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CHAPTER2-ERA OF ONE-PARTY DOMINANCE
Our Constitution came into effect on JAN.26,1950-govt.was an interim govt. At that time-so necessary to install a demo.govt.-Election Commission was appointed in 1950-Ist EC was Sukumar sen-Ist general election was expected in Jan.1950 itself.But there are many difficulties.The EC discovered-not easy to hold free and fairelection-delimitation of constituencies and preparation of electoral roll took a lot of time-the first draft of the rolls contained many defects-about lakh women were not recorded-they were simply listed as wife of...or h/o..or d/o etc-Then the EC refused to accept the list-ordered a revision-so preparing for ist general election was a mamoth execise-no such election in the history of the world-17crore eligible voters-had to elect 3200 MLAs& 489 Mps-only 15% of voters were literate-so the EC had to think of some special methods to vote-it vote-it had to train over 3 lakh officers-not the size of the voters made it unusual,but also it was the first test of democracy in a poor country-till then democracy existed in rich and a nd prosperous countries-eg: Euope and Norht America where nearly every one was literate- many staes had not given voting rights to women-in this context,India's experiment with UAF appeared very bold-because of all these -elections were postpone twice-finally held from Octo.1951 to Feb Feb 1952-but its name was 1951 election because-most parts of India voted in 1952-6 months for campaign-polling &counting-more than 4 candidates for each seat-more tha half of the voters voted-when the results declared-even the losers announced it as free&fair-so it became an landmark-it proved-demo.elections can be conducted in poor poor states also Congress Dominance In the First Three General Elections The results of first genenral elecitons were declared.The Congress wonthe majority seats-364 out of 489 seats in LS.CPI came next-16 seats.It also scored big victory in assembly Elections-won majority of seats in all states except Travancore-Cochin,Madras and Orissa.Thus the party ruled all over India.Nehru became the P.M.In P.M.In second and third Genenral Elections(1957&1962)the party continued its dominace except in few states especially in kerala in 1957.Eventhough the congress won the majority of seats it did not get even the half of seats.In 1952,it got 45% of votes yet it got 74% of seats. The socialist party is the second largest party in the voting percentage(10%).But it could not win even 3% of seats.This is due to the first-past-the-post system.It worked in the case of congress.The non-congress votes were divided between diferent rival parties. Nature of Congress Dominance The nature of of one-party dominance is different different from other Nations.In India,it happened in deomcratic conditions,whereas in other Nations,it happened by compromising democracy.Here democracy.Here many parties contested elections yet the congress managed to win the elections.as in SA where African National Congress dominated after aparthied.PRI(Institutional Revelutionary Party) in Mexico-the founder-Plutarco Elias Calles-enjoyed one-party dominance there. The reasons for the success of congress congress -legacy of freedom struggle-inheritor of national movement-many leaders of the movement were the congress candidates-a very well organized party-many other parties were there,but congress
got the 'the first off the blocks' advantage.It had an organizational network from top to the local level.Its nature was all-inclusive.All these factors contributed for its domination. 1)Congress as Social And Ideological Coalition The congress began as a party dominated by the English speaking,upper caste,upper middle-class and urban elite.Its soial base widened after civil disobedience movement launched.It brought together diverse groups-Peasants &Industrialists,Urban dwellers&Villagers,dwellers& Villagers, Workers&OwnersMiddle, Lower and Upper Classes&Castes.Gradually,its leadership also expanded beyond the upper class and upper professionals to agriculture based leaders with rural background.Thus by the time of independence,congress transformed into a rainbow-like social coalition reflecting india's diversity-these groups merged their identity within the congress,yet they have different beliefs and ideology-so congress was an ideological coalition-it had revolutionary and pacifist,conservative and radical,extremist and moderate groups-congress was a platform for numerous various groups and interests.In pre-independence era many organisations and parties with their own constitution constitution and strucure were allowed to exist within the congress-congress socualist party-later separated 2)Tolerance&Management 2)Tolerance&Management of Factions Coalition-like strength gave unusual unusual strength to congress.1)it accommodates all-so can avoid extreme position and strike a balance on almost all issues-comprimise and inclusiveness are the hallmark-opposition was in difficulty-anything that opposistion wanted was included in congress ajanda.Factions-groups inside a party-congress tolerated them-often encouraged-some of these were based on ideology-most of them were rooted in personal ambitions and rivalries-instead rivalries-instead of weakness internal factionalism became a strength of congress.Thus factionalism functioned as balancing mechanism within the congress.In that sense,congress served as a ruling as well as an opposition party-so this period has been described as 'congress system'. Emergence Emergenc e of oppositio op position n parties part ies -Even during dur ing this thi s peroid per oid India had many parties other than congress.-also had a large number of diverse and vibrant opposition parties.some emerged even before independence.They playe dna imp. Role in indian politics politics in sixties nad seventies.They had only a token representation in LS at that time but their presence was very crucial inmailtaining the democratic character-they offered sustained and principled criticism of the policies of the congress-thus congress party was put under check and often changed the balance of power within the congress-these parties prevented the congress become anti-democratic.In the early years-a mutual respect between the ruling party and the opposition-the interim govt. Included Ambedkar and S.P.Mukharjee S.P.Mukharjee in the cabinet.Nehru often invited socialist party leader J.P to join his govt.Thus first phase of demo. politics had a unique character.Gradually this ability of congress declined and other pol.parties started gaining greater significance-the congress dominace constitutes only one phase.
