Abraham Moslow‟s Contributtion to Organizational Behavior Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in !"#$%#s &'A 'A(( and the Hierar arc chy of Needs theory remains valid today for unde un ders rsta tand ndin ing g hu huma man n mo moti tiva vati tion( on( ma mana nage geme ment nt tr trai aini ning ng(( an and d pe pers rson onal al development) *ndeed( Maslow+s ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of Needs conc co ncer erni ning ng th the e res espo pons nsib ibil ilit ity y of emp mplo loye yers rs to pr prov ovid ide e a wo wor, r,pl plac ace e envir env ironm onment ent tha thatt enc encour ourage ages s and ena enable bles s emp employ loyees ees to ful ful-l -l the their ir own uni.ue uni .ue pot potent ential ial /se /self lf$ac $actual tualiza izatio tion0 n0 ar are e tod today ay mor more e re relev levant ant tha than n ev ever er)) Abraham Abr aham Mas Maslow low+s +s boo boo, , Mot Motiv ivati ation on and 1ers ersona onali lity( ty( pub publis lished hed in ! !%" %" /sec /s econd ond ed edit itio ion n ! !2# 2#00 in intr trod oduc uced ed th the e Hi Hier erar arch chy y of Ne Need eds( s( an and d Ma Masl slow ow e3tended his ideas in other wor,( notably his later boo, 4oward A 1sychology Of Being( a signi-cant and relevant commentary( which has been revised in recent times by 5ichard 6owry( who is in his own right a leading academic in the -eld of motivational psychology) His mo His moti tiva vati tion on th theo eory ry is wi wide dely ly ac acce cept pted ed an and d st stud udie ied) d) Ma Masl slow ow suggested that every individual has comple3 set of needs at any particular moment and his behaviour is determine determined d by the e3istence of strongest need) He stated stated that human beings beings have have -ve types types of needs and physi physiologic ological al need is the strongest hence the individual behaves in a particular manner to sati sa tisf sfy y th that at ne need ed)) Ne Need eds s ar are e hi hier erar arch chal al in na natu turre an and d on only ly on one e ne need ed dominates at any one point of time) Once the strongest need is satis-ed then the second need emerges as being the strongest need and human behaviour is reg egul ulat ated ed in pr pro oce cess ss of ach chiiev eviing sa sati tisf sfac acti tion on in se serrie ies s of ne nee ed re.uirements) Maslow further started that there is only one need satisfying process is underway at any one time) 4hey do not disappear once they are satissat is-ed ed but the their ir int intens ensity ity is re reduc duced ed /r /rele elegat gated0 ed0 bel below ow the sub subse. se.uen uentt need) One of the many interesting things Maslow noticed while he wor,ed with mon,eys early in his career was that some needs ta,e precedence over others) 7or e3ample( e3ample( if you are hungry and thirsty( you will tend to try to ta,e care of the thirst -rst) After all( you can do without food for wee,s( but you can only do without water for a couple of days8 4hirst is a stronger need than hunger) 6i,ewise( if you are very thirsty( but someone has put a cho,e hold on you and yo you u ca can+t n+t br brea eath the( e( which which is mo morre im impo port rtant ant9 9 4h 4he e ne need ed of breathe) Maslow‟s theory of motivation and its nature of hierarchy of needs lays down do wn a sy syst stem emat atic ic ap appr pro oac ach h a man anag age er can ap appl ply y to moti tiva vate te hi his s subordinates) *t will be seen that needs are generally in the order) Maslow has suggested that when a wor,er is employed he is concerned about his basic need of food( water( shelter and clothes and wants a minimum level of rewards rewar ds so that the above need is ful-lled /physiological need0) Once the -rst need is satis-ed( a manager must strive to ful-ll second need /security need0 of his subordinates subordinates by providing providing them them physical physical security( security( :ob security security and laying down various policies( which are re.uired for smooth running of an organization) Management must en:oy cordial relationship with employees and ensure free ;ow of communication so that employees devote ma3imum attention towards organizational wor,) to a particular organization /social need0) By creating wor, groups and e3tending facilities for social interaction so that esteem need and self$actualisation needs( which are of intrinsic nature can be accomplished by wor,ers)
Maslow has laid down that individual has a particular pattern and hierarchy of needs which may not be true) 4here are craftsmen( poets( sculptures( painters who have devoted their entire life towards ful-llment of self$ actualization need without having satis-ed physical( safety or even social needs) 5enowned poet ?alib was a poor person and always had the problem for two s.uire meals a day) 4hough he was deprived of lower order needs but tried all his life to accomplish self$actualization need) 4o some people esteem need may be more important than social need) 4herefore( they may see, self$assertion) 4here is a lac, of direct cause and e@ect relationship between need and behavior as propagated by Maslow) A person feeling thirsty may not always drin, water but he may switch over to cold drin,s soda or even a glass of beer to s.uint thirst) 6evel of need satisfaction generally di@ers from person to person hence the theory cannot be universally applied) Maslow has been criticized for laying down needs in particular order) But in reality it may not be so) 7or 3ample a person may li,e to belong‟ to a particular organization or a social group and his social need may be dominant as compared to the physical need or the safety needs) On the other hand a wor,er who is a sole income earner for the whole family may feel :ob security as his most dominant need) *t is therefore fair to state that we may not -nd the needs in the given order and that the strength of particular need is situation$based) *t is therefore necessary that the contingency approach should be adopted by various managers while applying the model to real life situations in the organization) Only when the lower order needs of us is motivated by needs) Our most basic needs are inborn( having evolved over tens of thousands of years) Abraham Maslow+s Hierarchy of Needs helps to e3plain how these needs motivate us all) Maslow+s Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn( starting with the -rst( which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself) Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well$being are satis-ed are we concerned with the higher order needs of in;uence and personal development)
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Competitive Theory
Exams:
Abraham
Maslow's
Copyright www)www)e3amrace)com One of the many interesting things Maslow noticed while he wor,ed with mon,eys early in his career was that some needs ta,e precedence over others) 7or e3ample( if you are hungry and thirsty( you will tend to try to ta,e care of the thirst -rst) After all( you can do without food for wee,s( but you can only do without water for a couple of days8 4hirst is a stronger need than hunger) 6i,ewise( if you are very thirsty( but someone has put a cho,e hold on you and you can+t breathe( which is more important9 4he need of breathe) Maslow too, this idea and created his now famous hierarchy of needs) Beyond the details of air( water( food( and se3( he laid out -ve broader layers 4he physiological needs( the needs for safety and security( the needs for love and belonging( the needs for esteem( and the need to actualize the self( in that order) ) The physiological needs ) 4hese include the needs we have for o3ygen( water( protein( salt( sugar( calcium( and other minerals and vitamins) 4hey also include the need to maintain a pH balance /getting too acidic or base will ,ill you0 and temperature /!I)J or near to it0) Also( there+s the needs to be active( to rest( to sleep( to get rid of wastes /COG( sweat( urine( and feces0( to avoid pain( and to have se3) Kuite a collection8 Maslow believed( and research supports him( that these are in fact individual needs( and that a lac, of( say( vitamin C( will lead to a very speci-c hunger for things which have in the past provided that vitamin C$$e) g) Orange :uice) * guess the cravings that some pregnant women have( and the way in which babies eat the most foul tasting baby food( support the idea anecdotally) G) The safety and security needs )
") The esteem needs) Ne3t( we begin to loo, for a little self$esteem) Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs( a lower one and a higher one) 4he lower one is the need for the respect of others( the need for status( fame( glory( recognition( attention( reputation( appreciation( dignity( even dominance) 4he higher form involves the need for self$respect( including such feelings as con-dence( competence( achievement( mastery( independence( and freedom) Note that this is the higher form because( unli,e the respect of others( once you have self$respect( it+s a lot harder to lose8 4he negative version of these needs is low self$esteem and inferiority comple3es) Maslow felt that Adler was really onto something when he proposed that these were at the roots of many( if not most( of our psychological problems) *n modern countries( most of us have what we need in regard to our physiological and safety needs)
escription: He also tal,s about these levels in terms of homeostasis) Homeostasis is the principle by which your furnace thermostat operates
4his is Maslow+s understanding of neurosis) 1erhaps you went through a war as a ,id) Now you have everything your heart needs$$yet you still -nd yourself obsessing over having enough money and ,eeping the pantry well$ stoc,ed) Or perhaps your parents divorced when you were young) Now you have a wonderful spouse$$yet you get insanely :ealous or worry constantly that they are going to leave you because you are not good enough for them) Lou get the picture) 'elf$actualization) 4he last level is a bit di@erent) Maslow has used a variety of terms to refer to this level He has called it growth motivation /in contrast to de-cit motivation0( being needs /or B$needs( in contrast to $needs0( and self$ actualization) 4hese are needs that do not involve balance or homeostasis) Once engaged( they continue to be felt) *n fact( they are li,ely to become stronger as we feed them8 4hey involve the continuous desire to ful-ll potentials( to be all that you can be) 4hey are a matter of becoming the most complete( the fullest( you$$hence the term( self$actualization) Now( in ,eeping with his theory up to this point( if you want to be truly self$actualizing( you need to have your lower needs ta,en care of( at least to a considerable e3tent) 4his ma,es sense *f you are hungry( you are scrambling to get food *f you are unsafe( you have to be continuously on guard *f you are isolated and unloved( you have to satisfy that need *f you have a low sense of self$ esteem( you have to be defensive or compensate) or to =-t in> $$they were( in fact( nonconformists in the best sense) 4hey had an unhostile sense of humor$$preferring to :o,e at their own e3pense( or at the human condition( and never directing their humor at others) 4hey had a .uality he called acceptance of self and others( by which he meant that these people would be more li,ely to ta,e you as you are than
try to change you into what they thought you should be) 4his same acceptance applied to their attitudes towards themselves *f some .uality of theirs wasn+t harmful( they let it be( even en:oying it as a personal .uir,) On the other hand( they were often strongly motivated to change negative .ualities in themselves that could be changed) Along with this comes spontaneity and simplicity 4hey preferred being themselves rather than being pretentious or arti-cial) *n fact( for all their nonconformity( he found that they tended to be conventional on the surface( :ust where less self$ actualizing nonconformists tend to be the most dramatic) 7urther( they had a sense of humility and respect towards others$$something Maslow also called democratic values$$meaning that they were open to ethnic and individual variety( even treasuring it) 4hey had a .uality Maslow called human ,inship or ?emeinschaftsgefuhl$$social interest( compassion( humanity) And this was accompanied by a strong ethics( which was spiritual but seldom conventionally religious in nature) And these people had a certain freshness of appreciation( an ability to see things( even ordinary things( with wonder) Along with this comes their ability to be creative( inventive( and original) And( -nally( these people tended to have more pea, e3periences than the average person) A pea, e3perience is one that ta,es you out of yourself( that ma,es you feel very tiny( or very large( to some e3tent one with life or nature or ?od) *t gives you a feeling of being a part of the in-nite and the eternal) 4hese e3periences tend to leave their mar, on a person( change them for the better( and many people actively see, them out) 4hey are also called mystical e3periences( and are an important part of many religious and philosophical traditions) Maslow doesn+t thin, that self$actualizers are perfect( of course) 4here were several ;aws or imperfections he discovered along the way as well 7irst( they often su@ered considerable an3iety and guilt$$but realistic an3iety and guilt( rather than misplaced or neurotic versions) 'ome of them were absentminded and overly ,ind) And -nally( some of them had une3pected moments of ruthlessness( surgical coldness( and loss of humor) 4wo other points he ma,es about these self$actualizers 4heir values were =natural> and seemed to ;ow e@ortlessly from their personalities) And they appeared to transcend many of the dichotomies others accept as being undeniable( such as the di@erences between the spiritual and the physical( the sel-sh and the unsel-sh( and the masculine and the feminine)
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