Pengelolaan Limbah Rumah Sakit - Drh.Sunu

Bzh/ Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok Clf}nrlq Fmbkfrmzlo Hmplo Eoqrer}r Tmzrloelo Jk`kz

Tmo`mnknllo Neijlh Z}ilh Qlfer TMOBLH]N]LO Nlrlz jmnlflo`

Tmoamilzlo neo`f}o`lo heb}t bltlr bebmceoeqeflo qmjl`le ilq}foul lrl} beilq}fflooul ilfhn}f heb}t.wlr.momz`e blo lrl} fkitkomo nleo fm blnli neo`f}o`lo heb}t knmh fm`elrlo ilo}qel qmheo``l f}lnerlqoul r}z}o qlitle reo`flr rmzrmor} ulo` imoumjljflo neo`f}o`lo reblf bltlr jmzc}o`qe qmq}le tmz}or}fflooul/ Tmzqklnlo neo`f}o`lo heb}t beqmjljflo jmzjl`le hln. qlnlh qlr}oul tmzr}ij}hlo tmob}b}f/ Tmzr}ij}hlo tkt}nlqe ilo}qel ulo` qmilfeo reo``e imoumjljflo lfrecerlq mfkokie g}`l imoeo`flr tmqlr/ Fm`elrlo mfkokie+tmijlo`}olo ulo` qmilfeo imoeo`flr imo`lob}o` zmqefk tmoamilzlo blo tmz}qlflo neo`f}o`lo heb}t qmheo``l qrz}fr}z blo c}o`qe blqlz mfkqeqrmi ulo` imoglbe tmob}f}o` fmheb}tlo imoglbe z}qlf/ Hln rmzqmj}r imz}tlflo jmjlo qkqeln ulo` tlbl lfhezoul ilo}qel t}nl ulo` lflo imolo``}o` jelul tmi}nehlooul/ Ilqlnlh neo`f}o`lo mzlr qmflne h}j}o`looul bmo`lo b}oel fmqmhlrlo/ ]or}f imoaltle fkobeqe ilqulzlflr ulo` qmhlr betmzn}flo neo`f}o`lo ulo` jlef t}nl/ Blnli hln eoe z}ilh qlfer qmjl`le qlzlol fmqmhlrlo hlz}q t}nl imitmzhlreflo fmrmzflerlo rmzqmj}r/ Qmnleo imijlpl blitlf tkqerec jl`e ilqulzlflr. uler} qmjl`le rmitlr imoumij}hflo kzlo` qlfer. z}ilh qlfer g}`l imienefe fmi}o`feolo imijlpl blitlf om`lrec/ Blitlf om`lrecoul bltlr jmz}tl tmoamilzlo blze q}lr} tzkqmq fm`elrlo. uler} jenl neijlh ulo` behlqenflo reblf befmnknl bmo`lo jlef/ Z}ilh qlfer bltlr beflrlflo qmjl`le tmobkokz neijlh flzmol neijlhoul jmzlqln blze fm`elrlo oko)imbeq il}t}o imbeq ulo` jmzqeclr jmzjlhlul blo jmzla}o blo blnli g}inlh jmqlz / Knmh flzmol er} betmzn}flo q}lr} tmo`knlhlo

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 neijlh ulo` qmq}le qmheo``l reblf imijlhlulflo jl`e neo`f}o`lo/ Lfreserlq z}ilh qlfer lflo imo`hlqenflo qmg}inlh hlqen qliteo` jmz}tl neijlh. jlef neijlh tlblr. alez. blo `lq ulo` imo`lob}o` f}ilo tlrk`mo. wlr)wlr feiel qmzrl lnlr)lnlr fmqmhlrlo ulo` tlbl }i}ioul jmzqeclr jmzjlhlul blo jmzla}o/ R}g}lo

R}g}lo blze tmij}lrlo ilflnlh eoe lblnlh }or}f imijlhlq imo`mole neijlh ulo` behlqenflo knmh z}ilh qlfer ulo` bltlr jmzblitlf tlbl neo`f}o`lo qmzrl alzl tmo`mnknllooul tmo`mnknllooul }or}f imo`}zlo`e i mo`}zlo`e zmqefk tmoamilzlo neo`f}o`lo/ neo`f}o`lo/

TMIJLHLQLO Neijlh Z}ilh Qlfer

Blnli }tlul imoe`flrflo bmzlglr fmqmhlrlo ilqulzlflr. fh}q}qoul be fkrl)fkrl jmqlz qmilfeo imoeo`flr tmobezelo z}ilh qlfer (ZQ%/ Qmjl`le lfejlr f}lnerlq mcn}mo neijlh z}ilh qlfer reblf imimo}he qulzlr/ Neijlh z}ilh qlfer bltlr imoamilze neo`f}o`lo tmob}b}f be qmferlz z}ilh qlfer blo bltlr imoeij}nflo ilqlnlh fmqmhlrlo/ Hln eoe beflzmolflo blnli neijlh z}ilh qlfer bltlr imo`lob}o` jmzjl`le glqlb zmoef tmoumjlj tmoulfer tlbl ilo}qel rmzilq}f bmili rutkeb. fhknmzl. beqmorze blo hmtlrereq qmheo``l neijlh hlz}q beknlh qmjmn}i bej}lo` fm neo`f}o`lo/ Qlitlh blo neijlh z}ilh qlfer lblnlh qmi}l qlitlh blo neijlh ulo` behlqenflo knmh fm`elrlo z}ilh qlfer blo fm`elrlo tmo}oglo` nleooul/ Qmalzl }i}i qlitlh blo neijlh z}ilh qlfer bejl`e blnli b}l fmnkitkf jmqlz. uler} qlitlh lrl} neijlh imbeq blo oko imbeq jlef tlblr il}t}o alez/ Hlqen flgelo rmzhlblt <44 Z}ilh Qlfer be Glpl blo Jlne imo}og}fflo jlhpl zlrl)zlrl tzkb}fqe qlitlh qmjmqlz 1.: f` f ` tmzrmitlr reb}z tmzhlze/ Lolneql nmjeh gl}h imo}og}fflo tzkb}fqe qlitlh (Neijlh Tlblr% jmz}tl neijlh bkimqref qmjmqlz 03.8 tmzqmo blo jmz}tl neijlh eocmfqe}q qmjmqlz :1.: tmzqmo/ Betmzfezlflo qmalzl olqekoln tzkb}fqe qlitlh (Neijlh Tlblr% Z}ilh Qlfer qmjmqlz 103/485 rko tmz hlze blo tzkb}fqe lez neijlh qmjmqlz 28/58=.04 rko tmz hlze/ Blze `lijlzlo rmzqmj}r bltlr bejlulo`flo jmrltl jmqlz tkrmoqe Z}ilh Qlfer }or}f imoamilze neo`f}o`lo blo fmi}o`feolo imoeij}nflo fmamnlfllo qmzrl tmo}nlzlo tmoulfer/

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 Neijlh Z}ilh Qlfer imo`lob}o` jlhlo jmzla}o jmzjlhlul Z}ilh Qlfer reblf hloul imo`hlqenflo neijlh kz`loef blo lokz`loef. rmrlte g}`l neijlh eocmfqe}q ulo` imo`lob}o` jlhlo jmzla}o jmzjlhlul (J1%/ Blze fmqmn}z}hlo neijlh z}ilh qlfer. qmferlz <4 qlitle <= tmzqmo belorlzloul imz}tlflo neijlh eocmfqe}q ulo` imo`lob}o` nk`li jmzlr. lorlzl nleo imza}ze (H`%/ Qmjloulf 24 tmzqmo nleooul lblnlh neijlh kz`loef ulo` jmzlqln blze ilflolo blo qeql ilflo. jlef blze tlqemo blo fmn}lz`l tlqemo il}t}o blt}z `ewe/ Qmnlog}roul. qeqloul imz}tlflo neijlh lokz`loef blnli jmor}f jkrkn jmflq eoc}q blo tnlqref/ Lbl jmjmzltl fmnkitkf ilqulzlflr ulo` imit}oule zmqefk }or}f imobltlr `lo``}lo flzmol j}lo`lo z}ilh qlfer/ Tmzrlil. tlqemo ulo` blrlo` fm Z}ilh Qlfer }or}f imitmzknmh tmzrknko`lo tmo`kjlrlo blo tmzlplrlo Z}ilh Qlfer/ Fmnkitkf eoe imz}tlflo fmnkitkf ulo` tlneo` zmorlo Fmb}l. flzulplo Z}ilh qlfer blnli imnlfqlolflo r}`lq qmhlze)hlzeoul qmnln} fkorlf bmo`lo kzlo` qlfer ulo` imz}tlflo q}ijmz l`mo tmoulfer/ Fmre`l. tmo`}og}o` +  tmo`lorlz kzlo` qlfer ulo` jmzf}og}o` fm z}ilh qlfer. zmqefk rmzfmol `lo``}lo `lo``}lo fmqmhlrlo lflo qmilfeo jmqlz/ Fmmitlr. ilqulzlflr ulo` jmzi}fei be qmferlz Z}ilh Qlfer. nmjeh)nmjeh nl`e jenl Z}ilh qlfer imij}lo` hlqen j}lo`lo Z}ilh Qlfer reblf qmjl`leilol imqreoul fm neo`f}o`lo qmferlzoul/ Lfejlroul lblnlh i}r} neo`f}o`lo imoglbe r}z}o f}lnerlqoul. bmo`lo lfejlr nlog}rlooul lblnlh imo}z}ooul bmzlglr fmqmhlrlo ilqulzlflr be neo`f}o`lo rmzqmj}r/ Knmh flzmol er}. z}ilh qlfer plgej imnlfqlolflo tmo`mnknllo j}lo`lo z}ilh qlfer ulo` jlef blo jmolz bmo`lo imnlfqlolflo fm`elrlo Qloerlqe Z}ilh Qlfer/ Lblt}o qlzlol tmo`knlhlo neijlh be z}ilh qlfer qlnlh qlr}oul lblnlh bmo`lo imo``}olflo eoqeomzlrkz/ Qlnlh qlr} neijlh ulo` behlqenflo knmh Z}ilh Qlfer lblnlh neijlh tlblr/ Flzlfrmzeqref neijlh tlblr ulo` behlqenflo bejmblflo imoglbe b}l. uler} neijlh bkimqref blo neijlh J1 blnli hln eoe jmzqeclr eocmfqe}q/ Qlitlh oko imbeq blo tmolo`lolo

Qlitlh oko imbeq imienefe tmo`mzrelo jlhpl qlitlh lblnlh qm`lnl wlr tlblr. qmie tlblr ulo` rmzj}lo` lrl} reblf jmz`}ol jlef ulo` bltlr imij}q}f il}t}o ulo` reblf bltlr imij}q}f/ Neijlh oko imbeq bltlr befnlqeceflqe qmjl`le neijlh oko eocmfqe}q ulo` rmzbeze blze qlitlh fmzeo` blo jlqlh/ Qlitlh fmzeo` (z}jjeqh  (z}jjeqh % qmtmzre fmzrlq. flzb}q. j}o`f}q ilflolo. tnlqref. flnmo`

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 (nk`li%. tmalhlo flal ulo` behlqenflo be z}lo` lbieoeqrzlqe+ florkz. hlnlilo. z}lo` r}o``} blo z}lo` tmzlplrlo/ Qlitlh jlqlh ( `lzjl`m % qmtmzre qlitlh blze blt}z }rlil il}t}o eoqrlnlqe `ewe ulo` g}`l bermi}e be z}lo` r}o``} blo tmzlplrlo/ Qlitlh jelqloul berlit}o` be rmitlr tzkb}fqe qlitlh }or}f jmjmzltl nlil/ ]or}f er} qmrelt }oer hmoblfoul beqmbelflo rmitlr tmolit}o`lo bmo`lo jmor}f. }f}zlo blo g}inlh ulo` beqmq}leflo bmo`lo gmoeq blo g}inlh qlitlh qmzrl fkobeqe qmrmitlr/ Fzermzel lnlr tmolit}o` qlitlh lorlzl nleo jlhlo reblf i}blh jmzflzlr. fmblt lez rmz}rlil }or}f imolit}o` qlitlh jlqlh. jmzr}r}t zltlr. i}blh bejmzqehflo. bejmzqehflo. i}blh befkqko`flo lrl} belo`f}r. reblf imoeij}n i moeij}nflo flo jeqeo`. rlhlo rmzhlblt jmobl rlgli blo z}oaeo` Neijlh bltlr beteqlh)teqlhflo bermitlr q}ijmzoul/ Jlo`qln hlz}q imienefe b}l ilali rmitlr neijlh bmo`lo b}l plzol. qlr} }or}f neijlh fneoef blo ulo` nleo }or}f j}flo fneoef/ Qmi}l neijlh blze florkz. jelqloul jmz}tl lnlr)lnlr r}neq belo``lt qmjl`le neijlh j}flo fneoef/ Qmi}l neijlh ulo` fmn}lz blze }oer tlrknk`e hlz}q belo``lt qmjl`le neijlh fneoef blo tmzn} beoulrlflo lilo qmjmn}i bej}lo`/ ]or}f tmo`mnknllooul. qlitlh oko imbeq beteqlhflo blze qlitlh imbeq imo``}olflo florko`)florko` tnlqref ulo` beqmbelflo be blnli tmolit}o`lo jmz}tl rmitlr qlitlh ulo` benmrlfflo be relt)relt }oer/ Tmo`lo`f}rlo qlitlh bei}nle bmo`lo tmo`kqko`lo jlf qlitlh be qmrelt }oer blo belo`f}r fm tmo`}it}nlo nkfln lrl} fm rmitlr tmi}qolhlo/ Lnlr tmo`lo`f}rlo qlitlh be z}ilh qlfer bltlr jmz}tl `mzkjlf lrl} rzkne blo fmzmrl ulo` hlz}q imimo}he qulzlr ulo` bermrltflo knmh Bmtfmq ZE ZE uler}

imienefe plblh ulo` i}blh

bejmzqehflo jl`elo blnlioul qmzrl benmo`flte bmo`lo tmo}r}t. hlz}q fmblt lez blo i}blh }or}f beeqe blo befkqko`flo. qmrelt fmn}lz blze tmij}lo`lo lfhez qmnln} blnli fkobeqe jmzqeh ]or}f tmij}lo`lo qlitlh oko)imbeq lrl} jelql beqmj}r qlitlh bkimqref betmzn}flo q}lr} fkoqrz}fqe rmitlr tmo`}it}nlo qlitlh qmimorlzl ulo` rmzj}lr blze beobeo` qmimo lrl} bmo`lo fkorleomz nk`li ulo` ulo` qmq}le bmo`lo tmzqulzlrlo }i}i uler} fmblt lez. i}blh bejmzqehflo blo jmztmo}r}t zltlr/ ]f}zlo hmoblfoul reblf rmznln} jmqlz qmheo``l i}blh befkqko`flo/

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 Ltljenl g}inlh qlitlh ulo` berlit}o` a}f}t jloulf. ilfl tmzn} tmolijlhlo  g}inlh akorleomz ulo` rmzj}lr blze jlhlo jmqe lrl}t}o tnlqref/ Qlitlh imbeq blo tmolo`lolo

Tmo``knko`lo flrm`kze neijlh imbeq bltlr befnlqeceflqeflo jmzblqlzflo tkrmoqe

jlhlul

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tmzqeqrmoqeoul tmzqeqrmoqeoul ulo` imoeij}nflo i moeij}nflo ilqlnlh/ Qlitlh oko imbeq ulo` bermrltflo knmh Bmtfmq ZE uler} neijlh jmobl rlgli qmtmzre glz}i. tmznmo`fltlo eorzlsmol. tetmr Tlqrm}z. tmalhlo `mnlq. bnn/ Neijlh eocmfqe}q ulo` imienefe tmo`mzrelo qmjl`le neijlh ulo` jmzflerlo bmo`lo tlqemo ulo` imimzn}flo eqknlqe tmoulfer imo}nlz (tmzlplrlo eormoqec% blo neijlh nljkzlrkze}i. neijlh tlrknk`e (glzeo`lo r}j}h% lblnlh glzeo`lo r}j}h ulo` rmzj}lo` blze tzkqmq jmblh lrl} l}rktqe. neijlh aerkrkfqef lblnlh jlhlo ulo` rmzfkorlieolqe lrl} i}o`feo rmzfkorlieolqe bmo`lo kjlr aerkrkfqef qmnlil tmzlaeflo. tmo`lo`f}rlo lrl} reoblflo rmzlte aerkrkfqef. neijlh clzilqe jmzlqln blze kjlr)kjlr flbln}lzql ulo` q}blh reblf betmzn}flo. neijlh feiel behlqenflo blze tmo``}ollo feiel blnli reoblflo imbeq. smrmzeolzu. nljkzlrkze}i. tzkqmq qrmzeneqlqe blo zeqmr. blo neijlh zlbeklfrec zlbeklfrec lblnlh jlhlo ulo` rmzfkorlieolqe bmo`lo zlbek eqkrkt ulo` jmzlqln blze tmo``}lolo imbeq lrl} zeqmr zlbeko}fnebl/ zlbeko}fnebl/ Ilqlnlh }rlil blnli imo`lrlqe neijlh eocmfqe}q lblnlh zmqefk tmo}nlzlo knmh l`mo eocmfqe}q ulo` jmzlqln blze neijlh eoe/ Zmqefk tmo}nlzlo lflo

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q}ijmzoul.

tzkqmq

tmo`}it}nlo.

tmo`lo`f}rlo. tmoueitlolo heo``l tmolo`lolo jlef ko qerm  il}t}o kcc qerm / Hln eoe imz}tlflo clfrkz ulo` betmzreijlo`flo blnli imomor}flo plblh lrl} fkorleomz }or}f neijlh eocmfqe}q/ Tmzreijlo`lo tmo``}ollo plblh g}`l bejmblflo qmq}le retm neijlh eocmfqe}q. beilol bltlr be`knko`flo imoglbe re`l retm. uler} neijlh jmobl rlgli. neijlh tlblr blo alez/ Fmre`loul imienefe tmzjmbllo jmqlz qmalzl ceqef . feiel. blo zmqefk ulo` bltlr bereij}nflo qmheo``l tmzqulzlrlo blnli tmplblhlo blo tmolo`lolooult}o jmzjmbl/ Tlbl tzeoqetoul neijlh imbeq hlz}q qmqm`mzl i}o`feo berlo`loe blo tmoueitlolo imz}tlflo tzekzerlq lfhez jenl neijlh jmolz)jmolz reblf bltlr nlo`q}o` beknlh/ Clfrkz tmoreo` blnli tmoueitlolo lorlzl nleo imnmo`flte rmitlr tmoueitlolo bmo`lo aksmz  lrl} tmo}r}t. imogl`l l`lz lzmln

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 tmoueitlolo neijlh imbeq reblf rmzalit}z bmo`lo neijlh oko)imbeq. imijlrlqe lfqmq qmheo``l hloul kzlo` rmzrmor} ulo` bltlr imilq}fe lzml qmzrl. nmjmneo` blo tmienehlo rmitlr tmoueitlolo ulo` rmtlr Tzkqmq tmo`mnknllo neijlh tlblr 

Tmo`mnknllo neijlh Tlbl tzkqmq tmieqlhlo neijlh. neijlh hlz}q beteqlhflo blze q}ijmzoul/

Qmi}l neijlh jmzmqefk reo``e hmoblfoul bejmze nljmn gmnlq blo tmzn} be`}olflo flor}o` tnlqref bmo`lo plzol)plzol ulo` jmzjmbl ulo` imo}og}fflo fmilol florko`

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tmoueitlolo neijlh. be jmjmzltl om`lzl flor}o` tnlqref a}f}t ilhln qmheo``l qmjl`le `loreoul bltlr be`}olflo flor}o` fmzrlq ulo` rlhlo jkakz (bej}lr qmalzl nkfln qmheo``l bltlr betmzknmh bmo`lo i}blh% flor}o` fmzrlq eoe bltlr bermitmne bmo`lo qrzet jmzplzol. fmi}belo bermitlrflo berko` bmo`lo fkbm plzol bejlo`qln blo }oer)}oer nleo/ Tmolo`lolo Neijlh benlf}flo bmo`lo jmjmzltl rlhltlo/ Flor}o`) flor}o` bmo`lo plzol hlz}q bej}lo` gefl rmnlh rmzeqe :+1 jl`elo/ Fmi}belo beeflr jl`elo lrlqoul blo bejmzeflo nljmn ulo` gmnlq/ Flor}o` hlz}q belo`f}r bmo`lo imim`lo` nmhmzoul. nmhmzoul. qmheo``l benmrlfflo bermitlr)rmitlr

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qlil rmnlh beglbeflo qlr} blo befezeiflo fmrmitlr ulo` qmq}le/ Tlbl lfhezoul flor}o` hlz}q beqeitlo tlbl fkrlf)fkrlf ulo` fmblt rmzhlblt f}r} blo hmplo tmz}qlf qmjmn}i belo`f}r fmrmitlr tmij}lo`lo/ Rlhlt tmo`}it}nlo qlitlh bmo`lo flor}o` tnlqref bejmblflo imoglbe re`l plzol uler} herli }or}f qlitlh oko imbeq. flor}o` plzol imzlh }or}f neijlh zlbeklfrec. qmblo` flor}o` f}oeo` }or}f neijlh+ qlitlh imbeq/ Qmnlog}roul benlf}flo tzkqmq tmo`lo`f}rlo neijlh/ Flor}o` neijlh beteqlhflo blo qmflne`}q beteqlhflo imo}z}r fkbm plzoloul/ Neijlh jl`elo j}flo fneoef bejlpl fm fkitlfrkz. neijlh jl`elo Fneoef bejlpl fm eoqmomzlrkz/ Fmoblzllo ulo` be`}olflo }or}f imo`lo`f}r neijlh rmzqmj}r qmjlefoul befkqko`flo blo bejmzqehflo qmrelt hlze. gefl tmzn} (ieqlnoul jenl lbl fmjkakzlo flor}o` neijlh% bejmzqehflo bmo`lo imo``}olflo nlz}rlo fnkzeo/

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4

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bmo`lo

fkitlfrkz. neijlh j}flo fneoef bltlr bej}lo` bermitlr tmoeij}olo qlitlh (Nlob)cenn qerm %/ %/ Neijlh fneoef hlz}q bejlflz (eoqmomzlqe%. gefl reblf imi}o`feoflo bltlr bereij}o bmo`lo flt}z blo berloli/ Neijlh blt}z qmjlefoul bej}lo` tlbl hlze ulo` qlil qmheo``l reblf qlitle imij}q}f/ Nlo`flh)nlo`flh tmo`lt}zlo (neieo`  ( neieo` % rmzqmj}r imnet}re tmo``lnelo n}jlo`. bmo`lo fmblnlilo qmferlz :.= imrmz/ Tmomjlzlo neijlh fneoef be blqlz n}jlo` qlitle qmreo``e 0= ai nln} berlijlhflo berlij lhflo nlteqlo nlteqlo flt}z/ Nlteqlo neijlh ulo` bereij}o nlteqlo flt}z ilqeh jeql berloliflo qlitle fmreo``elo 4.= imrmz bejlplh tmzi}fllo rlolh blo tlbl lfhezoul n}jlo` rmzqmj}r hlz}q ber}r}t bmo`lo rlolh/ Blnli qrzlrm`e tmo`knlhlo blo tmij}lo`lo neijlh z}ilh qlfer rmzbltlr jmjmzltl qeqrmi. lorlzl nleo l}rkanlseo` . bmqeocmfqe bmo`lo jlhlo feiel blo

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 imo``}olflo eoaeomzlrkz/ Bmo`lo lbloul qmj}lh }oer eoqeomzlrkz behlzltflo qmnleo bltlr imo`}zlo`e skn}im qlitlh qmjmn}i bej}lo` g}`l bltlr imo`henlo`flo imo`henlo`flo qeclr jmzjlhlul blo jmzla}ooul/ Qmblo`flo }or}f neijlh tlblr bkimqref bej}lo` tlbl rmitlr tmij}lo`lo qlitlh qmimorlzl. qmheo``l bmo`lo tmolo`lolo blo tmo`knlhlo neijlh tlblr ulo` rmnlh benlf}flo bltlr imogl`l fkobeqe neo`f}o`lo qmferlz blze tmoamilzlo/ 

Eoqeomzlrkz Z}ilh qlfer ulo` jmqlz i}o`feo ilit} imijmne eoqeomzlrkz qmobeze.

eoqeomzlrkz jmz}f}zlo fmaen lrl} imomo`lh bltlr imijlflz tlbl q}h} <144) <=44 ·A lrl} nmjeh reo``e blo i}o`feo bltlr imobl}z }nlo` qlitle 34- tlolq ulo` behlqenflo }or}f fmj}r}hlo momz`e z}ilh qlfer/ Q}lr} z}ilh qlfer bltlr t}nl imitmzknmh tmo`hlqenlo rlijlhlo bmo`lo imnluloe eoqeomzlqe neijlh z}ilh qlfer ulo` jmzlqln blze z}ilh qlfer ulo` nleo/ Jmjmzltl tlzlimrmz ktmzlqekoln ulo` lflo imitmo`lz}he rmzglieooul bmqrz}fqe tlolq lorlzl nleo rmitmzlr}z. plfr} reo``ln r}zj}nmoqe. tlqkflo }blzl. jlhlo fkoqrz}fqe. tmznmo`fltlo rlijlhlo/ Eoqeomzlrkz }or}f imo`knlh neijlh eocmfqe}q heo``l qllr eoe rmnlh bej}lr bmo`lo jmzjl`le olil qmtmzre eoqeomzlrkz imbeq. eoqeomzlrkz eocmfqe}q. lrl}t}o eoqeomzlrkz neijlh tlrknk`e/ tlrknk`e/ Rmrlte 54- blze eoqrlnlqe ulo` bejlo`}o }or}f imo`lrlqe neijlh z}ilh qlfer qmnlil b}l bmflbm eoe imo``}olflo tzeoqet Akorzknnmb Lez Eoaeomzlrkz / Fkitkomo)fkitkomo }rlil blnli eoqeomzlrkz eoe rmzbeze blze Tzeilzu Akij}qreko Ahlijmz. Qmakoblzu  Akij}qreko Ahlijmz. Jkenmz. Jkenmz. Lez Tknn}reko Akorzkn Bmseamq . Bmseamq . blo Qrlaf/ Tlbl }i}ioul eoqeomzlrkz bmo`lo tzeilzu ahlijmz  imo`fkosmzqe neijlh qmheo``l imo`hlqenflo mieqe jmz}tl tlzref}nlr/ ]or}f er} tmzn} tknn}reko  akorzkn bmseam  jmz}tl pmr  pmr blo blo bzu qaz}jjmzq  tlbl eoqeomzlrkz z}ilh qlfer ulo` ilocllroul lblnlh imo`}zlo`e mieqe tlzrefmn (4.4<  ‑4.41 `z+cr1%. imo`}zlo`e `lq lqli (HAN%. imo`}zlo`e qeclr tlrhk`mo. blo imoam`lh zla}o rmzjmjlq be }blzl/ Tmijlflzlo bmo`lo eoqeomzlrkz }i}ioul imo`hlqenflo j}lo`lo jlef jmz}tl tlblr. alez il}t}o `lq/ Blnli jmor}f tlblr jmz}tl lj} tlbl lfhezoul lflo bej}lo` fm nlobcenn  (rmitlr tmolit}o`lo qlitlh%/ ]or}f imoam`lh jlhlul ulo` bltlr bereij}nflo flob}o`lo lj} rmzqmj}r ilfl benlf}flo tmimzefqllo jmzblqlz jlf} i}r}/ Qmblo` }or}f mieqe jmz}tl tlzref}nlr be`}olflo Tknn}reko Akorzkn Bmseam jmz}tl Bmseam  jmz}tl pmr qaz}jjmz qmzrl qaz}jjmz qmzrl tmimzefqllo tlbl

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 mieqe }blzloul/ Tlbl jl`elo jlplh z}lo` pmr qaz}jjmz  rmzbltlr rlnlo` lrl} qmflr ulo` jmzc}o`qe imolo`flt glr}hlo qeql lez (neijlh alez%/ Rlnlo` rmzqmj}r beh}j}o`flo bmo`lo tetl ulo` fmi}belo imouln}zflooul fm eoqrlnlqe tmo`knlhlo lez j}lo`lo/ Tzkqmq tmo`mnknllo neijlh alez

Lez neijlh ulo` jmzlqln blze z}ilh qlfer imz}tlflo qlnlh qlr} q}ijmz tmoamilzlo lez ulo` qlo`lr tkrmoqeln/ Hln eoe beqmjljflo flzmol lez neijlh z}ilh qlfer imo`lob}o` qmoulpl kz`loef ulo` a}f}t reo``e. imo`lob}o` qmoulpl)qmoulpl feiel ulo` jmzjlhlul qmzrl imo`lob}o` iefzkkz`loeqim tlrk`mo ulo` bltlr imoumjljf i moumjljflo lo tmoulfer/ Neijlh alez ulo` behlqenflo z}ilh qlfer imit}oule flzlfrmzeqref rmzrmor} jlef ceqef. feiel blo jeknk`e/ Neijlh z}ilh qlfer jeql imo`lob}o` jmzilali) ilali iefzkkz`loeqim. rmz`lor}o` tlbl gmoeq z}ilh qlfer. reo`flr tmo`knlhlo ulo` benlf}flo qmjmn}i bej}lo` blo gmoeq qlzlol ulo` lbl (nljkzlrkze}i. fneoef bnn%/ Rmor} qlgl blze gmoeq)gmoeq iefzkkz`loeqim rmzqmj}r lbl ulo` jmzqeclr tlrk`mo/ Neijlh z}ilh qlfer qmtmzre hlnoul neijlh nleo lflo imo`lob}o` jlhlo)jlhlo kz`loef blo lokz`loef. ulo` reo`flr flob}o`looul bltlr bermor}flo bmo`lo }ge lez fkrkz tlbl }i}ioul qmtmzre JKB. AKB. tH. iefzkjeknk`ef. iefzkjeknk`ef. blo nleo)nleo/ Neijlh alez z}ilh qlfer imo`lob}o` iefzkkz`loeqim. jlhlo feiel jmzla}o qmzrl zlbeklfrec jmzjlhlul jl`e fmqmhlrlo blo neo`f}o`lo/ Z}ilh qlfer imz}tlflo q}ijmz beqrzej}qe ltljenl neijlh ulo` behlqenflo reblf befmnknl bmo`lo jlef/ Tmomnerelo ulo` benlf}flo Rlitlo` (:44=% imo}og}fflo jlhpl neo`f}o`lo tmzlezlo ulo` rmzfmol neijlh alez z}ilh qlfer imienefe RQQ. fmfmz}hlo. JKB. AKB. BK. liikoel. oerzlr. fkneckzi. blo M/ Akne  ulo` reo``e/ G}inlh AKB tlbl lez rmzfkorlieolqe neijlh beoenle tlneo` reo``e qmjloulf :34 i`+N/ Hln rmzqmj}r imo`eobeflqeflo imo`eobeflqeflo neo`f}o`lo tmzlezlo rmnlh rmzamilz j}lo`lo kz`loef neijlh z}ilh qlfer/ Qmrelt z}ilh qlfer jmzfmplgejlo imienefe Eoqrlnlqe Tmo`knlh Lez Lez Neijlh (ETLN% l`lz jmztmzlo qmzrl qmalzl lfrec blnli imogl`l neo`f}o`lo/ Jlz} :0.1- ZQ ulo` imo`mnknl neijlh alez bmo`lo imo``}olflo qeqrmi ETLN/ Tmo`knlhlo neijlh alez be Z}ilh Qlfer bltlr imo``}olflo qeqrmi mxrmobmb lmzlreko / Tlbl lplnoul lez neijlh belnezflo fm blnli eocn}mor ahlijmz /

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 Blnli tzkqmq tmouln}zlo fm eocn}mor ahlijmz  eoe jlhlo tlblr bltlr ilq}f fm qeqrmi tmouln}zlo/ Gefl jlhlo tlblr ilq}f fm qeqrmi tmouln}zlo tmouln}zlo blo imoaltle }oer tmo`knlhlo ilfl tzkqmq tmo`knlhlo neijlh alez bltlr rmz`lo``}/ Knmh flzmol er}. tlbl eocn}mor ahlijmz  benlf}flo tmo`knlhlo tmoblh}n}lo uler} imnln}e tzkqmq tmoulzeo`lo bmo`lo jlz qazmmo / Lez neijlh belnezflo imnln}e qlzeo`lo jmqe }or}f imoulzeo` qlitlh ulo` jmz}f}zlo jmqlz/ Qlitlh ulo` rmzrlhlo knmh qlzeo`lo jmqe qmalzl z}reo belo`f}r }or}f imo`heoblze rmzglbeoul tmou}ijlrlo/ Qmnlog}roul lez neijlh beknlh blnli m|}lneweo` rlof / Be blnli m|}lneweo`  rlof . lez neijlh bej}lr imoglbe hkik`mo blo lnezlooul belr}z bmo`lo cnkp  zm`}nlrkz/ Cnkp zm`}nlrkz  ulo` rmzbltlr tlbl jlf mf}lneqlqe eoe blo bltlr imo`moblneflo cn}fr}lqe g}inlh lez neijlh ulo` reblf imzlrl. uler} qmnlil gli fmzgl lez betmzn}flo blnli g}inlh jloulf. blo qmbefer qmflne tlbl ilnli hlze/ Cnkp zm`}nlrkz g}`l zm`}nlrkz  g}`l bltlr imo`moblneflo cn}fr}lqe f}lnerlq lez neijlh ulo` reblf qlil

qmnlil

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bmo`lo

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blo

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jlhlo)jlhlo

kz`loef

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bebmfkitkqeqeflo knmh iefzkkz`loeqim imoglbe tzkb}f ulo` nmjeh qmbmzhlol qmheo``l rmzglbe tmo`}zlo`lo jlhlo kz`loef be blnli lez/ Blnli hln eoe jlhlo j}lo`lo kz`loef be}jlh blo be`}olflo }or}f tmzfmijlo`lo qmn jlz} (tzkrktnlqil% qmzrl be}jlh blnli jmor}f jlhlo)jlhlo nleooul qmtmzre flzjkobekfqebl. lez. blo liikoel/ Ilqql blze tzkrktnlqil blo jlhlo kz`loef jlz} ulo` behlqenflo. imo`moblt jmzqlil)qlil bmo`lo mobltlo blnli lareslrmb qn}b`m / Tzkqmq kfqeblqe ulo` rmzglbe lblnlh7 Jlfrmze AHKOQ & K: & o}rzemo  AK: & H:K & OH1 & qmn)qmn iefzkjeln iefzkjeln jmzrlijlh OH1 & K: & qmn)qmn q mn)qmn oerzlr oerzlr OK:



OK1 & H:K & qmn)qmn oerzlr jmzrlijlh jmzrlijlh

Fmi}belo lez neijlh jmqmzrl n}it}z hlqen tzkqmq jeknk`eq rlbe belnezflo fm blnli anlzecemz rlof  l`lz bltlr imo`moblt/ N}it}z ulo` q}blh imo`moblt be

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 jl`elo tlneo` jlplh betkitlflo fmijlne fm jlf lmzlqe blo n}it}z tlbl lez neijlh ulo` jlz} blrlo` bejelzflo r}z}o imo`moblt fm jlplh qmheo``l rmzglbe tmz`lorelo/ tmz`lorelo/ N}it}z ulo` rmnlh imo`moblt tlbl blqlz jlf anlzecemz befmijlneflo anlzecemz  befmijlneflo fm jlf lmzlqe rlotl lbl ulo` belijen fmn}lz lrl} benlf}flo tmo`knlhlo n}it}z nmjeh nlog}r/ Lez neijlh blze jlf anlzecemz  ulo` q}blh nmjeh gmzoeh belnezflo fm jlf mccn}mor / Qmjmn}i ilq}f fm mccn}mor rlof . lez neijlh bejmzeflo fhnkzeo }or}f imo`moblneflo

g}inlh

tkt}nlqe

jlfrmze

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lijlo`

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reblf

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bmo`lo

imitmzhlreflo alzl tmijmzelo fnkz lrl} bmqeocmfrlo nleo blo bkqeq ulo` bejmzeflo/ Tmo`knlhlo likoel bltlr bereo`flrflo bmo`lo tmijmzelo kfqe`mo (lmzlqe% bmo`lo lmzlrkz/ Tmo`knlhlo ckqclr bltlr bereo`flrflo bmo`lo imoalze q}ijmz tmo`hlqen ckqclr. tlbl }i}ioul blze nl}obzu . blo bmo`lo imo``lore bmrmzgmo ulo` zlilh neo`f}o`lo/

FMQEIT]NLO Z}ilh Qlfer qmjl`le q}lr} }oer tmoumnmo``lzl fmqmhlrlo ilqulzlflr bltlr imoeij}nflo tmoamilzlo. uler} jenl neijlh ulo` behlqenflo reblf befmnknl bmo`lo jlef/ Qmalzl }i}i qlitlh blo neijlh z}ilh qlfer bejl`e blnli b}l fmnkitkf jmqlz. uler} qlitlh lrl} neijlh imbeq blo oko imbeq jlef tlblr il}t}o alez/ Tmolo`lolo qlitlh imbeq bejmblflo bmo`lo qlitlh oko imbeq qmq}le bmo`lo qeclr ceqef. feiel. blo jeknk`eq ul` beflob}o`oul/ Neijlh tlblr befmnknl bmo`lo tmoeij}olo (Nlob)cen ( Nlob)cennn qerm  q erm %. %. tmo`lt}zlo (neieo`  (neieo` %. %. blo eoqeomzlqe/ Neijlh alez bltlr befmnknl befmnknl bmo`lo imo``}olflo imo``}olflo qeqrmi mxrmobmb lmzlreko/

Lzbenlq}o} Pealfqkok :4<4 BLCRLZ T]QRLFL Lzeceo I /:448/ Tmo`lz}h Neijlh Z}ilh Qlfer Rmzhlblt Fmqmhlrlo / Fmqmhlrlo / Glflzrl7 Clf}nrlq Fmbkfrmzlo. ]oesmzqerlq Eobkomqel/ Eobkomqel/ Bglgl EI blo Iloefq}neqrul B /:443/ @lijlzlo Tmo`mnknllo Neijlh Alez be Z}ilh Qlfer X Glflzrl/ G Ilflzl Fmqmhlrlo <47 Fmqmhlrlo <47 34)31/ Bg}olmbe H /:440/ Flgelo Mcmfrecerlq Tmo`knlhlo Neijlh Alez Z}ilh Qlfer )  Qr}be Flq}q Z}ilh Qlfer be Penlulh BFE Glflzrl  VbeqmzrlqeY/ Jk`kz7 Qmfknlh Tlqalqlzglol. Eoqrer}r Tmzrloelo Jk`kz/ Heblulr R/ :4<4/ Tzktkqln Tmolplzlo Eoaeomzlrkz Z}ilh Qlfer   ‑ T}qfmqilq  ‑ Tknefneoef/ Ilxtmnn Rmahoknk`u7 Jlob}o`/ Gleq

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Eobkomqel/ Qlzplork Q /:445/ Neijlh Z}ilh Qlfer Jmn}i Befmnknl Bmo`lo Jlef / Jlef / Glflzrl7 ]oesmzqerlq ]oesmzqerlq Eobkomqel blo Bmtlzrmimo Fmqmhlrlo Zmt}jnef Zmt}jnef Eobkomqel Q}ieulre Q blo Eiloelz /:440/ Lolneqeq Lolneqeq Feomzgl Tmo`knlhlo Lez Lez Neijlh Tlsenu}o Tlsenu}o Flzrefl ZQTLB @lrkr Qkmjzkrk Glflzrl/ G TZMQETERLQE :7 TZMQETERLQE :7 15)2:/ Rlitlo` JN /:44=/ Lolneqeq J}lo`lo Kz`loef Neijlh Alez Z}ilh Qlfer be  Neo`f}o`lo Tmzlezlo ) Flq}q be Fkrl Ilflqqlz  VbeqmzrlqeY/ Jk`kz7 Qmfknlh Tlqalqlzglol. Eoqrer}r Tmzrloelo Jk`kz/