Reading Pasage-1 Much has been made of the benefits of oil derived from fish. It is claimed that people with a diet rich in fish oil have a greatly reduced chance of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. In addition, it has been shown conclusively that people suffering from elevated blood lipids react positively to treatment using fish oils.
The advantages of fish oil become apparent after studies some two decades ago of the diet of the Inuit, Eskimos or populations of Greenland. It was found that the Inuit, with their traditional diet of seal, whale and arctic fish- a diet very high in fat-suffered practically no heart disease, had near zero incidence of diabetes and enjoyed a comparatively low rate of rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, incidence of cancer, equal to that found most other parts of the world, appeared unaffected by the traditional Inuit diet.
Until the work of Dyberg and Bang in the 1970s, little attention was paid to the implications of a fish-rich diet, despite a centuries-old knowledge of Inuit customs. The two researchers noted that in one community of 1800 people there were only three heart attack deaths between 1950 and 1974. To understand why, they examined the Inuit’s blood lipids and diet. Omegea-3 Omegea-3 fatty acids featured strongly in the bloodstream of the research subjects, directly attributed to diet.
In order to rule out generic or racial factors from their findings, Dyberg and Bang went ton to compare the Greenland Inuit communities with those Inuit residing in Denmark who consumed a diet almost identical to that of the Danes. The Inuit in Denmark, particularly those who had been there for longer periods were shown to have higher blood cholesterol levels and significantly higher serum triglyceride levels than their Greenland Inuit counterparts. In fact, the consume levels of the Westernized Intuits matched those of the Danes themselves, who consume mainly meat, milk products and eggs. As would be expected, levels of heart disease and arteriosclerosis of the Inuit well-established in Denmark were far closer to those of the Danes than those of the Greenland Inuit. The findings, according to the researchers, indicated an omega-3 deficiency in the Danish diet compare to the Greenland diet.
Similar findings come from Japan. A comparison of the diets of farmers and fishermen, together with an examination of health records and deaths rates of the two groups, has shown a link between the health of the human heart and fish oil. Whereas the average Japanese farmers have 90 grams of fish a day, the average fisherman has 250 grams. In all other respects, their diets are similar. Correspondingly, fishermen have lower blood pressure and smaller rates of heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. This compares to the 20 grams eaten daily by the average person in the USA where rates of heart disease and arteriosclerosis are five to seven times higher than in Japan.
Its high omega-3 content and easy digestibility make fish oil particularly useful in the treatment of hyperlipidaemic patients. Studies have shown an inverse relation between dosage of salmon oil and plasma triglyceride concentrations. Specially, it has been found that the consumption of three grams of salmon fish oil per day by such patients reduces their plasma triglyceride levels some 32 percent. For patients given six
grams, the levels fall by 41 percent, and for those taking nine grams, concentrations dropped an average of 52 percent.
In boxes 1-11 on your answer sheet write YES
if the statement reflects the writer’s claims
NO
if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information about this in the passage passage
1. Traditional food in diet cause cancer among the Greenland Intuits 2. Diabetes is rare among the Greenland Inuit 3. The Greenland Intuits arthritis levels are the lowest in the world 4. Little was known about Inuit life in Greenland Greenland before the work of Dyberg and Bang 5. Serum triglyceride levels rose in Inuit who stayed longer period in Denmark 6. Blood cholesterol levels of the Denmark Inuit were lower than those of the Danes. 7. The more westernization of Inuit diet the less Omega-3 fatty acids are in diet. 8. Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acids is caused by b y certain amount of meat consumed 9. Research in Japan generally supports the findings of D yebrg and Bang with fatty acids 10. Greenland Inuit and Japanese fishermen consume similar amounts of Omega-3 fatty acids 11. If daily intake of salmon oil increases, plasma triglyceride levels also increase. 12. It has been suggested that there is a harmonious relation between plasma triglyceride concentrations and dosage of salmon fish. fi sh. 13. The diet enjoyed by the average Japanese farmers is similar to that enjoyed by the average Japanese fishermen with a variation in the degree of fish they consume. 14. The use of fish oils has been proved effective for the treatment of such patients who suffer from elevated blood lipids. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Reading passage-2 (Astoria’s private Rental Accommodation Market)
Paragraph 1
People spend time in private rental accommodation for a variety of reasons. The two most common ones ate while waiting for public housing allocation and while saving to move on to home ownership. However, rental accommodation is losing its transitional status in Astoria. The percentage of long-term renters is increasing as there people are unable to have access to public housing or home ownership. Paragraph-2
Many studies have shown that discrimination on the basis of age, marital status, sex or race may affect some groups in their attempts to gain access to private rental housing. In practical terms, the significant costs associated with payments of a bond and rent in advance can be a barrier for lower income groups. Furthermore, many landlords and real estate agents believe that young single women, single mothers and women dependant on welfare benefits are unable to afford accommodation and, therefore, fail tenant selection criteria. Even though some of these women are not on low incomes, they experience discrimination. Single mothers face discrimination in greater numbers than any other groups. Moreover, the rental problems faced by this group re generally worse in non-metropolitan areas.
Parapgraph-3
There is a range of factors that affect the demand for private rental accommodation in Astoria. In the past, the 20-29 year age group has had highest rental participation rates. A continued decline over the next decade in the size of this (20-29 years age group) group indicates a long-term easing of demand. Other factors may also have an adverse effect on rental demand, such as falls in the rates of overseas immigration or high hi gh unemployment rates, especially among younger age groups. Furthermore, a decline in the participation in fulltime employment of those on the 18-24 year age group will also have a negative influence on demand. On the other hand, a factor that may reverse these trends will be the ongoing difficulties faced by low to moderate income groups in buying their own homes and the long waiting periods for public housing.
Paragraph-4
In Astoria, landlords play an important role as suppliers of housing in the private rental market. Generally, hey fall into one of six categories. Firstly, the absentee landlords is an individual who , rather than making a conscious investment decisions, is forced to rent out his or her own home while away for a period of time. The absentee landlord typically holds no more than one property but, as a group, they control approximately 25% of rental properties in Astoria. Paragraph-5
The survey found that this group represents approximately 37% of landlords. Next, the equity investor is the type of landlord who holds between two and four properties over many years with the intention of complete ownership to provide income in retirement. This group controls about 25% of private rental properties. Similarly, Simil arly, the negative gearer owns a number of properties in the same range but but only for a medium-term period. The investment investment is used to reduce overall overall taxation and the properties generally are sold when equity reaches 40%-50%. This type of investor controls approximately 20% of all private rental properties. Another type of landlord is the property speculator who holds at least five properties and is always trying to increase the number. Property speculator generally own properties for a moderate to long period. Furthermore, they generate levels of equity equal to about 50% of the value of their properties. The equity is then reinvested in additional properties. properties. Rental income approximately equals costs. costs. The property property manager and the property speculator equally share 25% of the private rental properties in Astoria. The former type of landlord also has large numbers of properties. A property manager is typically an incorporated company whose main business is in the property field. The properties are are held for long periods and the rental income generated significantly exceeds costs. The final category is that of the casual landlord who is typically a person who informally lets a room or shares the house he or she lives in, usually as a means of easing loan costs. Landlords in this group tend to own only the building they live in and are thought of to make up the remaining share of the rental market. Paragraph-6
A 1995 independent study on the characteristics of landlords in Astoria showed that their age tends to be slightly higher than the average age of the population. Sixty percent of all landlords are male. This percentage actually increases with an increase in the numbers of properties owned by each individual. It was also found that 35% of landlords are not in the paid work due to age. In addition, the study revealed that approximately 94% of landlords own property in only one city and over half had owned rental property for more than ten years. Question 1-5 Choose ONE phrase A-I from the list below to complete each key point. The information in the completed sentences should accurately reflect some s ome of the points made by the writer. NB: There are more phrases A-I than sentences, so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.
1. The requirement of paying rent in advance…………………………
2. Demand for private rental accommodation……………………. 3. Access to home ownership………………………………………. 4. The influence of decreased overseas immigration…………………….. 5. The long wait for public housing………………………………………… A. …………….may become an obstacle for 30% renters B. . ……………has the effect of sustaining demand for private rental accommodation C. ………….discriminates on the basis of race D. . ……………is becoming less of possibility for a growing percentage of renters E. . ………..may result in less demand for private rental housing F. …………..results from high unemployment rates G. ……………..prevents some people from obtaining accommodation H. ……………….could fall in the future due to shrinking size of the 20 -29 years age group I. …………….causes delays in access to home ownership
Question 6 and 7 Using NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each, identify two types of women that regularly experience discrimination when seeking private rental accommodation.
6. ……………………….. 7. …………………………… Question 8-13 Complete the table below: Choose a NUMBER or NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS from the passage for each answer. Landlord type
reason
Causal
Easing loan costs
Property speculator
Further purchase
Equity investor
….(9)…..
Property manager
Number of holdings 1
n/a*
of % of rental market 5%
50%
Medium long
to …….(8)… .
2-4
100%
Long
…….(10) …...
Corporate revenue
5+
……(11)… …
Long
12.5%
Absentee landlord
Away from home
1
n/a*
n/a*
25%
Negative gearer
Reduce taxation
……(12) …
40-50%
…..(13)… …
20%
property 5+
% intended equity n/a*
* Information not available in the reading passage
of Terms holding
Question 14-17 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage? passage? In boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet write,
YES
if the statement reflects the writer’s claims
NO
if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information about this in the passage passage
15. Rural single mothers are more likely to encounter housing discrimination than their urban counterparts 16. A decrease in the rate of employment in the 18-24 year age group will have a positive effect on rental demand 17. Some 35 % landlords do not hold a job and so survive only on income fr om their rental properties.
Question 18-20
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write writ e them in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.
18. Single mothers on an average salary who rent………………….. A. would not be able to pay a bond and rent in advance B. are likely to have access to public housing C. are sometimes subjected to discrimination D. usually receive welfare assistance 19. The majority of landlords in Astoria…………… A. own five or more properties B. have not increased their wealth C. no longer reside in the city D. have been landlords for over a decade 20. The main purpose purpose of the reading passage is …………………. A. to discuss discuss issues and trends trends in private private rental accommodation
B. to advise advise people people who hope to become become landlords landlords C. to suggest suggest changes changes to private rental accommodation accommodation policy D. to aid people who who are looking looking for private rental rental accommodation accommodation
Reading passage-3 ( Do literate women make better mothers?) Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when their mother can read and write. Experts in public health accepted this idea decades ago, but until now no one has been able to show that a woman’s abilit y to read in itself improves her children’s chances of survival. Most literate women learnt to read in primary school and the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family’s wealth or that it values its children more highly. Now a long -term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that reaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has direct effect on their children’s health and survival. In 1979, the government of Nicaragua established a number of social programmes, including a National Literacy Crusade. By 1985, about 300,000 illiterate adults from all over the country, many of whom had never attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers. During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central America Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican Institute of Health interviewed nearly 3,000 women, some of whom had learnt to read as children, some during the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at all. The women were asked how many children they had given birth to and how many of them had died in infancy. The research teams also examined the surviving children to find out how well-nourished they were. The investigators’ findings were striking. In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births. At this point in their lives, those mothers who later went on to learn to read had a similar level of child mortality (105/1000). For women educated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand. In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had ended, the infant mortality figures for those who remained illiterate and for those educated in primary school remained more or less unchanged. For those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate. The children of the newly-literate mothers were also better nourished than those of women who cloud not read. Why are the children of literate mothers better off? According to Peter Sandiford of the Liverpool School of Tropical Tropical Medicine, no one knows for certain. Child health was not on the curriculum during the women’s lessons, so he and his colleagues are looking at other factors. They are working with the same group of 3,000 women, to try to find out whether reading mother make better use of hospitals and clinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more quickly or whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their children. The Nicaragua study may have important implications for governments and aid agencies that need to know where to direct resources. Sandiford says that there is increasing evidence that female education, at any age, is ‘an important health intervention in its own right’. The results of the study lend support to the World Bank’s recommendation that education budgets in developing countries should be increased, not just to help their economies, but also to improve child health. ‘We have known for long time that maternal education is important,’ says John Cleland of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. ‘But we thought that even if we stated education girls today, we’d have to wait a generation for the pay-off. The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass that.
Cleveland warns that the Nicaraguan crusade was special in many ways, and similar campaigns elsewhere might not work as well. It is notoriously difficult to teach adults skills that do not have an immediate impact on their everyday lives, and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much less successful. ‘The crusade was part of a larger effort to bring a better life to the people,’ says Cleveland. Replication these conditions in other countries will be a major challenge for development workers.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with t he claims of the writer in the reading passage? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write YES NO NOT GIVEN 1.
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
About a thousand of the women interviewed by the researchers had learnt to read when they were children. Before the National Literacy Crusade, illiterate women had approximately the same levels of infant mortality as those who had learnt to read in primary schools. Before and after the National Literacy Crusade, the child mortality rate for the illiterate women stayed at about 110 deaths for each thousand live births. The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade showed the greatest change in infant mortality. The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade had the lowest rates of child mortality. After the National Literacy Crusade, the children of the women who remained illiterate were found to be severely malnourished.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Questions 7-11
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J Write the correct letter A-J in boxes NB You may use any letter more than once The Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade aimed to teach large number of illiterate 7……………..to read and write. Public health experts have known for many years that there is connection between child health and 8……………… However, it has not previously been known whether those two factors were directly linked or not. This questions has been investigated by 9…………………in Nicaragua. As a result, factors such as 10…………….and attitudes to children have been eliminated and it has been shown that 11………………..can in itself improve infant health and survival.
A.
Child literacy
B.
D.
medical care
E.
G.
adults and children
men and women
mortality H.
C. F.
paternal literacy
an international research team
maternal literacy I.
a National Literacy Crusade
Questions 12 and 13 Choose TWO letters A-E Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 in your answer sheet
J.
family wealth
Which TWO important implications drawn from the Nicaraguan study are mentioned by the writer of the passage? A. B. C. D. E.
It is better to educate mature women than young girls Similar campaigns in other countries would be equally successful The effects of maternal literacy program can be seen very quickly Improving child health can quickly affect a country’s economy Money spent on female education will improve child health
Reading Passage-11 Only the Eagle-eyed Will Spot A Fake) 1. Do natural history programmes distort reality? Of course, they do. Go for a walk in a tropical rainforest after watching a programme about one and you will be on no doubt of that. On television, all kinds of animals appear continuously all over the place. In reality, you may be lucky to see a single bird or monkey. 2. But are there distortions that are more serious than that? Does it matter that a programme about the life of a polar bear, filmed for the most pail in the Arctic includes shots of a mother bear giving birth that were taken in a zoo and that the commentary commentary did not say so? That depends on the programme. If the programme claimed to be recording the actual adventures of an Arctic explorer, then that would clearly be wrong. But if its aim is to document the life history of the polar bear then I believe that could be acceptable. Filming a polar bear in the wild is virtually impossible. Trying to do so might well endanger the lives of both cameraman and the club. Were the mother to be disturbed. So the only way to include shots of that crucial event in a bear’s life is to film it in captivity. 3. Is it acceptable – on on occasion – to use film to regulate that something happened which did not? Sometimes it is. That swoop by a peregrine falcon did not, in fact, result in the death of a grouse. The puff of feathers rising into the sky was thrown into the air by one of the film crew. With such a shot at his disposal, the skillful film editor was able to create a sequence representing a successful peregrine hunthunt- without it costing the life of of a bird. 4.
But such staging must be done with care. Sometimes a film shows an event that not only did not take place on that occasion, but has never happened ever. The most notorious example example comes not from television but from the cinema. Producers working on a natural history documentary for a well-known film studio made a film about the Arctic. Its highlight was a sequence featuring lemmings. Every few years, according to a widely believed story, story, lemming numbers increase to such an extent that the animals, swarming over the tundra, eventually deliberately commit suicide by swimming out to sea and drowning themselves. So the film team working in northern Canada paid local children to collect live lemmings. A few dozens were then taken down to an enclosure on the banks of river and filmed in such a way that a few appeared to be a plague. They were then chivvied until they came to the edges of the river bank and tumbled over it into the water. And the film-maker had their sequence.
5.
The need for such tricks has, over the years, become less and less. Lenses have become more powerful. The large films cameras driven by clockwork that we had to use a few decades ago have been replaced by electronic cameras, some no bigger than a lipstick, that can be strapped to an
eagle’s back or lowered down a mouse-hole. We can now, with infra-red light, record what goes on in what appears to be both animals and ourselves to be total darkness. 6. But, paradoxically, these huge advances in our ability to record reality have coincided with other developments that enable us to falsify more convincingly than ever. Just as computer imaging can bring long-extinct dinosaurs back to life, so the same techniques could also make living animals appear to do things that a cameraman failed to film in reality maybe because he was unlucky or because , in spite of what some book says, the animal in fact, never behaves that way. We can now combine pictures so perfectly that a natural history presenter could appear to be crouching within a yard of a ferocious animal that he has never ever seen. seen. That has not not happened yet, yet, as far as I know. It would be nice to say that if you or I looked closely enough, we could spot it. But electronic techniques are now so ingenious that such deceptions could be almost undetectable. 7. In these circumstances, television producers and the organizations which transmit their work have to guard their reputations for honesty with greater care than ever. The BBC Natural History Unit in Britain already has a code governing the treatment of the animals during filming. The welfare of the subject is more important than the success of the film. There should be no lighting that makes it easier for one animal to hunt another. It also lays down rules about deceptions. Telling the story of an animal identified as another individual, but using shots of several, is now impermissible. Other tricks and techniques we have used in the past, no matter how well-intentioned, are no longer acceptable. 8. As film-makers trying to illuminate the natural world, we must be allowed to manipulate images and use all the devices that recent technological advances have given us. But we must also recognize our responsibilities to scientific truth. The event s and the creatures we chronicle are more than just entertainment that can be jazzed up to taste. Questions 14-21
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage? passage? In boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet write,
YES
If the If the statement reflects the writer’s claims
NO
If the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN
If there is no information about this in the passage
14. It may be justifiable to pretend that a film was shot in a particular location. 15. It may be impossible to avoid showing a creature being killed 16. Some film-makers have presented an accurate view of lemming behavior 17. there are more instances of falsehood in wildlife film-making now than there used to be 18. published caaounts of animal behaviour may be incorrect 19. it is possible that films have been made showing [resenters nearert to animaks than ther really were. 20. Wildlife fimls made by the BBC have a higher reputation than those made by many other filmmakers 21. false impression in wildlife films films in the past bwere sometimes created for good good reasons. Question 22-25
Complete each sentence with correct ending A-G from the box below. Write the correct letter A-G mext to the question 22-25 22. A programme about the tropical rainforest 23. A programme about polar bears 24. A film involving a bird of prey killing another abird 25. A film invllving an eage in flight A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
is likely to have benefitetd from advances in technology may show something that never really happens may need to include material not filmed in the wild si likey to be perceived as unrealistic by viewers is likely to give a false impression of the amount of wildlife may correct common but incorrect belief may not actually show the event it pretends to show
Question 26 Choose the corrrect letter A,B,C or D. Write your answer next to question 26 26. What is the writer’s main point in the passage as a whole? A. More attention should be paid to the issue of the authenticity of the widllife films B. Advancess in technology have created problems for wildlife film-makers who are concered with the truth C. It is acceptable for wildlife film-makers to falsify images as long as they present accurate information D. The desire to entertain has begun to outweigh other considerations in wildlife filmmaking.
