Page 1 of 7
Introduction DEFINITIONS History of Architecture "It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages." Historic Styles of Architecture "The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design, which prevails at a certain place and time." Factors Affecting the Styles of Architecture 1. History 2. Society 3. Religion
4. Geography 5. Geology 6. Climate
Reasons Why Man Sought for Shelter 1. Protection a. from elements of nature b. from wild animals 2. Comfort c. a place to sleep and rest 3. Food storage 4. To perpetuate human life
AR 223/AR 3163
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Page 2 of 7
AR 223/AR 3163
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Page 3 of 7
PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES A. HISTORY CULTURAL STAGE: 1. STONE AGE Paleolithic people Nomadic hunters and gatherers Used caves as shelters Used fire and stone tools
Upper Paleolithic evidence of communal hunting, constructed shelters, and belief systems centering on magic and the supernatural rock carving and paintings reached their peak in the Magdalenian culture of cro-magnon man
Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age) began at the end of the last glacial era, over 10,000 years ago. gradual domestication of plants and animals formation of settled communities use of the bow development of delicate stone microliths and pottery
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) vary with geographic location – the earliest known Neolithic culture developed from the Natufian in Southwestern Asia between 8000 – 6000/9000 -7000 B.C. people lived in settled villages, cultivated grains and domesticated animals, developed pottery, spinning, weaving and evolved into the urban civilizations of the Bronze Age in Southeast Asia a distinct type of Neolithic culture cultivated rice before 2000 BCE New World peoples independently domesticated plants and animals, and by 1500 BCE. Neolithic cultures existed in Mesoamerica that led to the Aztec and Inca civilization.
B. RELIGION no organized religion burial rituals and monuments
C. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Megalithic • use of large stone to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones • rock(s) hewn in definite shapes for special purposes • use of stones by an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement • Ancient Greek: Megas ( great) + Lithos (stone) • Many Megaliths are thought to have a purpose in determining important events such as the solstice and equinox dates AR 223/AR 3163
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Page 4 of 7
•
The construction of these structures took place as late as neolithic age and continued to the Bronze and/or Iron Age
D. MATERIALS Animal Skins Wooden Frames Animal Bones E. ORIENTATION • towards cardinal points EXAMPLES 1. DWELLINGS: a. Rock Caves • Use of natural stone/rock formations • Artificial caves below ground • Caves above ground Cave at Lascaux, France, Cro-Magnon people (15,000-13,000 BCE) “Fresco" and "found relief" includes paintings of bulls, horses, deer, bison, etc. b. • • •
Huts Made of reeds, grass, leaves, tree branches, twigs, wattle and daub, etc. Covered or sheathed by animal skin Lake dwellings or huts on posts/trees
c. •
c. Houses Made of stone and/or mud Neolithic houses at Skara Brae, Orkney, Scotland Made of ice
•
AR 223/AR 3163
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Page 5 of 7
2. RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES: a. Monoliths/Menhirs Men (Stone) + Hir (Long) • Tall stone usually rough, standing upright either as part of a circle or row or alone. • 63 ‘ (18.9 m) high and about 14’ (4.2 m) wide at the base • religious purpose b. Dolmen/Cromlechs 1. Dolmen (Hole of Stone) • consist of a large flat stone laid across two upright stones. AR 223/AR 3163
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Page 6 of 7
• •
prototype of the post and lintel construction. may be used as tomb or monument.
2. Stone Rows • Made up of a number of stones spaced apart into 10 18 lines and one line or row may stretch for about 3 o miles. 3. Cromlech (Standing in semi-circle) • three or more upright stones capped by an unhewn stone. • enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form
4. Stone & Wood Circles The two circles are complimentary to each other • Stonehenge is aligned with the midwinter so lstice sunset • Durrington's timber circle is aligned with the midwinter solstice sunrise.
STONEHENGE, Chalk Down, Salisbury, UK (3050-1600 BC from Neolithic – beginning of Bronze Age) -designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site c. • • a. b. c.
BURIAL MOUNDS/TUMULI (TUMULUS) OR BARROWS Earliest Neolithic earthen mounds Long Barrow Communal graves used between 4000-3000 BC. Typically 99 feet long with walls of chalk. People were laid to rest in their own side chambers, facing eastward. (England )
AR 223/AR 3163
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Page 7 of 7
• a.
Round Barrow Circular mounds, typically used to bury community leaders.
OTHER PREHISTORIC STRUCTURES - Stone Forts REFERENCES Books: De la Croix, Horst and Richard Tansey. Gardner;s Art Through the Ages. Ancient, Medieval and NonEuropean Art. 7th ed. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. USA. 1976. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed., The Royal Institute of British Architects and The University of London: 1996 Hadingham, Evan. Circles and Standing Stones. Anchor Press/Doubleday. Garden City, New York. 1976 Osborne, Ken. Stonehenge and Neighboring Monuments. English H eritage, London. 1995 Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History of Architecture, JMC Press: 1986 The World Atlas of Architecture, Portland House: 1988 Internet Sources: Megaliths and Monuments. http://www.megaliths and monuments.html. June 2007 DVD Sources courtesy of Prof. Norma I. Alarcon: What the Ancients Did For Us: The Pagans. BBC. Other Sources: Lecture notes of Arch. Clarissa L. Avendaño History Powerpoint from the Center for the Designed Professions (CDEP)
AR 223/AR 3163
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
