The historical source of english word formation morphology

Example :

Source Language
Singular
Plural
Greek
Phenomenon
Phenomena

Schema
Schemata
Latin
Cactus
Cacti

Formula
Formulae

Datum
Data
Hebrew
Cherub
Cherubim

Kibbutz
Kibbutzim

2. A fashion for a certain kind of headless compound or exocentric compound.

For example :
redhead, lazybones, pickpocket, longneck, climbrock, etc.
But, there is another kind of exocentric compound that involving a verb and adverb or preposition.

For example : write-off, call-up, take-over and breakdown.
- He was called up for military service.
However, there are compounds do not exist corresponding to every phrasal verbs.

For example : give-up or put-off.

Yet in the 1960s there is a class of compounds of the form V-in.

For example : sit-in, talk-in, love-in, and think-in.
- We sat in for twelve hours.

It had previously been regular although not fully general. It because there is no phrasal verbs.
9.7 Conclusion
- Fashions in Morphology divided 2 kinds, they are a fashion for certain Latin and Greek derived prefixes and a fashion for a certain kind of headless compound.

- Some Latin derived processes as formally regular as processes such as adverb formation with –ly.

- The vocabulary of English contains a West Germanic and North Germanic languages.

- There are some words that used to be common but are no longer, such as eximious and demit.

- There are compounds do not exist corresponding to every phrasal verbs.

A striking feature of these words is that the inherited Germanic forms, and in the forms borrowed from Latin,
French or Greek the cognitive roots are bound.

In borrowing words, english speakers borrowed not only the roots and affixes but also the pattern of word formation that they conform to
For example :

Superstar, superman, super-rich, supersede, superimpose, hyperactivity, hypermarket, megastore, megabucks, megalith, megaphone, etc.

1. A fashion for certain Latin and Greek derived prefixes.

Prefixes
Latin
Greek
Super
Hyper
Sub
Macro

Micro

Mega, Giga, Nano

A fashion for certain Latin and Greek derived prefixes.
2. A fashion for a certain kind of headless compound or exocentric compound.
9.6 Fashions in Morphology

Just a few French borrowings sometimes retain, in formal written English.
Suffix –x
- Tableaux
- Plateaux

The class of nouns with irregular plurals into two classes :
Nouns that belong to everyday vocabulary
Whose irregular plural survives because it is in reasonably frequent use
9.4 The reduction in inflectional morphology
(2) Singular Plural
Nominative nama 'name' naman
Accusative naman naman
Genitive naman namena
Dative naman namum

(3) Singular Plural
Nominative sta¯n 'stone' sta¯nas
Accusative sta¯n sta¯nas
Genitive sta¯nes sta¯na
Dative sta¯ne sta¯num
(4) Indicative Subjunctive
Person Present Present
Singular 1st ('I') helpe helpe
2nd ('you') helpest helpe
3rd ('(s)he') helpeð helpe

Plural 1st ('we') helpað helpen
2nd ('you') helpað helpen
3rd ('they') helpað helpen
Singular 1st healp hulpe
2nd hulpe hulpe
3rd healp hulpe

Plural 1st hulpon hulpen
2nd hulpon hulpen
3rd hulpon hulpen

9.5 Characteristics of Germanic and non- Germanic derivation

At (5) are listed most of the derivational affixes that we have considered so far, classified according to their origin:
(5) Germanic Romance or Greek
-ish -((a)t)ion de-
-ed -(i)an dis-
-en -(i)fy
-er -al
-hood -ance, -ence
-ie (as in doggie) -ar
-let -ent, -ant
-ship -ess
-y (as in misty) -ette
-ine
-ise
-ism
-ist

-ment

Another Indo-European root : bear
In Latin as fer-, in Greek as pher,
The former as the bound root in verbs such as, confer and latter in the name Christopher

English has also acquired the root via French suffer (or in Modern french souffrir)

Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European from which Greek and the Romance and Germanic Languages are descended.

An example Proto-Indo-European root: heart
In Latin as cord-, In French as coeur from which was formed a derivative courage, In latin cordial

cordial appears in cardiac, from Greek word kardiakos
Greek
Until in the fifteenth century Western Europeans began to learn about greek culture because the Romans revered Greek Culture, therefore most of classical latin literature emulates Greek Models. The main influence of Greek has been in its use in the invention of scientific and technical words.
The historical source of english word formation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Germanic, Romance and Greek Vocabulary
9.3 The rarity of borrowed inflectional morphology
9.4 The Reduction in inflectional morphology
9.5 Characteristics of Germanic and non-Germanic derivation
9.6 Fashion in morphology
9.7 Conclusion: History and structure

9.3 The Rarity of Borrowed Inflectional Morphology

English nouns have only two forms, singular and plural; and, if a noun is borrowed from a source language that also distinguishes singular and plural inflectional, then the foreign inflected plural form may be borrowed too.
9.2 Germanic, Romance and Greek Vocabulary

English is related with germanic languages :
West Germanic
North Germanic
Dutch
Norwegian
German
Danish
Frisian
Swedish
Afrikaans
Icelandic

Faeroese
9.1 Introduction
The vocabulary of english words borrowed from french and French is one of Romance languages, descended from Latin along with:

Spanish
Portuguese
Catalan
Provencal
Romansh
Italian
Romanian

Click to edit Master title style
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

11/25/2014

#
Click to edit Master subtitle style
11/25/2014

#
11/25/2014

#
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
11/25/2014

#
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
11/25/2014

#
11/25/2014

#
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
11/25/2014

#
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
11/25/2014

#
11/25/2014

#
Click icon to add picture
11/25/2014

#
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
11/25/2014

#
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
11/25/2014

#

The historical source of english word formation morphology

Recommend Documents