Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
UNIVERSITE UNIVERSITE MOHAMMED V - RABAT RABAT FACULTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE
BIOSTATISTIQUE Pr E. BOUAITI UPR Médecine sociale
Programme 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Principes Principes de base en Biostatist Biostatistiques iques La statist statistique ique descriptive descriptive Organisa Organisation tion et Présent Présentation ation des données données Estimation Estimation et fluctuation fluctuationss d’échantillo d’échantillonnage nnage Les principa principales les lois lois de probabilité probabilité Principes Principes des tests statist statistiques iques Les tests tests de compara comparaison ison de pourcent pourcentages ages Les tests tests de comparais comparaison on de moyennes moyennes
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (
[email protected])
2
Programme 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Principes de base en Biost Principes Biostatist atistiques iques La statist statistique ique descriptive descriptive Organisa Org anisation tion et Présent Présentation ation des données données Estimation Estimat ion et fluctuation fluctuationss d’échantillo d’échantillonnage nnage Les principa principales les lois lois de proba probabilité bilité Principess des tests st Principe statist atistiques iques Les tests tests de compara comparaison ison de pourcent pourcentages ages Les tests tests de comparais comparaison on de moyennes moyennes
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (
[email protected])
Pr. BOUAITI (
[email protected])
3
1
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
La Statistiq ique ue Desc Descript riptive ive
Plan • Définition • Rappels • Statistique descriptive : Variable qualitative • Statistique descriptive : Variable quantitative • Statistique à deux dimensions • Conclusion
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
La Statistique Descriptive Définition • C’est C’est l'ensemble l'ensemble des méthodes méthodes et techniques permettant de – Présenter – Présenter – Décrire – Décrire – et – et Résumer
des données nombreuses et et variées.
5
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
La Statistique Descriptive Définition • Peut concerner : – Une variable à la fois : statistique à une
dimension – Deux variables à la fois : statistique à deux dimensions – Plus de deux variables à la fois : statistique multidimensionnelle.
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
7
La Statistique Descriptive Définition • Décrire les données par – Des paramètres statistiques : • Réduction des données à quelques valeurs numériques caractéristiques. – Des tableaux : distributions de fréquences. – Des diagrammes : graphiques.
Pour la bien mener il faut savoir de quelle type de variable s’agit-il 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Plan • Définition • Rappels • Statistique descriptive : Variable qualitative • Statistique descriptive : Variable quantitative • Statistique à deux dimensions • Conclusion
8
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Rappels : Base de données Nom
Situation de famille
Nombre d’enfants
Age
sexe
Patient 1
Marié
2
30
M
Patient 2
Veuf
3
45
M
Patiente 3
Mariée
0
27
F
Patiente 4
Célibataire
0
32
F
Patient 5
Marié
1
39
M
….
….
….
….
….
Le nombre d'individus étant généralement généralement grand, une telle série brute est diffici leme lement nt lisi ble et interprétable interprétable.. Il est indispensable de la résumer . 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
10
Exemple : base de données N °p at ie ie nt 15 208 125 62 135 90 223 252 18 49 58 11 234 197 40 50 330 255 274 102 250 336 241 133 142 149 140 283 103 296
P ré no m Sanae Zineb Fati ma Fati ma Zahra Maguat Mahj ouba Loubna Fati ma Zahra Fati ma Houda Hanane Najat Hadhoum Rahma Hali ma Ami na Saida Zinba Kaout ar Khadi ja touriy a Fati ma Touri a Fati ma Zahra Fati ma Najat Has sna Ac houra Lek heila Ami na
30/09/2015
C ir co co ns t an ce ces phl yc tène : henné li q_c hd fl am_gaz flfl amme fl amme li q_c hd fl amme lili q_c hd ex _bo_gz ex _bo_gz li q_c hd li q_c hd fl am_gaz li q_c hd li q_c hd fl am_gaz ex _bo_gz li q_c hd fl am_gaz li q_c hd fl amme fl amme ex e x _bo_gz fl amme li q_c hd ex _bo_gz ex _bo_gz fl amme li q_c hd
d el ai ai c on su su lt at at i on même jour dans la s emaine même jour après un mois dans la s emaine même jour même jour dans la s emaine dans la s emaine après une semaine même jour même jour dans la s emaine dans la s emaine même jour après une semaine même jour dans la s emaine même jour même jour après une semaine dans la s emaine même jour même jour dans la s emaine après une semaine
S ex e A g ge e An nn n ee o ri g_ g_ vi l D ur _h os j t y pe _b ru l A T CD F 20 2 008 19 2 F 20 2 004 21 0 F 21 2 006 45 0 F 23 2 007 K eni tra 14 0 F 24 2 006 Mauri tanie 110 0 F 24 2 006 Temara 12 0 F 26 2 004 Casa B lanca 10 0 F 26 2 009 Rabat 22 0 F 26 2 008 Taounate 21 0 F 27 2 007 K eni tra 21 0 F 27 2 007 Taounate 30 0 F 27 2 008 S al é 14 0 F 28 2 004 Rabat 5 0 F 28 2 005 88 0 F 29 2 008 K eni tra 9 0 F 29 2 007 K eni tra 13 0 F 30 2 010 Mi del t 62 0 F 30 2 009 Tadla 69 0 F 30 2 009 7 0 F 31 2 006 K hemi ssat 50 0 F 32 2 009 S al é 35 0 F 32 2 010 Ti fl et 92 0 F 32 2 004 13 0 F 32 2 006 El Elj adi da 0 F 34 2 005 24 0 F 34 2 005 52 0 F 35 2 005 Mék nés 9 0 F 35 2 009 Ti fl et 93 0 F 36 2 006 Mauri tanie 27 0 F 36 2 010 A gadir 21 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
11
Rappels : variables Dichotomiques Binaires Observables
Variables qualitatives
Nominales
Variables
Mesurables
Ordinales
Variables quantitatives
Continues
- Sexe
-Niveau d’ é t ud e - Couleur -Villed’origine -Taille -Poids -Nombre
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Plan • Définition • Rappels • Statistique descriptive : Variable qualitative • Statistique descriptive : Variable quantitative • Statistique à deux dimensions • Conclusion
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
13
Statistique descriptive Variable qualitative Dichotomiques Binaires Observables
Variables qualitatives
Nominales
Variables
Mesurables
30/09/2015
Ordinales
Variables quantitatives
- Sexe
-Niveau d’ é t ud e - Couleur -Villed’origine
Continues
-Taille -Poids
Discrètes
-Nombre de patients
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Statistique descriptive Variable qualitative • Un caractère caractère qualitatif qualitatif ne peut peut être être mesuré mesuré • D’où D’où notio notion n de fréquence
• Fréquence absolue : effectif • Nombre Nombre d’indiv d’individus idus par par classe classe : n – 100 sujets: 24 ont la maladie x
• Fréquences relatives • Pour chaque chaque classe, classe, le rappo rapport rt de son effectif effectif au au nombre total d’individus • Expri Exprimée mées s en pourcen pourcentag tage e
14
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Statistiques descriptives variables qualitatives
xi
ni
f i
x1
n1
f 1
x2
n2
f 2
… xp
… np
… f p
S1
30/09/2015
p
xi
n
Chaque ligne correspond à une modalité différente.
ni correspond au nombre d’observations (effectif) ayant comme valeur xi f i correspond à la fréquence (pourcentage) d’observations ayant comme valeur xi
f i
1
ni n
X 100
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
16
Statistiques descriptives variables qualitatives • On a noté la situation situation familiale des 150 patients d’une étude Nom
Situation de famille
Patient 1
Marié
Patient 2
Veuf
Patiente 3
Mariée
Patiente 4
Célibataire
Patient 5
Divorcé
….
….
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
17
Statistiques descriptives variables qualitatives Modalités
Effectifs (n)
Marié
80
Célibataire
30
Veuf
20
Divorcé
20
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Statistiques descriptives variables qualitatives Modalités
Effectifs (n (n)
Pourcentage
Marié
80
53,3%
Célibataire
30
20%
Veuf
20
13,3%
Divorcé
20
13,3%
Total
150
100%
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
19
Statistiques descriptives variables qualitatives
Sexe
n
%
Masculin
70
58,3%
Féminin
50
41,7%
Total
120
100%
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Statistiques descriptives
20
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Plan • Définition • Rappels • Statistique descriptive : Variable qualitative • Statistique descriptive : Variable quantitative • Statistique à deux dimensions • Conclusion
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
22
Statistique descriptive Variable qualitative Dichotomiques Binaires Observables
Variables qualitatives
Nominales
Variables
Mesurables
30/09/2015
Ordinales
Variables quantitatives
- Sexe
-Niveau d’ é t ud e - Couleur -Villed’origine
Continues
-Taille -Poids
Discrètes
-Nombre de patients
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Statistiques descriptives
23
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Paramètres Paramètr es de position • Moyenne arithmétique
• Médiane
• Mode 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
25
Moyenne arithmétique • La somme de toutes les valeurs individuelles
∑
divisée par le nombre de valeurs =
• Avec :
– n : nombre d’observations – xi : les valeurs de la variable : la somme de toutes les valeurs –
∑
observées.
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Moyenne arithmétique
26
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Moyenne arithmétique données groupées Tranches d’âge
Nombre (ni)
[10-20[ [20-30[ [30-40[ [40-50[ [50-60[ [60-70[
4 6 10 4 4 2
Total (n)
30/09/2015
30
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
28
Moyenne arithmétique données groupées • Si les observations sont groupées en classes,
alors
∑ =
• ni : le nombre de sujets pour la classe xi • xi : la valeur centrale de la classe
30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Moyenne arithmétique
29
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Paramètres Paramètr es de position • Moyenne arithmétique
• Médiane
• Mode 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
31
Médiane • La médiane est la valeur qui divise les
observations en 2 groupes de taille taille égale : – Le premier contenant les valeurs inférieures à la
médiane – Et le second les valeurs supérieures à la médiane
La valeur qui partage la série en 2 parties de même effectif (ordre croissant+++) 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Médiane
32
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Médiane • Méthode de calcul – Classer les valeurs par ordre de grandeur
(ascendante ou descendante). – Identifier le milieu de la série de valeurs :
Avec N = Nombre total de valeurs dans la série de
• Place de la valeur médiane =
valeurs.
– Le chiffre se trouvant à cette place dans la série de
valeurs correspond à la médiane. 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
34
Médiane exemples • Médiane d’un nombre impair de données
10, 12, 18, 20, 25 – Ranger les valeurs en ordre ascendant : 10, 12, 18, 20,
25 – Déterminer le point central de la série : (5 valeurs +1)/
2 = 3. – La médiane est donc la valeur en 3 ème position dans la
série
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Moyenn Moy enne e - Méd Médian iane e Série de valeurs:
Moyenne
10, 12, 18, 20, 25
17
18
21,7
19
10, 12, 18, 20, 25, 45
Médiane
La moyenne est sensible aux valeurs extrêmes La médiane est insensible aux valeurs extrêmes 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Paramètres Paramètr es de position • Moyenne arithmétique
• Médiane
37
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Mode N
Dist Distri ribu buti tion on unim unimod odal ale e
Dist Distri ribu buti tion on bimo bimoda dale le N 250
120 200
80
150
100 40 50
0
0 45
98
150
203
256
2.1
309 361 414 467 519 572
3.3
4.6
30/09/2015
5.8
7.0
8.3
9.5
10.8
12.0
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Mode, médiane, moyenne • Si distribution unimodale, – les 3 coïncident
0.4
0.3
13.3
14.5
Glycémie(mmol/l)
Créatinine (µmol/l)
symétrique
Mode = Médiane = Moyenne
40
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Statistiques descriptives variables quantitatives • Paramètres de position : Mesures de la
tendance centrale
• Paramètres de dispersion
Dispersion
Position 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Paramètres Paramèt res de dispersion • Étendue • Les quartiles • La variance
43
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Étendue Histogramme
Histogramme
200
140
180
120
160 140
100
e120 r b 100 m o N 80
e r 80 b m o N 60
60
40
40 20
20 0
0 0
1 0 0 2 0 0 3 00 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 9 0 0 10 0 0 Créatinine JPBR
0
1 00
200
300 400 500 600 Créatinine JPBR
7 00
800
900
Valeur min
= 45µmol/l
Valeur min
= 45µmol/l
Valeur max
= 939 µmol/l
Valeur max
= 572 µmol/l
Etendue = 894 µmol/l 30/09/2015
Etendue = 527 µmol/l Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
Paramètres Paramèt res de dispersion • Étendue • Les quartiles • La variance
46
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Les quartiles • Le premier quartile ou le quartile inférieur inférieur Q 1 =
25 % des valeurs sont inférieures à Q1 et 75 % lui sont supérieures
• Le troisième quartile ou le quartile supérieur Q3
= 75 % des valeurs sont inférieures à Q3 et 25 % lui sont supérieures • La médiane = le deuxième quartile quartile Q2 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
49
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Paramètres Paramèt res de dispersion • Étendue • Les quartiles • La variance • Écart-type 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
52
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
La variance exemple • Calculer la variance s2 : 10, 12, 18, 20, 25, 35 Calculer la moyenne : m=20 – Calculer Observations xi Différence à la moyenne xi-- 20 xi Carré de la différence à la moyenne
10
12
18
20
25
35
-10
-8
-2
0
+5
+15
100
64
4
0
25
225
– Calculer la somme des carrés de la différence à la moyenne : 100+64+4+0+25+225=41 100+64+4+0+25+225=418 8 somme des carrés par n -1 soit soit : – Diviser la somme 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
= 83,6 55
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Écart-type x1 x12
x3
x2
x11
m
x4
x10
x5 x9
x8
x7
x6
Représente l ’éca Représente ’écart rt moyen des données de l’échantillon par rapport à la moyenne 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com)
58
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
La signification probabiliste de l’l’écart-type écart-type Echantillon 2
Echantillon 1
s2 < s1
s1 s2 m 30/09/2015
Pr. BOUAITI (eboua iti @g ma il.com) 61
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Plan • Définition • Rappels • Statistique descriptive : Variable qualitative • Statistique descriptive : Variable quantitative
Statistique à deux dimensions
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Statistique descriptive à 2 dimensions deux variables qualitatives Effectif d'une case = nij Total de chaque ligne = li oui
oui 40
Cancer non total 20 60
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Pr. BOUAITI
Recherche de facteurs de risques • Risque relatif : – Le rapport du risque chez les exposés (R1) sur le
risque des non exposés (R0). – RR = R1/R0 = 0,7/0,25 =2,8
ratio (OR) ou rapport rapport de cotes: • Odds ratio
30/09/2015
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Pr. BOUAITI
30/09/2015
Coefficient de corrélation linéaire • • • •
Mesure l'intensité de la liaison linéaire entre X et Y Le coefficient de corrélation varie varie entre -1 et 1. 0 signifie une association nulle Le signe correspond à la direction de la corrélation. – Quand les deux valeurs augmentent ou diminuent
ensemble il s'agit d'une c orrélation positive.