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din totalitatea valorilor care conditioneaza comportamentele si atitudinile acceptabile sau nu ale membrilor unei societati. Individul este dotat, din nastere, cu potentialitati multiple. Cultura selecteaza unele dintre ele si ofera modele de conduita care trebuie urmate pentru ca individul sa se adapteze la viata sociala. De fapt, exista o interactiune în dublu sens între personalitate si cultura: pe de o parte, p arte, individul este influentat de modelele culturale ale societatii în care se naste n aste si traieste, pe de alta parte, el contribuie în felul sau la îmbogatirea si nuantarea acestor modele culturale. Individul poate manifesta fata de cultura fie o atitudine care vizeaza pastrarea normelor exact asa cum i-au fost transmise - deci o atitudine conformista, conservatoare - fie o atitudine de provocare p rovocare a sistemului, o atitudine progresista, creativa, novatoare. Personalitatea este deopotriva “produs creat”, si creatoare a culturii, modelata si modelatoare de cultura, transformata, si transformatoare a culturii. Sistemul normativ reprezinta o mostenire sociala care îi este transmisa individului prin intermediul educatiei, conditionând în acelasi timp experienta individului si a societatii. Mediul în care se naste si evolueaza orice fiinta umana este impregnat cultural, oferind modele comportamentale si actionale pe care individul le asimileaza prin educatie în particular si prin întreg procesul socializarii în general. Personalitatea umana nu este însa doar un receptacul pasiv al influentelor exterioare de orice tip. În functie de disponibilitatile sale, individul filtreaza influentele culturii, optând pentru diverse formule de a-si trai viata, de a gândi si de a actiona. Pe lânga acest mod constient de asimilare diferentiata a modelelor culturale, exista, însa, si o influenta culturii asupra personalitatii care se exercita, într-o mare masura, si fara constiinta subiectului. Cultura propune si uneori chiar impune indivizilor modele de conduita, patternuri pe care se va modela propria lor conduita. Ea antreneaza deci un anumit conformism, o standardizare a atitudinilor si comportamentelor si, conform lui Linton, un proces de modelare care structureaza personalitatea. Existenta culturii este indispensabila pentru ca viata în societate sa fie posibila. Cultura protejeaza oamenii de la experiente ex periente care ar putea fi extrm de dezagreabile daca ar fi obligati ob ligati sa se adapteze unul celuilalt fara raportarea la reguli mai mult sau mai putin precise. Cu alte cuvinte, ea furnizeaza un ansamblu de raspunsuri la problemele vietii sociale. S-a spus ca esenta culturii consta în aceea ca ea reprezinta specificul unei societati. Gratie ei, este posibil p osibil sa prevedem comportamentul celorlalti, iar relatiile dintre oameni sunt foarte mult facilitate. Aceasta deoarece ea ofera raspunsuri deja elaborate la anumite probleme existentiale, astfel încât individul nu trebuie sa reia de fiecare data experientele înaintasilor sai, ci merge pe un drum deja construit. MATURIZAREA BIOLOGICA – PREMISA
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Barzea C. - Arta si stiinta educatiei, EDPD, Bucuresti, 1995 2. Bontas I. - Pedagogie, Ed. ALL, Bucuresti, 1994 3. Neacsu I., Instruire si învatare, Ed. stiintifica, Bucuresti, 1990 4. Nicola I., Tratat de pedagogie scolara, EDP-RA, Bucuresti, 1996 5. Muresan P., Învatarea eficienta si rapida, Ceres, Bucuresti, 1990 6. Cucos C., Pedagogie, Polirom, Iasi, 1996 7. Paun E. - Sociopedagogie scolara, EDPD, Bucuresti, 1979
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CUPRINS INTRODUCERE. PRELIMINARII LA ACTIVITATEA INSTRUCTIV-EDUCATIVA Maria I. CARCEA 5 1. Locul activitatii instructiv educative în ansamblul interventiilor sociale 7 2. Mediul educational scolar 8 3. Exigentele interventiei instructiv-educative 11 CAPITOLUL I. PEDAGOGIA CA STIINTA Maria I. CARCEA 15 1. Definirea pedagogiei si repere evolutive 15 2. Educatia – obiectul de studiu al pedagogiei 20 2.1. Difinitia educatiei 20 2.2. Functiile educatiei 25 2.3. Finalitatile educatiei. Ideal, scop si obiective educationale edu cationale 27 2.3.1. Idealul educational 28 2.3.2. Scopul educativ 31 2.3.2.1. Educatia tehnologica 33 2.3.2.2. Educatia profesionala 34 2.3.3. Obiectivele educationale 36 2.4. Formele educatiei 38 3. Metode generale de investigare ale pedagogiei 41 3.1. Observatia pedagogica 41 3.2. Documentarea 43 3.3. Experimentul pedagogic 46 4. Analiza sistemica 47 Suport informational pentru dezbateri tematice Smaranda BUJU 50 Probe de evaluare 54 CAPITOLUL II ISTORIA EDUCATIEI SI A INSTITUTIEI SCOLARE Cornelia NEAGU 59 1. Educatia în antichitate 59 1.1. Educatia în Orientul Apropiat 59 1.2. Educatia în societatea greaca 65 1.3. Educatia romana 71
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2.4. Educatia si institutiile de învatamânt în Tarile Române 85 3. Educatia si institutiile de învatamânt din epoca luminilor pâna la primul razboi mondial 89 3.1. Teorii cu privire la educatie care preced epoca luminilor 89 3.2. Epoca luminilor. Educatia si institutiile de învatamânt 92 3.3. Educatia în prima jumatate a secolului al XIX-lea 94 3.4. Educatia si teoria pedagogica în Tarile Române în prima jumatate a secolului al XIX-lea 97 4. Educatia si teoria educatiei în a doua jumatate a secolului al XIX-lea si începutul secolului al XX-lea. Locul învatamântului stiintific 101 Probe de evaluare 104 CAPITOLUL III EDUCATIA ÎN CONTEXTUL DREPTURILOR OMULUI Mihaela CARPUS-CARCEA 1. Consacrarea drepturilor omului 106 1.1. Concept, importanta, evolutie 106 1.2. Categorii de drepturi ale omului. Dreptul la educatie 109 1.3. Dreptul la educatie în reglementari internationale 110 1.4. Drepturi conexe dreptului la educatie 119 2. Protectia juridica a drepturilor omului 121 2.1. Protectia interna a drepturilor omului 122 2.2. Protectia internationala a drepturilor omului 124 2.3. Dimensiunea umana 125 3. Dreptul la educatie prin prisma Constitutiei României 1991 si a Legii Învatamântului nr. 84/1995, republicata 126 Probe de evaluare 131 CAPITOLUL IV LATURILE EDUCATIEI Elena TIRON 132 1. Educatia intelectuala 133 1.1. Caracteristicile educatiei intelectuale 134 1.2. Obiectivele educatiei intelectuale 134 2. Educatia morala 137 2.1. Diferentieri conceptuale 137 2.2. Obiectivele educatiei morale 139 2.3. Strategia educatiei morale 141 2.4. Procesualitatea educatiei morale 144
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3. Educatia estetica 150 3.1. Diferentieri conceptuale 150 3.2. Catzegoriile esteticii si ale educatiei estetice 151 3.3. Obiectivele educatiei estetice 153 3.4. Sursele, mijloacele si principiile educatiei estetice 155 4. Educatia economica 155 4.1. Necesitate si importanta 155 4.2. Trasaturile educatiei economice 157 4.3. Obiectivele educatiei economice 158 5. Noile educatii 160 Probe de evaluare 167 ANEXA I 173 Educatia ca proces de socializare “Natura si educatia sunt asemanatoare. Într-adevar, educatia îl transforma pe om si, transformându-l îi da o a doua natura” (Democrit) Educatia este un fenomen extrem de complex ce poate fi studiat din numeroase perspective, fiecare dintre acestea dezvaluindu-i noi sensuri si întenesuri. Una dintre acceptiunile termenului, identificata si conceptualizata de fondatorul sociologiei educatiei,. E.Durkheim, este cea de socializare : Educatia este socializarea metodica a tinerei generatii.; este actiunea exercitata de catre generatiile adulte asupra celor care nu sunt coapte înca pentru viata sociala…. Ea are ca obiect nu omul asa cum l-a creat natura, ci omul pe care îl vrea societatea, iar ea îl vrea asa cum îi cere structura sa interioara : pentru a exista, orice societate are nevoie de omogenitate iar educatia este mijlocul prin care societatea îsi reânoieste treptat conditiile prorpriei sale existente, sadind în sufletul copilului „similitudinile esentiale” care sunt cele mai adecvate tipului respectiv de societate.Scopul educatiei este de a socializa individul biologic prin construirea con struirea fiintei sale sociale care sa se suprapuna celei individuale.( E.Durkheim, 1980) În consecinta actiunea de formare a fiintei sociale în concordanta cu necesitatile socieatii reprezinta obiectivul fundamental al educatiei ca proces de socializare. Prezentul capitol îsi propune sa prezinte educatia prin prisma uneia dintre cele mai importante dimensuini ale sale, si anume socializarea . DETERMINANTI SOCIOCULTURALI AI PERSONALITATII Educatia ca socializare este un proces progrsiv si cumulativ prin care individul, pe tot parcursul existentei sale, asimileaza comportamentele, valorile, normele, rolurile, conventiile si modurile de a gândi proprii ambientului sociocultural înconjurator.În acceptiunea sa de socializare, eductia ed uctia se poate
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