EXPERIMENT REPORT “
Preparation of Soap
”
GROUP V : RISNA PUTRI EGITASARI
(12030194212)
DESIANA ANGGRAENI
(12030194234)
AURA IMANA ARSYAD
(12030194244)
INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY EDUCATION 2012 THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 2014
I.
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: Preparation of Soap
II.
DAY/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: Tuesday, 4th November 2014
III.
PURPOSE: 1. University student can make the procedure to make soap 2. University student predict the reaction of soap form 3. University student explain the differences between the soap that form from base NaOH and KOH 4. University student can make soap emulsion 5. University student can explain the process of emulsion form both soap water with oil 6. University student can determine the quality of oil based acid number and saponification number
IV.
BASIC THEORY: Soap Soaps are carboxylate salts with very long hydrocarbon chains.
Soap can be made from the base hydrolysis of a fat or an oil. This hydrolysis is called saponification, and the reaction has been known for centuries. Traditionally, soaps were made from animal fat and lye (NaOH). (Lye was traditionally made by pouring water through wood ashes.) An example of a saponification reaction is shown below.
Preparation of Soap
Page 1
I.
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: Preparation of Soap
II.
DAY/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: Tuesday, 4th November 2014
III.
PURPOSE: 1. University student can make the procedure to make soap 2. University student predict the reaction of soap form 3. University student explain the differences between the soap that form from base NaOH and KOH 4. University student can make soap emulsion 5. University student can explain the process of emulsion form both soap water with oil 6. University student can determine the quality of oil based acid number and saponification number
IV.
BASIC THEORY: Soap Soaps are carboxylate salts with very long hydrocarbon chains.
Soap can be made from the base hydrolysis of a fat or an oil. This hydrolysis is called saponification, and the reaction has been known for centuries. Traditionally, soaps were made from animal fat and lye (NaOH). (Lye was traditionally made by pouring water through wood ashes.) An example of a saponification reaction is shown below.
Preparation of Soap
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Fats and oils are triesters of glycerol and three fatty acids. Esters can be hydrolyzed to their alcohol and carboxylic acid components in the presence of acid or base. Fats, oils, and fatty acids are insoluble in water because their hydrophobic tails are so long. If a base is used for hydrolysis, the fatty acids produced are deprotonated and are present as the corresponding carboxylate salts. Because these product carboxylate salts are charged, they are much more soluble in water than the corresponding uncharged fatty acids. Since the carboxylate salts also each have a long nonpolar tail, they are also compatible with nonpolar greases and oils.
Soap can emulsify fats and oils by forming micelles around oil droplets. The soap molecules surround an oil droplet so that their nonpolar tails are embedded in the oil and their charged “head” groups are on the exterior of the droplets, facing the water. If the oil droplets are small enough and if there are enough soap molecules to surround them, the oil droplets become dispersed in the water and can then easily be washed away. Therefore, using lots of soap, hot water, and agitation can help clean greasy dishes. Hot water can melt solid fats, and agitation can help break up the fats and oils into smaller droplets. Using lots of soap makes it more likely that there will be enough soap molecules to surround and emulsify all of the fat droplets. + The soap molecule has two parts: a polar group (-COO Na ) and a
non-polar group (R-hydrocarbon part). The polar group is called the head Preparation of Soap
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and the non-polar group is called the tail. Thus, the soap molecule has a polar head and a non-polar hydrocarbon tail. The polar head is hydrophilic in nature (water loving) and the non-polar tail is hydrophobic (water repelling) in nature.
The saponification reaction is exothermic in nature, because heat is liberated during the process. The soap formed remains in suspension form in the mixture. Soap is precipitated as a solid from the suspension by adding common salt to the suspension. This process is called Salting out of Soap. Types of Soap
Depending upon the nature of alkali used in the production of soap, they are classified into two types.
Hard soap
The sodium salt of long chain fatty fatt y acid is known as hard soap. It is difficult to dissolve in water. It is used as laundry soap.
Soft soap
The potassium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as soft soap, as it produces more lather. It is used as toilet soap and shaving soap. In aqueous solution, soap ionises to form alkali ions.
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Since soaps have free alkali ions, they are alkaline in nature. Hence, the soap solutions are slippery to the touch. In chemistry, acid value (or "neutralization number" or "acid number" or "acidity") is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical substance. The acid number is a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in a chemical compound, such as a fatty acid, or in a mixture of compounds. Acid number is one of the measuring oil or fat quality. Acid number of oil or fat is the number that describe about the amount of KOH in milligram that need it to neutralization free fatty acid in one gram of oil or fat. The calculation of acid number is:
Where:
V = the amount of KOH standard solution in mL N = Normality of KOH standard solution W = the weight of sample (oil or fat) in gram
Saponification number is one of the measuring oil or fat quality. Saponification number of oil or fat is the number that describe about the amount of KOH in milligram that need to saponification perfectly in 1 gram of oil or fat. The calculation of saponification number is:
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Where:
V = the amount of HCl solution in mL that used in
saponification N = Normality of HCl solution W = the weight of sample (oil or fat) in gram
Saponification is a process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye. In technical terms, saponification involves base (usually caustic soda NaOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are esters of fatty acids, to form the sodium salt of a carboxylate. In addition to soap, such traditional saponification processes produces glycerol. Saponification of fats and oils is the most widely used soap making process. This method involves heating fats and oils and react them with a liquid alkali to produce soap and water plus glycerin. The strong hydrogen bond produces an emulsion. A soap emulsion appears milky-white because light is reflected off the small suspended oil globules that originate with the hydrophobic alkyl portion of the soap. Once factor that effect the decrease of surface tension of water is the emulsion power. Emulsion is dispersion or equilibrium suspension of one liquid solution within another liquid phase, which both of it is not dissolve each other. To form the stable emulsion, emulsion substances called emulsifying agent is needed to lower the surface tension between that’s two liquid phases. Emulsifying agent appearances like protein, gom, surfactant, etc. The power of emulsifier especially caused by the ability of the molecule to banded in oil and water. Soap is surfactant, surfactant have ability to lower the surface tension with it hydrophobic and hydrophilic end of that structure. The hydrophobic end of surfactant will soluble or bond with oil or fat surface (waste) and hydrophilic head will soluble or bond with water surface. Because of that ability of surfactant in soap, it’s possible to form stable emulsion.
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V.
TOOLS AND MATERIALS:
Tools
Tools
Amount
Reaction tube
6
Pipettes
8
Measuring glass 25 ml
1
Balance tool
1
Beaker glass 25 ml,
1,1,1
100ml, 250 ml
Spatula
1
Electrical stove
1
Materials
Materials
Amount
Palm oil
10 gram
Coconut oil
10 gram
NaOH
2,8 gram
Sterate acid
2 gram
alcohol
24 gram
Gliserin
8 gram
Aquadest
As needed
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VI.
PROCEDURE 1. Preparation of soap
Coconut oil
Palm oil
Bulk oil
Weighed 10 gram 10 gram oil
1,4 gram NaOH - Weighed - Entered into test tube - Added 3,3 mL water - Cooled down
NaOH solution
Palm oil
Coconut oil
Bulk oil
- Added 1 gram stearat acid o
- Heated until temperature 70 C until stearat -
acid melt Allowed the mixture to a temperature of 50oC Entered NaOH and stir Added 12 gram alcohol and 4 gram glycerin Heated and stir until colorless Allowed the mixture cool slightly Added 1 mL seedingls parfume Before the soap ispoured into molds to solidity Added 1 gram stearat acid
Soap
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2. Soap emulsion
0,1 – 0,2 gram gram soap soap 0,1 – 0,2 - Entered 6 - 8 mL hot water Soap solution
3 mL aquadest + 5 drop oil Entered in two test tube
Test tube 1
Test tube 2
- Added 2 mL soap
- Shaked vigorously to
solution - Shaked - Allowed - Observed oil separation that occurs - Noted at the time that there is a separation
obtain an emulsion - Allowed - Observed oil separation that occurs - Noted at the time that there is a separation
Time Time
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3. Acid number
5 gram sample oil - Entered into
erlenmeyer - Weighed - Added 25 mL ethanol - Added 5 drop pp indicator
Colorless - Titrated with KOH 0,1
N standard solution - Repeated until 3 times
Pink
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VII.
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT
No
Procedure
Result
1.
Preparation soap
Before
Reaction
- Bulk oil = yellow (+)
between fat/oil
- Palm oil = yellow
and base will be
- Coconut oil =
produced a
Erlenmeyer 1 Palm oil
Erlenmeyer 2 Coconut oil
Erlenmeyer 3 Bulk oil
Weighed 10 gram 10 gram oil
colorless
Hypothesis
conclusion
soap, that called
- NaOH = white (solid)
with
- Stearat acid = white
saponification
(granule)
reaction.
1,4 gram NaOH
After
- Weighed
- NaOH + aquadest =,
- Entered into test tube - Added 3,3 mL water
colorless solution,
- Cooled down
warm NaOH solution
- After added stearat
acid :
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Erlenmeyer 1 = Erlenmeyer1 Palm oil
Erlenmeyer 2 Coconut oil
Erlenmeyer 3 Bulk oil
yellow solution Erlenmeyer 2 = colorless solution Erlenmeyer 3 =
- Added 1 gram stearat acid o
- Heated until temperature 70 C until stearat acid -
melt o Allowed the mixture to a temperature of 50 C Entered NaOH and stir Added 12 gram alcohol and 4 gram glycerin Heated and stir until colorless Allowed the mixture cool slightly Added 1 mL seedingls parfume Before the soap ispoured into molds to solidity Added 1 gram stearat acid
yellow (+) solution - After heated (1) :
Erlenmeyer 1 = stearat dissolve, yellow solution Erlenmeyer 2 = stearat dissolve, colorless solution Erlenmeyer 3 = stearat dissolve, yellow (+) solution - After added NaOH :
Erlenmeyer 1 = Soap
Preparation of Soap
yellow solution
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Erlenmeyer 1 = Erlenmeyer1 Palm oil
Erlenmeyer 2 Coconut oil
Erlenmeyer 3 Bulk oil
yellow solution Erlenmeyer 2 = colorless solution Erlenmeyer 3 =
- Added 1 gram stearat acid o
- Heated until temperature 70 C until stearat acid -
melt o Allowed the mixture to a temperature of 50 C Entered NaOH and stir Added 12 gram alcohol and 4 gram glycerin Heated and stir until colorless Allowed the mixture cool slightly Added 1 mL seedingls parfume Before the soap ispoured into molds to solidity Added 1 gram stearat acid
yellow (+) solution - After heated (1) :
Erlenmeyer 1 = stearat dissolve, yellow solution Erlenmeyer 2 = stearat dissolve, colorless solution Erlenmeyer 3 = stearat dissolve, yellow (+) solution - After added NaOH :
Erlenmeyer 1 = Soap
yellow solution
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Erlenmeyer 2 = colorless solution Erlenmeyer 3 = yellow (+) solution - After added glycerin
and alcohol : Erlenmeyer 1 = yellow Erlenmeyer 2 = colorless Erlenmeyer 3 = yellow (+) - After heated (2)
Erlenmeyer 1 = yellow light Erlenmeyer 2 = colorless Erlenmeyer 3 = yellow
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Erlenmeyer 2 = colorless solution Erlenmeyer 3 = yellow (+) solution - After added glycerin
and alcohol : Erlenmeyer 1 = yellow Erlenmeyer 2 = colorless Erlenmeyer 3 = yellow (+) - After heated (2)
Erlenmeyer 1 = yellow light Erlenmeyer 2 = colorless Erlenmeyer 3 = yellow
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- After slightly cooled
Erlenmeyer 1 = yellow light Erlenmeyer 2 = white Erlenmeyer 3 = yellow - After added perfume
+ yam Erlenmeyer 1 = aromatic smell Erlenmeyer 2 = aromatic smell Erlenmeyer 3 = aromatic smell 2.
Emulsion soap ram soa soa 00,1 – 0,2 1 – 0 2 ram - Entered 6 - 8 mL hot water Soa solution
Preparation of Soap
Palm oil
The soap emulgate the oil
palm oil dilluted in hot
If added emulsion agents
water = yellow light
Speedof oil emulsion :
(from soap
aquadest + 5 drop of
coconut oil > palm oil > bulk
emulsion) make
palm oil = there are
oil
the oil and
Page 13
- After slightly cooled
Erlenmeyer 1 = yellow light Erlenmeyer 2 = white Erlenmeyer 3 = yellow - After added perfume
+ yam Erlenmeyer 1 = aromatic smell Erlenmeyer 2 = aromatic smell Erlenmeyer 3 = aromatic smell 2.
Emulsion soap
Palm oil
ram soa soa 00,1 – 0,2 1 – 0 2 ram
The soap emulgate the oil
palm oil dilluted in hot
- Entered 6 - 8 mL hot water Soa solution
If added emulsion agents
water = yellow light
Speedof oil emulsion :
(from soap
aquadest + 5 drop of
coconut oil > palm oil > bulk
emulsion) make
palm oil = there are
oil
the oil and
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two layer, upper : 3 mL aquadest + 5 drop oil Entered in two test tube
Test tube 1
Test tube 2
- Added 2 mL soap solution
- Shaked vigorously to obtain an
- Shaked
emulsion - Allowed - Observed oil separation that occurs - Noted at the time that there is a separation
- Allowed - Observed oil separation that occurs - Noted at the time that there is a
separation
Time Time
water mix
yellow and lower :
oil water + water can seperated
colorless
more quick than oil + water +
- test tube 1 + 2 mL of
soap solution
ecisier
The speed
palm oil = turbid and
separation oil
time = 25 second
and water are :
- test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 20 second
1. coconut oil 2. palm oil 3. bulk oil
Coconut oil Coconut oil dilluted in hot water = colorless aquadest + 5 drop of coconut oil = there are two layer, upper : colorless and lower : colorless - test tube 1 + 2 mL of
palm oil = turbid and
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two layer, upper : 3 mL aquadest + 5 drop oil Entered in two test tube
Test tube 1
Test tube 2
- Added 2 mL soap solution
- Shaked vigorously to obtain an
- Shaked
emulsion - Allowed - Observed oil separation that occurs - Noted at the time that there is a separation
- Allowed - Observed oil separation that occurs - Noted at the time that there is a
separation
Time Time
water mix
yellow and lower :
oil water + water can seperated
colorless
more quick than oil + water +
- test tube 1 + 2 mL of
soap solution
ecisier
The speed
palm oil = turbid and
separation oil
time = 25 second
and water are :
- test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 20 second
1. coconut oil 2. palm oil 3. bulk oil
Coconut oil Coconut oil dilluted in hot water = colorless aquadest + 5 drop of coconut oil = there are two layer, upper : colorless and lower : colorless - test tube 1 + 2 mL of
palm oil = turbid and
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time = 22 second - test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 14 second
bulk oil Bulk soap dilluted in hot water =yellow aquadest + 5 drop of bulk oil = there are two layer, upper : yellow and lower : colorless - test tube 1 + 2 mL of
palm oil = turbid and time = 38 second - test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 28 second
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time = 22 second - test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 14 second
bulk oil Bulk soap dilluted in hot water =yellow aquadest + 5 drop of bulk oil = there are two layer, upper : yellow and lower : colorless - test tube 1 + 2 mL of
palm oil = turbid and time = 38 second - test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 28 second
Preparation of Soap
3.
Acid number 5 gram sample oil
Page 15
Before
- Acid number
- Bulk oil = light
of palm oil =
yellow
2,24
- Mass of oil = 5 gr
- Acid number
- Entered into erlenmeyer
- Palm oil = yellow
of coconut oil
- Weighed
- Coconut oil = yellow
= 1,12
- Added 25 mL ethanol - Added 5 drop pp indicator
- Acid number
(+)
of bulk oil =
- Ethanol = colorless
2,24
solution Colorless - Titrated with KOH 0,1 N standard solution - Repeated until 3 times
Pink
- Pp indicator =
colorless solution - KOH = colorless
Speed of freezing soap : Coconut oil > palm oil > bulk oil
- The quality is
the best soap is coconut oil
solution
After Palm oil - 5 gr palm oil =
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3.
Acid number 5 gram sample oil
Before
- Acid number
- Bulk oil = light
of palm oil =
yellow
2,24
- Mass of oil = 5 gr
- Acid number
- Entered into erlenmeyer
- Palm oil = yellow
of coconut oil
- Weighed
- Coconut oil = yellow
= 1,12
- Added 25 mL ethanol - Added 5 drop pp indicator
- Acid number
(+)
of bulk oil =
- Ethanol = colorless
2,24
solution Colorless - Titrated with KOH 0,1 N standard solution - Repeated until 3 times
Pink
- Pp indicator =
colorless solution - KOH = colorless
Speed of freezing soap : Coconut oil > palm oil > bulk oil
- The quality is
the best soap is coconut oil
solution
After Palm oil - 5 gr palm oil =
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yellow - 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol = yellow light - 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp indicator = colorless - 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp indicator + titration with KOH = pink solution (2 layer) V1 = 0,4 mL (2 drop) V2 = 0,4 mL (2 drop) V3 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
Coconut oil - 5 gr coconut oil =
colorless
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yellow - 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol = yellow light - 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp indicator = colorless - 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp indicator + titration with KOH = pink solution (2 layer) V1 = 0,4 mL (2 drop) V2 = 0,4 mL (2 drop) V3 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
Coconut oil - 5 gr coconut oil =
colorless
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- 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol = colorless - 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol + pp indicator = colorless - 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol + pp indicator + titration with KOH = pink (+) solution V1 = 0,2 mL (1 drop) V2 = 0,2 mL (1 drop) V3 = 0,2 mL (1 drop)
Bulk oil - 5 gr bulk oil = yellow
(+) - 5 gr bulk oil +
ethanol = yellow
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- 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol = colorless - 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol + pp indicator = colorless - 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol + pp indicator + titration with KOH = pink (+) solution V1 = 0,2 mL (1 drop) V2 = 0,2 mL (1 drop) V3 = 0,2 mL (1 drop)
Bulk oil - 5 gr bulk oil = yellow
(+) - 5 gr bulk oil +
ethanol = yellow
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- 5 gr bulk oil +
ethanol + pp indicator = yellow - 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp indicator + titration with KOH = pink solution V1 = 0,4 mL (2 drop) V2 = 0,4 mL (2 drop) V3 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
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- 5 gr bulk oil +
ethanol + pp indicator = yellow - 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp indicator + titration with KOH = pink solution V1 = 0,4 mL (2 drop) V2 = 0,4 mL (2 drop) V3 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
Preparation of Soap
VIII.
Page 19
DATA ANALYSIS Experiment 1 : Making soap
Chemical substances needed are palm oil, coconut oil and bulk oil the other each10 grams, NaOH 1.4 grams. NaOH is dissolve in the aquadest. It occur exoterm reaction, it can be know after it touch it feel warm. Beside that it need stearic acid about 1 gram. The structure of stearic acid is :
The function of adding stearic acid is to make soap harder and to stabilize the foam. After adding stearat acid palm oil the color become yellow; coconut oil become colorless and bulk oil become yellow (+). And heat the mixture in the temperature exactly 70 0C until all of stearic acid contained is dissolve. But it not be allow that temperature is
VIII.
DATA ANALYSIS Experiment 1 : Making soap
Chemical substances needed are palm oil, coconut oil and bulk oil the other each10 grams, NaOH 1.4 grams. NaOH is dissolve in the aquadest. It occur exoterm reaction, it can be know after it touch it feel warm. Beside that it need stearic acid about 1 gram. The structure of stearic acid is :
The function of adding stearic acid is to make soap harder and to stabilize the foam. After adding stearat acid palm oil the color become yellow; coconut oil become colorless and bulk oil become yellow (+). And heat the mixture in the temperature exactly 70 0C until all of stearic acid contained is dissolve. But it not be allow that temperature is more than 70 0C, because it will make oil oxidized so the color become brown and its related to determine the peroxide number. Peroxide number is number that indicate broken of oil or lipid because of auto oxidation. Take the mixture from heating and let in temperature about 50 0C. Pouring NaOH solution in the mixture. The aim of adding NaOH is to neutralize the acid, because NaOH is basic solution. Basic solution is must NaOH in order to make it soap become hard, but if it use KOH it will produce soft soap. The color after pouring NaOH same point the time adding stearic acid. Then, adding alcohol about 12 gram and 4 gram of glycerin. Adding of alcohol has aims for solvent in the making transparent soap because alcohol has characteristic dissolve in the water and oil / lipid easily. Adding of glycerin has function as humectants so it will make skin become humid. When adding alcohol and stearic acid, the color is same with before this step. Next step, heat all oil and stil until colorless. Color palm oil become yellow light, coconut oil become colorless and bulk oil the color is yellow. After slightly cooled palm oil and bulk oil the color same while bulk oil the color is white. And the final is adding perfume to make soap become more fragrance. The reaction occur in making soap is called as saponification reaction.
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The reaction that occur in the making soap is :
Experiment 2 : Emulsion Properties of Soap Palm Oil
This experiment is to prove the soap emulsion properties. The first step is taking 3ml of aquadest and 5 drops of oil into tube A and tube B. There are two layer, upper is yellow and lower us colorless. Then, the tube A is added with 2 ml of soap,the color tube A is turbid. The tube B is not added with soap so the color is colorless. The soap that is used is soap that is from oil. Then, both of the tube is mixed. In tube A there is some foam from the soap. But in the B tube, there is no foam and the oil directly separate from water. After that calculate time start from mix the solution become the solution produce two layers. The time of tube A is 25 second, and the tube B is 20 seconds. It prove that soap is emulgator, it surfactant materials, it can reduce the pressure between surface of solution. Palm Oil
This experiment is to prove the soap emulsion properties. The first step is taking 3ml of aquadest and 5 drops of oil into tube A and tube B. There are two layer, upper and lower is colorless. Then, the tube A is added with 2 ml of soap,the color tube A is turbid. The tube B is not added with soap so the color is colorless. The soap that is used is soap that is from oil. Then, both of the tube is mixed. In tube A there is some foam from the soap. But in the B tube, there is no foam and the oil directly separate from water. After that calculate time start from mix the solution become the solution produce two layers. The time of tube A is 22 second, and the tube B is 14 seconds. It prove that soap is emulgator, it surfactant materials, it can reduce the pressure between surface of solution.
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Bulk Oil
This experiment is to prove the soap emulsion properties. The first step is taking 3ml of aquadest and 5 drops of oil into tube A and tube B. There are two layer, upper yellow and lower colorless. Then, the tube A is added with 2 ml of soap,the color tube A is turbid. The tube B is not added with soap so the color is colorless. The soap that is used is soap that is from oil. Then, both of the tube is mixed. In tube A there is some foam from the soap. But in the B tube, there is no foam and the oil directly separate from water. After that calculate time start from mix the solution become the solution produce two layers. The time of tube A is 38 second, and the tube B is 28 seconds. It prove that soap is emulgator, it surfactant materials, it can reduce the pressure between surface of solution. So, the conclution from soap emulsion if adding emulsion reagent (from soap emulsion) make the oil and aquadest mixeasier. The speed separation oil and water are : Coconut oil > palm oil > bulk oil
Experiment 3 : Acid number
Acid number is include on of the way to prove the quality of oil or lipid. This number explain that the miligram of KOH that needed foe neutralize lipid acid in 1 gram of oil. Acid number can define with the equation
With : V
: ml of KOH
N
: normalitas of KOH
W
: weigh of oil sample (gr)
Palm Oil First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass. And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(palm oil) is yellow, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is colorless and there is gell. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate with KOH until the color is pink(+) solution. The volume that needed are : Erlenmeyer glass 1
Preparation of Soap
0,4 ml
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Erlenmeyer glass 2 Erlenmeyer glass 3
0,4 ml 0,4 ml
Coconut Oil
First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass. And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(coconut oil) is colorless, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is colorless and there. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate with KOH until the color is pink(+) solution. The volume that needed are : Erlenmeyer glass 1 Erlenmeyer glass 2 Erlenmeyer glass 3
0,2 ml 0,2 ml 0,2 ml
Bulk Oil
First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass. And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(Bulk oil) is yellow, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is yellow. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate with KOH until the color is pink solution. The volume that needed are : Erlenmeyer glass 1 Erlenmeyer glass 2 Erlenmeyer glass 3
0,4 ml 0,4 ml 0,4 ml
The acid number of palm 2,24 ; coconut oil 1,12 and bulk oil 2,24. The quality is the best soap is the coconut oil.
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IX.
CONLUSION Soap produced in the form of a yellow solid (palm oil), white solid (coconut oil) and orange solid (curah oil). On the soap made from palm oil, the result is not transparent. But on the soap made from coconut oil soap produces a transparent due process of stirring and the addition of alcohol be done slowly. The best emulgator are coconut oil. The acid number of coconut oil is 1,12.
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X.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. How to make hard and soft soap (in the flow chart) ? Answer: a. making of hard soap 1.4 gram of NaOH
10 gram gram palm oil
-Dissolved in 3.3mL water (exothermic
-Added 1 gram steric acid
reaction)
-Heated until 70 °C (steric
-Let until cold
acid melt) -Let it until 50 °C
NaOH (aq)
Mixture -Added 12 gram alcohol -Added 4 gram glycerin -Heated -Stirred until clear -Let it cold -Added 1 mL olive oil -Entered in mould Soap
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b. making of soft soap by using KOH to replace NaOH or by using coconut oil to replace palm oil 1.4 gram of
10 gram gram palm
-Dissolved in 3.3mL water
1 gram coconut oil
-Dissolved in -Added 1 gram steric
(exothermic
acid
reaction) -Let until cold
1.4 gram of
-Heated until
3.3mL water (exothermic
acid melt) -Let it until 50
Mixture
steric acid -Heated until 70
reaction) -Let until cold
70 °C (steric KOH (aq)
-Added 1 gram
°C (steric acid melt) -Let it until 50 °C
NaOH (aq)
Mixture
-Added 12 gram
-Added 12 gram
alcohol
alcohol
-Added 4 gram
-Added 4 gram
glycerin
glycerin
-Heated
-Heated
-Stirred until
-Stirred until clear
clear
-Let it cold
-Let it cold
-Added 1 mL olive oil
-Added 1 mL
-Entered in mould
olive oil -Entered in Soap
Preparation of Soap
Soap
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write down the complete reaction of soap making ! Answer:
2. Explain the difference product of soap by using alkali NaOH and KOH ! Answer : Saponification reaction (saponification) using the reaction of alkali is triglycerides with alkali (NaOH or KOH) to produce soap and glycerin. Saponification reaction can be written as follows:
Saponification reaction produces soap making or soap as a product glycerin as a main and side products. Glycerin as a byproduct also has a sale value. Soap is a salt formed from fatty acids and alkali. Soap with a low molecular weight would be more soluble and has harsher soap structure. Soap has a high solubility in water, but the soap does not dissolve into smaller particles, but soluble in ion form. Soap is generally known in two forms, liquid soaps and solid soaps. The main difference from the second form of this soap is the alkali used in soap making reaction. Solid soap using sodium hydroxide / caustic soda (NaOH), whereas liquid soaps use potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an alkali. In addition, the type of oil used also affects the form of soap produced. Coconut oil will produce a harder soap than soybean oil, peanut oil, and cotton seed oil.
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Solid soap
Solid soap is made through a process of saponification by using palm oil and the use of alkali (NaOH). Can be used to condense t he acid soap stearate. Liquid soap
Liquid soap is made through a process of saponification by using castor oil and the use of alkali (KOH). To improve the clarity of so ap, can be add glycerin or alcohol.
3. How is the flow chart to make soap emulsion ? Answer: a. soap from palm oil 3 mL of aquadest
3 mL of aquadest
+
+
5 drops palm oil
5 drops palm oil
- Added 2 mL of soap solution
- Mixed to get emulsion
- Mixed to get emulsion
- Let it until form oil layer
- Let it until form oil layer
- Observed
- Observed
- Write the time
- Write the time 2 layer solution
2 layer solution
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b. soap from coconut oil 3 mL of aquadest
3 mL of aquadest
+
+
5 drops coconut oil
5 drops coconut oil
- Added 2 mL of soap solution - Mixed to get emulsion - Let it until form oil layer - Observed - Write the time
- Mixed to get emulsion - Let it until form oil layer - Observed - Write the time 2 layer solution
2 layer solution
Explain the process of soap emulsion? Answer: Emulsion is a dispersion or suspension of a liquid metastable other two did not dissolve each other. In order to form a stable emulsion of a substance required emulsifier or emulsifier called emulsifying agent that functions lower the surface tension between the two liquid phases. How it works emulsifier mainly due to its molecular form that can be attached either to the oil and water. Emulsifier to form a layer around the oil as a result decrease in surface tension, thus reducing the possibility of merging beads of oil with each other. Emulsifier material can be: protein, gum, soap, or bile salts. Water and oil is a liquid that is not mutually blend in, but each wanted to separate because they have different densities. At an emulsion usually there are three main sections, namely sections dispersed consisting of fat, the second part is called the dispersing media also known as the continuous phase, which usually consists of water, and the The third function is the emulsifier that keeps oil grain was fixed suspended in water. These compounds have affinity molecules are the second liquid. The affinity must be partial and not equal to the second fluid. Occurs when a temporary emulsion of oil and water are shaken together, will form beads and formed an emulsion of fat, but if oil particles are allowed to join again and broke away from
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the water molecules. Because it used to be fast, or should be shaken again before the time of usage. Unlike the temporary emulsion, the emulsion is stable (Permanent emulsion) require materials capable of forming a third membranes (filen) around the grains are dispersed, thus preventing the union of return these items. There are several terms used for material third of which is an emulsifier, stabilizer or emulsifying agent. Some materials that can function as emulsifiers are egg yolks, whole eggs, gelatin, starch paste, casein, a lbumin, or some very fine like flour paprica or mustard flour. French dressing is usually not so stable made more stable by adding in a lot of paprika powder can form a thin layer of fat surrounding the grains are dispersed. Working power is mainly caused by the emulsifier molecules can form bound either in oil or water. If the emulsifier is more tied to the water or more water soluble (polar). Then it can be more stony the dispersion oil in the water so that there was oil in water emulsions (o / w). as an example is milk. Conversely if the emulsifier is more soluble in oil (nonpolar) there was water in oil emulsion (w / o). Eg butter and margarine. How terilustrasikan emulsifier can work if the items have been separated due to fat the mechanical energy (shaking), then the beads are dispersed fat was immediately enveloped by a thin membrane emulsifier. Parts of emulsifier molecules are soluble in nonpolar outer layer of fat points. While the facing polar solvent (water, continuous phase) Soap molecule has hydrogen chain CH 3(CH2)16 act as hydrophobic tail and dissolve in organic compound while COONa + as the hydrophilic head and dissolve in water. Non polar : CH3(CH2)16 dissolve in oil, hydrophobic Polar : COONa+ dissolve in water, separate the polar dirt The process of removing the dirt :
the soap in the water yields bubbles that decrease the surface pressure
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soap molecule will around the dirt by its tail and bind the dirt molecule. It is called emulsification because the dirt molecule and soap molecule form an emulsion.
While the head molecule of soap in water. in the wash off process, it attract the dirt molecule out of cloth, so the cloth is clean.
4. Explain the difference between acid value and saponification number of oil/fat? Answer :
Acid value is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of oil/fat. Saponification number is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide
required to neutralize the fatty acids
resulting from the
complete hydrolysis of 1g of fat. 5. Explain the context of acid value and saponification number with quality of oil/fat? Answer :
.
If the acid value is high, so the oil quality is low. But in the saponification
number gives information concerning the character of the fatty acids of the fat- the longer the carbon chain, the less acid is liberated per gram of fat hydrolysed. It is also considered as a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. The long chain fatty acids found in fats have low saponification value because they have a relatively fewer number of carboxylic functional groups per unit mass of the fat and therefore high molecular weight
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REFERENCES Amrita.2014.Saponification-The Process of Making Soap. http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=119&cnt= (last view on 10/11/2014) Anwar, Chairil et al. 1994. Pengantar Praktikum Kimia Organik . Yogyakarta:UGM Fessenden, Fessenden.1982. Kimia Organik Jilid 2.Edisi Ketiga.Indonesia:Erlangga Tim Dosen Kimia Organik. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Organik II. Surabaya: Unesa press
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ATTACHMENT No.
1
Procedure
Pictures
Preparation of soap
Palm oil, Coconut oil and Bulk oil
- Bulk oil = yellow (+) - Palm oil = yellow - Coconut oil = colorless
1.4 gram of NaOH
White powder
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Stearat acid
white (granule) NaOH + aquadest
colorless solution, warm Palm oil+ strearat acid Coconut oil+ strearat acid Bulk oil+ strearat acid
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Palm oil+ strearat acid +NaOH
Coconut oil+ strearat acid + NaOH
Bulk oil+ strearat acid + NaOH
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Palm oil+ strearat acid +NaOH+Glyserin
Coconut oil+ strearat acid +NaOH+Glyserin
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Bulk oil+ strearat acid +NaOH+Glyserin
2
Emulsion Soap
Palm Oil 1= test with soap 2=without soap
Coconut Oil 1= test with soap 2=without soap
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