol fuletms (ijrgmoj pjr Iueomr, Mhamezm Fçvafm, Fjesjrfaj ^mrhmgletmraj pjr lh Oaíhjcj y hm Lquaomo, Lquapj ^uldhj y hm Mfmolgam Glxafmem ol Olrlfbjs Bugmejs, letrl jtrms) y hm fjmhafaöe pmrm rloufar hm gjrtmhaomo gmtlrem (ijrgmoj pjr K‑aemh Metzltak, Fjesjrfaj, Iueomr, FAGMF, y CATL, letrl jtrms). M hm ilfbm, fjetaeumgjs agpmrtaleoj tmhhlrls, aevlstacmeoj y mfjgpmýmeoj prjflsjs ol aefaolefam, mprleoaleoj fmom oçm gís ol hj qul hms jrcmeazmfajels y hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms, ileöglejs sjfamhls fjgphl`js, talele pmrm leslýmrejs.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
=<6
I\LE_LV FJEV\H_MOMV • Mfuým, Fmrhjs y Mramem Ymffbalra (fjgp.) (4>>3)0 Hm aefaolefam pjhçtafm ol hm sjfalomo favah. Dulejs Marls, Vachj RRA. •Mcuahmr Yahhmeulvm, Huas I. (=119m)0Lh lstuoaj ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms. 4om lo. Gáxafj, Gaculh Íeclh ^jrrðm. Metjhjcçms ol ^jhçtafms ^ðdhafms, vjh. =.
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•ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ (=119d)0 ^rjdhlgms pðdhafjs y mcleom ol cjdalrej. 4om. lo. Gáxafj, Gaculh Íeclh ^jrrðm. Metjhjcçms ol ^jhçtafms ^ðdhafms, vjh. 6. •Mhgjeo, Cmdralh y Vyoely, Ylrdm (=13>)0Hm fuhturm fçvafm. Gmorao, Iueomfaöe IJLVM. •Mvelr, Gmrfam (4>>4)0 _bl Hjddyaec meo Movjfmfy Bmeodjjk ijr Ejeprjt Jrcmeazmtajes. Vbmpaec ^udhaf ^jhafy mt Vtmtl meo Hjfmh Hlvlh. Vmaet ^muh-Gaeelsjtm, Ialhostjel Mhhamefl. •Dmromfb, Luclel (4>>=)0 Hjs jfbj pmsjs pmrm lh meíhasas ol hms pjhçtafms pðdhafms. \e gmeumh pmrm hm príftafm. Gáxafj, FAOL-Gaculh Íeclh ^jrrðm. •Dlrclr y Hufkgme (=19>)0 Hm fjestruffaöe sjfamh ol hm rlmhaomo. Dulejs Marls, Mgjrrjrtu. •Djddaj, Ejrdlrtj y E. Gmttluffa (=12?)0 Oaffajemraj ol pjhçtafm. Gáxafj, Vachj RRA. •Drlsslr ^lrlarm, Huaz Fmrhjs y Euram Fueahh Crmu (=112)0 Hj pðdhafj ej lstmtmh le hm rlijrgm olh Lstmoj, Dulejs Marls, Fletrj Hmtaejmglrafmej ol Mogaeastrmfaöe pmrm lh Olsmrrjhhj (FHMO)-^maoös. • Duleoçm, Mhl`meorj (=112)0 ‘Lstuoaj aetrjouftjraj‗ ol @liirly ^rlssgme y Mmrje Sahomvsky (=112)0 Agphlgletmfaöe. Fögj crmeols lxplftmtavms fjefldaoms le Smsbaectje sl irustrme le Jmkhmeo. Gáxafj, Ijeoj ol Fuhturm Lfjeögafm. • Fmdrlrj, Leraqul y Cmdralhm Emvm (fjjros.) (=111)0Clrlefam pðdhafm gueafapmh. Fjeflptjs dísafjs y lstuoajs ol fmsj. Gáxafj, FAOL-Gaculh Íeclh ^jrrðm. • Fmrrahhj, ^mtrafam, Göeafm _mpam y ^mjhm Cmrfçm (4>><)0Lh ijrtmhlfagaletj aestatufajemh ol JVFs le Gáxafj. Oldmtls, jilrtm y olgmeom. Gáxafj, Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols. • FAG_TM (4>><), _rmespmrlefam y rleoafaöe ol fuletms le hm rlcaöe Vur, Mhtjs y Fletrj olh lstmoj ol @mhasfj. Cumomhm`mrm, FAG_TM. • Fjgasaöe Emfajemh ol Olrlfbjs Bugmejs (gmyj olh 4>>1)0 www.feob.jrc.gx • Fjejhhy, ^muh y ^ltlr Qjrk (4>>6)0Duahoaec tbl Fmpmfaty ji Fmpmfaty Duaholrs. Me Lxlfutavl
Vuggmry ji m Vtuoy ji Gmemclglet Vuppjrt meo Ialho Duahoaec Jrcmeazmtajes ae tbl Ejeprjt Vlftjr. Eulvm Qjrk, _FF Crjup.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
• Oívahm Vtlime, Omvao y Hahm Fmdmhhlrj Vjsm (4>><)0 Lh sastlgm ol fjgasajels, lh fmdaholj
hlcashmtavj y hm pmrtafapmfaöe fauomomem le lh Fjecrlsj glxafmej. Gáxafj, I\EOMT. •Ol Vwmme, Mdrmbmg (=122)0 Ae fmrl ji tbl Vtmtl. Blmhtb Fmrl, Loufmtaje meo Slhimrl ae Lurjpl meo tbl \VM ae tbl Gjolre Lrm. Fmgdraocl, ^jhaty. •Orâzl, @lme y Mgmrtym Vle (=11<)0 Aeoam. Lfjejgaf Olvlhjpglet meo Vjfamh Jppjrtueaty.
Eulvm Olbha, Jxijro \eavlrsaty ^rlss. •Carmroj, Frastaem (4>>3)0Hm prjilsajemhazmfaöe ol hms JVFs le Gáxafj0 mftjrls y lstrmtlcams. _jhufm, Lh Fjhlcaj Glxaqulesl. •Cjroje, Crmbmg (4>>4)0Gmeumh ol olilesjrçm. Dmsls pmrm letleolr hm olilesjrçm. Hjeorls, _lmriueo. •Cutbral, Kleomhh, @ustae Hjual, _jg Omvao y Fmtblrael Frystmh Ijstlr (4>><)0 _bl Fbmhhlecl ji Msslssaec ^jhafy meo Movjfmfy Mftavatals0 Vtrmtlcals ijr m ^rjsplftavl Lvmhumtaje Mpprjmfb. Vme Irmefasfj-Hjs Meclhls, Dhulpraet Tlslmrfb & Olsace-_bl Fmhaijream Leojwglet. •Ijwhlr, Mhme (=113)0 Vtrakaec m Dmhmefl. M Cuaol tj Lebmefaec tbl Liilftavlelss ji EjeCjvlregletmh Jrcmeasmtajes ae Aetlremtajemh Olvlhjpglet. Hjeorls, Lmrtbsfme. •Blvam, Ilhapl (4>>3)0 Lh prjcrmgm Jpjrtueaomols y hm fjestruffaöe fauomomem. L`lrfafaj y prjtlffaöe ol olrlfbjs le ue prjcrmgm ol trmesilrlefams fjeoafajemoms le Gáxafj. _lsas pmrm jptmr mh tçtuhj ol Ojftjr le Metrjpjhjcçm Vjfamh. Gáxafj, FALVMV •AEIJGLR olh AIMA (gmyj olh 4>>1)0 www.aeijglx.jrc.gx/cjdalrejilolrmh. •Kmphme, Mhhme (=11?)0 ECJs, Favah Vjfalty meo Fmpmfaty-Duahoaec. _jwmros tbl Olvlhjpglet ji
Vtrmtlcy. @jbmeelsdurcj, Fjggueaty Olvlhjpglet Tlsjurfl Mssjfamtaje (FOTM). •Kusb, Fbrastjpblr (4>>?)0_bl Jel Bjur Mftavast. _bl =< Gjst ^jwlriuh Mftajes Qju Fme _mkl tj Iacbt ijr tbl Assuls meo Fmeoaomtls Qju Fmrl Mdjut. Vme Irmefasfj, @jssly-Dmss. •Hmytje, Gafbmlh O., Dlmtraz Fmgpahhj Fmrrltl, Arlra Mhdmeloj _lrrmzms y Mem Gmrçm Víefblz Tjorçculz (4>=>)0 ‘Tloufaec Gmtlremh Gjrtmhaty ae Glxafj‗ le @jbe Cmvletm, Cmry Bmwls y Tjslgmry GfCll (los.)0 Fatazlesbap meo Emtajemh ^jhafy. Bjw fatazle lecmclglet fme prjgjtl pjhafy rlijrg. Hjeorls, Plo. •Hlwas, Omvao (4>>6)0 _bl Gmemclglet ji Eje-Cjvlregletmh Jrcmeazmtajes. Hjeorls, Tjuthlocl. •Hlroj ol _l`mom, Vldmstaíe y Huas Metjeaj Cjoaem Blrrlrm (4>>?)0 Lh Hjddyaec le Gáxafj. Gáxafj, ^jrrðm. •Gf Kaehly, Meorás (4>>4)0Fjestruyleoj uem lstrmtlcam ol gloajs pmrm hm aefaolefam pjhçtafm. Vme Vmhvmojr, Smsbaectje Jifl je Hmtae Mglrafm (SJHM).
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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•Guecmrmy Hmcmrom, Mhl`meorj y Cajvmeem Ymhleta Eacraea (fjjros.) (=113)0 ^jhçtafms pðdhafms
y loufmfaöe suplrajr. Gáxafj, ME\ALV. •Elhsje, ^muh @. y Lhhle Ojrsly (4>>2)0 Elw Tacbts Movjfmfy. Fbmecaec Vtrmtlcals ji
Olvlhjpglet meo Bugme Tacbts ECJs. Smsbaectje, Cljrcltjwe \eavlrsaty ^rlss. •Jhvlrm, Mhdlrtj @. (fjjro.) (4>>6)0Vjfalomo favah, lsilrm pðdhafm y olgjfrmtazmfaöe le Mgárafm Hmtaem0 Gáxafj. Gáxafj, \eavlrsaomo Ylrmfruzmem-Ijeoj ol Fuhturm Lfjeögafm. • Jximg (=11?)0 Cuaol tj Movjfmfy ^hmeeaec. Jximg \K/Arl Fmgpmace @uel =11< ‖ 4>>>.
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Jxijro, Gmeusfratj. • ^rlssgme, @liirly y Mmrje Sahomvsky (=112)0 Agphlgletmfaöe. Fögj crmeols lxplftmtavms fjefldaoms le Smsbaectje sl irustrme le Jmkhmeo. Gáxafj, Ijeoj ol Fuhturm Lfjeögafm. •^mrsjes, Smyel (4>>3)0 ^jhçtafms pðdhafms, uem aetrjouffaöe m hm tljrçm y príftafm olh meíhasas. Gáxafj, IHMFVJ. •^utemg, Tjdlrt (=116)0 Gmkaec Olgjfrmfy Sjrk0 Favaf _rmoatajes ae Gjolre Atmhy. ^raefltje, \eavlrsaty ji ^raefltje ^rlss. •Tmyejr, ^mrlo, ^ltlr Qjrk y Vbmj Fbll-Vae (4>>1)0Sbmt Gmkls me Liilftavl Movjfmfy Jrcmeazmtaje: M Irmglwjrk ijr Oltlrgaeaec Movjfmfy Fmpmfaty. Vme Irmefasfj-Hjs Meclhls, _FF Crjup- _bl Fmhaijream Leojwglet. •_mpam, Göeafm y Cajvmeem Gjrmhls (4>>1)0Gjeatjrlj Hlcashmtavj Vjejrlesl0 _rmespmrlefam y rleoafaöe ol fuletms le ue Fjecrlsj lstmtmh le Gáxafj. Gáxafj, Mhtlremtavms y FmpmfaomolsVjejrm Fauomomem. •_mpam, Göeafm, Irmefasfj @. Gjrmhls-Fmgmrlem y Dlmtraz Fmgpahhj (4>>3)0 ‘Tlfjejfaleoj hm oaglesaöe pðdhafm ol hms lgprlsms le Gáxafj0 oasfursj y príftafms ol rlspjesmdahaomo sjfamh‗. Gáxafj, Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols. •_jrj, @jsá Dlremroj y Gmrtbm F. Tjorçculz, (4>>=)0Hm fjgueafmfaöe y hm gjvahazmfaöe sjfamh le hm fjestruffaöe ol dalels pðdhafjs. Djcjtí, Dmefj Aetlrmglrafmej ol Olsmrrjhhj. •Vle, Mgmrtym y @lme Orâzl (=121), Bueclr meo pudhaf mftaje. Jxijro, Fhmrleoje. • Ymhleta Eacraea, Cajvmeem y Chjram Olh Fmstahhj (=113)0 ‘Aetlrás pðdhafj y loufmfaöe suplrajr‗ le Mhl`meorj Guecmrmy Hmcmrom y Cajvmeem Ymhleta Eacraea0 ^jhçtafms pðdhafms y loufmfaöe suplrajr. Gáxafj, ME\ALV. •Suyts, Gmrf, Gmurlle Gmfkaetjsb y _jg Blwatt (=114)0Olvlhjpglet ^jhafy meo ^udhaf Mftaje. Hjeorls, Jxijro \eavlrsaty ^rlss-_bl Jple \eavlrsaty.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
MCTMOLFAGALE_JV Ejs sletagjs pmrtafuhmrgletl mcrmolfaojs pjr hm jpjrtueaomo qul hm Iueomfaöe _aeklr y Jximg-Crme Drltmým ejs draeomrje pmrm pjolr fjgpmrtar lstjs fjeflptjs, gmtlramhls y lxplralefams fje gís plrsjems y jrcmeazmfajels. Fje su mpjrtmfaöe, agpuhsmrje eulstrj trmdm`j pmrm fjetraduar m ue lsflemraj gís olgjfrítafj, m trmvás olh ijrtmhlfagaletj ol hms fmpmfaomols ol hms JVFs glxafmems pmrm aefaoar le pjhçtafms pðdhafms. Mcrmolflgjs y rlfjejflgjs tmgdaáe lh vmhajsj lsiulrzj ol hjs fjhmdjrmojrls ol Mhtlremtavms y Fmpmfaomols, qul letrl 4>>? y 4>>9 oalrje vaom mh Göouhj ol Aefaolefam le ^jhçtafms ^ðdhafms olh Oaphjgmoj ol ^rjilsajemhazmfaöe ol hms Jrcmeazmfajels ol hm Vjfalomo Favah (JVF), msç fjgj m hms jrcmeazmfajels qul leraqulfalrje lstm lxplralefam ojfletl. Mprlfamgjs hjs fjgletmrajs y rltrjmhagletmfaöe ol hms JVFs qul ourmetl vmrajs mýjs fjetraduylrje m gl`jrmr eulstrjs gmtlramhls. ^jr su mpjyj, gufbms crmfams m tjoms hms jrcmeazmfajels y mftavastms qul fjgpmrtalrje fje ejsjtrjs su aeijrgmfaöe y lxplralefam pmrm pjelrhm mh slrvafaj ol jtrms jrcmeazmfajels y msç ijgletmr su mprleoazm`l0 Mfflol-FAG_TM-@mhasfj, Mhamezm Fçvafm, Fjggje Fmusl Aetlremtajemh, Fjesjrfaj pmrm lh Oaíhjcj ^mrhmgletmraj y hm Lquaomo, Iueomr Fletrj ol Meíhasas l Aevlstacmfaöe, Jximg y Vjejrm Fauomomem, msç fjgj m Gmatl Mzulhm, Mhafam Mtbaá y Hmurle Fjhlttm, ol fuyms aolms y trmdm`j ejs blgjs eutraoj gufbj. \e rlfjejfagaletj lsplfamh glrlfle Mem Lucleam Höplz, ^mtrafam Fmrrahhj, Gm. Asmdlh Ylrouzfj, @uham Tjglrj, Ilhapl Blvam, Mhafam Mtbaá, Tmðh Oçmz, Tjojhij Irmefj y Gaculh Blreíeolz pjr sus fjgletmrajs y mpjrtmfajels le hm rlvasaöe ol lstl gmeumh.
mhtlremtavms y fmpmfaomols m.f.gmeumh ol aefaolefam le pjhçtafms pðdhafms
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Gmeumh ol Aefaolefam le ^jhçtafms ^ðdhafms, sl tlrgaeö ol agpragar le gmrzj ol 4>=>, le hjs tmhhlrls ol @jrcl Fuáhhmr Glháeolz, udafmojs le Mvleaom Ilremeoj Ej. 441, fjh. Íhmgjs, le hm Fauomo ol Gáxafj. Vl agpragalrje =,>>> l`lgphmrls.
Fjgletmrajs y suclrlefams0
Mhtlremtavms Fmpmfaomols, M.F., Mv. Huas Fmdrlrm =62-=, Vme @lröeagj Mfuhfj, Gáxafj, O.I., y=>?>> fjetmftjNmhtlremtavmsjfamhls.jrc
