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it is good book for entrance exam like iit. it is published by TMH 2012Full description
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Physics Project for Class XII and XII CBSE. To study various factors on which the internal resistance of cell depends. Magnolia MaarutiFull description
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Physics Concept Maps Class X • Electricity • Magnetic Effect of Current • Spherical Lens • Refraction • Spherical Mirror • Human Eye • Non Conventional Sources • Conventional Sources
1 1 1 1 = + + Rp R1 R2 R3
Rs= R1+R2+R3+ ...
Parallel
Series
Amount of heat H = VIt = I2Rt = (V2/R)t
At constant temperature V = IR
System of resistances
Where Unit:ohm W r= resistivtiy depends Formula:R=rL/A only on temperature Dependence: and material •temperature •material •Length •area
Electric heater
Ohm's Law
Heating effect of current
Fuse
Heat in to work
Bulb
Resistance
Electric current
ELECTRICITY
Rate of flow of electric charges Unit:ampere
Defination: Electric energy per unit time
Power
Unit : watt(W) Formula:2 P=I2R= V =VI R
House hold electricity
Electric Potential
Circuit Diagram Ammeter in series with the circuit
Commercial unit: KWH=3.6×106J
kWh Meter
Parallel combination of resistances
Main Fuse
Connecting Wire
V A
+ –
Cell
Open
Close
Bulb:
Company Fuse or Pole Fuse Local Earthing
Voltmeter Connected in parallel with the resistor
Switch:
N L
Galvanometer: Double Pole Switch or Main Switch
Formula:I=Q/t Measurement: by ammeter
Unit:volt(V)
Resistor
L N E
Definition: Work done to move a unit charge
G
A
Formula:V=W/Q Measurement: by voltmeter
V
Magnitude: F=IlBsinq
Direction of the force
•Fleming left hand rule •Right hand palm rule
Temparory magnet Force on current carrying conductor in magnetic field
Artificial magnet Permanent magnet
Due to change in magnetic flux current induces Electromagnetic induction
Types
Direction of the emf Natural magnet
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
Magnet Attractive property Directional property
Properties
Pole always exist in pair •Same pole repel each other •opposite pole attract each other
Solenoid Field strength µ Numbers of turns µ Current µNature of core material N×mo×I B= 2pr
Tangential drawn at any point gives the direction of field Field lines
Field due to current carrying conductor
Circular loop
•Fleming right hand rule •Lenz rule
Field strength depends on the closeness of the field lines From north to south pole in form of closed curve
Straight conductor
Field strength µ current µ 1 N×mo×I B= distance 2r
µ Numbers of turns
Polarity of coil: Clock rule
Field strength µ current 1 1 µ distance between magnet and conductor
A Current
Cardboard
•Right hand thumb rule Direction of the field •Maxwell's screw rule B
Anticlockwise Current
Clockwise Current
Position of the object
Position of the image
At infinity
•Degree of convergence or divergence • Measured in diopter(D) Position of the object
Position of the image
Size of the image
Nature of the image
At infinity
At F
Highly diminished
Virtual and erect
Between O and #
Between O and F
Diminished
Virtual and erect
Image formation
P!
1 f Same as mirrors
Nature of the image
At the focus F Highly diminished
Real and inverted
Beyond 2F
Between F and 2F
Diminished
Real and inverted
At 2F
At 2F
Same size
Real and inverted
Between F and 2F
Beyond 2F
Magnified
Real and inverted
At F
At infinity
Highly magnified
Real and inverted
Between O and F
On the side of the object
Magnified
Virtual and erect
Sign convention
Power of lens
Size of the image
Optical Centre
Image formation
Radius of Curvature
Centre of Curvature
Concave lens
SPHERICAL LENS
Convex lens
C2
R1 P1 P2
O
R2
C1 Principal axis
(a)
Ray diagram Ray diagram
Lens formula
G
A
Magnification (m)
E
E
B
F
B'
2F
O
F
B
A'
2F
A
F
1 1 1 " ! v u f v = image distance u = object distance f = focal length
Height of image Im age dis tan ce ! Height of object object dis tan ce m = positive= virtual & erect image m = negative= real & inverted image
F
O
2F B'
A'
A
Dispersion R O
I V
PRISM (P)2
A
R
R
v
v
PRISM (P)1
is refractive index of med.2 wrt medium 1 v1 %1 $ 2 = = 1$ 2 = v2 %2 $ 1 =
SCREEN
Recombination
Through glass slab
Through prism
A
1$ 2
1$ 2
Y G B
•
sin i $ =1 2 sin r
Laws of refraction
• incident,refracted ray & normall lie in same plane
Real depth Apparent depth
REFRACTION
Colour
Twinkling of stars
Through atmosphere
S
•Planets are much closer to earth •Planets are a collection of large number of point sized source of light •total variation in the amount of light entering our eye average to zero
Apparent Position of Sun
Atmosphere Horizon Observer
Scattering of light S
Sun nearly overheated Light travels shorter distance
Blue scattered away Sun appears reddish
Sun near horizon Light travels longer distance
Less blue scattered
Observer
Colour of sun at sunrise & sunset
Blue colour of sky The fine particles in air reflect blue colour
Actual Position of Sun
Tyndall effect Dispersion of light due to particles in the atmosphere
Hence for an astronaut outside atmosphere sky appears dark instead of blue
Earth
Position of the image
Nature of the image Highly Real At the focus F diminished and inverted Between Real and Diminished F and C inverted Real and At C Same size inverted
Position of the object At infinity Beyond C At C
Size of the image
Between F and C
Beyond C
Magnified
Real and inverted
At F
At infinity
Highly magnified
Real and inverted
Between optical centre and F
Behind the mirror
Magnified
Virtual and erect
Image formation
Light gets reflected from concave surface
Principal axis
v = image distance m = positive = virtual & erect image u = object distance f = focal length Measured in m = negative= real & inverted image diopter(D) 1 1 1 & ! v h v u f 2 1 m ! " ! P!" u h 1 f
mirror formula
Power & magnification
Position of the object
Position of the image
Size of the image
Nature of the image
At infinity
At F
Highly diminished
Virtual and erect
Between O and #
Between O and F
Diminished
Virtual and erect
Image formation
Silver coating
Aperture C Centre of curvature
Silver coating Pole
Pole
Uses:torches, search light
SPHERICAL MIRROR
Concave mirror
Uses:Rear view mirror
Convex mirror
Light reflect from convex surface
Aperture C
Centre of curvature
Radius of curvature
Convex mirror
Radius of curvature
Ray diagram
Concave mirror
Ray diagram
Incident Light
Incident Light A
B
Laws of reflection
Sign convention
A
C
B' F A'
P
B
•Angle of incidence= angle of reflection •incident,refracted ray & normal lie in same plane
A' P
B' F
C
Principal axis
Forms an inverted real image on retina
Fine focal adjustments
sclera choroid retina
aqueous humour lens iris
Controls size of pupil
Dark muscular diaphragm
Image formed
muscles
Controls amount of light
opticnerve
pupil cornea
Light enters through cornea
Get activated upon illumination and generate electrical signals
Has enormous light sensitive cells Electrical signals sent to brain via optic nerves
vitreous humour
ciliary muscels muscles To change focal length of lens
Eye ball
Normal near point Short eyeball
N
Sphere diameter 2.3 cm
25 cm (a)
Structure & working N'
Myopia Hypermetropia
N
Near point of defective eye
25 cm (b)
HUMAN EYE
N' Near point of defective eye
N 25 cm (c)
Defects
Cataract
Caused due to old age Correction:Bifocal lens with both concave and convex lens
Presbyopia Accomodation
•For old people lens becomes milky & cloudy •Lens restored by cataract surgery
•Ability to adjust focal length its self •Can't decreased below certain minimum limit •The farthest point for normal eye-infinity •The least distance for normal eye-25 cm
Source is molten trapped in hotspots
Geo thermal energy
Uses : Solar cell, Solar cooker, etc.
NON C0NVENTIONAL SOURCES
Solar energy
Tidal energy
Energy from sea
Nuclear fission: Nucleus of heavy atom bombarded with low energy neutrons
Nuclear energy
Wave energy
Kinetic energy of waves into electrical energy Ammonia Vapours
Due to difference in sea levels
Generator
Ocean thermal
Due to difference in temperature of layers
Turbine
Heat Exchanger (Evaporator)
Warm Sea Water
Pump
Liquid Ammonia
Cold Sea water
Heat Exchanger (Condenser)
Discharge
Source is molten trapped in hotspots
Hydro Power Plant
High maintenance and needs high wind speed but renewablesource
wind energy
C0NVENTIONAL SOURCES
Nuclear fission: Nucleus of heavy atom bombarded with low energy neutrons
Fossil Fuels
Water
Slurry of cattle dung and water
Slab Cover
Bio Gas Plant
Outlet for Biogas Dome
Slab cover
Gas Control Valve
Overflow Tank
Ground level Mixing Tank Biogas
Spent Slurry
Source is scurry used as manure, smokeless, 75% is methane
