Project Management
Afshin Ahmadi
[email protected]
WHAT IS A PROJECT?
A project is a unique endeavor to produce a set of deliverables within clearly specified time, cost and quality constraints. Projects are different from standard business operational activities as they:
Are unique in nature.
Have a defined timescale.
Have an approved budget.
Have limited resources.
Involve an element of risk.
Achieve beneficial change.
Why Projects Fail
Failure to align project with organizational objectives
Poor scope
Unrealistic expectations
Lack of executive sponsorship
Lack of project management
Inability to move beyond individual and personality conflicts
Politics
Why Projects Succeed!
Project Sponsorship at executive level
Good project charter
Strong project management
The right mix of team players
Good decision making structure
Good communication
Team members are working toward common goals
Why Project Management?
Today’s complex environments require ongoing implementations
Project management is a method m ethod and mindset…a disciplined approach to managing chaos
Project management provides a framework for working amidst persistent change
Project Management: Official Definition
Project Management is the skills, tools and management processes required to undertake a project successfully. It incorporates:
A set of skills.
A suite of tools.
processes. A series of processes.
Project management components
Project Management: Unofficial Definition Project management is about organization Project management is about decision making Project management is about changing people’s behavior Project management is about creating an environment conducive to getting critical projects done!
Laws of Project Management No major project is ever installed in stalled on time, within budget, or with the same staff that started it. Yours will not be the first. Projects progress quickly until they become 90% complete, then they remain at 90% complete forever. When things are going well, something will go wrong. When things just cannot get any worse, they will.
Project Planning and Implementation. Implementation. by Abraham Shtub, Jonathan F. Bard, and Shlomo Globerson Copyright Copyright © 1994
Laws of Project Management
When things appear to be going better, you have overlooked something. No system is ever completely debugged. Attempts to debug a system inevitably introduce new bugs that are even harder to find. A carelessly planned project will take three times longer to complete than expected A carefully planned project will take only twice as long. Project teams detest progress reporting because it vividly manifests their lack of progress.
Planning the Project
Planning the Project
The Project Life Cycle
Organizing the Project Team
Project Plans
Planning the Project: The Project Life Cycle Stages: • Initiation • Planning • Execution and controlling • Closure
Planning the Project: The Project Life Cycle
Initiation
Planning the Project: The Project Life Cycle
Planning
Planning the Project: The Project Life Cycle
Execution and Controlling
Planning the Project: The Project Life Cycle
Closure
Planning the Project: Organizing the Project Team
Project Leader
The Team
Work Methods and Procedures
Work Plan
Planning the Project: Project Plans
Estimating Time Accurately
Scheduling Simple Projects
Gantt Charts – Scheduling Projects with Dependent Stages
Critical Path Analysis and PERT – Scheduling Complex Projects
The Planning Cycle – A Planning Process for MiddleSized Projects
Planning Large Projects and Programs
Planning the Project: Project Plans Estimating Time Accurately
Time estimates drive the setting of deadlines for delivery of projects, and hence henc e people's assessments of your reliability.
They often determine the pricing of contracts c ontracts and hence their profitability.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Estimating Time Accurately
Other high urgency tasks to be carried out which will have priority over this one
Accidents and emergencies
Internal meetings
Holidays and sickness in essential staff
Contact with other customers, perhaps to arrange the next job
Breakdowns in equipment
Missed deliveries by suppliers
Interruptions
Quality control rejections
Planning the Project: Project Plans Scheduling Simple Project
Examples might be coordinating delivery of resources for a workshop session, implementing a small marketing plan, or delivering a simple software enhancement.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Sequential and Parallel Activities
An essential concept behind project planning and Critical Path Analysis is that some activities are dependent on other activities being completed com pleted first.
These dependent activities need to be completed in a sequence, with each stage being more-or-less mor e-or-less completed before the next activity can begin. We can call dependent activities 'sequential' or 'linear'.
Other activities are not dependent on completion com pletion of any other tasks. These may be done at any time before or after a particular stage is reached. These are nondependent or 'parallel' tasks.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart Gantt Charts are useful tools for analyzing and planning complex projects. They:
Help you to plan out the tasks that need to be completed
Give you a basis for scheduling when these tasks will be carried out
Allow you to plan the allocation of resources needed to complete the project, and
Help you to work out the critical path for a project where you must complete it by a particular date.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart To draw up a Gantt diagram, follow these steps:
1. List all activities in the plan
2. Head up graph paper with the days or weeks through to task completion
3. Plot the tasks onto the graph paper
4. Schedule Activities
5. Presenting the Analysis
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart 1. List all activities in the plan
For each task, show the earliest start date, estimated length of time it will take, and whether it is parallel or sequential. If tasks are sequential, show which stages they depend on.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart 2. Head up graph paper with the days d ays or weeks through to task completion 3. Plot the tasks onto the graph paper
Plot each task on the graph paper, showing it starting on the earliest possible date. Draw it as a bar, with the length of the bar being the length of the task.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart 4. Schedule Activities
Now take the draft Gantt Chart, and use us e it to schedule actions. Schedule them in such a way that sequential actions are carried out in the required sequence. Ensure that dependent activities do not start until the activities they depend on have been completed.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart 5. Presenting the Analysis
The final stage in this process is to prepare a final version of the Gantt Chart. This should combine the draft analysis with your scheduling and analysis of resources. This chart will show when you anticipate that jobs should start and finish.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Gantt Chart
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts
Critical Path Analysis and PERT are powerful tools that help you to schedule and manage complex projects.
As with Gantt Charts, Critical Path Analysis (CPA) helps you to plan all tasks that must be completed as part of a project. They act as the basis both for preparation of a schedule, and of resource planning.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts
The benefit of using CPA over Gantt Charts is that Critical Path Analysis formally identifies tasks which must be completed on time for the whole project to be completed on time, and also identifies which tasks can be delayed for a while if resource needs to be reallocated to catch up on missed tasks.
A further benefit of Critical Path Analysis is that it i t helps you to identify the minimum length of time needed to complete a project.
The disadvantage of CPA is that the relation of o f tasks to time is not as immediately obvious as with Gantt Charts. This can make them more difficult to understand for someone who is not familiar with the technique.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts Drawing a Critical Path Analysis Chart
1. List all activities in the plan
2. Plot the activities as a circle and arrow diagram
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts 1. List all activities in the plan
For each activity, show the earliest start star t date, estimated length of time it will take, and whether it is parallel or sequential. If tasks are sequential, show which stage they depend on.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts 2. Plot the activities as a circle and arrow diagram
Critical Path Analyses are presented using circle and arrow diagrams.
In these, circles show events within the project, such as the start and finish of tasks. Circles are normally numbered to allow you to identify them.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts Figure 2: Simple Circle and Arrow Diagram
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts
Where one activity cannot start until u ntil another has been completed, we start the arrow for the dependent activity at the completion event circle of the previous activity. An example of this is shown below:
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts
A different case is shown below
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts
Figure 5: Full circle and arrow diagram for the computer project we are using as an example
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts Crash Action
You may find that you need to complete com plete a project earlier than your Critical Path Analysis says is possible. In this case ca se you need to take action to reduce the length of time tim e spent on project stages.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts
As with Gantt Charts, in practice project managers tend to use software tools like Microsoft Project to create CPA Charts. Not only do these ease make them easier to draw, they also make modification of plans easier and provide facilities for monitoring progress against plans. Microsoft Project is reviewed at the top of our left hand title bar.
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
PERT is a variation on Critical Path Analysis that takes a slightly more skeptical view of time estimates made for each project stage.
Use the formula below to calculate the time to use for each project stage:
Planning the Project: Project Plans Critical Path Analysis and PERT Charts Critical Path Analysis is an effective and powerful method of assessing:
What tasks must be carried out
Where parallel activity can be performed
The shortest time in which you can complete a project
Resources needed to execute a project
The sequence of activities, scheduling and timings involved
Task priorities
The most efficient way of shortening time on urgent projects.
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle A Planning Process for Middle-Sized Projects
Planning using this cycle will help you to plan and manage ongoing projects up to a certain level of complexity – this will depend on the circumstance. For projects involving many people over a long period of time, more formal form al methodologies and approaches are necessary .
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle The stages in this planning process are: 1. Analysis of Opportunities: The first thing to do is to do is to spot what needs to be done. You will crystallize this into a formal aim at the next stage in the process. There are a number of techniques that will help you to do this:
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle
� SWOT Analysis
This is a formal analysis of your strengths and weaknesses, and of the opportunities and threats that you face.
� Risk Analysis
This helps you to spot project risks, weaknesses in your organization or operation, and identify the risks to which you are exposed. From this you can plan to neutralize some risks.
� Understanding pressures for change Alternatively, other people (e.g. clients) may be pressing you to change the way you do things. Alternatively your environment may be changing, and you may need to anticipate or respond to this.
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle 2. Identifying the Aim of Your Plan Once you have completed a realistic analysis of the opportunities for change, the next step is to decide precisely what the aim of your plan is.
What do I want the future to be?
What benefit do I want to give to my m y customers?
What returns do I seek?
What standards am I aiming at?
What values do I and my organization believe in?
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle
You can present this aim as a 'Vision Statement' or 'Mission Statement'. Vision Statements express the benefit that an organization will provide to its customers.
Mission statements give concrete expression to the Vision statement, explaining how it is to be achieved.
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle 3. Exploring Options
By this stage you should know where you are and what you want to do. The next thing to do is to work out how to do it. The Creativity Tools section of this site explains a wide range of powerful creativity tools that will help you to generate options.
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle 4. Selecting the Best Option Once you have explored the options available to you, it is time to decide which one to use. If you have the time and resources r esources available, then you might decide to evaluate all options, carrying out detailed planning, costing, risk assessment, etc. for each. Normally you will not have this luxury.
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle 5. Detailed Planning By the time you start detailed planning, you should have a good picture of where you are, what you y ou want to achieve and the range of options available to you. You may well have selected one of the options as the most likely to yield the best results.
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle 6. Evaluation of the Plan and its Impact Once you have worked out the details of your plan, the next stage is to review it to decide whether it is worth implementing. Here you must be objective – however much work you have carried out to reach r each this stage, the plan may still not be worth implementing. Depending on the circumstances, the following techniques can be helpful in evaluating a plan:
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle
� PMI (Plus/Minus/Interesting) This is a good, simple technique for 'weighing the pros and cons' of a decision. It involves listing the plus points in the plan in one column, the minus points in a second column, and the implications and points of uncertainty of the plan in a third column. Each point can be allocated a positive or negative score.
� Cost/Benefit Analysis This is useful for confirming that the plan makes financial sense. This involves adding up all the costs involved with the plan, and comparing them with the expected benefits.
� Force Field Analysis Similar to PMI, Force Field Analysis helps you to get a good overall view of all the forces for and against your plan. This allows you to see where you can make adjustments that will make the plan more likely to succeed.
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle
� Cash Flow Forecasts It allows you to assess the effect of time on costs and revenue. It also helps in assessing the size of the greatest negative and positive cash flows associated with a plan. When it is set up on a spreadsheet package, a good Cash Flow Forecast also functions as an extremely effective model of the plan.
� 6 Thinking Hats 6 Thinking Hats is a very good technique to use to get a rounded view of your plan and its implications. It provides a context within which you can examine a plan rationally, emotionally, optimistically, pessimistically and creatively.
Planning the Project: Project Plans The Planning Cycle
7. Implementing Change Once you have completed your plan and decided that it will work satisfactorily, it is time to implement it. Your plan will explain how! It should also detail the controls that you will use to monitor the execution of the plan.
8. Closing the Plan Once you have achieved a plan, you can close the project. At this point is often worth carrying out an evaluation of the project to see whether there are any lessons that you can learn. This should include an evaluation of your project planning to see if this could be improved.
Project Schedule Tools
Many tools available Microsoft Project Many more specialized software www.dotproject.net Excel Most important Features: Monitor tasks Gantt views of project
one page views for executives rollout and more complex views for work teams
Critical Paths Inputs from multiple teams that roll up to project p roject manager Dependencies Resources assigned to tasks
