A Paper presentation On “Artificial Intelligence” By 1) Ulhas N. Gangji T.E. (E&TC) Contact no: +919021851007 E-mail:
[email protected] & 2) Shrinivas Bembalkar T.E. (E&TC) Contact no: +919970164570 E-mail:
[email protected] Under The Guidance of PROF. VINAY JOKARE At College Of Engineering, Malegaon (BK) For REBEL2K12 Receipt No.:- 559
The Orchid College Of Engineering & Technology, Solapur
CONTENTS: 1) ABSTRACT 2) INTRODUCTION 3) HISTORY 4) MECHANISMS 5) RESEARCH CHALLENGES 6) APPLICATIONS 7) CONCLUSION 8) REFERENCE
consumer questions. The study of AI has also
1) ABSTRACT:
become an engineering discipline, focused on Evidence
of
Artificial
Intelligence
folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development of the electronic computer in 1941, the technology finally became available to create machine intelligence. The term artificial intelligence was first coined in 1956, at the Dartmouth conference, and since then Artificial Intelligence has expanded because of the theories and principles developed by its dedicated researchers. Artificial Intelligence, or AI for short, is a combination of computer science, physiology, and philosophy. This paper presents some back ground and potential of Artificial Intelligence and its implementation in Fig. a
various fields. AI is a broad topic, consisting of different fields,
Providing
from machine vision to expert systems. One of
knowledge mining, software applications, and
the most challenging approaches facing experts
strategy games like computer chess and other
is building systems that mimic the behavior of
video games.
the human brain, made up of billions of
3)
neurons, and arguably the most complex matter
solutions
to
real
life
problems,
HISTORY:
in the universe. Artificial Intelligence has come a long way from its early roots, driven by dedicated researchers. 2)
INTRODUCTION:
The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) mean "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines”. Artificial intelligence is the study of ideas to bring into being machines that respond to
Fig. b
stimulation consistent with traditional responses from humans, given the human capacity for
Timeline of major Artificial Intelligence events is
contemplation, judgment and intention. Research
as shown in fig. b
in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples
include
control,
planning
and
scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and
3.1) Development: The field of artificial intelligence dawned in the 1950s. Up to 1980s AI development experienced an AI winter due to failure to achieve
expectations and lack of governmental funding. During the 1990s and 2000s AI has become very influenced by probability theory and statistics. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, there has
voice recognition, or speech recognition. One of the big problems of humankind is that people start thinking only after they get into trouble. People like to invent new things but most of the time they never stop to think about consequences of their inventions. Even though there are a lot of advantages of using Artificial Intelligence in the future, there are still big obstacles which should make us hesitant to develop or use robots in our lives.
Fig. c: been much renewed interest and funding for threat-detection AI systems. Some of the more notable moments include: 1956 John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence". 1997 The Deep Blue chess machine (IBM) beats the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov. 2005 Honda's ASIMO robot, an artificially intelligent humanoid robot, is able to walk as fast as human, delivering trays to customers in restaurant settings. 3.2) Natural Language processing: The goal of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) group is to design and build software that will analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally, so that eventually you will be able to address your computer as though you were addressing another person. This goal is not easy to reach. "Understanding" language means, among other things, knowing what concepts a word or phrase stands for and knowing how to link those concepts together in a meaningful way. It's ironic that natural language, the symbol system that is easiest for humans to learn and use, is hardest for a computer to master. Long after machines have proven capable of inverting large matrices with speed and grace, they still fail to master the basics of our spoken and written languages. Natural language processing will provide important services for people who speak different language. If a computer is able to understand natural languages, it will also be able to translate from one language to another. The "universal translator" widely used Star Trek may actually become a reality! This, of course, also includes
Fig. d. A new class of multi-limbed robots called LEMUR (Limbed Excursion Mobile Utility Robot) Some may argue that this does not have to be true and all people will be happy and have a lot of free time to spend with their families and for leisure. But others will quote Marx and say: "Labor is what makes a man human." These people will argue that people will become dependent on AI, and they will lose the ability to provide for themselves, or even the ability to reason. Then humanity would be reduced to the primordial animal state. 3.3) Pattern recognition: A complete pattern recognition system consists of a sensor that gathers the observations to be classified or described; a feature extraction mechanism that computes numeric or symbolic information
from
classification
or
the
observations;
description
scheme
and
a
using
statistical (or decision theoretic) analysis that
does the actual job of classifying or describing
In terms of consequences AI comes under:
observations, relying on the extracted features. Conventional AI 3.4) Robots as part of the human society: Conventional AI research focuses on attempts to As robots are getting the appearance and functionalities of humans and animals there is a growing need to make them interact and communicate as a sociable partner rather than a tool. This trend is requiring that robots would be able to communicate, cooperate, and learn from people in familiar human-oriented terms. Such a capability poses new challenges and motivates new domestic, entertainment, educational, and health related applications for robots that play a part in our daily lives. It requires obeying a wide range of social rules and learned behaviors that guide the interactions with, and attitudes toward, interactive technologies. Such robots are increasingly emerging and one example of such a robot is the Kismet that was developed by Breazeal. Kismet perceives a variety of natural social cues from visual and auditory channels, and delivers social signals to people through gaze direction, facial expression, body posture, and vocalizations.
mimic
human
manipulation
intelligence and
through
symbolically
symbol
structured
knowledge bases. 4.1) Methods include in conventional AI are: • Expert systems: apply reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on them. • Case based reasoning: stores a set of problems and answers in an organized data structure called cases. A case based reasoning system upon being presented with a problem finds a case in its knowledge base that is most closely related to the new problem and presents its solutions as an output with suitable modifications. 4.2) Telephone Translators: One of the common things one talks about the future is how the world is shrinking every day. Distance used to be a barrier in travel and the invention of the airplane changed all that. Time used to be a factor in communication since the mail system took months to deliver a letter across the United States, but the telephone dissolved such a hurdle. The combinations of travel and communications have brought whole nations together except now the last barrier in international relationship is language. This is where telephone translators will change all that.
Fig. e 4)
MECHANISMS:
Generally speaking AI systems are built around automated inference engines including forward reasoning and backwards reasoning, based on certain conditions ("if") the system infers certain consequences ("then").
Essentially, a person from the United States says some things in English into his telephone. Almost instantaneously, a computer intercepts the voice, translates what was said, and synthetically generate the appropriate Japanese words to the person on the other line. Of Course, the translator would need advanced voice recognition, natural language processing and inference to extract what was meant by the English-speaker, and then
synthesize a human-sounding Japanese person's voice in conversational Japanese. 4.3) A Greater Use of Expert Systems: With such success as a diagnostic in medic and mechanics presently, expert systems will be more prevalent in other applications that require an expert with whom people can consult with. Need to identify the perfect pet for a friend? A pet expert system could ask some questions related to the person's personality so that it can conclude the types of animals that would be suited for them. What kinds of dishes can one make tonight with the food in the refrigerator? Input the foods into a cook expert system and find out. The possibilities for expert systems are almost endless. If expert systems are designed and built correctly, users should be able to easily program their own expert and should make better decisions in their live.
5) RESEARCH CHALLENGES : 5.1) Research Assistants: The world is moving from the Industrial Age to the Information Age where the phrase "knowledge is power" is becoming a reality. With so much information out there, it has become harder and harder to find what is really relevant. This is where a research assistant powered by AI can help. Not only can the assistant understand what one is looking for, which requires natural language processing, it is smart enough to know where to look and compare what it finds to what it is looking for to see how relevant the information is, so the person doesn't have to do the 'dirty work.' Research assistants will be an important tool in the future by keeping the world of information from exploding into an infinite
chaos of unorganized facts and figures. Judging
from the research topics that we have, we might predict that in the near future things such as object recognition on planets several thousand light years away can be known in fraction’s, Transfer of life form from a planet to another with help of Robot be reality. Will there be systems so advanced that they have to be given rights similar to those of humans, probably not in the predictable future. But maybe in a little more than half a century such machines may very well develop. 5.2) Passing the Turing Test: The idea behind the test is that if a machine could make a person think he/she was interacting with an intelligent person; why not consider the machine intelligent in its own right? The controversy over the Turing Test will probably continue into the future, but once a computer convincingly passes the test and becomes more and more integrated with society, this test would be at least the best approximation of intelligence possible. 6). ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES: 6.1) Advantages *. They will probably be increasingly used in the field of medicine. *. Knowledge based expert system, which can cross-reference symptoms and diseases will greatly improve the accuracy of diagnostics. Object recognition will also be a great aid to doctors. 6.2) Disadvantages: *. Potential for malevolent programs, “cold war” between two countries, unforeseen impacts because it is complex technology, environmental consequences will most likely is minimal. *. Self-modifying, when combined with selfreplicating, can lead to dangerous, unexpected
Fig. f.
results, such as a new and frequently mutating computer virus.
*. As computers get faster and more numerous, the possibility of randomly creating an artificial intelligence becomes real.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first or second law.
*. Military robots may make it possible for a
These are Laws which all Robots’ must follow. It
country to indiscriminately attack less-advanced
has degree of intelligence or ability to make
countries with few, if any, human casualties.
choices based on the
*. Rapid advances in AI could mean massive structural unemployment
•Environment or automatic control / preprogrammed sequence.
*. Artificial Intelligence utilizing non-transparent • Can move with one or more axes of rotation or
is never completely predictable.
7) APPLICATIONS:
translation.
The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. They stretch from the military for autonomous control and target identification, to the entertainment industry for computer games and robotic pets. Also the big establishment’s dealing with huge amounts of information such as hospitals, banks and insurances, which can use AI to predict customer behavior and detect trends. Artificial intelligence found in many applications like: 7.1) Cybernetics Business Robotics Cybernetics means "the art of ensuring the efficacy
of
action".
It
is
the
study
of
communication and control in living organisms, machines and organizations. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological)
Fig. g • Can make dexterous coordinated movements.
processes information, reacts to information and changes or can be changed to better accomplish
Robots have become common in many industries.
the first two tasks.
They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven
7.2) Artificial life through robotics: Robotics is the science and technology of robots, their design, manufacture, and application
effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading. Japan is the leader in using
Laws of Robotics: 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law.
and producing robots in the world. 7.3) Increased productivity, accuracy, and endurance: Industrial robots doing vehicle under body assembly Jobs which require speed, accuracy, reliability or endurance can be performed far
better by a robot than a human. Hence many jobs in factories which were traditionally performed by people are now robotized. This has lead to cheaper
mass-produced
goods,
including
automobiles and electronics. Robots have now
intelligence, other theories are available, in addition to building on what we can do with Artificial Intelligence.
9) REFERENCE: WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
been working in factories for more than fifty years, ever since the Animate Robot was installed
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
to automatically remove hot metal from a die
WWW.E;SEVIER.NL/LOCATE/ARTI NT
casting machine. Since then, factory automation in the form of large stationary manipulators has become the largest market for robots. The number of installed robots has grown faster and faster. 7.4) Future of AI Technology: Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely to creep into our lives without us really noticing. However, AI has spawned some useful applications like expert systems and game AI, but the truly pervasive use of AI is still to come as more research and improved technology surfaces in the future. Here are a few applied innovations that AI promises in the future and the technologies behind them.
8) CONCLUSION: Over the next five decades, despite many stumbling blocks, AI has grown from a dozen researchers, to thousands of engineers and specialists; and from programs capable of playing checkers, to systems designed to diagnose disease. The most difficult question arises when we start to think about long term goals. Do we want to build a computer which will be like us? If we do, what do we need them for? What will these human-computers do for humanity? Nobody has an answer to these questions and we can only speculate about the consequences. We will just have to live and see what the future of Artificial Intelligence and the future of Human existence will be like. Idea of Artificial Intelligence is being replaced by Artificial Life or anything with a form or body. The compromise among scientists is that a requirement for life is that it has an embodiment in some physical form, but this will change. Programs may not fit this requirement for life yet. As we progress in the development of artificial
Nilsson, N. J., Principles of Artificial Intelligence. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer-Verlag 1982
