this gives a brief overview of structure of neurons with classification of nerves. It also explains the myelinogenesis and properties of the neurons. this helps in basic understanding of nerve phys...
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Descripción: Medical Physiology Lecture and Lab Guide
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PHYSIOLOGY TEST •
Question 1 • Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the plasma membrane by: • a) secondary active transport • b) passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer • c) specific gas transport proteins • d) primary active transport • Question 2 • A substance can only be accumulated against its electrochemical gradient by: • a) facilitated diffusion • b) Passage through ion channels • c) Diffusion through a uniport • d) Active transport • Question 3 • The principal intracellular cation is: • a) Na+ • b) Cl• c) K+ • d) Ca2+ • Question 4 • Which of the following is an example of primary active transport • a) Cl--HCO3- exchange • b) Na+ - H+ exchange • c) Na+-Ca2+ exchange • d) The Na+, K+ ATPase Question 5 • The sodium pump • a) Exchanges extracellular Na+ for intracellular K+ • b) Is important for maintaining a constant cell volume • c) Can only be inhibited by metabolic poisons • d) Is an ion channel Question 6 • Which of the following values is closest to the resting membrane potential of mammalian cells: • a) -20 mV • b) -60 mV • c) +60 mV • d) +20 mV Question 7 HARDWORK NEVER GOES VAIN
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Which of the following statements regarding exocytosis is correct? • a) Is always employed by cells for secretion • b) Is used to deliver material into the extracellular space • c) Takes up large molecules from the extracellular space • d) Allows the retrieval of elements of the plasma membrane Question 8 • Endocytosis is used by cells to: • a) Ingest bacteria and cell debris • b) Retrieve elements of the plasma membrane after exocytosis • c) Secrete large molecules into the extracellular space Question 9 • The principal extracellular cation is : • a) Sodium (Na+) • b) Potassium (K+) • c) Chloride (Cl-) • d) Calcium (Ca2+) Question 10 • The resting membrane potential is mainly determined by: • a) the Cl- gradient • b) the Ca2+ gradient • c) the Na+ gradient • d) the K+ gradient Question 11 • Which of the following statements concerning the action potentials of nerve cells is correct? • a) They result from a large increase in the membrane permeability to sodium ions • b) They can summate one with another • c) They may vary considerably in amplitude • d) They become larger as stimulus strength increases Question 12 • Which of the following statements concerning the velocity of action potential propagation is correct? • a) Is independent of an axon's diameter
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b) Depends on the thickness of the myelin around the axon • c) Will be unaffected if the axon becomes demyelinated • d) Is fastest in unmyelinated axons Question 13 • If a motor nerve has a conduction velocity of 50 m s-1 how long will it take an action potential to reach a muscle 0.5 m from the spinal cord? • a) 10 ms • b) 15 ms • c) 2 ms • d) 20 ms Question 14 • Which of the following statements concerning synaptic excitation is correct? • a) The membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell hyperpolarizes • b) The epsps are all or none in nature • c) The epsps can summate • d) After an epsp the postsynaptic cell passes through a refractory period Question 15 • Which of the following statements concerning the neuromuscular junction is correct? • a) The muscle membrane possesses muscarinic receptors • b) The motor nerve endings secrete noradrenaline (norepinephrine). • c) Curare leads to prolongation of neuromuscular transmission • d) The motor nerve endings secrete acetylcholine Question 16 • Which of the following statements concerning the structure of muscle tissue is correct? • a) Skeletal muscle has the same structure as cardiac muscle • b) Smooth muscle cells have no striations as they lack myosin filaments • c) Smooth muscle has a system of T-tubules. • d) The myofibrils of skeletal muscle are surrounded by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. HARDWORK NEVER GOES VAIN
Question 17 • Which of the following statements concerning the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of skeletal muscle is correct? • a) The mitochondria act as a store of Ca2+ for the contractile process • b) Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane is important in sustaining the contraction of skeletal muscle • c) A rise in intracellular Ca2+allows actin to interact with myosin • d) The tension of a skeletal muscle fibre is partly regulated by G proteins. Question 18 • Which of the following statements concerning cardiac muscle is correct? • a) The force of contraction is increased by circulating adrenaline • b) Heart muscle contracts in response to action potentials in the autonomic nerve fibres • c) The action potential has the same duration as that of skeletal muscle • d) All of the Ca2+required for contraction enters a myocyte during the plateau phase of the action potentia Question 19 • Regarding the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. • a) Acetylcholine is secreted by some sympathetic postganglionic fibres. • b) Most sympathetic preganglionic fibres secrete noradenaline (norepinephrine). • c) Sympathetic postganglionic neurons are found in spinal segments from T1 to L2. • d) The sympathetic chain extends from the thoracic to the sacral regions of the spinal cord. Question 20 • Regarding the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. • a) Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres are found in all cranial nerves • b) Parasympathetic vasoconstrictor fibres are present in the salivary glands. Page 2
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c) Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are found in spinal ganglia from T1 to L2. • d) Parasympathetic postganglionic fibres secrete acetylcholine onto their target organs. Question 21 • The hormone that influences the production of red blood cells is: • A)thyroxin • B)erythropoietin • C)calcitonin • D)thymosin Question 22 • An example of an environmental signal that acts at a distance between individuals is • A)insulin. • B)cortisol. • C)pheromones. • D)prostaglandins. Question 23 • A pheromone is • A)an endorphin released within the anterior pituitary. • B)a growth factor related to the production of tumors. • C)a product of a neurosecretory cell that acts on neighboring cells. • D)a chemical released by one animal to affect the behavior of another animal. Question 24 • Which body system coordinates activities of body parts by releasing hormones into the blood? • A)nervous system • B)digestive system • C)respiratory system • D)endocrine system Question 25 • Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? • A)pancreas • B)adrenal glands • C)salivary glands • D)thyroid gland
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Question 26 • The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary via • A)nerve stimulation. • B)blood osmotic concentrations. • C)blood glucose concentrations. • D)releasing hormones. Question 27 • The part of the brain controlling the anterior pituitary gland secretions is the • A)medulla. • B)thalamus. • C)cerebral cortex. • D)hypothalamus. Question 28 • Which is most involved in milk production? • A)oxytocin • B)progesterone • C)prolactin • D)estrogen Question 29 • The condition that results when there is an increased production of human growth hormone in an adult is termed • A)Cushing's syndrome. • B)Addison's disease. • C)gigantism. • D)acromegaly. Question 30 • Which of the following hormones require iodine? • A)thyroxin • B)aldosterone • C)parathyroid hormone • D)insulin Question 31 • Weakened bones can result from an oversecretion of the • A)thyroid gland. • B)adrenal gland. • C)pancreas. • D)parathyroid gland.
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PHYSIOLOGY TEST Question 32 • Which of the following hormones will allow us to react to emergency situations? • A) estrogen • B) progesterone • C) testosterone • D) norepinephrine • Question 33 • Cortisol is released from the • A) adrenal medulla. • B) adrenal cortex. • C) thyroid. • D) parathyroid. • Question 34 • The level of sodium in the blood is regulated by the secretion of • A) oxytocin. • B) insulin. • C) cortisol. • D) aldosterone. • Question 35 • Which of the following glands has both an endocrine and an exocrine function? • A) mammary gland • B) pancreas • C) pituitary • D) adrenal gland • Question 36 • Which of the following symptoms is NOT characteristic of diabetes mellitus? • A)cells unable to take up glucose • B)increased breakdown of fats and protein • C)Frequent urination • D)bronzing of the skin • Question 37 • Which hormone will decrease blood glucose levels? • A)thyroxin • B)aldosterone • C)cortisol D)insulin • Question 38 • Residual volume of the lung is • a. 1200 ml HARDWORK NEVER GOES VAIN
b. 1500 ml c. 4500 ml d. 500 ml Question 39 Partial pressure of O2 in the inspired air is 156 mm Hg and that of CO2 is a. 0.3 mm Hg b. 0.5 mm Hg c. 140 mm Hg d. 46 mmHg Question 40 Respiratory Quotient is not less than one in a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Fats d. Normal diet Question 41 The chief difference between Trachea and Bronchioles is a. Trachea lacks cartilage b. Bronchiole lacks cartilage c. Trachea is long d. Bronchiole is small Question 42 Pulmonary ventilation is a. Tidal volume + Respiratory rate b. Tidal volume + Vital capacity c. Tidal volume + Residual volume d. Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume Question 43 Hering Breur Reflex serves as a protective mechanism to prevent a. Tracheal collapsing b. Excess lung inflation c. Excess oxygenation d. All these Question 44 Oxygen dissociation curve shows the relation between a. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Oxygen tension b. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Carbon dioxide level c. Oxyhemoglobin formation and dissociation Page 4
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d. Partial pressure of Oxygen and Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide Question 45 When Bohr effect occurs due to increased CO2 tension, Oxygen affinity of Hb decreases . The reason for increased CO2 tension is a. Increase in P50 b. Decrease in P50 c. High CO2 content d. High O2 content Question 46 Haldane effect refers to a. Increased CO2 uptake to minimize CO2 tension b. Increased O2 tension c. Decreased CO2 tension d. Decreases O2 tension Question 47 Which of the following Hormone is secreted in excess when a person climbing a mountain a. Anti Natriuretic Factor b. Adrelaline c. Erythropoietin d. Thyroxine Question 48 TB skin test is called “ Scatch test or Mantoux test “ in which Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative ( PPD ) is injected sub cutaneously This test is based on a. Delayed Hypersensitivity b. Production of antibodies c. Production of Tubercle toxin d. All Question 49 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( COPD ) includes a. Emphysema b. Bronchitis c. Asthma d. All Question 50 Hiccup is due to a. Increased inspiration b. Irritation of Phrenic nerve HARDWORK NEVER GOES VAIN
c. Expanded stomach d. Acidity in the stomach Question 51 Spirometry is used a. To detect the amount of Hemoglobin b. To detect the air flow through the respiratory system c. To check the respiratory quotient d. None of these Question 52 The combination of Hemoglobin with Oxygen in the blood can be promoted by a. Decreasing O2 concentration b. Increasing O2 concentration c. Increasing CO2 concentration d. Decreasing CO2 concentration Question 53 During transportation of Carbon dioxide, blood will not become acidic, because a. It contains hemoglobin b. It contains Hemoglobinc acid c. It contains Buffers d. It contains high CO2 Question 54 The accessory digestive organs include all of the following, EXCEPT: A tongue B liver C pancreas D stomach Question 55 The matrix of blood is known as a) Plasma b) Serum c) RBC and WBC d) WBC and platelets Question 56 The ratio of WBC and RBC is a) 1:60 b)1:600 c) 1:6000 d) 1:60000
Question 57 During blood coagulation, thromboplastin is released by a) RBC b) blood plasma c) leucocytes d) clumped platelets and damaged tissues Question 58 The life span of WBC is approximately a) Less than 10 days b) Between 20-30 days c) Between 2-3 months d) More than three months Question 59 Chemical digestion of starch foods begins in the: A mouth B stomach C small intestine D large intestine Question 60 Chemical digestion of protein begins in the: A mouth B stomach C small intestine D large intestine Question 61 Epithelial cells of the intestine involved in food absorption have on their surface a) pinocytic vesicles b) Zymogen granules c) phagocytic vesicles d) microvilli Question 62 The life span of thrombocytes is a) 4 to 5 weeks b) 3 to 7 weeks c) 3 to 7 days d) None of these Question 63 Which statement is true for WBC? a) produced in thymus b) non nucleated c) in deficiency cancer is caused HARDWORK NEVER GOES VAIN
d) can squeeze through blood capillaries Question 64 If pancreas is removed, the compound which remain undigested is a) Proteins b) Carbohydrates c) Fats d) all of these Question 65 Most of the fat digestion occurs in a) Rectum b) Stomach c) Duodenum d) Small intestine Question 66 The water content (as a percentage of total body mass) of an adult human male is: a) The same as that of a newborn baby b) Slightly less than that of an adult female c) Around 60% total body weight d) Is mainly due to the volume of the blood Question 67 Regarding the extracellular fluid: a) It accounts for the largest proportion of total body water b) It is hypotonic with respect to the intracellular fluid c) It contains around 140 mmol l-1 of sodium ions d) It has the exactly the same composition as the plasma Question 68 A subject with a body weight of 65 kg was injected with 10 ml of a 1% (w/v) solution of Evans Blue. After 10 min, the blood was sampled and found to contain 0.037 mg/ml of the dye. What is the plasma volume? a) 2.70 litres b) 0.27 litres c) 27 litres d) 5 litres Question 69 Release of pancreatic juice is stimulated by a) Enterokinase Page 6
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b) Secretin c) Trypsinogen d) Cholecystokinin Question 70 Blood circulation was first explained by a) Jenner b)William Harvey c) Mendel d) Pasteur Question 71 What is the name of the iron -containing protein that gives red blood vessels their colour? a) Hemocyanin b)Pyrite c) Hemoglobin d) Myoglobin Question 72 The..... produces red blood cells, which transport.....and some..... a) Liver; oxygen; mineral ions b) Liver; oxygen; carbon dioxide c) Bone marrow; oxygen; hormones d) Bone marrow; oxygen; carbon dioxide Question 73 A rise in blood cholesterol may lead to a deposition of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels. This causes the arteries to lose their elasticity and get stiffened. This is called a) Hypertension b)Hypotension c) Arteriosclerosis d) Systolic pressure Question 74 Which of the following receives blood from the efferent arteriole? a) the renal vein b) the glomerulus c) the afferent arteriole d) the peritubular capillary network Question 75 Urine enters the bladder through which structure? a) the ureter HARDWORK NEVER GOES VAIN
b) the collecting duct c) the kidney d) the urethra Question 76 Which of the following surrounds the glomerulus? a) the proximal convoluted tubule b) the afferent arteriole c) the peritubular capillaries d) the Bowman’s capsule Question 77 The presence of ADH causes an individual to excrete a) sugars b) less water c) more water d) both a and c are correct Question 78 Reabsorption of Na+ : a) takes place in association with CL- & HCO3 b) occurs only in PT c) is under control of parathormone hormone d) is a passive process . Question 79 The primary renal site for the secretion of organic ions e.g urate, creatinine is : a) proximal tubule b) loop of Henle c) distal tubule d) collecting duct . Question 80 The glomerular filtration rate will increase if a) circulating blood volume increase . b) the afferent arteriolar resistance increases . c) the efferent arteriolar resistance decreases . d) the plasma protein concentration decreases Question 81 The effect of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) on the kidney is to : a) increase the permeability of the distal nephron to water. b) increase the excretion of Na+ c) increase the excretion of water Page 7
d) increase the diameter of the renal artery Question 82 Major determinants of plasma osmolarity include all the following except: a) sodium b) hemoglobin c) chloride d) albumin Question 83 About urea , all are true except : a) concentration rises in tubular fluid as the glomerular filtrate passes down the nephron. b) is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells c) concentration in the blood rises slightly after a high protein diet d) causes osmotic diuresis when its blood concentration is increased Question 84 About the proximal convoluted tubules , all are true except : a) reabsorb most of Na+ ions in glomerular filtrate b) reabsorb most of Cl- ions in glomerular filtrate c) reabsorb most of K+ ions in glomerular filtrate d) contains JGCs which secrete renin Question 85 Extracellular bicarbonate ions serve as effective buffer for all the following except : a) sulfuric acid b) phosphate acid c) lactic acid d) carbonic acid Question 86 Follicle stimulating hormone a. Helps in maturation and growth of follicles b. In the presence of LH, facilitates release of oestrogen by the theca interna of the graffian follicle. c. Facilitates spermatogensis. d. All of the above
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Question 87 The implantation of fertilized ovum occurs a. Between 7th & 9th days after ovulation b. Occurs because of penetration & erosion of uterine mucosa by proteolytic enzymes produced by trophoblast c. At a stage of blastocyst d. All of the above Question 88 Fertilisation of ovum normally occurs in a. Uterus b. Cervix of uterus c. Fallopian tube d. None of the above Question 89 All the following are important electrolytes in the body except: A) potassium ions B) carbon ions C) chloride ions D) sodium ions Question 90 A base may be defined as a chemical compound that: A) removes hydrogen ions from a solution B) adds sodium chloride to a solution C) adds hydrogen ions to a solution D) eliminates sodium ions from a solution Question 91 Approximately one-third of the body water exists in the A) kidneys and urinary bladder B) blood C) extracellular fluid compartment D) transcellular fluid compartment Question 92 In the process of osmosis: A) water moves from a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration B) water moves from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration C) sodium ions move through a Page 8
PHYSIOLOGY TEST
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semipermeable membrane D) chloride ions follow the movement of sodium ions ot a region of low concentration Question 93 The hormones aldosterone and ADH both have an important function in: A) fluid balance in the body B) the regulation of acid concentrationin the body C) stimulation of a conscious desire for water D) the activity of buffer systems Question 94 Gastric juice contains: A) calcium B) albumin proteins C) angiotensin D) chloride ions Question 95 The rate and depth of breathing has a regulatory influence on the: A) acid/base balance of the body B) protein metabolism of the body C) amount of water taken into the body D) rate at which fats are broken down in the body Question 96 One principal function of complement is to A. inactivate perforins B. mediate the release of histamine C. Bind antibodies attached to cell surfaces and to lyse these cells D. phagocytize antigens Question 97 All of the following are true of antigen EXCEPT which one of the following? A. They contain epitopes. B. They will react with antibodies. C. They contain antigenic determinants. D. They contain paratopes. Question 98 Which of the following immunoglobulins is present normally in plasma at the highest concentration? A. IgG HARDWORK NEVER GOES VAIN
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B. IgM C. IgA D. IgD Question 99 Which immunoglobulin is the principal one found in secretions such as milk? A. IgG B. IgM C. IgA D. IgD Question 100 The class of an immunoglobulin A. is determined by Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex proteins B. is determined by the carbohydrate attached to the light chain is C. determined by the antigen D. is determined by the heavy chain type
B D D B B A B A B A A A C A D B B B C D A B D B A B D C D D D C C A
69. C 70. B 71. C 72. D 73. D 74. D 75. A 76. D 77. C 78. A 79. A 80. D 81. A 82. B 83. B 84. D 85. D 86. D 87. D 88. C 89. B 90. A 91. C 92. B 93. A 94. D 95. A 96. C 97. D 98. A 99. C 100.D
