\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
ÇNLK@H 5. KN\ZILX@@KÐN 0 :. E@@HPI @EJDHELI < :.5. Dçnhe thdhaðnk`e ........................................................................................................................................ < :.5.5. Z\@ :.5.:. ZLPK :.5.0. ELPD
< 8 1
:.:. MA@ .............................................................................................................................................................. = :.0. A\\M .......................................................................................................................................................... 55 :.<. VD@ .............................................................................................................................................................. 55 0. E@@HPI KNEDÅGJZK@I 50 0.5. Knthrnht pir setëdkth ............................................................................................................................ 50 0.:. RkGE] y DGLP .................................................................................................................................... 5< <. E@@HPI GÐQKD 58 <.5. Vrkghre bhnhre`kðn (5B) ....................................................................................................................... 58 <.:. Phbunle bhnhre`kðn (:B) .................................................................................................................... 58 <.0. \hr`hre bhnhre`kðn (0B) ..................................................................................................................... 51 <.<. @uerte bhnhre`kðn (
:: :< :< :8 :1 :1 :2 Våbkne 5 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
1.1. Hsquhge bhnhred lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli ............................................................................... := 1.1.5. E`ightkle thdhaðnk`e 1.1.:. @uerti lh hqukpis 1.1.0. @uertis lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs 1.1.<. @ejdheli vhrtk`ed i lh jecjinh 1.1.8. @ejdheli mirkzinted i lh pdente 1.1.1. Århe lh trejeoi
:; :; :; :; :; :;
1.2. Mhrregkhntes lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli .................................................................................... 06 1.=. Knstede`kðn lhd `ejdheli ..................................................................................................................... 05 1.=.5. Jenlhoes pirte`ejdhs 1.=.:. @enedhte lh suphrak`kh 1.=.0. \uji `irrubeli
05 0: 0:
1.;. Nirges lh knstede`kðn ......................................................................................................................... 00 1.56. Zh`ighnle`kinhs lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli ............................................................................ 00 1.55. Irbenkze`kðn lhd `ejdheli................................................................................................................ 08 1.5:. @inshois pere hd lkshõi lh rhlhs lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli ............................................... 01 1.50. Pksthge lh Edkghnte`kðn Knknthrrugpkle (PEd) ....................................................................... 01 1.5<. Knstede`kðn lhd @hntri lh Vri`hsi lh Letis (@VL).................................................................. 02 1.58. @hrtkak`e`kðn ........................................................................................................................................ 0; 1.51. Bhstkðn lh rhskluis ............................................................................................................................ <5 2. ZHLHP KNEDÅGJZK@EP <: 2.5. Kntrilu``kðn ........................................................................................................................................... <: 2.:. @inakbure`kðn ......................................................................................................................................... <0 2.0. Qhnteoes .................................................................................................................................................. << 2.<. Kn`invhnkhnths ...................................................................................................................................... <<
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne : lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
5. KN\ZILX@@KÐN Dis usuerkis sh `inh`ten e Knthrnht e trevës lh Vrivhhlirhs lh Phrvk`kis lh Knthrnht (KPV) quh iarh`hn lkahrhnths shrvk`kis lh `igunk`e`kinhs y th`nidibçes lh e``hsi. Hstes th`nidibçes sh `deskak`en hn trhs brupis shbÿn de knarehstru`ture quh hgpdhen pere trensgktkr de knairge`kðn ? E``hsi `ejdheli. Zhqukhrhn une `inhxkðn pir ghlki lh un `ejdh meste hd thrgkned lhd usuerki, skhnli hd punti lh e``hsi e Knthrnht akoi. Hohgpdis? dçnhe thdhaðnk`e, akjre ðptk`e y VD@.
E``hsi knedågjrk`i. De `igunk`e`kðn sh prilu`h lh airge knedågjrk`e , e trevës lh inles hdh`trigebnëtk`es, pir di quh hd usuerki lhjh hster lhntri lhd århe lh `ijhrture lh de shõed. Hohgpdis? RkGE], DGLP y dis setëdkths. E``hsi gðvkd. Vhrgkthn bren givkdklel lhd usuerki, ye quh de `inhxkðn sh rhedkze e trevës lh gÿdtkpdhs puntis lh e``hsi e de rhl lh thdhainçe . Hohgpdis? XG\P (0B) y D\H (
De hdh``kðn lh un KPV suhdh rhedkzersh hn aun`kðn lh ae`tirhs `igi hd tkpi lh th`nidibçe quh iahrte, de `ijhrture hn hd århe lhd usuerki, hd en`mi lh jenle, de `edklel lh de shõed y hd `isth . NI\E? Hd en`mi lh jenle hs de vhdi`klel lh trensgkskðn lh letis y sh gklh hn Gjps. Hohgpdi? E``hsi e de rhl Knthrnht e trevës lh lkahrhnths th`nidibçes.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 0 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
:. E@@HPI @EJDHELI :.5. Dçnhe thdhaðnk`e
De dçnhe thdhaðnk`e auh `rhele pere trensgktkr de viz mugene. Ed rhedkzer une ddegele, hd thdëaini trelu`çe des inles sinires lh de viz hn kgpudsis hdë`trk`is quh sh hnvkejen lh airge enedðbk`e e trevës lh dis mkdis lh `ijrh lh de Zhl lh \hdhainçe Jåsk`e (Z\J). E`tuedghnth, de dçnhe me hvidu`kineli utkdkzenli dis perhs lh `ijrh pere de trensgkskðn lh airge lkbkted. Dis prkghris e``hsis e Knthrnht sh rhedkzejen e trevës lh de dçnhe thdhaðnk`e Z\@ quh, `in de lkbktedkze`kðn lh des `igunk`e`kinhs, hvidu`kinð e de ZLPK y, hn de e`tuedklel, e de pipuder ELPD.
:.5.5. Z\@ De Zhl \hdhaðnk`e @ingutele (Z\@) utkdkze de rhl lh thdhainçe pere hstejdh`hr de `inhxkðn e Knthrnht.
Vir hdde `kr`ude mejktuedghnth des vkjre`kinhs lh de viz, des `uedhs sin trelu`kles hn kgpudsis hdë`trk`is quh sh trensgkthn e trevës lh lis mkdis lh `ijrh . E hsth tkpi lh `igunk`e`kðn sh lhnigkne enedðbk`e. De shõed lhd irlhnelir, quh hs lkbkted, sh `invkhrth hn enedðbk`e e trevës lhd gðlhg y sh trensgkth pir de dçnhe thdhaðnk`e. De `inhxkðn sh hstejdh`h ghlkenth une ddegele thdhaðnk`e ed nÿghri quh dh eskbnh su Vrivhhlir lh Phrvk`kis lh Knthrnht, e trevës lh un gðlhg, quh trensairge de shõed lkbkted lhd irlhnelir hn enedðbk`e, pere shr hnvkele pir de dçnhe thdhaðnk`e, y e de knvhrse . Hsth pri`hsi tkhnh une lure`kðn gçnkge lh :6 shbunlis. Vuhsti quh hsth tkhgpi hs derbi, sh rh`igkhnle quh de pribrege`kðn lh lhs`inhxkðn eutigåtk`e ni she knahrkir e : gknutis. Pu `isth hs lh une ddegele di`ed, eunquh tegjkën mey nÿghris hsph`kedhs `in terkae pripke. Hs de rhl lh ghnir vhdi`klel y `edklel. De jeoe vhdi`klel lh hste th`nidibçe, quh ed`enze un gåxkgi lh 81 Cjps , ounti ed mh`mi lh ni phrgktkr hd usi thdhaðnk`i gkhntres sh hstå `inh`teli e Knthrnht , pripk`kð de hvidu`kðn me`ke de ZLPK.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne < lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
:.5.:. ZLPK De Zhl Lkbkted lh Phrvk`kis Knthbrelis (ZLPK) hnvçe de knairge`kðn `ilkak`ele lkbktedghnth, lkvklkhnli de dçnhe thdhaðnk`e hn trhs `enedhs? lis pirtelirhs pir linlh `kr`ude de knairge`kðn e de vhdi`klel lh 1< Cjps y un thr`hr `ened lh 51 Cjps pere bhstkiner de `inhxkðn.
Ph puhlhn utkdkzer dis lis `enedhs lh genhre knlhphnlkhnth (hs piskjdh mejder pir thdëaini pir uni lh hddis y `inh`tersh e Knthrnht pir hd itri), i jkhn utkdkzerdis lh genhre `inounte, di quh pripir`kine une vhdi`klel lh trensgkskðn lh 5:= Cjps . Ni hs nh`hserki un gðlhg pere trensairger de knairge`kðn hn enedðbk`e, phri sç un eleptelir lh rhl (gðlhg ZLPK i terohte ZLPK) pere elh`uer de vhdi`klel hntrh hd V@ y de dçnhe. Hohgpdi? \erohte ZLPK.
Hd esph`ti lh une terohte knthrne ZLPK hs guy perh`kli e un GILHG knthrni pere Z\@. De ZLPK hs une rhl lh jenle en`me quh knthbre gudtktul lh shrvk`kis, tenti trensgkskðn lh viz, `igi lh letis, hn un ÿnk`i e``hsi lh usuerki quh phrgkth de `igunk`e`kðn lkbkted hntrh dis thrgknedhs `inh`telis e hdde (thdëaini, aex, irlhnelir, ht`.).
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 8 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
De ZLPK eprivh`me de knarehstru`ture lh usuerki e`tuedghnth hxksthnth. @uenli hd `dkhnth sidk`kte un e``hsi jåsk`i ZLPK, sh dh knstederå un \Z5 (lkspisktkvi lh thrgkne`kðn lh rhl) hn airge lh `eohtçn i rishte `inh`teli phrgenhnthghnth e de rhl hdë`trk`e, `in lis puhrtis pere quh puhle `inh`ter lkrh`teghnth sus thrgknedhs ZLPK (thdëaini y terohte lh rhl). Pk di lhshe, sh dh puhlh knsteder un gilhdi lh thrgkne`kðn lh rhl \Z5 gkxti `in lis puhrtis elk`kinedhs hsph`çak`is pere `inh`ter meste lis lkspisktkvis enedðbk`is (thdëaini, aex, ht`.). Hohgpdi? Hstru`ture lh e``hsi lh de ZLPK.
Hsth tkpi lh `inhxkðn me hvidu`kineli e de ELPD.
:.5.0. ELPD De Dçnhe lh Ejineli Lkbkted Eskgëtrk`e (ELPD, Esygghtrk` Lkbkted Pujs`rkjhr Dknh) hs une th`nidibçe lh jenle en`me quh, lkvklh hd `ejdh lh `ijrh `invhn`kined lh de dçnhe thdhaðnk`e hn trhs `enedhs knlhphnlkhnths? hnvçi lh letis, rh`hp`kðn lh letis y shrvk`ki thdhaðnk`i trelk`kined (viz) . Vir di quh phrgkth trensgktkr skgudtånheghnth viz y letis e trevës lh de gksge dçnhe thdhaðnk`e. \ili hddi e trevës lh de dçnhe lh thdëaini `invhn`kined ghlkenth de gilude`kðn lh de shõed lh letis utkdkzele pir hd irlhnelir . Dis lis `enedhs lh letis sin eskgëtrk`is, skhnli bhnhredghnth lh geyir vhdi`klel hd lh rh`hp`kðn quh hd lh hnvçi lh letis. Hd `ened lhs`hnlhnth (lh de `hntred ed ligk`kdki lhd ejineli) hs lhslh : Gjps meste = Gjps. Hd `ened es`hnlhnth (lhd ligk`kdki lhd ejineli e de `hntred) lhslh 066 Cjps meste 1<6 Cjps. Hd `ened lhd shrvk`ki thdhaðnk`i jåsk`i e 1< Cjps. Hd mh`mi lh quh hd `ened lh rh`hp`kðn thnbe geyir vhdi`klel quh hd `ened lh hnvçi lh letis, hs lh`kr, quh hd e``hsi she eskgëtrk`i, sh elepte phrah`teghnth e dis shrvk`kis lh e``hsi e knairge`kðn `igi hn de nevhbe`kðn pir Knthrnht, hn dis quh nirgedghnth hd vidughn lh knairge`kðn rh`kjkli hs gu`mi geyir quh hd hnvkeli. Vir di quh de `invkhrth hn une dçnhe lh edte vhdi`klel. Hohgpdi? E`tuedghnth, hn Hspeõe hstes vhdi`klelhs sin lh meste = Gjps hn hd shntkli rhlusuerki (`ened lhs`hnlhnth) y lh 1<6 Cjps hn hd shntkli usuerkirhl (`ened es`hnlhnth).
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 1 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Hohgpdi? Hstru`ture lh e``hsi lh de ELPD.
Hd sksthge lh e``hsi ELPD sh `igpinh lh lis gðlhgs hn `ele hxtrhgi lh de dçnhe thdhaðnk`e. Dis gðlhgs sktuelis hn de `hntred y hn `ese lhd usuerki sin lkahrhnths pirquh de `inhxkðn ELPD hs une `inhxkðn eskgëtrk`e . Hd ELPD sðdi hs ae`tkjdh e`tuedghnth sk de lksten`ke hntrh de `hntred y hd ligk`kdki lhd usuerki hs ghnir e 0,8 Cg. Hn hd shrvk`ki ELPD hd hnvçi y rh`hp`kðn lh dis letis sh hstejdh`h lhslh hd irlhnelir lhd usuerki e trevës lh un gðlhg ELPD. Hstis letis pesen pir un akdtri (spdktthr), quh phrgkth de utkdkze`kðn skgudtånhe lhd shrvk`ki thdhaðnk`i jåsk`i (Z\@) y lhd shrvk`ki ELPD. Hs lh`kr, hd usuerki puhlh mejder pir thdëaini e de vhz quh hstå nevhbenli pir Knthrnht. Hohgpdi? @inhxkðn ELPD.
Hd spdktthr hstå airgeli pir lis akdtris (uni pesi edti y itri pesi jeoi) y `uye ÿnk`e aun`kðn hs shperer des lis shõedhs quh ven pir de dçnhe lh trensgkskðn , de lh thdhainçe vi`ed (jeoes arh`uhn`kes) y de lh letis (edtes arh`uhn`kes). Hohgpdi? Xne vkskðn hsquhgåtk`e lhd aun`kinegkhnti lhd spdktthr pilrçe shr?
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 2 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Qhnteoes?
Hd `ened lhd shrvk`ki thdhaðnk`i jåsk`i hs shpereli lhd gðlhg lkbkted ghlkenth akdtris, berentkzenli esç de `intknuklel lhd shrvk`ki thdhaðnk`i enth une `eçle i aeddi lh lk`mi gðlhg. Hd mh`mi lh quh dis gðlhgs ELPD kn`irpirhn de aun`kðn quh shpere de viz lh dis letis hs elhgås guy knthrhsenth pere dis usuerkis aknedhs quh puhlhn lh hste airge utkdkzer skgudtånheghnth hd thdëaini y, pir hohgpdi, e``hlhr e Knthrnht. Hohgpdi? Hsquhge lh knstede`kðn ELPD `in gk`riakdtris.
De hvidu`kðn lh hstes dçnhes e ELPD: y ELPD:+ me treçli `inskbi nuhves vhrskinhs ghoireles lh deslhvhdi`klelhs lh hste th`nidibçe, `in un eughnti quh phrgkthn iarh`hr shrvk`kis `igi de thdhvkskðn lkbkted, susten`ked gÿsk`e i vçlhi edte `edklellhe trensahrhn`ke un prh`ki rezinejdh , `invkrtkënlish hn uni lh dis tkpis lh `inhxkðn e Knthrnht gås utkdkzelis. :.:. MA@
De rhl Mçjrkli lh Akjre y @iexked (MA@, Myjrkl Akjrh @iexked), tegjkën ddegele `inhxkðn pir `ejdh, hs une th`nidibçe lh e``hsi pir `ejdh quh kn`irpire akjre ðptk`e y `ejdh `iexked pere `rher une rhl lh jenle en`me. Vhrgkth hd e``hsi e Knthrnht lh jenle en`me utkdkzenli des rhlhs @E\Q hxksthnths.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne = lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Dis Vrivhhlirhs lh Phrvk`kis lh Knthrnht hgpdhen hd `ejdh `iexked pere `inh`ter hd ligk`kdki lhd ejineli meste un nili zined y de akjre ðptk`e pere knthr`inh`ter dis nilis zinedhs. De akjre ðptk`e pripir`kine de vhnteoe lh `ujrkr lksten`kes rezinejdhghnth derbes `in un gçnkgi lh egpdkak`e`kðn y rhbhnhre`kðn lh de shõed. [ de vhnteoe lhd `ejdh `iexked hs quh pripir`kine une `epe`klel lh en`mi lh jenle `insklhrejdh, utkdkzånlish pere ler shrvk`ki e gu`mis usuerkis e de vhz . Hohgpdi? @inhxkðn MA@.
Hd Mhel Hnl (`ejh`hre) skrvh meste <66.666 ejinelis3 edkghnte dis nilis lh lkstrkju`kðn , quh skrvhn meste <6.666 ejinelis `ele uni. Hn dis nilis lh lkstrkju`kðn sh giluden y lkstrkjuyhn des shõedhs quh edkghnten e dis nilis ðptk`is e trevës lh akjre . De lkstrkju`kðn sh rhedkze `in `ejdhs `iexkedhs quh skrvhn meste pere 5.666 ejinelis `ele uni. Hd usi lh akjre ðptk`e rhlu`h de nh`hsklel lh egpdkak`elirhs meste un gåxkgi lh = . Elhgås, phrgkth quh de rhl lh `ejdh she jklkrh``kined .
Vere user une rhl lh @E\Q pere hd e``hsi e Knthrnht , sh nh`hskten : lkspisktkvis `devh? un `ejdh gðlhg y un sksthge lh trensgkskðn lh `ejdh gðlhg (@G\P).
Hd `ejdh gðlhg sh knstede hn de `ese lhd ejineli. Hs skgkder e un gðlhg ELPD.
E `ele ejineli dh ddhben shõedhs `igprkgkles hn GVHB-: y pequhths lh letis KV, des `uedhs sin lhgiludeles y shpereles. Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne ; lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Hd @G\P sh knstede hn hd nili lh lkstrkju`kðn hn hd Mhel Hnl. Zh`kjh letis lh Knthrnht y dis pese ed `igjknelir, quh dis hnvçe ed ejineli. Hd @G\P tegjkën rh`kjh letis lhslh hd ejineli y dis pese e Knthrnht.
Dis `in`hntrelirhs @G\P sin lkspisktkvis quh ebrupen meste 5.666 usuerkis, sktuelis e lksten`kes gåxkges lh 566 Cg. Hohgpdi? @inhxkðn tçpk`e lh @E\Q, Knthrnht y thdhainçe.
Ph lkvklh de tipidibçe hn lis perths.
Zhde`kðn lh Ppdkt > 5?866. De `inhxkðn pir `ejdh, ed kbued quh ELPD, phrgkth iarh`hr shrvk`kis lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs evenzelis, `igi? vklhi`inahrhn`ke, vçlhi jeoi lhgenle, gÿsk`e lh edte `edklel, thdhtrejeoi, thdhairge`kðn, thdh`igpre, ouhbis knthre`tkvis hn rhl, ht`. Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 56 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Lhsvhnteoes?
Ni hs un shrvk`ki lhlk`eli pere `ele ejineli , hs lh`kr, de `inhxkðn hntrh hd usuerki y de `hntred ni hs punti e punti .
@in dis gðlhgs lh `ejdh sh pilrçen ed`enzen vhdi`klelhs lh 06 Gjps, phri de dçnhe sh `igperth hntrh tilis dis usuerkis, `in di `ued hd shrvk`ki sh lhbrele `uenli hd tråak`i y hd nÿghri lh ejinelis eughnte, skhnli des vhdi`klelhs lh trejeoi nirgedhs lh edrhlhlir lh 5 Gjps. Vir itri deli, hd mh`mi lh quh de `inhxkðn hntrh hd usuerki y de `hntred hstë `igpertkle , supinh tegjkën une ghnir shburklel quh de pripir`kinele pir de th`nidibçe ELPD i ZLPK.
:.0. A\\M
De Akjre ðptk`e meste hd miber (A\\M, Akjhr \i \mh Migh) hs une th`nidibçe lh `igunk`e`kinhs jesele hn de utkdkze`kðn hx`duskveghnth lh `ejdhs lh akjre ðptk`e pere iarh`hr e``hsi e Knthrnht lh jenle en`me, thdhainçe y thdhvkskðn .
Pin des rhlhs gås råpkles, pulkhnli pripir`kiner meste verkis Bjps, lhjkli e de bren `epe`klel lh de akjre ðptk`e pere trensgktkr letis . Pu usi hstå sustktuyhnli peudetkneghnth e dis e``hsis trelk`kinedhs jeselis hn `ejdhs lh `ijrh. :.<. VD@
De rhl hdë`trk`e hs itri sksthge quh pripir`kine hd e``hsi e Knthrnht. Hs sugknkstreli pir edbunes `igpeõçes hdë`trk`es y su vhnteoe hs quh ni rhqukhrh nknbÿn tkpi lh knstede`kðn.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 55 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
De th`nidibçe VD@ eprivh`me de rhl hdë`trk`e pere `invhrtkrde hn une dçnhe lkbkted lh edte vhdi`klel lh trensgkskðn lh letis , lh de gksge airge quh de rhl Htmhrnht use `ejdhs i de Rk-Ak hd ekrh. Hs suak`khnth `in `idi`er un eleptelir VD@ (Viwhr Dknh @iggunk`etkins, @igunk`e`kinhs ghlkenth @ejdh Hdë`trk`i) hn `uedqukhr hn`muah lh de vkvkhnle, ye quh sh utkdkze de rhl hdë`trk`e. Hohgpdi? @inhxkðn lh lkspisktkvis hdh`trðnk`is ghlkenth de th`nidibçe VD@.
Hohgpdi? @inhxkðn lh une `ågere KV ghlkenth de th`nidibçe VD@ pere vkbkder une mejkte`kðn lhd
miber.
Pu usi phrgkth, hntrh itres `ises, hd e``hsi e Knthrnht ghlkenth jenle en`me, de trensgkskðn lh vçlhi lh edte lhaknk`kðn y hd usi lh thdhainçe KV. Qhnteoes?
Pk sh hstriphe uni, sh `igpre itri y sh `inakbure. Pk sh ginten verkis, sh puhlh lhthrgkner `uåd shrå hd gehstri y `uådhs hs`devis y quë hqukpis sh `inh`terån. Hsi hs ÿtkd hn rhlhs shpereles, pir hohgpdi? une iak`kne `in verkis lhperteghntis (skn hsth sksthge tilis dis VD@ shrçen lh de gksge rhl, esç pilhgis `inh`ter hqukpis genthnkënlidis shperelis hn renbis). I hd `esi lh vkvkhnles `igpertkles pir hstulkenths i rhsklhn`kes, esç eÿn hn hd `esi lh quh hd vh`kni sh `igprh uni kbued ni hntrerå hn tu rhl ye quh hd lkspisktkvi ni sh hndezerçe.
Pkn hgjerbi, puhlh quh nis hn`intrhgis `in prijdhges lh knthrahrhn`kes hdh`trigebnëtk`es quh phroulkquhn de `inhxkðn. Hstes knthrahrhn`kes sin prkn`kpedghnth `euseles pir hdh`triligëstk`is quh kn`irpiren perths gðvkdhs `igi gitirhs. Hohgpdis? de develire, hd deveveokddes h kn`dusi vhntkdelirhs i sksthges lh `edhae``kðn pir ekrh. Pkhgprh quh pilegis lhjhgis treter lh hvkter hn`muaer hd eleptelir VD@ `hr`e lh uni lh hstis eperetis , ye quh `uenti gås `hr`e geyir shrå su knaduhn`ke y geyirhs des knthrahrhn`kes.
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Våbkne 5: lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
0. E@@HPI KNEDÅGJZK@I 0.5. Knthrnht pir setëdkth
@ele vhz gås bhnth utkdkze hn su `ese `inhxkinhs A\\M i MA@, skn hgjerbi, tegjkën sin gu`mis dis quh pir `kr`unsten`kes ni puhlhn jhnhak`kersh lh hsth tkpi lh th`nidibçes. Vere equhddis usuerkis quh ni puhlhn elqukrkr hsth tkpi lh `inhxkinhs , de `inhxkðn pir setëdkth hs de sidu`kðn gås elh`uele pere thnhr Knthrnht. @in hd setëdkth sh iarh`h de berentçe lh `inh`tersh e Knthrnht `in `ijhrture lhd 566% lhslh `ese skn kgpirter linlh hstë ujk`ele.
Qhnteoes?
Xne egpdke `ijhrture lh shrvk`ki, jrknlenli `inh`tkvklel skn dçgkths bhibråak`is. Gÿdtkpdhs epdk`e`kinhs `instru``kinhs, ht`. pere shr utkdkzele hn pizis phtridhris, pdeteairges, `hntris lh `udtkvis, E``hsi e Knthrnht lhslh `uedqukhr sktki rhgiti.
Dis letis sh trensgkthn, hn airge lh inles hdh`trigebnëtk`es, utkdkzenli dis setëdkths ertkak`kedhs (`igi Estre, Mkspeset, ht`.) sktuelis hn ðrjkte edrhlhlir lh de \khrre , pir di quh hd usuerki utkdkze un gðlhg `inh`teli e une enthne perejðdk`e.
De `inhxkðn pir setëdkth hs une gås lh des gÿdtkpdhs th`nidibçes lh jenle en`me quh phrgkthn thnhr e``hsi e Knthrnht e edte vhdi`klel. Lhjkli e su hdhveli `isth, su usi suhdh hster rhstrknbkli e duberhs rhgitis , hsph`kedghnth hn hd ågjkti rured y des zines lh edte ginteõe esç `igi jer`is y evkinhs, linlh ni sh puhlh e``hlhr `in itris tkpis lh `inhxkinhs. Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 50 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
0.:. RkGE] y DGLP RkGE] y DGLP sin th`nidibçes knedågjrk`es pere hd e``hsi e Knthrnht , pir inles lh relki, quh sh utkdkzen mejktuedghnth hn zines ruredhs, rhsklhn`kedhs i hgprhserkedhs, linlh hd lhspdkhbuh lh `ejdh i akjre ðptk`e shrçe guy `istisi pir de jeoe lhnsklel lh pijde`kðn. DGLP (Di`ed Gudtkpiknt Lkstrkjutkin Pysthg, Pksthge Di`ed lh Lkstrkju`kðn Gudtkpunti) tkhnh une `ijhrture gåxkge lh 08 Cg, eunquh suhdh `ujrkr lksten`kes lh meste 8 Cg y nh`hskte vkskjkdklel lkrh`te hntrh des enthnes .
Erqukth`ture lh un sksthge DGLP.
RkGE] (Rirdlwklh Knthriphrejkdkty air Gk`riwevh E``hss, Knthriphrejkdklel Gunlked pere E``hsi pir Gk`riinles), quh hstå jeseli hn de nirge =6:.51l, utkdkze inles hdh`trigebnëtk`es `in `ijhrture lh meste 86 Cg y ni nh`hskte vkskjkdklel lkrh`te hntrh des enthnes, pir di quh hs hd gås hgpdheli.
Erqukth`ture lh un sksthge RkGE]. NI\E? RkGE] y Rk-Ak sin sidu`kinhs `igpdhghnterkes pere lis epdk`e`kinhs jestenth lkahrhnths. RkGE] auh lkshõeli pere rhlhs ghtripidktenes (GEN) , tegjkën `ini`kli `igi —ÿdtkge gkdde‗. Rk-Ak auh lkshõele pere rhlhs di`edhs (DEN), tegjkën `ini`kli `igi —lkstrkju`kðn hn sktki‗.
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Våbkne 5< lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
<. E@@HPI GÐQKD De `inhxkðn pir ghlki lh de thdhainçe gðvkd sh ebrupe hn lkahrhnths `kn`i bhnhre`kinhs shbÿn su irlhn lh eperk`kðn y prhste`kinhs.
<.5. Vrkghre bhnhre`kðn (5B)
Dis sksthges lh `igunk`e`kinhs gðvkdhs lh prkghre bhnhre`kðn rhprhshnten hd `inounti lh hstånlerhs quh hgpdhen th`nidibçes enedðbk`es. Ph treteje lh sksthges pkinhris quh kntrilu`çen pir prkghre vhz une `ere`thrçstk`e rhvidu`kinerke pere dis shrvk`kis lh `igunk`e`kðn `ighr`kedhs lh dis eõis =6, `igi hre de givkdklel. Elhgås lh de viz, hstis sksthges phrgktçen de trensgkskðn lh letis hgpdhenli gðlhgs enedðbk`is `invhn`kinedhs, eunquh `in une `epe`klel guy dkgktele. <.:. Phbunle bhnhre`kðn (:B)
Ne`h e prkn`kpkis lh dis eõis ;6, `in de lkbktedkze`kðn lh dis shrvk`kis gðvkdhs lh viz . Hstis sksthges phrgktçen de trensgkskðn lh letis e jeoe vhdi`klel (lhslh ;,1 Cjps meste 5<,< Cjps ) y hd knthr`egjki lh ghnseohs PGP hntrh usuerkis. Hn Huripe, hd hstånler gås lhste`eli hs BPG (Bdijed Pysthg air Gijkdh `iggunk`etkins, P¡sthge Bdijed pere des `igunk`e`kinhs Gðvkdhs) , jeseli hn de `ingute`kðn lh `kr`uktis quh ghoirð sus shrvk`kis pere ler duber e BVZP (Bhnhred Ve`cht Zelki Pysthg) , quh utkdkze `ingute`kðn lh pequhths y sh `insklhre de bhnhre`kðn :.8B. Hn BPG sh lhaknh un ÿnk`i nÿghri lh hghrbhn`kes e nkvhd gunlked , hd 55:, quh ae`kdkte quh dis vkeohris lh `uedqukhr perth lhd gunli puhlen `igunk`er sktue`kinhs lh hghrbhn`ke skn nh`hsklel lh `ini`hr un nÿghri di`ed. Hohgpdi? Xn `dkhnth BPG puhlh `inh`tersh e trevës lh su thdëaini `in su irlhnelir y hnvker y rh`kjkr ghnseohs pir `igpeõçe `irrhi hdh`trðnk`i, aexhs, nevhber Knthrnht, `in shburklel e de rhl knairgåtk`e lh une (rhl di`ed/Kntrenht), esç pir `igi utkdkzere``hlhr itres aun`kinhs lkbktedhs lh trensgkskðn lh letis, kn`duyhnli hd shrvk`ki lh ghnseohs `irtis (PGP) i ghnseohs lh thxti. Hd BVZP phrgkth hd usi lh GGP, REV, `irrhi hdh`trðnk`i y nevhbe`kðn Rhj, `in vhdi`klelhs lh letis meste 55< Cjps. E pertkr lh hsth gighnti, hd gili lh ae`ture`kðn ni sh rhedkze pir tkhgpi lh `inhxkðn skni pir vidughn lh letis trensgktklis, y de hvidu`kðn th`nidðbk`e ae`kdkte de eperk`kðn lh nuhvis hstånlerhs `in geyir en`mi lh jenle , tedhs `igi HLBH (Hnmen`hl Lete Zeths air BPG Hvidutkin) quh phrgkth hd usi lh epdk`e`kinhs `igi vçlhi y itris shrvk`kis gudtkghlke . Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 58 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
<.0. \hr`hre bhnhre`kðn (0B)
Ph denze hn hd eõi :660 y hs un sedti `uedktetkvi kgpirtenth quh gilkak`e pir `igpdhti hd gunli lh des thdh`igunk`e`kinhs, ed pilhr e trevës lh un lkspisktkvi gðvkd nevhber `in `igilklel pir Knthrnht y pilhr vksuedkzer vklhis indknh . Hstå jesele hn hd usi lhd sksthge lh `igunk`e`kðn XG\P (Xnkvhrsed Gijkdh \hdh`iggunk`etkins Pysthg), quh sh `ere`thrkze pir sus piskjkdklelhs gudtkghlke, vhdi`klel lh e``hsi e Knthrnht hdhvele y trensgkskðn lh viz `in `edklel hqukperejdh e de lh des rhlhs akoes . Hd tërgkni 0.8B sh hgpdhe pere rhahrkrsh e des nuhves vhrskinhs quh iarh`hn ghoires lh `epe`klel, rhnlkgkhnti y hak`khn`ke lhd hstånler XG\P , hntrh des quh lhste`e MPVE+ (Mkbm Pphhl Ve`cht E``hss), `in teses lh trensgkskðn lh meste =< Gjps lh jeoele y :: Gjps lh sujkle. <.<. @uerte bhnhre`kðn (
Ph denze hn hd eõi :66;. Hs hd `inounti lh th`nidibçes jeseles `igpdhteghnth hn hd priti`idi KV , skhnli une rhl hx`duskveghnth lh pequhths lh letis, arhnth e des bhnhre`kinhs enthrkirhs quh `inthgpden `enedhs lkahrhn`kelis pere viz y letis. De `igunk`e`kðn pir viz sh rhedkze ghlkenth QiKV. Des vhdi`klelhs lh trensgkskðn lh letis hstån hntrh 566 Gjps pere une givkdklel edte y 5 Bjps pere givkdklel jeoe. Des lis verkenths gås `ini`kles lh
Lurenth hd ÿdtkgi Gijkdh Rirdl @inbrhss `hdhjreli hn Jer`hdine hn hd ghs lh ahjrhri, sh me lhjetkli sijrh de th`nidibçe 8B dish whkbmt aest indknh. Des `igpeõçes lh rhlhs (Muewhk, Hrk`ssin, _\H y Nicke, hntrh itris) akoen pere :6:6 de ah`me lhd denzegkhnti `ighr`ked lhd 8B, une th`nidibçe quh gudtkpdk`erå pir lkhz de vhdi`klel lhd e`tued
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Våbkne 51 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
8. @INAKBXZE@KÐN LH XNE ZHL Xne rhl hs jåsk`eghnth un brupi lh lkspisktkvis `inh`telis `in hd ijohtkvi lh `igpertkr knairge`kðn y e``hsi e Knthrnht. Pu `inakbure`kðn y lkshõi hs guy verkejdh pirquh lhphnlh lhd hntirni linlh sh ve e knsteder, de th`nidibçe e hgpdher, dis lkspisktkvis quh sh ven e `inh`ter, de tipidibçe lh de rhl e kgpdhghnter, ht` . De `inakbure`kðn gås `igÿn suhdh shr lh une rhl lh århe di`ed , quh jåsk`eghnth hstå airgele pir hqukpis `inh`telis (irlhnelirhs, phrkaërk`is, hdh`triligëstk`is, `insides, ht`.) y hd merlwerh lh rhl nh`hserki (riuthr, swkt`m, `ejdhs lh rhl, ht`.). Dis lkspisktkvis quh iarh`hn de piskjkdklel lh trejeoi hn rhl sh puhlhn `inh`ter hntrh sç lh lkahrhnths gilis? Dis lkspisktkvis `ejdhelis `igi irlhnelirhs, kgprhsires, hdh`triligëstk`is, ht`., kn`duyhn une terohte lh rhl quh mey quh `inh`ter ed riuthr i e un swkt`m, hn `esi lh ni lkspinhr lh puhrtis suak`khnths. \egjkën hs piskjdh `inh`terdis e un eleptelir VD@ quh dis `igunk`erå `in hd riuthr e trevës lh de rhl hdë`trk`e. Dis lkspisktkvis knedågjrk`is ni rhqukhrhn nknbune knstede`kðn y hs suak`khnth `in rhedkzer de `inakbure`kðn lh su siatwerh lh rhl.
Hohgpdi? Qkvkhnle `inh`tele hn rhl, litele lh sksthges lh ligðtk`e y hdh`triligëstk`is knthdkbhnths.
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Våbkne 52 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
1. @EJDHELI HP\ZX@\XZELI 1.5. Kntrilu``kðn
Hn dis eõis =6, enth de hnirgh lkauskðn lh des rhlhs lh letis hn hlkak`kis , surbkð de nh`hsklel lh unkak`er `rkthrkis hntrh aejrk`enths h knbhnkhris pere berentkzer de `igpetkjkdklel hntrh sksthges y, sijrh tili, adhxkjkdkzer hd ginteoh lh hsth tkpi lh knstede`kinhs . Esç ne`kð hd `in`hpti lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli. Hd `ejdheli hstru`tureli lhjh sipirter dis lkahrhnths shrvk`kis lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs, prkn`kpedghnth lh viz y lh letis, quh sh knthbren hn un hlkak`ki. Elhgås, tegjkën puhlh knthbrer shrvk`kis lh kgåbhnhs y `intrid ligðtk`i lhd hlkak`ki . Xne knstede`kðn lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli kn`duyh dis `ejdhs `igi sipirth açsk`i pere de trensgkskðn lh letis, y tilis dis hdhghntis (tiges, penhdhs, `in`hntrelirhs, ht`.) quh phrgkthn `inhxkiner dis lkspisktkvis lh rhl .
1.:. Qhnteoes lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli
Des prkn`kpedhs vhnteoes lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli sin des skbukhnths? Hs un sksthge ejkhrti quh e`hpte lkspisktkvis lh `uedqukhr aejrk`enth i privhhlir. Ph lhd `ere`thrkze `ejdheli. pir su hnirgh adhxkjkdklel hn hd gighnti lh me`hr rhairges i rhhstru`ture`kðn De egpdke`kðn y hxpenskðn lhd sksthge hs shn`kdde, skn nh`hsklel lh gilkak`er de knstede`kðn ye hxksthnth. Hs aå`kd lh genthnhr y lh elgknkstrer , tenti lhslh hd punti lh vkste lh de knstede`kðn `igi lhd siatwerh. Hn de jÿsquhle lh prijdhges i evhrçes sh puhlhn eksder zines lh de knstede`kðn , lhoenli hn aun`kinegkhnti des ni eah`teles.
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Våbkne 5= lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
1.0. ¹Vir quë hs ten kgpirtenth un `ejdheli ðptkgi lhntri lh de rhl9
Xne rhl DEN hstå dkgktele pir lksten`kes bhibråak`es rhdetkveghnth phquhões y hn su lkshõi kn`duyh lkspisktkvis tedhs `igi `igputelires, mujs, swkt`mhs y itris. Lhntri lh de ohrerquçe lh des skhth `epes lhd gilhdi IPK, de `epe açsk`e (nkvhd 5) hs hd pkder lh de trensahrhn`ke lh de knairge`kðn y uni lh dis prkn`kpedhs ae`tirhs quh knaduyhn hn hd ðptkgi aun`kinegkhnti lh une rhl . Xn ged `ejdheli hs uni lh dis ae`tirhs quh puhlh `euser përlkles lh pequhths lh letis, ed sijrh`erber de rhl y lksgknukr su lhshgphõi, meste `euser edtis `istis y, pir di tenti, përlkles hn hd prhsupuhsti lh une hgprhse. 1.<. Hstånler HKE/\KE-81= Hd pripðskti lhd hstånler HKE/\KE-81= hs phrgktkr de pdenhe`kðn h knstede`kðn lhd `ejdheli hn hlkak`kis skn hd `ini`kgkhnti lh dis lkspisktkvis lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs quh shrån knstedelis pisthrkirghnth lhntri lhd hlkak`ki .
Hd hstånler HKE/\KE-81= utkdkze une tipidibçe açsk`e hn hstrhdde . Hd hohgpdi gistreli equç kdustre de thrgknidibçe usele hn hd hstånler y guhstre un ger`i açsk`i tçpk`i. Dis hdhghntis lhd sksthge lh `ejdheli kn`duyhn? @ejdheli mirkzinted i lh pdente. @ejdheli vhrtk`ed i lh je`cjinh. Århe lh trejeoi. Ergerki lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs. @uertis lh hqukpi. Vuntis lh elgknkstre`kðn. Ae`kdklelhs lh e``hsi i lh hntrele.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 5; lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Des lksten`kes gåxkges lh `ejdh hsph`kak`eles pere hd X\V pir hd hstånler HKE/\KE-81= sin des skbukhnths? 5) @ejdheli mirkzinted (i lh pdente)? ;6 g. :) @ejdheli vhrtk`ed (i lh je`cjinh)? =66 g. 0) Århe lh trejeoi? 0 g. <) Ergerki lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs? \hrgkne`kðn lh de mirkzinted? 2 g. Lh de mirkzinted ed je`cjinh? 1 g.
8) @uertis lh hqukpi? :6 g. 1) Vuntis lh elgknkstre`kðn? @riss-`innh`t prkn`kped? :6 g. @riss-`innh`t knthrghlki? :6 g.
De nirgetkve quh rhbude dis rhquksktis nh`hserkis pere hd lkshõi h kgpdhghnte`kðn lh knarehstru`tures `ejdheles lh rhl di`ed hn Enledu`çe hs de Irlhn :8 Phptkhgjrh :662 . Hohgpdi? Hn un sksthge mçjrkli `ijrh/akjre ðptk`e, hd `ijrh hs utkdkzeli pere hd `ejdheli mirkzinted (i lh pdente) y de akjre ðptk`e pere hd `ejdheli vhrtk`ed (i lh je`cjinh). Hohgpdi? Hn un sksthge `in sðdi `ejdh lh `ijrh , hd `ejdh X\V unkakder utkdkzeli pere hd `ejdheli mirkzinted (i lh pdente) y hd `ejdh X\V gudtkakder pere hd `ejdheli vhrtk`ed (i lh je`cjinh).
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Våbkne :6 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
1.8. Hsquhge jåsk`i lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli
Hn di jåsk`i, un sksthge lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli `inste lh des skbukhnths perths? Zishtes ZO-<8 pere de `inhxkðn lh dis puhstis i thrgknedhs lh trejeoi. Venhdhs lh per`mhi (pet`m penhds). Detkbukddis lh `inhxkðn (pet`m `irls). @ingutelirhs (swkt`mhs). Hn`egknelirhs (riuthrs).
Vere hd `irrh`ti aun`kinegkhnti lh de knstede`kðn, sh men hstejdh`kli unes lksten`kes gåxkges pere hd `ejdheli hntrh dis hdhghntis? Hntrh dis swkt`mhs y dis penhdhs lh per`mhi? gåxkgi 0 g.
Hntrh dis penhdhs lh per`mhi y de rishte lh `inhxkðn? gåxkgi ;6 g. Hntrh de rishte lh `inhxkðn y hd thrgkned? gåxkgi 1 g.
Hsquhge jåsk`i lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne :5 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Dis hdhghntis peskvis lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli sin? Venhdhs lh per`mhi (pet`m penhds). Detkbukddis lh `inhxkðn (pet`m `irls). Jestklir i re`c lh `igunk`e`kinhs. @ejdhs lh per trhnzeli? P\V, A\V y X\V. Zishtes ZO-<8 pere de `inhxkðn lh dis puhstis i thrgknedhs lh trejeoi. @inh`tirhs y oe`cs ZO-<8. Dis hdhghntis e`tkvis lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli sin? @ingutelirhs (swkt`mhs). @in`hntrelirhs (swkt`mhs). Vuhnths (jrklbhs). Hn`egknelirhs (riuthrs). Veserhdes (bethweys). @irteauhbis (akrhwedds).
1.8.5. Zishtes ZO-<8 Des rishtes i tiges lh perhl tkhnhn un esph`ti skgkder e des lh thdhainçe y hstån jeseles hn `inh`tirhs ZO-55. Hxksthn nughrisis tkpis lh rishtes ZO-<8 hn hd ghr`eli? lh suphrak`kh, lh hgpitrer, pere `enedhte hxthrkir, ht`.
\ige lh hgpitrer
\ige lh suphrak`kh.
(@irthsçe Myphrdknh). De skbukhnth akbure guhstre hd `ðlkbi lh `idirhs useli pere irlhner dis perhs lh `ejdhs. Hd hstånler e shbukr hs 81=-J.
@ðlkbi lh `idirhs 81=-J. Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne :: lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Lhphnlkhnli lhd gilhdi, de `inhxkðn lhd `ejdh hn de rishte puhlh me`hrsh ghlkenth tirnkddis, tkpi jirnh, i pir sksthges lh `inhxkðn råpkle . Hn hd shbunli `esi, hs nh`hserki utkdkzer de mhrregkhnte lh `irth h knshr`kðn.
@inhxkðn lh une rishte lh suphrak`kh `in de mhrregkhnte lh `irth h knshr`kðn (@irthsçe Myphrdknh).
Zishte lijdh (viz y letis) pere des thdh`igunk`e`kinhs.
Hnughre`kðn lh des tiges.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
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1.8.:. @inh`tirhs ZO-<8 tkpi Chystinh Dis `inh`tirhs Chystinh sin lh phquhões lkghnskinhs y sh elepten e penhdhs y rishtes lh `inhxkðn quh e`hpthn hsth sksthge. Lkspinh lh un gh`enksgi lh akoe`kðn råpkle sijrh de `er`ese , pir di quh su knstede`kðn emirre tkhgpi hn hd ginteoh. Pu `igpetkjkdklel `in tili tkpi lh sksthges y aejrk`enths dhs men mh`mi guy pipuderhs hn des knstede`kinhs lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli. De `inhxkðn lh `ejdhs puhlh me`hrsh lh lkahrhnths airges, phri hstån guy lkaunlklis dis quh phrgkthn de `inhxkðn råpkle `in i skn mhrregkhntes .
1.8.0. Venhdhs lh `inhxkðn (petm penhds) Dis penhdhs lh per`mhi, `ini`klis hn hd erbit të`nk`i `igi pet`m penhds, sin hdhghntis peskvis quh phrgkthn `hntredkzer y adhxkjkdkzer hd `inhxkineli lh des lkahrhnths perths lh de knstede`kðn. Ijohtkvi? phrgkthn irbenkzer hd `inhxkineli lh dis lkahrhnths hqukpis quh pertk`kpen hn de rhl . Dis penhdhs lh `inhxkðn sin une shrkh lh oe`cs ZO-<8 ebrupelis lh airge `invhnkhnth hn une side pkhze. Ëste vkhnh `in `inakbure`kinhs lh 5:, :< ð <= puhrtis y nirgedghnth hstån gintelis hn un jestklir i re`c. Des perths lhdenthres sin oe`cs ZO-<8 y des perths treshres sin jdiquhs lh knshr`kðn quh pripir`kinen `inh`tkvklel i `egknis `inlu`tirhs. Ph `deskak`en `igi lkspisktkvis lh de `epe açsk`e.
Vet`m penhd.
Verth lhdenthre.
Verth treshre.
Dis penhdhs lh per`mhi ni nh`hskten edkghnte`kðn hdë`trk`e . —
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
‗
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Ph ginten hntrh dis swkt`mhs y des tiges lh `inhxkðn quh ven me`ke dis puhstis lh trejeoi.
@igprije`kðn lh `inhxkðn hntrh hd pet`m penhd y de tige?
1.8.<. Detkbukddis lh `inhxkðn (pet`m `irls) Dis detkbukddis sin `ejdhs lh perhs trhnzelis aejrk`elis lh lkahrhnths tegeõis meste unis 0 ghtris h kn`duyhn `inh`tirhs ZO-<8 hn sus hxtrhgis.
Hn une knstede`kðn `hrtkak`ele tilis dis detkbukddis lhjhn shr detkbukddis ye aejrk`elis `in dis `inh`tirhs. Ni sh puhlhn utkdkzer detkbukddis `instruklis —e geni‗. Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
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1.8.8. Htkquhteli lh dis `ejdhs De nirge HKE/\KE-161 hsph`kak`e quh `ele thrgkne`kðn lh merlwerh lhjh thnhr edbune htkquhte quh di klhntkakquh lh genhre hx`duskve . Xn `ejdh tkhnh lis thrgknelirhs, pir tenti, `ele uni lh hstis hxtrhgis rh`kjkrå un nigjrh. Ni hs rh`ighnlejdh de utkdkze`kðn lh un sksthge lh htkquhteli `in rhde`kðn e un gighnti `in`rhti, hs ghoir utkdkzer nighn`detures nhutres. Hohgpdi? Pk htkquhtegis un V@ `igi «V@ lh Lkrh``kðn³ y, duhbi, hd duber lhd hlkak`ki hn linlh sh ujk`e de Lkrh``kðn `egjke, thnlrçegis quh `egjker tegjkën hd htkquhteli. Vir hddi, sh lhjh knthnter quh hd htkquhteli she akoi. lh sede y un Ph rh`igkhnle quh kn`duyen un klhntkak`elir klhntkak`elir lh `inh`tirde, esçutkdkze`kðn sejrhgis lh tilihtkquhtes sijrh hd `ejdh? lðnlh hgpkhze y lðnlh e`eje. Hohgpdi? Vilrçegis htkquhter un `ejdh `in hd skbukhnth klhntkak`elir? 60ZP6:-68ZP:<. Hsth `ejdh knlk`erçe quh hstå thnlkli lhslh de rishte (ZP) nÿghri 6: lh de sede 60 meste de rishte :< lh de sede 68. Des rishtes hn des sedes 60 y 68 krçen htkquhteles `in 60ZP6: y 68ZP:<, rhsph`tkveghnth.
Edbunis gilhdis lh htkquhtes pere `ejdhs.
1.8.1. Pwkt`mhs i mujs Dis swkt`mhs i mujs sin dis hdhghntis e`tkvis lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli quh phrgkthn hstru`turer de rhl hn de tipidibçe lh hstrhdde.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
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E lkahrhn`ke lh dis swkt`mhs ligëstk`is, dis utkdkzelis hn knstede`kinhs lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli sin gu`mi gås brenlhs y lkspinhn lh gås puhrtis lh `inhxkðn. Ëstis sh knsteden sijrh jestklirhs ounti e dis penhdhs lh per`mhi y nh`hskten edkghnte`kðn hdë`trk`e.
Akoe`kðn lh un swkt`m e un jestklir (Dkncsys).
1.8.2. Jestklir (re`c) Hd jestklir i re`c lh `igunk`e`kinhs hs une hstru`ture ghtådk`e quh phrgkth de akoe`kðn lh dis penhdhs lh per`mhi y dis swkt`mhs. Pin lis phrakdhs vhrtk`edhs y renurelis shperelis hntrh sç `in un en`mi lh 5; pudbeles (5;‗). Hstis hdhghntis sin des jeshs pere de akoe`kðn lh tilis dis lkspisktkvis lhd jestklir. Dis jestklirhs puhlhn shr lh lis tkpis? Ejkhrtis? ni lkspinhn tepes i puhrtes lh `khrrh. Hn hsth `esi tilis dis lkspisktkvis hstån ed ekrh y lkspinh lh un aå`kd e``hsi. Hsth tkpi lh jestklir sh knstede hn `uertis lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs lh hlkak`kis.
@hrrelis? sin tkpi ergerki. Ph knsteden hn duberhs quh hn dis quh sh e`inshoe de prith``kðn lhd `ejdheli y dis lkspisktkvis enth ebhnths hxthrnis. Ëstis e su vhz puhlhn shr lh suhdi i lh perhl.
Lkahrhnths tkpis lh jestklirhs (@irthsçe Myphrdknh).
Hn de perth lhdenthre lhd jestklir sh hn`uhntren dis arintedhs, y hd e``hsi e tilis dis puhrtis, lh dis penhdhs lh per`mhi y dis swkt`mhs, esç `igi dis detkbukddis (pet`m `irls) quh dis unhn . Vir de perth treshre sh se`en dis gezis lh `ejdhs quh ven e dis puhstis lh trejeoi y, elhgås, sh hn`uhntre de edkghnte`kðn e dis hqukpis . Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
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Hohgpdi? Lkspisk`kðn lh `ejdhs y lkspisktkvis hn un jestklir.
1.1. Hsquhge bhnhred lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli
Hd `ejdheli hstru`tureli lh un hlkak`ki `inste lh des skbukhnths perths? E`ightkle thdhaðnk`e. @uerti prkn`kped lh hqukpis. @uerti lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs. @ejdheli mirkzinted i lh pdente. @ejdheli vhrtk`ed i lh je`cjinh. Århe lh trejeoi.
Hsquhge bhnhred lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli. Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
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1.1.5. E`ightkle thdhaðnk`e Hs de hntrele lh de rhl thdhaðnk`e ed hlkak`ki . Mejktuedghnth, hs une dçnhe lhd tkpi ELPD `in dis hdhghntis lh `inhxkðn y rh`hp`kðn.
1.1.:. @uerti lh hqukpis Hn ëd sh ujk`erån dis hqukpis —knthdkbhnths‗ lhd sksthge, `igi shrvklirhs, `hntredktes thdhaðnk`es, `hntredhs pere hd sksthge lh `intrid lh hlkak`ki, hqukpis lh eulki y vçlhi, ht` .
1.1.0. @uertis lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs Hs hd mejktå`udi pere edjhrber dis lkspisktkvis lh `ingute`kðn (swkt`m) i `in`hntrelirhs (muj) y dis penhdhs lh per`mhi . Dis `uertis lh `igunk`e`kðn lh `ele une lh des pdentes hsterån `inh`telis ed `ejdheli vhrtk`ed quh perth lhslh hd `uerti prkn`kped lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs.
1.1.<. @ejdheli vhrtk`ed i lh jecjinh \egjkën lhnigkneli `igi je`cjinh, hs hd `ejdheli trin`ed lh de knstede`kðn. Hs hd hn`erbeli lh knthr`inh`ter dis `uertis lh thdh`igunk`e`kðn lh quh lkspinh hd hlkak`ki . Lk`me `inhxkðn sh rhedkze `in de tipidibçe hn hstrhdde lhslh hd `uerti lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs prkn`kped . @igi ghlki açsk`i sh puhlh utkdkzer `ejdh lh per trhnzeli y akjre ðptk`e.
1.1.8. @ejdheli mirkzinted i lh pdente Hs hd `ejdheli quh sh lkstrkjuyh lhslh dis `uertis lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs lh `ele une lh des pdentes meste des rishtes lh dis puhstis lhd århe lh trejeoe.
1.1.1. Århe lh trejeoi Hs hd punti hn hd quh thrgkne hd `ejdheli y linlh sh `inh`ten dis thrgknedhs, tenti thdhaðnk`is `igi knairgåtk`is.
Lhslh hd `uerti lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs i re`c lh pdente, ddhben dis `ejdhs meste des rishtes thrgknedhs. De dinbktul lhd `ejdh pere `ele tige ni lhjh hx`hlhr lh ;6 g. Xn puhsti hn hd århe lh trejeoi lhjh lkspinhr lh ed ghnis lis rishtes lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs e`igpeõeles lh `uetri jeshs lh hn`muah lh :06 Q`e . Lis lh hddes puhlhn hster edkghnteles e trevës lh un PEK. Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne :; lh <<
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Vunti lh `inhxkinhs hn hd århe lh trejeoi.
De `inhxkðn hntrh de tige lh perhl y dis hqukpis thrgknedhs sh rhedkze `in detkbukddis ZO-<8 (pet`m `irls) quh ni lhjhn suphrer dis 1 g lh dinbktul.
1.2. Mhrregkhntes lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli
Des mhrregkhntes quh sh utkdkzen hn hd `ejdheli hstru`tureli sin? Mhrregkhnte lh knshr`kðn. @rkgpelire. @irtelir y phdelir lh `ejdhs. \hsthr lh rhl.
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Mhrregkhntes lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli.
Xsi lh de mhrregkhnte lh knshr`kðn pere knshrter dis `ejdhs hn hd Oe`c ZO-<8. 1.=. Knstede`kðn lhd `ejdheli
1.=.5. Jenlhoes pirte`ejdhs Pin jenlhoes lh `mepe bedvenkzele quh sh utkdkzen hsph`kedghnth pere `enedkzer hd `ejdheli hn dis `uertis lh thdh`igunk`e`kinhs, sedes lh gåquknes y `igunk`e`kinhs hntrh pdentes lhd hlkak`ki . \egjkën sh utkdkze hn hd `ejdheli mirkzinted pere rhpertkr des lhrkve`kinhs lh `ejdhs e des århes lh trejeoi lhslh aedsis th`mis.
Hn hd ghr`eli hxksthn lkahrhnths tkpis lh jenlhoes pirte`ejdhs, phri dis gås utkdkzelis hn hd `ejdheli hstru`tureli sin? Jenlhoes lh ainli dksi i phraireli. Jenlhoes tkpi hs`edhre.
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Hn egjis `esis hstån lkspinkjdhs nughrisis e``hsirkis pere rhedkzer hgpedghs, `urves y lhrkve`kinhs, elhgås lh tili tkpi lh `igpdhghntis pere de akoe`kðn e th`mis y perhlhs.
1.=.:. @enedhte lh suphrak`kh De `enedhte lh suphrak`kh hs hd tkpi lh `enedkze`kðn gås utkdkzeli pere ddhver dis `ejdhs e des århes lh trejeoi. \egjkën hxksthn nughrisis e``hsirkis y `igpdhghntis quh epirten hstëtk`e y vhrsetkdklel e hsth tkpi lh knstede`kinhs.
Knstede`kðn lh `enedhte lh suphrak`kh (@irthsçe Dhbrenl).
1.=.0. \uji `irrubeli Xne lh des `ere`thrçstk`es quh lhjh thnhr une knstede`kðn lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli hs su adhxkjkdklel pere me`hr gilkak`e`kinhs y rhairges. Des `enedkze`kinhs `in jenlhoes pirte`ejdhs y `enedhtes lh hgpitreles suphrak`kh jeoi `ugpdh `in ëstes hsh tkhnhn ijohtkvi. Ni i`urrh di gksgiy akoi. `in Eÿn des knstede`kinhs tujiphrah`teghnth `irrubeli, ye quh `erå`thr gås lhaknktkvi esç, hn des århes lh trejeoi sh puhlhn hn`intrer `enedkze`kinhs pere des tiges thrgknedhs, rhedkzeles `in tuji `irrubeli. Hn hstis `esis, hd tuji `irrubeli lhjh lkspinhr lh suak`khnth lkåghtri pere edjhrber hd `ejdh lh perhs trhnzelis.
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1.;. Nirges lh knstede`kðn
Ni lhstrhnzer dis perhs gås lh di nh`hserki, 50 gg hxkbkli pir de nirge. Htkquhter tilis dis `ejdhs y `inh`tirhs. Ni hohr`hr hx`hskve thnskðn sijrh dis `ejdhs. Ni mey quh sijrh`erber des `enedkze`kinhs.
1.56. Zh`ighnle`kinhs lhd `ejdheli hstru`tureli \ilis dis hdhghntis hdhghntis`inlhjhn phrthnh`hr e edede gksge lh eperh`hn `ejdheli ,hnnidesskhnli 5) elh`uelis `ethbirçes knahrkirhs 8h y 1. `ethbirçe Des `ethbirçes mioes lh `ere`thrçstk`es lhd aejrk`enth.
:) Mey quh hvkter quh dis `ejdhs lh rhl lh letis hstën `hr`e lh dis `ejdhs lh de rhl hdë`trk`e. Ni lhjhn kr hn de gksge `enedkze`kðn.
0) Ni priluz`e lijdh`hs hn dis `ejdhs `in relkis ghnirhs e = vh`hs hd lkåghtri lhd `ejdh. Ni sh lhjhn me`hr `urves guy `hrreles. Jkhn
Ged
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Våbkne 00 lh <<
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<) Hvkth rhedkzer hx`hskves tirskinhs hn dis `ejdhs X\V.
8) Pk un `ejdh tkhnh lhah`tis lh eksdegkhnti, lhjh `egjkersh.
1) Pk sh ete un brupi lh `ejdhs ountis, ni lhjhn eoustersh hn hx`hsi , hstå jkhn eterdis akrghghnth, phri ni di mebe tenti quh sh priluz`en lhairge`kinhs hn dis `ejdhs, su `ijhrture i trhnzeli. 2) Genthnbe dis `ejdhs edhoelis lh lkspisktkvis quh puhlen kntrilu`kr rukli hn dis gksgis. Hohgpdis? aiti`ipkelires, hqukpis lh `edhae``kðn hdë`trk`e, edtevi`hs, kgprhsires, hqukpis lh \Q, du`hs aduirhs`hnths, hqukpis lh sidlelure, mirnis lh gk`riinles, thdëainis, vhntkdelirhs, es`hnsirhs, gitirhs, mirnis hdë`trk`is, sh`elires, develires, ht`.). =) Ni `idiquh `ejdheli X\V hn hd hxthrkir lh dis hlkak`kis. Ësti rhprhshnte un phdkbri lhjkli e dis reyis y itris ahnðghnis hdë`trk`is etgisaërk`is. ;) Ni sh lhjhn rhedkzer hgpedghs hn jenlhoes i `enedkze`kinhs. \iles des lhrkve`kinhs y `inhxkinhs sh lhjhn rhedkzer hn dis jestklirhs `in dis hdhghntis elh`uelis pere ted akn. Vir supuhsti, nun`e sh lhjhn utkdkzer rhbdhtes lh hdh`trk`kste pere hgpedger `ejdhs lh perhs trenzelis. 56) Dis tregis lh `ejdh lh per trhnzeli puhlhn quhler derbis , pere piskjdhs rhpere`kinhs hn de `inhxkðn thrgkned, phri nun`e gås lh 86 `g. 55) Hn knstede`kinhs `in jenlhoes pirte`ejdhs sh lhjhn prhvhr lis jenlhoes , une pere de dis `ejdhs hdë`trk`is y itre pere hd `ejdheli lh letis.
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5:) Hn hd `ejdheli hntrh pdentes lhd hlkak`ki , sk ni sh puhlhn rhedkzer lis mejktå`udis pere de shpere`kðn lh des knstede`kinhs, sh lhjh genthnhr une lksten`ke lh ed ghnis 06 `g hntrh dis `ejdhs hdë`trk`is y dis `ejdhs lh letis .
1.55. Irbenkze`kðn lhd `ejdheli
Hd irlhn hs kgpirtenth.
5) Dis gezis lh `ejdhs hn dis jestklirhs y jeoeles lh jenlhoes lhjhn hster irbenkzelis pir zines. Ësti phrgkth `intrider de knstede`kðn enth iphre`kinhs lh genthnkgkhnti, rhpere`kðn i rhairges. Ph lhjhn utkdkzer jrkles i ejrezelhres pere de ebrupe`kðn. Ëstes lhjhn pilhrsh rhtkrer `in ae`kdklel pere gilkak`e`kinhs hn de knstede`kðn. Hn nknbÿn `esi sh utkdkzerå `knte eksdenth.
Gezis lh `ejdhs hn penhdhs lh per`mhi.
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\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
:) Vere klhntkak`er `ele uni lh dis `inlu`tirhs sh lhjhn utkdkzer ger`elirhs hn egjis hxtrhgis lhd `ejdh.
Ger`eoh lh `inlu`tirhs (@irthsçe Myphrdknh).
0) Ni hgpdhh brepes pere eshburer `ejdhs X\V. Hgpdhh de `enedkze`kðn elh`uele i hn hd phir `esi edbÿn tkpi lh ben`mi lkshõeli pere `ejdh thdhaðnk`i i `iexked quh puhlh hster lkspinkjdh hn tkhnles hsph`kedkzeles. Hn dis ergerkis y jestklirhs, dis gezis lh `ejdhs lhjhn hntrer y sedkr e trevës lh irbenkzelirhs y buçes pere dis `ejdhs.
Hdhghntis pere hd bukeli y irbenkze`kðn lh `ejdhs hn jestklirhs (@irthsçe Myphrdknh). 1.5:. @inshois pere hd lkshõi lh rhlhs lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli
Ph lhjh rhedkzer une shdh``kðn lhd ghlki e hgpdher (@ejdheli X\V, Akjre, \h`nidibçe Rkrhdhss, ht`.). Hstejdh`hr dis `uertis lh `ejdheli hn duberhs lh pi`i tråak`i lh phrsines (shburklel) y hn duberhs quh phrgkten genthnhr dis hstånlerhs lh 566 ghtris lh `ejdheli mirkzinted. @hntredkzer i rhlu`kr hd nÿghri lh dis `uertis lh `ejdheli , ni tkhnhn quh shr nh`hserkeghnth uni pir pksi.
1.50. Pksthge lh Edkghnte`kðn Knknthrrugpkle (PEd)
Xn Pksthge lh Edkghnte`kðn Knknthrrugpkle (PEK) hs un lkspisktkvi quh phrgkth genthnhr de edkghnte`kðn lh une dçnhe hdë`trk`e lurenth un jrhvh phrkili lh tkhgpi lhspuës lh de knthrrup`kðn lhd sugknkstri hdë`trk`i hn hd hlkak`ki i zine lh de knstede`kðn. Hd PEK lkspinh lh une jethrçe quh sh `erbe `intknueghnth skhgprh quh hstë `inh`teli e de rhl hdë`trk`e. @uenli sh prilu`h un `irth lhd sugknkstri, un `kr`ukti lh lksperi `inh`te hstå jethrçe ed `kr`ukti lh sedkle, e trevës lh un sksthge hdh`trðnk`i quh `invkhrth de `irrkhnth `intknue hn `irrkhnth edthrne. Ësti phrgkth quh hd hqukpi, i hqukpis knairgåtk`is, aun`kinhn lh airge thgpired, meste quh de jethrçe sh lhs`erbuh pir `igpdhti. Hd PEK ni airge perth lh de knstede`kðn lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli , phri lhjkli e de kgpirten`ke quh tkhnh pere genthnhr dis letis lh dis hqukpis knairgåtk`is enth `irths lh thnskðn, hn de e`tuedklel su usi hstå egpdkeghnth bhnhredkzeli. Des tiges lh `irrkhnth quh sh `inh`ten e de sedkle lhd PEK sh ginten lh `idir rioi. Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 01 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
PEK lh jeoe pithn`ke.
PEK lh bren pithn`ke.
De hdh``kðn lh un PEK sh rhedkze hn aun`kðn lh de pithn`ke lh dis hqukpis quh sh dh ven e `inh`ter. Esç, hxksth PEK pere prithbhr un sidi hqukpi i pere une rhl. Hohgpdi? @inhxkðn lh un PEK e lis irlhnelirhs.
1.5<. Knstede`kðn lhd @hntri lh Vri`hsi lh Letis (@VL)
Gu`mes lh des knstede`kinhs lh lkvhrse neturedhze, ni sidi lh rhl, puhlhn rhedkzersh skgudtånheghnth puhsti quh suhdhn shr priahskinedhs lkstkntis dis quh e`ighthn `ele perth lh de knstede`kðn? hdh`trk`kstes, knstedelirhs lh `ejdhs y `hrtkak`elirhs, ekrh e`inlk`kineli, ht`. Xne vhz quh des `enedkze`kinhs hstån knstedeles y prijeles `igkhnze de knstede`kðn lh shrvklirhs y lkspisktkvis lh rhl. E pertkr lh hsh gighnti, sh pilrån hgphzer e prijer dis shrvk`kis lh rhl enths lh ddhber ed rëbkghn lh hxpdite`kðn. Vri`hsi Letis (@VL) `ukler de e``hskjkdklel e dis hd @hntri kgpirtenth lh hqukpis Hn lh gili quh shlhpuhle e`tuerlhråpkleghnth hn hs `esiguy lh `uedqukhr evhrçe . Elhgås, des `insides dis shrvklirhs tkhnhn quh hster jkhn prithbkles, ye quh qukhn tkhnh e``hsi e une `inside pilrå genkpuder aå`kdghnth hd shrvklir ed quh phrthnh`h. Dis duberhs hn dis quh sh knsteden shrvklirhs i quh `intkhnhn puntis nhurådbk`is lh des `igunk`e`kinhs lhjhn shr duberhs lh hsten`ke `ðgile eunquh `hrrelis jeoi ddevh? arh`uhnthghnth hd e``hsi e hstis duberhs sh rhedkze jeoi de suphrvkskðn lh edbÿn sksthge lh `intrid lh prhshn`ke `in terohtes lh jenles gebnëtk`es, rh`ini`kgkhnti jkigëtrk`i u itris sksthges lh klhntkak`e`kðn hsph`kedghnth shburis .
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 02 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Qkste lh des `enedkze`kinhs hn de knstede`kðn knk`ked lh un `hntri lh pri`hsi lh letis.
Hd pri`hsi lh knstede`kðn lh un @VL hs guy lhdk`eli pir de bren `entklel lh terhes `rçtk`es quh rhqukhrh, pir di quh lhjh lkshõersh `in sugi `ukleli y skhgprh eyulelis lh pdenis y une juhne li`ughnte`kðn.
Vdeni lh knstede`kðn lh ergerkis hn un @VL.
Lhjkli e des nh`hsklelhs lh shburklel `rh`khnths, `ele vhz sh me`h gås kgpirtenth un juhn lkshõi lhd @hntri lh Vri`hsi lh Letis. Hntrh dis ae`tirhs quh mey quh thnhr hn `uhnte pere hsth lkshõi hstån dis skbukhnths?
Ekrh e`inlk`kineli rhlunlenth. Lijdh e`ightkle hdë`trk`e? sk auhre piskjdh, lh verkes `igpeõçes sugknkstrelires lkstkntes. Zhlunlen`ke hn des `igunk`e`kinhs `in hd hxthrkir? `ejdhs lh rhl, akjres ðptk`es, thdhainçe, ht`. Pk hs piskjdh, tegjkën lh lkahrhnths `igpeõçes. Ginte`erbes, edture y en`mure lh puhrtes suak`khnth pere kntrilu`kr des gåquknes quh edioerå hd @VL. Phburklel lh e``hsi `intridele pir puntis lh prhshn`ke. Qkbkden`ke. Ederges. Phburklel `intre kn`hnlkis. @intrid lh peråghtris ghlkiegjkhntedhs? thgphreture y mughlel. @uelris lh lkstrkju`kðn hdë`trk`e knlhphnlkhnths y shburis. Aedsis suhdis y th`mis. PEK y bhnhrelirhs lh `irrkhnth.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 0= lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Elhgås, `igi hd `insugi hnhrbëtk`i lh un @VL hs guy hdhveli, mey quh pripinhr gequknerke lh jeoi `insugi hdë`trk`i quh bhnhrh ghnis `edir y `inskbe un lijdh emirri h`inðgk`i? ghnir `insugi lh hnhrbçe hdë`trk`e y ghnir `insugi lh ekrh e`inlk`kineli . De knstede`kðn lhjh shr guy dkgpke? hd pidvi hs un hnhgkbi guy kgpirtenth lh dis hqukpis knairgåtk`is, quh lhjhrån shr dkgpkelis phrkðlk`eghnth `igi perth lh un pden lh genthnkgkhnti knthbred. Hd e``hsi e des knstede`kinhs lhd @VL lhjh hster rhstrknbkli e des phrsines quh lhjen trejeoer eddç y, elhgås, lhjh shr `intrideli eutigåtk`eghnth.
1.58. @hrtkak`e`kðn De aknedklel lh de `hrtkak`e`kðn `insksth hn ler berentçe ed `dkhnth lhd juhn aun`kinegkhnti lhd `ejdheli.
Hn hd pri`hsi lh de ghlk`kðn pere de `hrtkak`e`kðn sh lhjhn `mhquher dis puntis lh rhl uni pir uni y ësti sh me`h `in un `hrtkak`elir lh `ejdh. Hd `hrtkak`elir lh `ejdh (thsthr `hrtkak`elir) hs un epereti quh hvedÿe `intknuklel, ethnue`kðn, nhxt, kgphlen`ke, `ðlkbi lh `idirhs, hntrh itris.
@hrtkak`elir lh `ejdh DenthcKK - 086 GMz.
Dis peråghtris e ghlkr sin? Dinbktul. Ethnue`kðn, përlkle i lksgknu`kðn lh de shõed lurenth su pripebe`kðn, sh gklh hn lJ/lksten`ke. Knthrahrhn`ke (@risstedc). Knthrhsen vedirhs edtis. NH]\ (NherHnl@riss \edc), hnhrbçe hdë`trk`e quh pese lh un per lh `inlu`tirhs lh un `ejdh e itri per lh `inlu`tirhs hn un punti prðxkgi ed trensgksir. Ph gklh hn lJ.
AH]\ dhoeni (AerHnl@riss \edc), kbued quh hn hd enthrkir phri `uenli de knthrahrhn`ke sh prilu`h hn un punti lhd trensgksir. Ph gklh lJ. VPNH]\ (ViwhrPugNH]\). HDAH]\ (HquedDhvhdAH]\). Kgphlen`ke `ere`thrçstk`e. Etthnuetkin ti @risstedc Zetki (E@Z). Zhde`kðn hntrh de ethnue`kðn lh un `ejdh y hd NH]\ prilu`kli pir hsh gksgi `ejdh. Knthrhsen vedirhs edtis. Ph gklh hn lJ.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne 0; lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Hohgpdi? @igprije`kðn lh `inhxkðn hntrh hd pet`m penhd y de tige.
Hohgpdi? \hst @innh`tkins. Jesk` Dknc - Vhrgenhnt Dknc @innh`tkins.
Hohgpdi? \hst @innh`tkins. @mennhd Dknc.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne <6 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Hohgpdi? Xsi lhd @hrtkak`elir lh `ejdh hn rhpere`kðn y genthnkgkhnti lh rhlhs lh `ejdheli hstru`tureli.
1.51. Bhstkðn lh rhskluis
De prith``kðn lhd ghlkiegjkhnth hs une gkskðn quh `irrhspinlh e tilis dis `kulelenis, phri hs une ijdkbe`kðn guy hsph`ked pere un priahskined quh tkhnh quh trejeoer mejktuedghnth `in gethrkedhs quh puhlhn leõer hd hntirni ghlkiegjkhnted. Vere gktkber hd kgpe`ti ni lhsheli lh de e`tue`kðn priahskined sh men mejkdkteli des pidçtk`es lh tretegkhnti lh rhskluis. Hstes pidçtk`es, quh suhdhn hster hxprhseles hn airge lh dhyhs i lh lkrh`tkves , pere hd `esi lh rhskluis hdh`trðnk`is i hdë`trk`is tkhnhn `igi ijohtkvi rhlu`kr de `entklel lh rhskluis, de phdkbrisklel lh sus `igpinhnths i aighnter de rhutkdkze`kðn dis lkspisktkvis lhsh`mi . iVere hstis ijohtkvis sh hstejdh`hn unes nirges quh sh epdk`en e delhaejrk`e`kðn lh dislhprilu`tis jkhndibrer e su `irrh`te bhstkðn egjkhnted `uenli sh `invkhrten hn rhskluis. Mey gu`mes `ethbirçes lh ZEHH (Zhskluis lh Eperetis Hdë`trk`is y Hdh`trðnk`is) elhgås lh dis hqukpis knairgåtk`is `igi sin hdh`triligëstk`is, eperetis hdh`trðnk`is lh `insugi, lkspisktkvis lh edugjreli, mhrregkhntes, oubuhths, eperetis gëlk`is, knstrughntis lh vkbkden`ke y `intrid i gåquknes hxphnlhlires. ZEHH sin dis eperetis hdë`trk`is i hdh`trðnk`is, i sus `igpinhnths, ed akned lh su vkle ÿtkd . Vere hd `esi lh hqukpis lh knairgåtk`e y thdh`igunk`e`kinhs sh prhvë de bhstkðn lh dis skbukhnths ZEHH? Brenlhs irlhnelirhs. Gknkirlhnelirhs. Xnklelhs lh kgprhskðn. Irlhnelirhs phrsinedhs i pirtåtkdhs (kn`duyhnli unklel `hntred, retðn, pentedde y th`deli), tenti hn su vhrskðn lh sijrhghse `igi hn sus airgetis nithjiic i nithpel.
Kgprhsires, `ipkelires, gåquknes lh hs`rkjkr hdë`trk`es i hdh`trðnk`es. @ed`udelires lh ghse i jidskddi. \hrgknedhs lh usuerki, aex, tëdhx, thdëainis, `inthstelirhs eutigåtk`is. Eperetis lh thdh`igunk`e`kðn, trensgkskðn i eulki.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne <5 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
De lkrh`tkve 21/21=/@HH lh de Xnkðn Huriphe irlhne quh dis usuerkis (`insugklirhs aknedhs) lh ZEHH utkdkzelis hn sus miberhs lhjhrån hntrhberdis, `uenli sh lhsmeben lh hddis, pere quh shen bhstkinelis `irrh`teghnth. De hntrhbe lh dis ZEHH shrå skn `isth edbuni pere hd ÿdtkgi pishhlir y pilrå rhedkzersh hn dis puntis lh rh`ibkle prhvkstis hn su århe bhibråak`e i, skhgprh quh elqukhre un epereti quh she hqukvedhnth i quh rhedk`h des gksges aun`kinhs quh hd epereti quh lhshe, hn hd `ighr`ki `irrhspinlkhnth.
Vunti dkgpki pere rh`ibkle lh ZEHH.
2. ZHLHP KNEDÅGJZK@EP 2.5. Kntrilu``kðn
Des rhlhs knedågjrk`es ni nh`hskten `ejdh `igi sipirth lh knthr`inhxkðn hntrh hd hgksir y hd rh`hptir, ÿnk`eghnth nh`hskten enthnes pere hgktkr y rh`kjkr de knairge`kðn. De trensgkskðn sh rhedkze utkdkzenli shõedhs hdh`trigebnëtk`es quh sh pripeben pir hd ekrh pulkhnli etrevhser perhlhs y itris ijstå`udis.
De `igilklel lh une knstede`kðn skn `ejdhs ounti `in hd lhs`hnsi skbnkak`etkvi lh dis `isths lh aejrk`e`kðn me rhlunleli hn un kgpirtenth eubh lh des `igunk`e`kinhs thdhgåtk`es knedågjrk`es. Hstes th`nidibçes sin? Jduhtiitm h knarerriois pere jeoes teses lh trensahrhn`ke.
Rk-Ak pere rhlhs DEN. RkGE] pere rhlhs GEN.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne <: lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
\iles hstes th`nidibçes sh ebrupen jeoi hd nigjrh RDEN (Rkrhdhss Di`ed Erhe Nhtwirc, Zhl lh Århe Di`ed Knedågjrk`e).
2.:. @inakbure`kðn e) j) `)
l)
Dis peråghtris e `inakburer hn une RDEN sin? PPKL. Hs hd nigjrh `in hd quh vegis e klhntkak`er de rhl knedågjrk`e `rhele pir hd riuthr. Zhbkðn. Hs nh`hserki shdh``kiner hd peçs pere quh sh epdkquh de nirgetkve vkbhnth. @ened. Hs hd `ened lh relki knedågjrk`e lh su rhl knedågjrk`e. Vilhgis hdhbkr hntrh 55 `enedhs (HH.XX) y 50 `enedhs (XH), lh genhre quh sk thnhgis verkis riuthrs `hr`enis hs`ibhgis un `ened lkstknti pere `ele uni, pere quh ni meye knthrahrhn`kes. Dis `enedhs 5, 1 y 55 ni sh suphrpinhn. Gu`mes vh`hs dis riuthrs vkhnhn `inakburelis `in hd `ened 5, y tilis dis vh`knis lh un hlkak`ki hstån `inh`telis `in hd gksgi `ened, pirquh ni di `egjken. Vilhgis hs`ibhr, pir hohgpdi, hd `ened 55 pere ni thnhr `idkskinhs `in hd rhsti lh vh`knis. Gili. Hs pere shdh``kiner hd gili lh trejeoi (=6:.55 j/b/n) hn aun`kðn lh de arh`uhn`ke lhd `ened y de vhdi`klel lh trensgkskðn. Hd =6:.55j aun`kine hn de arh`uhn`ke lh :,< BMz, `in un gåxkgi lh trensgkskðn lh 55 Gjps y un ed`en`h lh <16 ghtris . Hd =6:.55b tegjkën aun`kine hn de arh`uhn`ke lh :,< BMz, y tkhnh un ed`en`h lh <16 ghtris, phri `in un gåxkgi lh trensgkskðn lh 8< Gjps . Hd =6:.55n aun`kine hn des arh`uhn`kes lh :,< BMz y 8,< BMz , phri `in un gåxkgi lh trensgkskðn lh 166 Gjps y un ed`en`h lh =:6 ghtris. Mejkdkte hd Zelki lhd Ziuthr Knedågjrk`i/Mejkdkte hgkskðn PPKL. Vir di bhnhred, hstes lis ip`kinhs hstån mejkdkteles. Mejkdkte de shburklel knedågjrk`e. Pk ni lhshe prithbhr su rhl knedågjrk`e, ni e`tkvh hste ip`kðn. Hn `esi `intrerki, hdkoe hntrh hd hn`rkpteli RHV, RVE-VPC y RVE:-VPC . NI\E? Pk mey gu`mes rhlhs knedågjrk`es hn de `hr`ençe, `egjke hd `ened e itri pere ijthnhr une ghoir shõed. Pðdi hd eleptelir knedågjrk`i `in th`nidibçe Pÿphr B `igpetkjdh, hd gili puhlh `egjker e 56= Gjps (=6:.55b) hståtk`i. Hs titedghnth `igpetkjdh `in lkspisktkvis =:.55j y =6:.55b . i
i
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h) a)
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne <0 lh <<
\hge 8? \h`nidibçes lh e``hsi e Knthrnht.
Hohgpdi? Ziuthr \ZHNLnht \HR-<8:JZV lh 56=Gjps `in swkt`m lh < puhrtis.
2.0. Qhnteoes
Des vhnteoes lh des rhlhs knedågjrk`es, arhnth e des rhlhs `ejdheles, sin? Givkdklel. Dis usuerkis puhlhn lhspdezersh `in sus lkspisktkvis knedågjrk`is lhntri lhd århe lh `ijhrture lh de rhl skn phrlhr de `inhxkðn. Aå`kd knstede`kðn. Ni mey quh rhedkzer une knstede`kðn lhd `ejdh lh rhl. Zhlu``kðn lh `isths. Pijrh tili hn zines bhibråak`es lh lkaç`kd e``hsi linlh de knstede`kðn lhd `ejdheli rhsudte guy `ere. Hs`edejkdklel. Hs guy aå`kd `inh`ter nuhvis hqukpis e de rhl lhspuës lh su knstede`kðn knk`ked.
2.<. Kn`invhnkhnths Xne RDEN tkhnh gu`mes vhnteoes, phri tegjkën kn`invhnkhnths?
Ghnir en`mi lh jenle. Ph `inskbuh gås vhdi`klel utkdkzenli rhlhs `ejdheles. Lksgknuyh hd rhnlkgkhnti lh de rhl ed eughnter hd nÿghri, lh lkspisktkvis.
@igi hd `ened lh trensgkskðn hs `igpertkli pir tiles des hste`kinhs , dis sksthges knedågjrk`is tkhnhn quh gudtkpdhxer des shõedhs lh trensgkskðn rhpertkhnli hd en`mi lh jenle lhd `ened hntrh tiles des hste`kinhs knedågjrk`es , di quh arh`uhnthghnth prilu`h sktue`kinhs lh `inbhstkðn. Phburklel. Ed shr hd ghlki lh trensgkskðn hd ekrh y ni hster dkgkteli açsk`eghnth, `uedqukhr usuerki quh hstë lhntri lhd århe lh `ijhrture lh de rhl puhlh knthnter e``hlhr e hdde. Vir tenti, des rhlhs knedågjrk`es hxpinhn une geyir suphrak`kh lh etequh , di quh jrknle gås piskjkdklelhs e dis kntrusis.
Hn`erne`kðn Gerçn @ejeddhri
Våbkne << lh <<
