UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL “Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo”
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE AGRONOMIA
MANUAL DEL CULTIVO DEL PALTO
I ng. S. NEPTAL I DI AZ LEÓN. LEÓN. H uar azaz- 2016 2016
1
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INDICE CAPITULO I. INTRODUCCION. 1.1. Origen del palto. 1.2. Cultivo del palto en el Perú. 1.3. Valor nutricional de la palta. 1.4. Composición nutricional de la palta (100 g. de pulpa) CAPITULO II. CARACTERISTICAS BOTANICAS. 2.1. Taxonomía. 2.2. Morfología 2.3.Razas ecológicas. 2.4. Comportamiento sexual de las flores. 2.5.Principales variedades comerciales. 2.6. Principales portainjertos. CAPITULO III. FACTORES DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE. 3.1.Clima. 3.2. Radiación solar 3.3. Suelo. CAPITULO IV. PROPAGACIÓN. 4.1. Plantas madre proveedoras de semillas. 4.2. Preparación de portainjertos. 4.3. Viveros. 4.4. Importancia de un vivero 4.5.Tratamiento pre-germinativo de las semillas. 4.6. Desinfección de semillas. 4.7. Semilleros o camas de pre-germinación. 4.8. Desinfección de sustrato germinativo. 4.9. Composición del sustrato para bolsas de polietileno. 4.10. Fertilización de sustrato 4.11.Embolsado de sustrato 4.12. Siembra (trasplante) de las semillas pre-germinadas. 4.13. Colocación de bolsas en camas de repique. 4.14. Tinglado. 5. Selección de plantas madres productoras de púas (yemas) 6. Injertación. 7. Patrón o portainjerto 8. Preparación de puas 9. Consideraciones a tener en cuenta para tener éxito prendimiento injerto.
Pág. 5 5 5 6 8 9 9 9 11 14 15 20 23 25 25 25 28 28 28 29 30 30 31 32 32 34 35 35 36 37 38 38 39 39 39 40
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47 14. Diseño de la plantación. 15. Preparación de terreno. 16. Densidad de la plantación. 17. Apertura de hoyos. 18. Plantación en campo definitivo. 19. Cuidados de la plantación. 20. Uso de camellones (bordo alto). CAPITULO VI. CONTROL DE MALEZAS. 21. Concepto de malezas 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
Daños que ocasionan las malezas en forma directa e indirecta Métodos de control de malezas Métodos de control cultural. Métodos de control químico. Clasificación de los herbicidas por su modo de acción. Herbicidas de contacto
28. Herbicida sistémico o de translocación. CAPITULO VII. PODA DEL PALTO. 29. Tipos de poda 30. Poda de formación……………………………………………………………. 31. Poda de fructificación………………………………………………………… 32. Consecuencias de una mala poda 33. Poda mecánica 34. Poda de renovación…………………………………………………………... 35. Desinfección de herramientas CAPITULO VIII. RIEGOS EN PALTOS.……………………………. 36. Fases criticas del riego en paltos 37. Cantidad de agua y número de riegos 38. Tensiómetro 39. Agua de buena calidad…………………………………………………………. 40. Sistemas de riego……………………………………………………………... 41. Riego por gravedad 42. Variantes del sistema de riego por gravedad en terrenos planos 43. Disposición del surco de riego en plantas adultas 44. Disposición del surco de riego en terrenos con cierta pendiente 45. Desventaja del riego por gravedad 46. Riego por goteo 47. Ventajas del riego por goteo 48. Desventajas del riego goteo
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53. Reservorio 54. Cabezal de riego por goteo 55. Red de distribución 56. Goteros 57. Fertirrigación 58. Fertilizantes utilizados en fertirrigación 59. Solubilidad de los fertilizantes 60. Compatibilidad química de la mezcla de fertilizantes 61. Efecto de la salinidad sobre el rendimiento de las plantas 62. Tanque de fertilización con inyección en sistema vénturi CAPITULO IX. FERTILIZACION Y ABONAMIENTO ORGANICO. 63. FERTILIZACION. 64. Principales funciones de algunos elementos nutritivos 65. Rol del nitrógeno 66. Rol del fósforo 67. Rol del potasio 68. Rol del calcio 69. Rol del magnesio 70. Rol del boro 71. Rol del zinc 72. Rol del fierro 73. ABONO ORGANICO. 74. Consecuencia de la agricultura química. 75. Ventajas de la agricultura orgánica 76. Principales abonos orgánicos 77. Compost…………………………………………………………………… 78. Humus de lombriz………………………………………………………… 79. Biol………………………………………………………………………... CAPITULO X. PLAGAS, ENFERMEDADES Y SU CONTROL……………. PLAGAS Y SU CONTROL…………………………………………………... CONTROL…………………………………………………... 80. Trips………………………………………………… Trips……………………………………………………………………….. ……………………..
81. Queresa blanda………………………………………………………………... 82. Arañita roja…………………………………………………………………… ENFERMEDADES Y SU CONTROL………………………………………... 83. Phytophtora cinnamomi…………………………………………………... cinnamomi…………………………………………………...
84. 85. 86. 87.
Manchas de algas en plantación de paltos. Dothiorela gregaria Sacc Muerte regresiva ( Lasidoplodia Lasidoplodia theobromae) Marchitez del palto (Verticilum dahliae)
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CAPITULO XI. COSECHA DE LA PALTA 92. Índice de cosecha 93. Factores de pre- cosecha que afecta la calidad de post cosecha 94. Manejo de la palta en post cosecha……………………………………… CAPITULO XII. BIBLIOGRAFIA CITADA.………………………………………
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CAPITULO I INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1.
ORIGEN DEL PALTO El palto es originario de Centro América y se extendió hasta colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador y Perú. A partir de hallazgos arqueológicos en Tehuacán (Puebla) en México, con una antigüedad de 12,000 años, se ha determinado concretamente que es originario de México. En Trujillo (Perú), según recientes investigaciones, el palto se conoce desde unos 4, 000 años. El área de este cultivo resulta bastante extendida, estando comprendida entre los 32º de latitud norte y los 36º de latitud sur del Ecuador. A nivel mundial comienza la explotación intensiva del aguacate, con perspectivas comerciales, hace 70 años, principalmente en California y Florida, extendiéndose posteriormente a Israel, Chile, Sudáfrica, etc. Es decir regiones tropicales y subtropicales ecológicamente típicas de este cultivo. En el Perú el cultivo de palto se viene desarrollando principalmente en los departamentos de Junín, Lima, San Martín, Huánuco y Cusco.
1.2.
CULTIVO DEL PALTO EN EL PERU.
La palta se introdujo al Perú en el Imperio de los incas. El inca inca Túpac Yupanqui llevó la palta al valle del rio Urubamba (Cusco), el año 1450, luego de conquistar la
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Antes del año 1960 la variedad que predominaba en el Perú era la criolla. A partir de este año el palto criollo fue desplazado por algunas variedades mejoradas, entre las que sobre sale la Fuerte, Hass y Nabal. El Perú tiene excelentes condiciones ecológicas para su desarrollo. En plantaciones ubicadas en diversos lugares del país, se puede obtener cosechas de una misma variedad en diferentes épocas. Estamos en condiciones de exportar durante 6 meses al año, sin embargo, tenemos una baja productividad.; por lo tanto, tanto, es necesario tener plantones de calidad y tecnología. El consumo de per cápita de palta en el Perú asciende a 5 Kg, cifra que representa el doble de lo que se consume en Estados Unidos de Norte América, mientras que en México, que es el gran consumidor , su promedio es de 8 kg. de palta por persona al año. Así lo indicó el el gerente del proyecto Intipukio, Cillónis, A. (2014), quien manifiesta que en el Perú se consume mucha palta a pesar de los problemas económicos de la población. Por otro lado, el mismo autor autor se pronunció acerca del rápido crecimiento en producción y exportación de palta por parte del Perú, por lo que señaló que se debe tener mucha cautela para no saturar los mercados de destino. Las exportaciones de palta han pasado de 50,000 toneladas en 2011 a 180,000 en 2014.
1.3.
VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE LA PALTA.
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dado que actúa directamente sobre el colesterol LDL, conocido también como el «colesterol malo». La palta es rica en magnesio, lo que contribuye al metabolismo de los lípidos, prótidos y calcio. Así mismo, tiene un alto contenido de ácido ascórbico, cobre, hierro, fósforo, magnesio, potasio, (contiene 60 veces más potasio que el plátano), todos ellos elementos vitales para el crecimiento, mantenimiento de la salud y la obtención del vigor físico necesario. Investigaciones realizadas por la Universidad de California, en Los Ángeles, señalaron que este fruto contiene contiene
micronutrientes que ayudan a combatir
enfermedades cardíacas y algunos tipos de cáncer Rica en glutatión, un antioxidante que contribuye a prevenir ciertos tipos de cáncer y alteraciones cardíacas, así como la neutralización de radicales libres que causan daños cerebrales
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Composición nutricional de la palta (100 g de pulpa) Cuadro 1.
NUTRIENTES
UNIDAD
VALOR
MACRONUTRIENTES Energía.
kcal
142.00
Agua
gramos
79.20
Proteínas
gramos
1.70
Grasa
gramos
12.50
Cenizas
gramos
1.00
Carbohidratos
gramos
5.60
MICRONUTRIENTES Calcio
miligramos
30.00
Fósforo
miligramos
67.00
Hierro
miligramos
0.60
Potasio
miligramos
320.00
Vitamina A
microgramos
7.00
Tiamina (vit. B1)
miligramos
0.03
Rivoflavina(vitB2)
miligramos
0.10
Niacina (vit. B3)
miligramos
1.80
Piridoxina(vit. B6) miligramos Vitamina C
miligramos
0.3 6.80
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CAPITULO II CARACTERISTICAS BOTÁNICAS 2.1.
TAXONOMIA
Reino
: Vegetal.
División
: Spermatophyta
Subdivisión : Angiospermae Clase
: Dicotyledoneae
Subclase
: Dipétala
Orden
: Ranales
Familia
: Lauraceae
Género
: Persea
Especie
: Per Per sea ameri cana Miller, Miller, Per Per sea gr atis ati ssim a Gaerth, Per Per sea drymif dr ymif oli a Blake. Blake.
MORFOLOGÍA
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b. Ramas Son abundantes y frágiles, por lo que se pueden romper al cargar muchos frutos o por acción del viento.
c. Inflorescencia Las flores están agrupadas en inflorescencias de tallo largo, que en número hasta de 10 crecen en las axilas, presentando grupos integrados que contienen hasta 450 flores, que pueden madurar en el transcurso de seis meses, de acuerdo a la temperatura y la variedad. Cada árbol puede llegar a producir hasta un millón de flores y solo entre el 0.01% y el 1% se transforma en fruto, por la abscisión de numerosas flores y frutos pequeños en desarrollo. A mayor floración menor porcentaje de cuajado.
d. Flores. Son perfectas, pequeñas, agrupadas en una panícula, hermafroditas, pubescentes con pedicelos cortos. Presentan un cáliz de tres sépalos y una corola tripétala, con 12 estambres, nueve funcionales y tres estaminoides; tienen un pistilo con un solo carpelo y el ovario con un solo óvulo. La duración de las flores es de dos días, antes de ser fecundadas o caer. Las flores son hermafroditas.
e. Fruto. El fruto es una baya que posee un epicarpio delgado grueso o quebradizo, un mesocarpio carnoso (con un porcentaje de grasa que varía de 5 a 30%) y el
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2.3.
RAZAS ECOLOGICAS.
El término “raza” se utiliza porque éstas presentan características específicas, que se
propagan y fijan. Durante la época de la conquista, los cronistas españoles destacaron las propiedades alimenticias de la palta y la gran diversidad existente, éstas permitieron al ilustre horticultor Wilson Popenoe agruparlas por caracteres comunes en tres razas: a. Mexicana, Originaria de los valles y altiplanos de México Central, con clima subtropical a templado y alturas de 1,500 hasta más de 2,000 msnm, es resistente al frío, de fruto generalmente pequeño, de 30 a 80 mm de largo, con pesos de 90 a 180 g, de forma piriforme, de cáscara delgada y de superficie exterior lisa. Comúnmente de color verde pero alcanza tonalidades más oscuras entre morado y negro. La pulpa tiene un alto contenido de grasa (10 a 25 %), que en su madurez tiene un sabor de nuez. Las hojas son más pequeñas que las otras dos razas, las cuales junto con los
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hueso es de gran tamaño y suele llenar toda la cavidad que la contiene. Las hojas son de mayor tamaño que las de la raza mexicana, sin olor a anís.
c. Antillana.
Originaria de la costa del Pacífico de Chiapas (México), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica y Panamá, en alturas menores a 1,000 msnm, susceptible al frío, resistente a salinidad y clorosis. El período de flor a formación del fruto es bastante corto. El pedúnculo es alargado en forma de cabeza de clavo. Adaptada a las tierras bajas y temperaturas altas, sus frutos son de tamaño mediano a grande (7,5 a 25 cm de longitud), con peso entre 110 gr, y 1,100 gr., Los frutos presentan formas entre ovalados y piriformes, cáscara delgada pero más dura que los de la raza Mexicana de color verde claro a amarillo rojizo, la pulpa presenta un contenido bajo de grasa (5 a 15 %) y de d e sabor desde acuosoinsípido hasta el de mantequilla. El hueso de gran tamaño no suele llenar la cavidad que lo contiene.
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Cuadro 2. RAZAS ECOLOGICAS DEL PALTO
CONDICION
RAZA MEXICANA
RAZA
RAZA ANTILLANA
GUATEMALTECA POSIBLE ZONAS DE
Tierras altas de México.
Guatemala y partes limítrofes:
Adaptada a lugares bajos
ORIGEN
Crece de 800 a 2,600 m.s.n.m
Adaptada a alturas de 500 a
menos de 500 m.s.n.m,
1,000 m.sw.n.m
requiere calor y alta humedad relativa.
VARIEDADES
Duke, Topa-Topa, Bacon,
Nabal, queen, Hass, Rincón,
Tipo criolla o Chanchamayo, Ch anchamayo,
REPRESENTATIVAS
Zutano
Taylor
Villacampa, Waldin, Pollock.
RESISTENCIA AL FRIO
La más resistente
Intermedia en resistencia
La menos resistente.
RESISTENCIA A LA
Resistente
Resistente
Susceptible
Olor a anis
Inodora
Inodora
Temprana
Tardia
Media
ANTRACNOSIS HOJAS-OLOR EPOCA DE FLORACION
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2.4.
COMPORTAMIENTO SEXUAL DE LAS FLORES DEL PALTO.
El palto presenta un comportamiento floral muy particular que es necesario conocer para entender mejor el proceso de producción. Este comportamiento floral es conocido como dicogamia protoginea (Gardiazabal y Rosemberg, 1991). La dicogamia implica la presencia de estructuras femeninas y masculinas dentro de la misma flor, que maduran a destiempo; la dicogamia es protoginea, ya que en la flor, el pistilo madura antes que los estambres.
En la flor del palto cuando las anteras emiten el polen, los estigmas no están receptivos y cuando los estigmas se vuelven receptivos ya las anteras no emiten polen. Stout, dividió las variedades de paltos en dos do s grandes grupos A y B.
topa, Duke, Puebla, Rincón, Hass, Villacampa, Variedades del grupo A: Topa – topa,
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según Stout (1933). Durante el ciclo de diantesis se producen otros momentos marcados dentro de cada apertura, tanto femenina como masculina.
Figura 1.
2.5.
PRINCIPALES VARIEDADES COMERCIALES DEL PALTO.
Fuerte.
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Figura 2
Hass.
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Nabal. El fruto es redondo, tamaño mediano con un peso a la madurez que va de los 450 a 550 grs. La cáscara es lisa y gruesa, y de color verde oscuro. La semilla es proporcionalmente pequeña. (Figura4 (Figur a4.) Existe un cultivar “Nabal” con frutos de tamaño y peso ligeramente superior,
atractivos para el mercado y al que se denomina “Nabal Azul”. La fruta es de buena calidad y ocupa el tercer lugar en las preferencias de los mercados nacionales. Tiene una madurez tardía.
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color verde y delgada; la pulpa es de color amarillo pálido, con un contenido de grasa del 15 al 20% . La semilla es de tamaño mediano. Se recomienda como polinizador de la Hass.
Zutano Originada en California, por W.L. Ruitt. Fue introducida de una selección hecha en 1926. Árbol frondoso, de hábito erecto, precoz y resistente al frío, pero muy susceptible a roturas por el viento. El fruto es aperado de color verde claro, cáscara
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buenos para el transporte transpo rte y el almacenamiento. La semilla es mediana a grande. Es usado como polinizador de otros aguacates. Es poco alternante.
Villacampa. Es el nombre que se da a una clase general de plantas francas o más comúnmente de plantas injertadas con yemas de árboles francos, y no así a una variedad definida. Los frutos se caracterizan por su alta variabilidad en cuanto a forma y peso.
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2.6. PRINCIPALES PATRONES O PORTAINJERTOS. Para la elección del patrón, se deben tener en cuenta las siguientes consideraciones: facilidad en la consecución de la semilla, vigoroso crecimiento de las plántulas, adaptación, buen desarrollo radicular, fácil injertación, alto grado de compatibilidad con la variedad a injertar, resistencia o tolerancia a factores bióticos y abióticos limitantes en la zona o región donde se van a establecer. Los patrones más usados en aguacate provienen de árboles nativos o locales, que han mostrado los mejores resultados por su rusticidad y adaptabilidad al medio.
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Duke-7. El árbol es grande, de copa simétrica, resistente al viento y al frio, presenta raíces tolerantes a la pudrición por Phytophthora. Clon muy vigoroso que presenta gran
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VC 65. Es un portainjerto de origen antillano, tolerante a salinidad y parcialmente a Phytophthora.
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CAPITULO III FACTORES DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE
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3.1.3. Humedad
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3.2.
RADIACION SOLAR
Un exceso de radiación solar provoca lo que se denomina “golpe de sol” en el tallo,
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Figura 33. Poda mecanizada, mediante un disco giratorio d. Poda de Renovación: Se realiza en árboles viejos en donde la producción ha descendido drásticamente, se corta el árbol a una altura de 1.00 a 1.20 metros (corte inclinado), se deja brotar y posteriormente se va formando, el tronco deberá protegerse contra las quemaduras de sol, el objetivo es tener un árbol completamente nuevo. Se puede aprovechar para injertar con otra variedad más productiva y comercial.
7.2. SELECCIÓN DE LAS HERRAMIENTAS. Las herramientas a usar dependen de las ramas a podar, por ejemplo; ramas de hasta un centímetro de grosor, usar tijeras. Para ramas de mayor diámetro usar tijeras de mango largo, tijeras de perdiga y para ramas gruesas gr uesas usar serrucho curvo; procurando no lastimar mucho la rama haciendo el corte en un solo sentido. No debe utilizarse bajo ningún concepto hachas y machetes, ya que los cortes que producen son irregulares, y la cicatrización lenta.
7.3. DESINFECCIÓN DE HERRAMIENTAS. Con la correcta desinfección de las herramientas estamos disminuyendo el riesgo de contagio de enfermedades de planta a planta. riesgo planta. Para la desinfección de las herramientas disolver en cuatro litros de agua un cojín de lejía (hipoclorito de sodio) y sumergir la herramienta en la solución, o con un trapo humedecido en la solución
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CAPITULO VIII. RIEGO EN PALTOS.
El palto en sus orígenes se desarrolló en suelos Andisoles o Andosoles derivados de cenizas volcánicas, los cuales se consideran como óptimos para su crecimiento debido a las propiedades físicas que presentan (Aguilera et al., 1991). Estas propiedades físicas se caracterizan por una baja densidad aparente, 0,5-0,8 g/cm3, g/cm3, una alta macro porosidad, alrededor del 46%, un alto contenido de materia orgánica y un pH ácido, entre 5 a 6 El Palto es originario de regiones subtropicales húmedas (razas mexicana y guatemalteca) y de regiones tropicales (raza antillana), en las regiones subtropicales el clima corresponde a veranos húmedos, seguidos de inviernos secos. El palto es una especia muy sensible tanto al déficit como al exceso de agua. Por su parte el manejo del riego en los huertos es responsable directo del crecimiento y desarrollo de los árboles, como de la productividad y calidad de la fruta cosechada. Se debe calcular la necesidad de agua teniendo en consideración la necesidad del cultivo, la precipitación, la evapotranspiración, y las condiciones de suelo. s uelo. El consumo anual aproximado del palto en sistemas de riego por gravedad es de 12.000 m3 por hectárea; experiencias de campo informan inf orman que en plantaciones de 10 años de edad bajo riego por goteo solo necesitan 8.000 m3/ha/año. Asimismo, los suelos cubiertos con mulch (cobertura vegetal muerta), con cultivos de cobertura o con altos contenidos de materia orgánica, retienen mejor la humedad. Experiencias en el exterior señalan que el palto absorbe agua sólo de día, lo que implica que la apertura estomática es diurna, por tanto, un estrés por incremento de la temperatura foliar sólo puede ocurrir de día. Entre las 11:00 y las 18:00 horas.
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Sin embargo, el crecimiento de las estructuras y de los los frutos, asociado a la turgencia celular, ocurre durante la noche. La máxima eficiencia en la aplicación de agua está dada por los riegos diurnos, de esta manera aproximarse a la forma más eficiente y a las necesidades del cultivo. Sin embargo, en la realidad local, los sistemas de riego obligan hacer aportes nocturnos de agua, lo que necesariamente implica considerar al suelo como un elemento esencial para obtener el menor estrés posible. El agua de riego debe quedar entre los 0 a 60 cm de profundidad, donde la mayoría de raíces se encuentran en forma natural.
8.1. LAS FASES CRÍTICAS DEL RIEGO EN PAL PALTOS TOS a. Floración: se debe mantener la capacidad de campo sin encharcamiento, mantener riegos frecuentes y ligeros dependiendo del tipo de suelo y no llegar al punto de marchitez (terreno seco), provocaría aborto de frutos por pérdida de turgencia de flores y frutos. b. Crecimiento de fruto: riegos pesados sin encharcar para lograr elongación de células.
c. Maduración (cosecha): en esta fase no se debe regar, solo mantener láminas de 10 a 20 cm de profundidad en suelo sin problema de sales, en zonas con problemas de sales debe ser 30 a 45 cm de profundidad. Una planta con estrés hídrico, ya sea por falta o por exceso de agua tiene exactamente la misma sintomatología. La diferencia es que por falta de agua la planta no muere en el mediano plazo mientras que si le falta oxigenación en el entorno radicular la planta morirá con mayor rapidez.
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través del año, en caso contrario, requiere la aplicación de riego. En general, las tres grandes razas de palto Mexicana, Guatemalteca y Antillana, se desarrollan mejor con precipitaciones de 900, 1, 200 y 1900 milímetros, respectivamente, bien distribuidas en el año.
8.2. CANTIDAD DE AGUA Y NÚMERO DE RIEGOS. RIEGOS. El número de riegos y el volumen de agua dependerá de:
Tipo de suelo.
Condiciones climáticas.
Edad de la planta.
Densidad de plantación de especies y variedades.
Coeficiente del cultivo (Kc).
Profundidad efectiva de raíces.
Sistema de irrigación empleados.
Las consideraciones anteriores solo sirven para dar ciertos puntos de referencia al momento de establecer la frecuencia de los riegos.
Determinaciones más exactas sólo pueden lograrse usando instrumentos de precisión, entre los que puede considerarse conside rarse son los tensiómetros. (Figura 34.)
.
Figura 34. Tensiómetro.
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8.3. TENSIOMETRO.
Instrumento que permite medir la tensión con que el agua está retenida por el suelo y, y, como consecuencia, su contenido de agua.
Se emplea para medir tensiones entre 0 y 80 CB.
Un tensiómetro consiste básicamente de en un tubo hueco de fibra de vidrio que lleva en su extremo inferior, una punta de cerámica porosa y en el extremo superior un manómetro (indicador de presión barométrica).
El tubo va lleno de agua destilada. El principio se basa en el poder de succión del suelo, que, conforme se va secando, va extrayendo el agua del tubo a través del terminal poroso y creando un vacío dentro del tensiómetro que es registrado por el manómetro.
Cuando el suelo está saturado después de un riego, la lectura en el manómetro es cero.
Los tensiómetros están calibrados de 0 a 100 Centibares. Centibares.
Interpretación
0 - 10 CB: Exceso de humedad. 10 - 20 CB: Capacidad de campo(Óptima saturación de humedad). 20 - 30 CB: Aconsejable el riego. 30 - 60 CB: Humedad encasa. >
- 70 CB: Falta de humedad.
CB= Centibar.
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8.4. AGUA DE BUENA CALIDAD. Consideramos un agua de buena calidad para el riego cuando indica los siguientes datos: pH 7, baja en sales (< de 2 mmhos/cm), los carbonatos, bicarbonatos y sulfatos deben ser menor de 2 meq/L. Rodriguez (1982), menciona que el contenido de Na debe ser menor de 3 meq/L., menor de 107 pppm de Cl y menor de 0.7 ppm de boro. Sin embargo, puede emplearse agua de menor calidad siempre y cuando se aplique algunos correctivos o bien manteniendo el exceso de sales en solución en el área radical. La cantidad de agua que necesitan los árboles, está en directa relación a la evapotranspiraciónde la planta, la que depende de factores climáticos y de la profundidad del suelo. A modo de referencia, las necesidades diarias en el mes de máxima evaporación son de 0,8litros por segundo/ha, y una necesidad anual de agua que fluctúa entre 8.000 y 10,000 m3/ha.
8.5. SISTEMAS DE RIEGO.
8.5.1. RIEGO POR GRAVEDAD. GRAVEDAD. Comúnmente la distribución del agua es por canales principales, secundarios y terciarios no revestidos hasta llegar a las parcelas individuales; en todos los casos la eficiencia de distribución es muy baja. Es el más ampliamente difundido en nuestra zona, se recomienda pendientes
del 5%.,
pendientes
tiene
realizar los
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Disposición del surco surco de riego en plantas jóvenes
Figura 35. El agua circula alrededor del“cuello” del tallo.
a. Variantes del sistema de riego por gravedad en terrenos planos. Cuando hay sospecha de pudrición radicular de algunas plantas del huerto, se recomienda que el agua no pase de una planta a la otra para evitar contaminación, esto es posible en terrenos planos. Figura 36.
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b. Disposición del surco de riego en plantas adultas. Tanto los nutrientes y el agua deben aplicarse a la altura de la proyección de la copa del árbol frutal en plantas adultas, el agua no circula cerca del “cuello” del tallo (Figura 37.)
Figura 37. El agua no moja el “cuello del tallo”
c. Disposición del surco con cierta pendiente. En terrenos donde no hay mucha retención de humedad, los surcos son construidos como se muestra en la figura 38. El agua ingresa en el surco choca a un obstáculo, nuevamente regresa y así sucesivamente.
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d. Desventajas del riego por gravedad.
Requiere grandes volúmenes de agua, se tiene que nivelar el suelo. En suelos con pendiente se tiene que diseñar surcos a curvas de nivel. Hay pérdida de agua por evapotranspiración, escorrentía, etc. Se justifica su aplicación en zonas donde hay abundante agua y el costo de ésta es barato. Este sistema de riego es el menos eficiente en cuanto al aprovechamiento del agua.
8.5.2. RIEGO POR GOTEO. El riego por goteo suministra agua de manera lenta y uniforme a baja presión a través de mangueras de plástico instaladas dentro o cerca de la zona radicular de las plantas. Con un buen programa de riego que cubre las necesidades de las plantas, es posible aumentar el rendimiento y la calidad de la cosecha.
El término “riego por goteo”, como su nombre lo indica, entrega el agua a la planta gota a
gota, según su necesidad, humedeciendo solamente una parte del volumen del suelo.
Sus caudales varían de 2 a 8 litros/ hora, aunque los de mayor uso son los de 4 litros/hora. El riego por goteo consiste en la dotación del agua en la cantidad necesaria y en el lugar
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a. Ventajas del Riego por goteo.
Su instalación en nuestro medio es costosa, no obstante ofrece las siguientes ventajas: No requiere nivelar el terreno, se puede instalar en predios y regiones de topografía accidentada. Se evita pérdida de agua por evaporación. En el riego gota a gota, el agua más los fertilizantes en solución es llevada a través de una red de tuberías directamente a la zona de la raíz, donde es necesaria. Ahorro de mano de obra, por el carácter permanente y automático del sistema.
Ahorro en el consumo de agua, al suprimir pérdidas por
percolación y evaporación. Con el riego por goteo hay menos contacto del agua con el follaje, los tallos y los frutos; por eso, las condiciones son menos favorables para el desarrollo de enfermedades en las plantas
b. Desventajas del riego por goteo.
Puede haber taponamiento de los goteros. La inversión inicial (de instalación) en nuestro medio es costosa. Funciona con un alto nivel de manejo técnico.
8.5.3. COMPONENTES DEL RIEGO POR GOTEO.
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Figura 39. Captación donde hay una compuerta de regulación
b. SEDIMENTADOR.
Para dotar la condición de pre filtrado del agua, es necesario la construcción de un
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c. RESERVORIO. La alta frecuencia de riego en estos sistemas, exige en aguas superficiales, el uso de reservorios que permiten la regulación y disponibilidad permanente del agua. Además, permite la sedimentación de las impurezas que podrían obstruir obs truir los goteros. Mayormente se construyen de tierra compactada, cuyos taludes interno y externo externo del reservorio por lo general no debe ser superar los 3 m. de altura. Los reservorios son impermeabilizados con mantas plásticas (Geomembrana) con espesores de 0.3, 0.5 y 0.75 mm. (Figura 41) La capacidad de un reservorio se debe considerar, el área de cultivos y el requerimiento de agua en su máximo desarrollo vegetativo, asimismo la disponibilidad de agua con que se cuenta en la zona.
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d. CABEZAL DE RIEGO POR GOTEO. El centro de control está conformado, entre otros componentes, por la bomba hidráulica, si es que no hay diferencia de altura que genere la presión necesaria entre el punto de captación del agua y el sector de riego (equipo gravitacional).
Además en el cabezal se ubican los filtros, elementos de control y regulación de presión y caudal como válvulas y manómetros. Mecanismos de inyección de fertilizantes y en el cabezal también se encuentran las unidades de control como son el programador y el tablero eléctrico.
Fuente de Impulsión.
Posee una bomba central que trabaja a bajas presiones. Sólo es necesaria su instalación en el caso en que el agua no llegue al huerto con suficiente presión. Para ello se emplean las bombas de riego, que suelen ser accionadas por motores
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Filtro de arena o grava Deben instalarse siempre que las aguas a utilizar en el riego procedan de ríos, acequias, o bien de estanques abiertos, que son portadoras de materias orgánicas, insectos, restos de plantas y partículas de tamaño significativo. Son recipientes metálicos en cuyo interior se sitúa la grava de un diámetro determinado. El agua pasa a través de la grava, dejando en su recorrido la materia orgánica que lleva en suspensión (Figura 42)
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Figura 43. Filtro de malla
Filtro de anillos. El elemento filtrante consiste en anillos o discos con ranuras, montados sobre
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Filtro hidrociclón. Filtros de hidrociclón como el de la figura 45, empleados para separar partículas de arena procedentes de pozos po zos subterráneos.
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Reguladores de presión. (Manómetro) Un manómetro mide la variación de presión del sistema, manteniendo la presión a la entrada del ramal de distribución a un nivel constante. Se mantiene así mismo, constante el caudal de los goteros. La revisión diaria de los manómetros permite asegurar el buen desempeño del sistema y la identificación temprana de problemas como fallas de bombas, válvulas eléctricas averiadas, filtros y goteros obstruidos.
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e. RED DE DISTRIBUCION.
Tubería Principal.
Del cabezal de riego sale una tubería principal, que distribuirá el agua a los distintos sectores de la parcela. Los materiales comúnmente empleados son el PVC o polietileno, deben ir enterradas.
Tuberías sub principales.
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Caudal relativamente bajo (de 2 a 8 litros/hora)
Resistencia a la rotura.
8.6. FERTIRRIGACION. S e entiende por fertirrigación la aplicación de los fertilizantes disueltos en el agua de riego, de una forma continua o intermitente. Esta práctica, se asocia básicamente con los sistemas de riego localizados de alta frecuencia (goteo y microaspersión). La fertirrigación comienza en el cabezal de riego, en donde son mezclados los fertilizantes
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La mayoría de los inconvenientes asociados a la fertirrigación no se deben al método en sí, sino a un manejo incorrecto o al desconocimiento que existe acerca de los aspectos de la nutrición de las plantas. Para realizar la fertirrigación hay tener en cuenta los siguientes pasos a seguir: a. Definir las dosis de nutrientes (fertilizantes) a aplicar en la temporada y la frecuencia de aplicación, de acuerdo a las recomendaciones del asesor. b) Seleccionar los productos aplicar, de acuerdo a la concentración de los elementos nutritivos
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8.6.2. Principales productos comerciales y sus características.
Urea (CO(NH2 ) 2 ) [46-0-0]. La urea se comercializa como fertilizante granulado con un 46% de nitrógeno, es de alta solubilidad y fácil de manejar, lo que la hace un
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recomienda no preparar sino al último momento en mezcla con cloruro de potasio, sulfato potásico y superfosfatos, debido al riesgo de precipitación. También hay que evitar mezclar el sulfato de amonio, salvo en el momento del empleo, con productos alcalinos como la cal para evitar posibles pérdidas de nitrógeno.
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Algunos fertilizantes se disuelven muy bien como es el caso de la urea, el nitrato de calcio, el nitrato de sodio. Otros son de mediana solubilidad como: cloruro de potasio, fosfato diamónico y nitrato de amonio. Los menos solubles son el sulfato de calcio, el superfosfato triple y sulfato de fierro.
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formulaciones comerciales son en su mayoría de muy alta solubilidad por lo cual se recomienda su uso en fertirriego.
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esperada en las líneas de goteo. En el Cuadro 2, se presenta la compatibilidad química de la mezcla de fertilizantes:
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Messer, Daniel (1988) Sustratos Alternativos en la Propagación de palto ( Persea Persea americana).Edit. Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. Facultad de Agronomía. Quillota.
Chile. Mamani, Pedro (2012) Cultivo del Palto en Valles Interandinos. Edit. INIA- Extensión Experimental Agraria Andes- Cusco 27 pag. Nagera, F. (2006) Caracterización de suelos alcalinos cultivados con paltos Persea (Persea amaricana Mill) en la V Región de Chile y aplicación de ácido Sulfúrico como corrector de pH. Tesis, Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Escuela de Agronomía, Santiago, Chile. 41 pag. Pizarro, Fernando. (1996). Riegos Localizados de Alta Frecuencia (RLAF) goteo, microaspersión, exudación. 3 era edición. Edit..Mundi- Prensa. Madrid España.513 pag. Ramos, Jorge (2014) Uso de Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas en el Cultivo del Palto. Edit. Gobierno Regional de Ica. Agencia Agencia Agraria de Chincha. Boletin Nº 03. Chincha 18 pag. Tenorio, J (2007). Manual para el Cultivo del Palto. Edit. INICITEL-UNI, Lima. 28 pag. www.agraria.pe/proyecto.intipukio. www.abc.agro/palta. www.avocadosource.com/Journals/.../civdmchile_1990_PG_07.pdf. de Castro M
www.corpoica.org.tecnologiacultivoaguacate.pdf. www.infoagro.com/frutas_tropicales/aguacate.htm.