LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN
A. Konsep Dasar 1.
Pengertian Mastoiditis merupakan keradangan kronik yang mengenai rongga mastoid dan
komplikasi dari Otitis Media Kronis. Lapisan epitel dari telinga tengah adalah sambungan dari lapisan epitel sel-sel mastoid udara (mastoid air cells) yang melekat ditulang temporal. Mastoiditis Mastoidit is adalah penyakit sekunder dari otitis media yang yang tidak dirawat atau perawatannya tidak adekuat. Mastoiditis dapat terjadi secara akut maupun kronis. Pada saat belum ditemukan-nya antibiotik, mastoiditis merupakan penyebab kematian pada anak-anak serta ketulian/hilangnya ketulian/hilan gnya pendengaran pada orang dewasa. Saat ini, terapi antibiotik ditujukan untuk pengobatan infeksi telinga tengah sebelum berkembang menjadi mastoiditis. 2.
Etiologi
Menurut Reeves (2001: 19) etiologi mastoiditis adalah: 1. Menyebarnya infeksi dari telinga bagian tengah, infeksi dan nanah mengumpul di sel-sel udara mastoid 2. Mastoiditis dapat terjadi 2-3 minggu setelah otitis media akut
Menurut George (1997: 106) etiologi mastoiditis antara lain: 1. Klien imunosupresi atau orang yang menelantarkan otitis media akut yang dideritanya 2. Berkaitan dengan virulensi dari organisme penyebab penyebab otitis media akut yaitu streptococcus pnemonieae.
Bakteri penyebab lain ialah Streptococcus hemolytikus (60%), Pneumococcus (30 %), staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus viridians, H. Influenza
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3.
Manifestasi Klinis
Menurut George (1997: 106) manifestasi klinis pada penderita mastoiditis antara lain: 1. Demam biasanya hilang dan timbul. 2. Nyeri cenderung menetap dan berdenyut, terletak di sekitar dan di dalam telinga, dan mengalami nyeri tekan pada mastoid. 3. Gangguan pendengaran sampai dengan kehilangan pendengaran. 4. Membran timpani menonjol berisi kulit yang telah rusak dan bahas sebaseus (lemak). 5. Dinding posterior kanalis menggantung. 6. Pembengkakan postaurikula. 7. Temuan radiologis yaitu adanya apasifikasi pada sel-sel udara mastoid oleh cairan dan hilangnya trabukulasi normal sel-sel tersebut. 8. Keluarnya cairan yang melimpah melalui liang telinga dan berbau.
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4.
Pohon Masalah Kuman aerob
Gram positif : s pyogenes dan s
Gram negative : proteus, pseudomonas spp E colli, kuman an
Bakterioides spp
Timbul Infeksi pada telinga
Otitis Media akut
Eksogen:
Rinogen :
Endogen :
infeksi dari luar melalui perforosi membrane tympani
dari penyakit ronggga hidung dan sekitarnya
alergi, DM, TBC paru
Peradangan pada Mastoid
Nyeri
Timbul suara den in
Kerusakan pendengaran
Gangguan
Kemerahan pada mastoid
Peningkatan suhu tubuh
Kerusakan jaringan/dikontinu jaringan/dikontinuitas itas jaringan
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5.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Pemeriksaan penunjang dari mastoditis dalah : Laboratorium
a.
Spesimen dari sel mastoid diperoleh selama operasi dan myringotomy cairan, bila diperoleh, harus dikirim untuk budaya untuk kedua bakteri aerobik dan anaerobic, Gram staining, dan asam-cepat staining.
Jika selaput anak telinga yang sudah berlubang, kanal eksternal dapat dibersihkan,
dan
contoh
yang
segar
drainase
cairan
diambil.
Perawatan harus diambil untuk mendapatkan cairan dari telinga dan bukan eksternal kanal.
Budaya
dan
memodifikasi
kelemahan terapi
dari
antibiotik
pengujian empiris
isolates awal.
dapat
Hasil
membantu
benar
budaya
dikumpulkan untuk kedua aerobik dan anaerobic bakteri panduan yang pasti harus pilihan terapi. Gram noda yang dapat contoh awalnya panduan empiris antimicrobial therapy.
Darah budaya harus diperoleh.
Dasar yang CBC count dan sedimentasi menilai ditentukan kemudian untuk mengevaluasi keefektifan dari terapi.
Memperoleh
cairan
tulang
belakang
untuk
evaluasi
jika
intracranial
perpanjangan proses diduga.
b.
CT Scan dan MRI Yang sensitif dari CT di mastoiditis akut adalah 87-100%. Anda mungkin terlalu
sensitif karena setiap AOM memiliki komponen radang mastoid. Segera CT scan intracranial kapanpun diperlukan adalah perpanjangan atau komplikasi yang dicurigai. Bukti yang digambarkan oleh mastoiditis Tampilan kekaburan atau kerusakan yang mastoid garis besar dan penurunan atau hilangnya ketajaman dari sel udara mastoid
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Plain radiography yang diandalkan, dan hasil temuan gejala klinis ketinggalan di belakang. Di daerah-daerah di dunia di mana CT scan tidak segera tersedia, plain radiography dari mastoids mengungkapkan clouding udara dari sel-sel dengan kerusakan tulang di ASM. Dalam sebagian besar kasus, radiography mencukupi untuk membuat diagnosis tetapi tidak sensitif dalam differentiating tahapan dari penyakit dan gagal mengungkapkan apex kaku dalam setiap detail besar. Temuan berikut ini digunakan untuk membedakan AOM dan / atau tanpa osteitis akut mastoiditis kronis dan mastoiditis akut :
Clouding atau kekaburan dari sel udara mastoid dan telinga tengah dapat hadir. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kobaran pembengkakan dari mucosa dan dikumpulkan cairan.
Hilangnya
ketajaman
atau
visibilitas
mastoid
dinding
sel
karena
demineralization, atrophia, atau kebekuan dari bertulang septa
Kekaburan mastoid atau distorsi dari garis besar, mungkin dengan cacat terlihat dari tegmen atau mastoid bozonty
Peningkatan bidang formasi abscess
Ketinggian dari periosteum dari proses mastoid atau lekuk bokong berhubung dgn tengkorak
Osteoblastic aktivitas di mastoiditis kronis
MRI lebih sering digunakan pada pasien dengan gejala klinis atau CT temuan yang bernada intracranial komplikasi. Namun, MRI tidak secara rutin digunakan untuk mengevaluasi mastoid.
MRI adalah standard untuk evaluasi menyebelah lunak jaringan, khususnya struktur intracranial, untuk mendeteksi dan ekstra-aksial cairan koleksi dan vascular yang terkait masalah.
c.
MRI adalah membantu dalam perencanaan bedah perawatan efektif.
Tympanocentesis dan myringotomy Myringotomy mungkin awalnya dilakukan, diikuti dengan terapi antibiotik.
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sedotan perangkap memfasilitasi sampel dari bagian tengah telinga, sebuah otoscope, jarum tulang belakang, dan jarum suntik yang sama-sama membantu. Kanal yang mensterilkan dengan antiseptik. Dengan anak terkendali, aspirate
e.
cairan dari anterior setengah dari selaput anak telinga. Melakukan lumbar menusuk tulang belakang dan keran jika intracranial
f.
perpanjangan dari infeksi diduga.
6.
Komplikasi
Menurut H. Nurbaiti Iskandar. (1997), komplikasi dari mastoiditis adalah :
7.
1.
Abses retro aurikula
2.
Paresis/paralisis syaraf fasialis
3.
Labirintitis
4.
Komplikasi intra kranial: meningitis, abses extra dural, abses otak.
Terapi 1. Tipe tube timpanal stadium aktif a.
Antibiotik : ampisilin/ amoksilin,(3-4 X 500mg oral) atau klidomisin (3X150-300mg oral)per hari selama 5-7 hari
b.
Pengobatan sumber infeksi di rongga hidung dan sekitarnya
c.
Perawatan lokal dengan perhidoral 3% dan tetes telinga (Klora menikol 12%)
d.
Pengobatan alergi bila ada latar belakang alergi
e.
Pada stadium tenang (kering) di lakukan miringoplastik. ICOPIM
2. Tipe degeneratif a. Atikoantritomi (5.203) b. Timpanoplastik (5.195) 3. Tipe metaplastik / campuran a. Mastoidektomi radikal (5.203)
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B. KONSEP ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN I. Pengkajian
1.
Pengumpulan Data
a. Identitas klien Meliputi nama, umur, jenis kelamin, agama, pendidikan, pekerjaan, no. register, diagnosa medis, dan tanggal MRS. b. Keluhan utama Pasien biasanya mengeluh nyeri di belakang telinga c. Riwayat penyakit sekarang Pada umumnya didapatkan keluhan utama pada klien seperti nyeri di depan telinga d. Riwayat penyakit dahulu Biasanya dikaitkan dengan penyakit yang sama pada masa sebelumnya. e. Riwayat penyakit keluarga Meliputi susunan keluarga dengan penyakit yang sama (mastoiditis), ada/tidak dalam anggota keluarganya yang menderita penyakit menular, turunan.
f.
Pola-pola fungsi kesehatan - Pola persepsi dan tata laksana hidup sehat. Kaji kebiasaan pasien tentang melaksanakan hidup sehat seperti mandi, sikat gigi dan makan atau periksa kalau sakit.
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Pada pasien mastoiditis biasanya mengalami gangguan pada pendengaran. - Pola aktifitas. Biasanya pada pola aktivitas mengalami gangguan karena nyeri. - Pola reproduksi sexual. Kaji jenis kelamin pasien, mengalami gangguan dalam melaksanakan hubungan seksual apa tidak kelainan pada alat genitalia. - Pola hubungan peran. Apakah mengalami gangguan dalam menjalankan perannya seshari-hari. - Pola penanggulangan stress. Kaji kebiasaan pasien dalam menghadapi masalah / stres.
Pemeriksaan fisik
1. Sistem respirasi Biasanya tidak mengalami gangguan 2. Sistem kardiovaskuler Pada kasus mastoiditis biasanya tidak mengalami gangguan
3. Sistem Persyarafan Biasanya Pasien sering merasa gelisah 4. Sistem Perkemihan – Eliminasi Uri Pada kasus mastoiditis biasanya tidak mengalami gangguan
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II.
DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN
Diagnosa keperawatan yang dapat muncul pada mastoiditis antara lain: 1)
Nyeri akut berhubungan dengan peradangan pada tulang mastoid akibat infeksi
2)
Peningkatan suhu tubuh berhubungan dengan proses inflamasi.
3)
Perubahan
persepsi/
sensori
auditoris
berhubungan
dengan
kerusakan
pendengaran.
III.
4)
Risiko infeksi berhubungan dengan kerusakan jaringan.
5)
Ansietas berhubungan dengan ketidakmampuan unutk berkomunikasi INTERVENSI KEPERAWATAN
1. Nyeri akut berhubungan dengan peradangan pada tulang mastoid akibat infeksi Tujuan : Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 3x24 jam nyeri teratasi KH
:
Pasien mengatakan nyeri berkurang
Skala nyeri turun
Wajah pasien rileks INTERVENSI
1. Kaji ulang skala nyeri, lokasi,
RASIONAL Mengetahui ketidakefektifan intervensi
intensitas. 2. Berikan posisi yang nyaman
Mengurangi nyeri
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Kriteria Hasil : 0
0
Suhu tubuh dalam rentang normal (36 -37 C)
Kulit tidak teraba hangat
Wajah tidak tampak merah
Tidak terjadi dehidrasi
INTERVENSI
RASIONAL
1. Pantau input dan output
Untuk mengetahui balance cairan pasien
2. Ukur suhu tiap 4-8 jam
Untuk mengetahui perkembangan klien
3. Kolaborasi
dengan
pemberian
Untuk menurunkan panas
antipiretik 4. Ajarkan
kompres
hangat
banyak minum
3. Perubahan
sensori/persepsi
dan
Untuk
menurunkan
panas
tubuh
dan
mengganti cairan tubuh yang hilang
(auditoris)
berhubungan
dengan
kerusakan
pendengaran Tujuan : setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 3x24 jam pasien mampu mendengar dengan baik KH
:
Pasien mengalami potensial pendengaran maksimum
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membicarakannya hal tersebut
4. Risiko infeksi berhubungan dengan kerusakan jaringan.
Tujuan : Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 3x24 jam risiko infeksi dapat hilang atau teratasi KH : Pasien tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda infeksi
INTERVENSI 1. Observasi keadaan umum pasien
RASIONAL Mengetahui keadaan umum pasien
selama 24 jam 2. Anjurkan pentingnya cuci tangan
Mencegah penularan penyakit
3. Ajarkan prosedur mencuci telinga
Mencegah infeksi berlanjut
luar 4. Kolaborasi pemberian antibiotik Agar dapat membunuh kuman, sehingga profilaksi
tidak menularkan penyakit terus-menerus
5. Ansietas berhubungan dengan Ketidakmampuan berkomunikasi. Tujuan : Setelah dilakukan tindakan tin dakan keperawatan selama 3x24 jam ansietas berkurang. KH
: Menunjukkan ketrampilan interaksi sosial yang efektif
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3. Cegah pemajan tubuh yang tidak Pasien diperlukan
selama
pemindahan
ataupun pada tulang operasi 4. Berikan
petunjuk/
akan
memperhatikan
masalah
kehilangan harga diri dan ketidakmampuan untuk melatih control
penjelasan
Ketidakseimbangan dari proses pemikiran
yang sederhana pada pasien yang
akan membuat pasien menemui kesulitan
tenang
untuk memahami petunjuk-petunjuk yang panjang dan berbelit-belit
5. Kontrol stimulasi eksternal
Suara
gaduh
dan
keributan
akan
meningkatkan ansietas 6. Berikan obat sesuai petunjuk, misal; zat-zat sedatif, hipnotis
Untuk meningkatkan tidur malam hari sebelum
pembedahan;
meningkatkan
kemampuan koping 6. Gangguan harga diri berhubungn dengan sigman berkenaan dengan kondisi. Tujuan: mengidentifikasi perasaan dan metode untuk koping dengan persepsi negative pada diri sendiri.
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2. Identifikasi atau antisipasi kemungkinan reaksi orang pada
tidak
merahasiakan
bersama
pasien
mengenai keberhasilan yang telah diperoleh atau yang akan dicapai selanjutnya dan kekuatan yang dimilikinya. 4. Hindari
yang
kepada
amat pasien.
Anjurkan aktivitas dengan memberikan
pada proses pemecahan masalah dan
situasi yang dihadapi. Memfokuskan pada aspek yang positif dapat membantu untuk menghilangkan perasaan dari kegagalan atau kesadaran terhadap siri sendiri.
pemberian
perlindungan berlebihan
Memberikn kesempatan untuk berespon
memberikan tindakan control terhadap
masalahnya. 3. Galih
keadaannya.
keadaan
penyakitnya.anjurkan pasien untuk
datang,dapat membantu pasien menerima
pengawasan
Partisipasi
dalam
sebanyak
mungkin
pengalaman dapat mengurangi depresi tentang keterbatasan.
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IV.
Implementasi
Adalah mengelolah dan mewujudkan dari rencana perawatan meliputi tindakan yang telah direncanakan oleh perawat, melaksanakan anjuran dokter dengan ketentuan rumah sakit.
V.
Evaluasi
Evaluasi merupakan tahap akhir dari suatu proses perawatan dan merupakan perbandingan yang sistematik dan terencana tentang kesehatan klien dengan tujuan yang telah dilakukan dengan cara melibatkan klien dan sesama tenaga kesehatan (Nasrul F, 1995)
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Mukmin,Sri;Herawati,Sri.1999. Teknik Pemeriksaan THT .Laboratorium .Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit THT, FK UNAIR. Surabaya.
PROGRAM STUDI S-1 ILMU KEPERAWATAN SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN HUSADA JOMBANG J OMBANG Jln. Veteran Ds. Mancar Kec. Peterongan Kab. Jombang Jawa Timur
Telp/Fax (0321) 877025
Dokumentasi Asuhan Keperawatan
Nama
: Ny “S”
No. Reg
: 150965
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Riwayat penyakit sekarang : Pasien mengatakan nyeri pada telinga disertai keluarnya cairan, kemudian pasien berobat ke poliklinik THT RSUD JOMBANG, pasien dianjurkan untuk rawat inap.
Upaya yang dilakukan : Pasien mengatakan pasien pergi berobat ke poliklinik THT.
Terapi/operasi yang pernah dilakukan : Pasien mengatakan tidak pernah melakukan terapi/operasi apapun.
Riwayat kesehatan keluarga : Pasien mengatakan dalam keluarganya tidak ada yang menderita penyakit menurun (DM, asma ,hemofilia) dan penyakit menular (HIV/ AIDS, hepatitis).
Genogram :
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Pasien mengatakan sejak 2 tahun yang lalu telinganya sering mengeluarkan cairan berbau (Otitis Media Akut).
Riwayat kesehatan lainnya : Pasien mengatakan tidak memiliki penyakit menurun (DM, asma ,hemofilia) dan menular (HIV/ AIDS, hepatitis).
Alat bantu yang dipakai : Gigi Palsu
tidak
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Kebiasaan merokok/alkohol: Pasien mengatakan tidak merokok dan tidak mengkonsumsi minuman beralkohol.
II. OBSERVASI DAN PEMERIKSAAN FISIK.
Keadaan umum : pasien tampak menyeringai kesakitan. Tanda – tanda vital, TB dan BB : o
S : 36,5 C
N : 84x/menit
TD : 130/80mmHg
Axila (ya)
teratur (ya)
lengan kiri (ya)
rectal
tidak teratur
lengan kanan
oral
kuat
berbaring
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Bronchofoni
pectoryloqui
sophoni
redup
pekak
Perkusi : sonor (ya) Suara tambahan : Wheezing
: tidak ada
Rochi
: tidak ada
Rales
: tidak ada
Crackles
: tidak ada
Bentuk dada :
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3.
Persyarafan (B3 : Brain)
Composmetis (ya)
apatis
somnolent
spoor
koma
gelisah
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) : E:4
V:5
M:6
Nilai normal : 15
Kepala dan wajah : Mata : Sklera :
putih(ya)
icterus
konjungtiva :
pucat
merah muda (ya)
anisokor
miosis
pupil :
isok
(ya)
merah
midriasis
perdarahan
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4.
Perkemihan (B4 : Bladder)
Produksi urine
: 1650 mL
frekuensi : 2-3x/hari
Warna
: Kuning jernih
bau : khas ( ammonia/urea)
oliguri
poliuri
dysuri
nucturi
nyeri
dipasang kateter
menetes
panas
sering
cystotomi
tidak ada masalah (ya)
hematuri
inkontinen
retensi
lainnya (sebutkan) : ................................................................................................................................... Masalah keperawatan : TIDAK ADA
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Masalah keperawatan : TIDAK ADA
6.
Tulang (B6 : Bone)
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Terapi hormon : Karakteristik sex sekunder : Riwayat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan fisik :
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-
Siklus haid : ............hari
teratur
tidak teratur
(Jelaskan)....................................................................................................... Masalah Keperawatan :
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Ganti pakaian
: 1x/hari
Istirahat dan aktivitas:
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-
Mastoiditis bilateral tipe sklerotik.
-
Cor: besar dan bentuk normal.
-
Pulmo: tidak tampak kelainan.
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