Precast Concrete Structures
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Precast Concrete Structures Kim S. Elliott
OXFO OXFORD RD AMST AMSTER ERDA DAM M BOST BOSTON ON LOND LONDON ON NEW NEW YORK YORK PARI PARIS S SAN DIEGO DIEGO SAN FRANCI FRANCISCO SCO SINGAP SINGAPORE ORE SYDNEY SYDNEY TOKYO TOKYO
Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 First published 2002 Copyright
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2002, Kim S. Elliott. All rights reserved
The right of Kim S. Elliott to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted asserted in accordance accordance with the Copyright, Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently transiently or incidental incidentally ly to some other use of this publicatio publication) n) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, London, England England W1T 4LP. Application Applicationss for the copyright copyright holder's holder's written written permission permission to reproduce reproduce any part of this publication publication should be addressed addressed to the publisher
British British Library Library Cataloguing Cataloguing in Publication Publication Data Elliott, Kim S. Precast concrete structures 1. Precast Precast concrete concrete constructio construction n I. Titl Titlee 693.5 22 0
Library Library of Congress Congress Cataloguing Cataloguing in Publication Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
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preface In 1990, the chairman of the British Precast Concrete Federation (BPCF), Mr Geoff Brigginshaw, asked me what level of teaching was carried out in British universities in precast concrete construction for multi-storey buildings. The answer, of course, was very little, and remains that way today in spite of considerable efforts by the BPCF and sections of the profession to broadcast the merits, and pitfalls of precast concrete structures. Having given lectures at about 25 UK universities in this subject, I estimate that less than 5 per cent of our civil/structural engineering graduates know about precast concrete, and less than this have a decent grounding in the design of precast concrete structures. Why is this? The precast concrete industry commands about 25 per cent of the multi-storey commercial and domestic building market if frames, floors and cladding (facades) are all included. In higher education (one step away from the market), precast educa educatio tion n comman commands ds betwee between n zero zero and (about (about)) 5 per cent cent of the struct structura urall engineering curriculum. This in turn represents only about 1/8 of a civil engineering course. The 5 per cent figure claimed above could indeed be an over estimate. The reasons are two-fold: 1 British British lecturers lecturers are holistic holistic towards towards structural structural enginee engineering. ring. 2 British British lecturers lecturers have have no informati information on in this subject subject.. This book aims to solve these suggestions simultaneously. Suggestion no. 2 is more readily solved. This book is, unfortunately, one of very few text books in this subject area aimed at students at a level which they can assimilate in their overall structural engineering learning process. It does this by considering design both at the macro and micro levels ± global issues such as structural stability, building moveme movement nt and robust robustnes nesss are disse dissecte cted d and ana analys lysed ed down down to the level level of detailed joints, localized stress concentrations and bolts and welds sizes. Suggestion no. 1 is more complex. Having been acquainted with members of the FIB* (formerly FIP y) Commission on Prefabrication, it has come to my notice * FIB (Federation (Federation Internatio International nal du Beton), Beton), born from a merger merger of FIP with CEB. CEB. An internat internationa ional, l, but predominantly predominantly European organization organization for the welfare and distribution distribution of information information on structural concrete. y
FIP (Federat (Federation ion Internat Internationa ionall de la Prefabri Prefabricati cation) on) is an internat internationa ional, l, but predomin predominantl antlyy European European,, organization for the welfare and distribution of information on prefabricated concrete .
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Preface
the diffe differin ring g attitu attitudes des toward towardss the educa educatio tion n of stude students nts in certai certain n forms forms of building construction ± precast concrete being one of them (timber another). In continenta continentall Europe, Europe, leading leading precast precast industri industrialist alistss and/or and/or consultant consultantss hold academic posts dedicated to precast concrete construction. Chairs are even sponsored in this subject. In South America, lecturers, students and practitioners hold seminars where precast concrete is a major theme. It is not uncommon for as many as 10 Masters students to study this subject in a civil engineering department. In the United States of America collaborative research between consultants, precast manufacturers and universities is common, as the number of papers published in the PCI JOURNAL testifies. The attitude in Britain is more holistic and less direct. Firstly, basic tuition is given in solid mechanics, structural analysis and material properties. Students are required to be capable of dealing with structural behaviour ± independent of the material(s) involved. Secondly, given the fundamental principles of design (and a reminder that code equations are often simulations and their data conservative) students can assimilate any design situation, with appropriate guidance. This may be true for structural steelwork and cast in situ concrete structures where the designer may (if he wishes) divorce themselves from the fabricator and contractor. It is not true for precast concrete (and timber) structures where the fabricator and site erector form part of the `design team'. Precast concrete design is an iterative procedure, linking many aspects of architecture, design, detailing, manufacture and site erection together in a 5-point lattice. D e s si i g n g n r e t u c t e i h r c A
e S r e i t e c ti o n
D e t a i l i n g
Major links u r e t u a c t f a M a n u
Figure i
Many students will be familiar with these names, but few will see or hear them in a single lecture. Some of the links are quite strong. Note the central role of `designing' (this does not mean wL 2/8, etc.) etc.) in establis establishing hing relations relationships hips with architectural requirements, detailing components and connections, etc., manufacturing turing and erecti erecting ng the said said compon component entss at their their connec connectio tions. ns. Could Could simila similarr diagrams be drawn for structural steelwork or cast in situ concrete structures? Further, Further, there are a number number of secondary secondary issues involving involving precast concrete constructi construction. on. Prefabric Prefabrication ation of integrate integrated d services, services, automati automation on of info informati rmation, on, temporary stability and safety during erection, all result from the primary links. Some of these are remote from `designing'. The illustration reminds us of their presence in the total structure. The design procedure will eventually encompass all of these aspects. This book is aimed at providing sufficient information to enable graduates to carry out structural design operations, whilst recognizing the role of the designer in precast concrete construction. Its content is in many parts similar to but more fundamental than the author's book `Multi-Storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures' (Blackwell Science 1996). The Blackwell book assumed a prior knowledge of
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