FARMAKOGNOS FARMAKOGNOSII KELAS XI BAB I FLOS No.
Nama Simplisia
Nama Tanaman Tanaman Asal Asal
1
Caryophylli los Eugenia caryophyllus caryophyllus !spr"n#$
-
i*is&i Sa*(aria" los !Bun#a Ros"la$
Hibiscus sabdariffa sabdariffa !L$
2
3asmini los !Bun#a M"la%i$
Jasminum sambac sambac !L$ 4.Ai%.
6
7yr"%hri los !Bun#a 7ir"n%i8Bun#a Krisan$
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium !/isiani$
:
4oo(ori(ia" los !Bun#a Si(a;ayah$
Woodfordia fructiosa !L.$ a%au Woodfordia floribunda !Salis*ury$
Family
Isi
Myr% Myr%a& a&"a "a""
Miny Minya' a' a%s a%sir irii yan yan# # m"n#an(un# "#"nol.)a% *"rupa (amar+ i%(a' *"rasa+ ha*lurnya *"rupa ,arum yan# (is"*u% 'arioilin+%annin (an #om Mal/ Mal/a& a&"a "a"" 0i%ami %amin n A+B1+B-++ asam amino+ p"&%in+ an%i o'si(an+ *"%a
Ol"&"a" &"a"
Minya nya' a%sir siri+ asam asam orma%+ asam *"n)oa%"+ asam as"%a% "s%"r m"%il an%ranil+ s"s'ui%"rp"n+ s"s'ui%"rp"n5 al'ohal As%" As%"ra ra&" &"a" a" 7ir" 7ir"%r %rin in I !pir"%rolon 9 asam mono'hrisan%"ma%$+ pir"%rin II !7ir"%rolon 9 asam (i'hrisan%"ma%$+ Minya' a%siri yan# m"n#an(un# parain+ pir"%rosin (an 'hrisan%"min Ly%hra&"a" Tanin
Guna S%imulansia+ o*a% mulas+ an%i "m"%i'a+an"s%"si lo'al #i#i
iur"%i'a+ an%i hip"r%"nsi+ an%h"lmini%i'a+ an%i%usi/+ m"n#uran#i '"'"n%alan (arah+ o*a% 'an'"r Kori#"n o(oris+ an%ip"ri%i'a+ la'%iu#a
Ins"'%isi(a
A(s%rin#"nsia
BAB II FR
Nama Simplisia
Family !K"luar#a$ =in#i*"ra&"a"
-
Anisi Fru&%us !Buah A(as Manis$
Nama Tanaman Tanaman Asal Amomum compactum, Amomum cardamomum, Amomum Kapulaga. Pimpinella anisum
1
Amomi Fru&%us !Kapula#a+ Kapol+ Car(amomi Fru&%us$
2
Brucea Bru&"a" Fru&%us !Tam*ara !Tam*ara Mari&a+ Mar i&a+ a!anica !L$ Buah Ma'asar$ Merr / Brucea / Brucea amarissama "our #err , Brucea sumatrana !Ro*$ Capsicum Capsi&i Fru&%us annum !L$ !Ca*"+ Capsi&um &ay"nn" p"pp"r+ Lom*o'$
Simaru*a&"a"
:
Capsi&i Fru%"s&"n%is Fru&%us !Buah Ca*" Ra;i%$
Capsicum frutescens !L$
Solana&"a"
D
Cop%i&i Fru&%us !Buah Mun#si$
Carum copticum
Apia&"a"
6
Apia&"a"
Solana&"a"
Isi
Guna
Minya' A%siri >? (# isi u%ama Sin"ol
Bum*u masa'+ Bahan p";an#i+ Karmina%i/a+ (i*ua% Tin#%ur.
Minya' A%siri y# m#( an"%ol >@5@?+ m"%il'a/i'ol+ anis'"%on+ as"%al("hi(a+ %r(p% minya' l"ma'+ )a% pu%ih %"lur+ hi(ra% aran#. Minya' L"ma'+ =a% 7"nyama'+ #lu'osi(a *ru'amarin *urs"ral+ *rus"alin.
Karmina%i/a+ Amara+ An%i%ussi/a+ E'sp"'%oransia+ (iaor"n%i'a.
Kapsisin+ 0i% C+ amar+ =a% ;arna 'apsan%in Karo%"n Kapsisin+ 0i% C+ amar+ =a% ;arna 'apsan%in Karo%"n Minya' A%siri y# m#( %imol+
S%oma'i'um+ %in#%urnya s*# o*a% #oso'.
O*a% (is"n%ri+ "mos%a%i'a.
S%imulan+ S%oma'i'um+ Karmina%i/a+ Amara Karmina%i/a+ ("sin"'%an.
(Benth)
'ar/on+ limon"n. Minya' A%siri y# m#( 'orian(rol+ %r(p% pula minya' l"ma'.
Corian(ri Fru&%us !K"%um*ar$
Coriandrum sati!um (L)
Apia&"a"
>
Cu*"*a" Fru&%us !Buah K"mu'us$
Piper cubeba !L.$
7ip"ra&"a"
Minya' A%siri+ asam 'u*"*a+ 'u*"*in+ pip"rin+ minya' l"ma'.
Cumini Fru&%us !Buah 3in%"n 7u%ih$
Cuminum cyminim (L)
Apia&"a"
1@
Fo"ni&uli Fru&%us !Buah A(as$
$oeniculum !ulgare (Mill.)
Apia&"a"
Minya' A%siri y# m#( 'uminal+ l"ma' My' a%siri y# m#( an"%ol+ "n'on!rasa pahi%$+ m"%al 'ha/i'ol+ anisal("hi(a+ my' l"ma'.
11
M"lal"u&"a" Fru&%us !Buah Kayu 7u%ih+ M"ri&a Bolon#$.
#elaleuca leucadendra (L.)
Myr%a&"a"
My' a%siri
Karmina%i/a.
1-
#orinda Morin(a" Ci%riolia" citrifolia Fru&%us !M"n#'u(u+ 7a&"+ Buah Noni$
Ru*ia&"a"
Morin(in+ morin(on.
An%i(ia*"%i'a+ an%ihip"r%"nsi+ ro*oransia+ "'sp"'%oransia.
12
7an(anus Coni("us Fru&%us !7apuan R"( Frui%8Buah M"rah$ 7hal"ria" Fru&%us !Buah Mah'o%a ";a+ 7hal"ria
B"%a'aro%"n+ %o'o"rol+ asam ol"a%("'anoa %. Al'aloi(a+ saponin+ poli"nol.
An%ihip"r%"nsi+ an%i#ou%+ an%i'ol"s%"rol+ o*a% 'an'"r+ %umorI0. An%ihip"r%"nsi+ an%i#ou%+ an%i(ia*"%"s+
16
Pandanus conideus
Phaleria macrocarpa
7an(ana"a"
Thym"la&a&"a"
Karmina%i/a+ la&%a#o#a+ an%i "m"%i'a
O*a% ra(an# s"lapu% l"n(ir saluran '"mih (iur"%i'+ 'armina%i/a+ an%i "m"%i'a. S%imulansia+ Karmina%i/a+ S%oma'i'um. Karmina%i/a+ o*a% #oso' ana'+ "'sp"'%oransia+ amara.
7apuana$
1:
7ip"ris Al*i Fru&%us !La(a 7u%ih+ M"ri&a 7u%ih$
Piper nigrum (L.)
7ip"ra&"a"
My' a%siri *"risi "la(r"n+ 'arioil"n al'aloi(a 'ha/isin+ pip"rin+ pip"ri%ina.
My' a%siri *"risi "la(r"n+ 'arioil"n al'aloi(a 'ha/isin+ pip"rin+ pip"ri%ina. My' a%siri+ pip"rin+ pip"ri(in+ (amar.
oa*a% 'an'"r+ h"mos%a%i'aan %i(o%a. Karmina%i/a+ (iur"%i'a+ an%i "m"%i'a+ an%i(o%a.
1D
7ip"ris Ni#ri Fru&%us !La(a i%am+ M"ri&a i%am$
Piper nigrum (L.)
7ip"ra&"a"
1
R"%rora&%i Fru&%us !Ca*" 3a;a+ La(a 7an,an#+ Ca*" 3amu$ Tamarin(i 7ulpa Fru&%us !Asam 3a;a+ 7ulpa Tamarin(orum &ru(a$
Piper retrofractum (Vahl.)
7ip"ra&"a"
%amarindus indica (L.)
Ca"salpinia&"a"
Asam5asam or#ani' an%ara lain asam si%ra%+ asam mala%.
Nama Tanaman Asal Areca catechu (L)
Family !K"luar#a$ Ar"&a&"a"
Isi
Guna
Al'aloi( *"rupa ar"&olin+ %anin.
Coffea arabica &
Ru*ia&"a"
Mio%i'a+ an%h"lmin%i'a 'hususnya &a&in# pi%a+ a(s%rin#"nsia An%i(o%a+
1>
Karmina%i/a+ iri%asi lo'al+ (iur"%i'a+ an%i "m"%i'a+ an%i(o%a.
S%imulansia+ 'armina%i/a+ (iaor"%i'a+ (iur"%i'a+ an%ispasmo(i'a 7"n&ahar l"mah.
BAB III SEMEN No
Nama Simplisia
1.
Ar"&a" S"m"n !Bi,i 7inan#+ 3im*"$
-.
Co"a" S"m"n
Ko"in+ asam
!Bi,i Kopi$ 2.
Cola" S"m"n !Bi,i Kola$
coffea canephora Cola nitida ' Cola acuminata
6.
Fo"ni#ra"&i S"m"n !Bi,i Kla*"%$
Tri#on"lla $oenum graecum (L)
7apiliona&"a"
:.
Myris%i&a" S"m"n !7ala+ Nu%m"#+ Nu Mo&ha%a$
#yristica fragrans (Hout)
Myris%i&a&"a"
D.
Myris%i&a" Arillus !K"m*an# 7ala+ Ma&is$
#yristica fragans (Hout)
Myris%i&a&"a"
S%"r&ulia&"a"
'o"o%ana%+ an%ipir"%i'a+ 'san%in. (iur"%i'a. Ko"ina+ Minuman y# s*#ian *"*as m"ny"#ar'an s*#ian sp% (# %"h+ 'opi+ %"ri'a% (# )a% #uarana + (llnya p"nyama' s*# 'rn *"risi 'ola%in 'o"ina. 'ola%"in+ %r(p% pula %h"o*romi(a+ )a% p"nyama'+ 'olalipas"+ 'ola5o'si(as"+ )a% ;arna m"rah 'ola. Minya' a%siri+ Aroma%i'a+ al'aloi(a "moli"nsia+ %ri#on"lin (iur"%i'a+ !al'aloi(a %np la'sa%i/a. 'hasia%$+ )a% pahi%+ )a% ;arna 'unin#. Minya' a%siri Aroma%i'a+ y# m#( 'armina%i/a+ miris%in !*"rs% s%imulansia+ m"m*ius$+ s"%"mpa% %h(p 'am"n+ my' sal. 7"n&"rnaan+ l"ma' *rpa miris%in *"r'ha. #lis"ri(a (r M"m*ius+ asam m"ny"*a*'n miris%ina%+ 'an%u'mmp"rl asam am*a% ol"a%asam p"rnaasan. linol"a%
Minya' a%siri %"ru%ama miris%in+ 'am"n+ "u#"nol+
Karmina%i/a+ aroma%i'a.
.
Myris%i&a" 7"ri&arpium S"m"n !Kuli% Buah 7ala$
#yristica fragans (Hout)
Myris%i&a&"a"
>.
Ni#"lla" Sa%i/a" S"m"n !Bi,i 3in%"n i%am pahi%$ 7ar'ia" S"m"n !Bi,i K"(a;un#+ Bi#lo*osa" s"m"n$.
(igella sati!a (L)
Ranun&ula&"a"
Par)ia *o+ burghil (G.Don.) / Par)ia biglobosa (Bentha)
Mimosa&"a"
S%ry&hni S"m"n !Bi,i S%rihni$
trychnos nu+!omica
Lo#ania&"a"
.
1@.
minya' l"ma' Minya' a%siri %"ru%ama y# m#( Mono"n !Kam"n$+ "u#"nol+ miris%in+ iso"u#"nol+ minya' l"ma'. Minya' a%siri+ my' l"ma'+ #lu'osi(a+*"ra &un m"lan%in. Glu'osi(a+ (amar+ %anin+ sis%in.
Al'aloi(a %"ru%ama s%ri&hnina *rusina+ %r(p% pula my' l"ma'+ #lu'osi(a lo#anin.
Karmina%i/a+ Aroma%i'a.
S%imulansia+ 'armina%i/a+ (iaor"%i'a. An%i(iar"+ a(s%rin#"nsia.
Amara+ s%rimulansia+ an%i(o%a !p( '"ra&unan o*a% %i(ur (r #ol. Bar*i%ura%$.
BAB I0 AML
Nama simplisia
Nama %anaman asal
K"luar#a
1
Amylum Solani !7a%i K"n%an#$
olanum tuberosum !L$
Solana&"a"
)a% *"r'hasia% u%ama 8isi Amilosa (an amilop"'%in
7"n##unaa n Bahan p"nolon# un%u' s"(iaan o*a%
-
Amylum Tri%i&i !7a%i #an(um+ 7a%i T"ri#u$
%riticum ulgare !0ill.$
7oa&"a"
Amilosa (an amilop"'%in
2
Amylum Maniho% !7a%i Sin#'on#$
#anihot utilissima!pohl.$
Euphor*ia&"a "
Amilosa (an amilop"'%in
Amylum May(is !7a%i 3a#un#+ Mai)"na+ Corn S%ar&h$ Amylum Ory)a" !7a%i B"ras$
/ea mays !L.$
7oa&"a"
Amilosa (an amilop"'%in
0ry1a sati!a !L.$
7oa&"a"
Amilosa (an amilop"'%in
6
:
Bahan p"nolon# un%u' s"(iaan o*a% Bahan p"nolon# un%u' s"(iaan o*a% Bahan p"nolon# un%u' s"(iaan o*a% Bahan p"nolon# un%u' s"(iaan o*a%
BAB 0 OLE
Nama simplisia Ol"um Anisi
Nama K"luar#a %anaman asal Pimpinella Apia&"a" anisum !L$ a%au /"rum !oo'.$
-.
Ol"um Auran%ii
Citrus sinensis !L.$
Ru%a&"a"
2.
Ol"um Ca&ao
%heobroma cacao !L.$
S%"r&ulia&"a"
1.
=a% *"r'hasia%8isi An"%ol+ m"%il'ha/i'ol !isom"r (ari an"%ol$+ anisal("hi(a (an %"rp"n (5limon"n+ &uran si%ral+ si%ron"lal S"*a#ian *"sar #lis"ri(a (ari asam s%"ara%+ asam palmi%a%+
Guna O*a% *a%u'+ p"ran#san# p"ris%al%i' pa(a mulas
O*a% *ron'hi%is m"nahun+ aroma%i'a Bahan %am*ahan (alam s"(iaan 'osm"%i' (an supposi%oria
6.
Ol"um Ca,upu%i
#elaleuca leucadendra !L.$ (an #elaleuca minor !Sm$
Myr%a&"a"
:.
Eugenia Ol"um Caryophyl caryophyllat a !Sr"n#$ i
Myr%a&"a"
D.
Ol"um Cinnamo mi
Cinnamomu m 1eylanicum !BI$
Laura&"a"
.
Ol"um Ci%ri
Citrus lemon !L.$
Ru%a&"a"
>.
Ol"um Ci%ron"lla "
7oa&"a"
.
Ol"um Co&os
Cymbopogon nardus !R"n(l"$+ Cymbopogon 2interianus Cocos nucifera
Eucalyptus globullus !La*ill$
Myr%a&"a"
1@. Ol"um Eu&alyp%i
7alma"
asam ol"a% (an asam laura%. Minya' a%siri yan# m"n#an(un# sin"ol !'ayu pu%ol$+ %"rpinol *"*as a%au s"*a#ai "s%"r ("n#an asam &u'a+ asam m"n%"#a+ asam /al"r"a% E#"nol+ as"%il"#"nol+ 'ariol"n
S"*a#ai o*a% #oso' pa(a sa'i% "n&o' (an rasa ny"ri lainnya+ 'a(an#5'a(an# un%u' o*a% *a%u'
O*a% sa'i% #i#i+ o*a% mulas+ 'a(an# un%u' o*a% *a%u' Minya' a%siri O*a% #oso'+ o*a% yan# mulas+ p"n#a;"% m"n#an(un# s"(iaan syrup sinamilal("hi(a+ "#"nol+ "lan(r"n Si%ral+ (5limon"n O*a% *a%u'+ (an "la(r"n p"ran#san# p"ris%al%i' pa(a mulas+ *ahan p";an#i G"raniol (an Aroma%i'p"n#h si%ron"lal+ alau s"ran##a %"r(apa% pula 'ar"na m"%ilh"p%anon+ m"n#an(un# %"rp"n5%"rp"n. m"%ilh"p%anon Minya' l"ma'
11. Ol"um Fo"ni&uli
$oeniculum !ulgare !Mill.$
Apia&"a"
1-. Ol"um L"&oris As"lli
3adus callarias
Ga(i(a"
12. Ol"um May(is
/ea !L.$
7oa&"a"
16. Ol"um M"n%ha" 7ip"ri%a"
#enthae piperita !L.$
Lamia&"a"
1:. Ol"um Oli/a"
0lea europea !L.$
Ol"a&"a"
mays
An"%ol+ )a% pahi% O*a% #oso' *ayi+ "n'hon o*a% mulas un%u' ana'5ana'+ 'armina%i/a l"mah+ %"r*anya (ipa'ai s"*a#ai *ahan p";an#i AHua Fo"ni&uli !F.I.E(.I$ 0i%amin A (an + Sum*"r /i%amin #lis"ri(a A %i(a' 'uran# %ripalmi%a% (an (ari D@@ S.I %iap %ris"ara%+ #ram (an sum*"r 'ol"s%"rol+ /i%amin %i(a' #lis"ri(a (an 'uran# (ari >@ asam5asam %i(a' S.I %iap #ram. ,"nuh (is"*ua% Bahan (asar asam morrhua% sal"p Glis"ri(a =a% %am*ahan+ p"n##an%i minya' l"ma' *a#i pasi"n yan# %in##i 'a(ar 'ol"s%rolnya m"n%ol+ Karmina%i/a+ m"%ilas"%a% s%imulansia+ s"*a#ai o*a% mulas Tri#lis"ri(a (ari Bahan ma'anan+ asam ol"a% (an p"n&ahar l"mah. asam palmi%a%+ #lis"ri(a asam linol"a%+ *a#ian yan# %a' %"rsa*un'an *"rupa i%os%"rol hi(ro'ar*on s'ual"n.
1D. Ol"um Ri&ini
*icinus communis
Euphor*ia&"a"
Glis"ri(a (ari asam risinol"a%+ #lis"ri(a asam ol"a%+ asam linol"a%+ asam5 asam ,"nuh lainnya
1
Ol"um Rosa"
Rosa&"a"
G"raniol+ parain+ "#"nol
1 >
Ol"um S"sami
*osa gallica !L.$+ *osa damascena !Nil"r$+ *osa !L.$+ alba *osa centifolia !L.$ esamum indicum !L.$
1
Ol"um 0"%i/"ria"
eti!eria 1i1anoides
7oa&"a"
7"(alia&"a"
7"n&ahar !ha%i5 ha%i pa(a ;ani%a hamil a%au s"(an# hai($. 3an#an (i&ur ("n#an o*a% &a&in# yan# (apa% laru% (alam minya'+ hair %oni&. aroma%i'a
n"rol+
Glis"ri(a (ari asam ol"a%+ #lis"ri(a asam linol"a%+ asam palmi%a%+ asam s%"ara%+ asam miris%ina% Minya' a%siri yan# m"n#an(un# /"%i/"ron+ /"%i/"rol+ /"%i/"nil+ /"%i/"na% (an /"%i/"n
S"*a#ai o*a% luar un%u' "moli"n+ *ahan %am*ahan un%u' p"m*ua%an pl"s%"r+ sa*un+ sal"p+ linim"n%a Bahan %am*ahan + aroma%i'a
BAB 0I OBAT TRAISIONAL AN FITOFARMAKA A. Pengertian O*a% Tra(isional a(alah *ahan a%au ramuan *ahan yan# *"rupa *ahan %um*uhan+ *ahan h";an+ *ahan min"ral+ s"(iaan #al"ni' a%au &uran (ari *ahan5*ahan %"rs"*u%+ yan# s"&ara %urun %"murun %"lah (i#una'an un%u' p"n#o*a%an *"r(asar'an p"n#alaman. O*a% %ra(isional (apa% (i'"lompo''an m"n,a(i %i#a ma&am yai%u ,amu+ o*a% h"r*al %"rs%an(ar !OT$+ (an i%oarma'a 4. Jamu 5Empirical based herbal medicine6 3amu a(alah o*a% %ra(isional yan# (is"(ia'an s"&ara %ra(isional+ misalnya (alam *"n%u' s"r*u' s"(uhan+ pil+ (an &airan yan# *"risi s"luruh *ahan %anaman yan# m"n,a(i p"nyusun ,amu %"rs"*u% s"r%a (i#una'an s"&ara %ra(isional. 7a(a umumnya+ ,"nis ini (i*ua% ("n#an m"n#a&u pa(a r"s"p p"nin##alan l"luhur yan# (isusun (ari *"r*a#ai %anaman o*a% yan# ,umlahnya &u'up *anya'+ *"r'isar an%ara : 1@ ma&am *ah'an l"*ih. Misalnya ,amu *"ras '"n&ur+ ,amu 'unyi as"m !7T si(o mun&ul$+ ,amu ha*is *"rsalin nyonya m"n""r. Filosofi Logo : B"n%u' lin#'aran m"lam*an#'an s"*uah pros"s+ ,i'a s"*uah %an(a un%u' • •
m"nya%a'an aman. 4arna hi,au (an 'unin# m"rupa'an p"r;u,u(an '"'ayaan
•
sum*"r (aya manusia an ,amu.!'"an"'ara#aman haya%i$. S%ilisasi ,ari5,ari (aun !%i#a pasan#$ m"lam*an#'an sran#'aian pros"s yan# s"("rhana yan# m"rupa'an /isualisasi pros"s p"m*ua%.
2. Obat Herbal Terstandar 5cientific based herbal medicine6 O*a% "r*al T"rs%an(ar !OT$ m"rupa'an s"(iaan o*a% *ahan alam yan# %"lah (i*u'%i'an '"amanan (an 'hasia%nya s"&ara ilmiah ("n#an u,i pra'lini' (an *ahan *a'unya %"lah (i s%an(arisasi. Filosofi Logo B"n%u' lin#'aran m"lam*an#'an s"*uah pros"s+ ,u#a s"*uah %an(a un%u' • •
m"nya%a'an aman 4arna hi,au (an 'unin# m"rupa'an p"r;u,u(an '"'ayaan sum*"r (aya
•
alam In(on"sia !'"an"'ara#aman haya%i$ S%ilisasi ,ari5,ari (aun !%i#a pasan#$ m"lam*an#'an sran#'aian pros"s p"m*ua%an "'s%ra' %um*uhan o*a% !u,i la*or%orium+ u,i %o'sisi%as+ (an u,i pra'linis$ O*a% "r*al T"rs%an(ar !OT$ a(alah o*a% %ra(isional yan# (isa, i'an (ari "'s%ra' a%au p"nyarian *ahan alam yan# (apa% *"rupa %anaman o*a%+ *ina%an#+ maupun min"ral. Misalnya (iap"% !7T soho in(us%ry armasi$+ i%ola& !7T 'imia arma$+ 'iran%i s"ha% !7T ul%ra prima a*a(i$.
2. Fitofarmaka 5Clinical based herbal medicine6 Fitofarmaka berasal dari baasa !unani "#to #ang berarti tanaman dan "armakon #ang berarti obat. Fi%oarma'a m"rupa'an s"(iaan o*a% *ahan alam yan# %"lah (i*u'%i'an '"amanan (an 'hasia%nya s"&ara ilmiah ("n#an u,i pra'lini' (an u,i 'lini'. Misalnya s%imuno !7T ("a m"(i'a$+ %"nsi#ar( !7T pharos$. Filosofi Logo : •
B"n%u' lin#'aran m"lam*an#'an s"*uah pros"s+ ,u#a s"*uah %an(a un%u'
•
m"nya%a'an aman 4arna hi,au (an 'unin# m"rupa'an p"r;u,u(an '"'ayaan sum*"r (aya alam
•
In(on"sia !'"an"'ara#aman haya%i$ S%ilisasi ,ari5,ari (aun !yan# '"mu(ian m"m*"n%u' *ina%an#$ m"lam*an#'an s"ran#'aian pros"s yan# &u'up 'ompl"'s (alam p"m*ua%an i%oarma'a !u,i la*ora%orium+ u,i %o'sisi%as+ u,i pra'linis+ u,i 'linis$
S"*"lum OT (an Fi%oarma'a (i'"nl+ simplisia m"rupa'an *ahan u%ama yan# harus %"rs"(ia (i %"mpa% m"ra&i' a%au m"ramu. Simplisia (i apo%"' %"r("sa' ("n#an p"r'"m*an#an #al"ni'a+ s"hin##a p"rs"(iaan simplisia (iapo%"' (i #an%i'an ("n#an s"(ian5s"(ian #al"ni'a + yai%u %in#%ur+ "'s%ra'+ an##ur+ air roma%i'a+ minya' l"ma'+ minya' a%siri (an sirup.
$. Membuat %ediaan &alenika
1$ 7"n#"r%ian Is%ilah #al"ni'a (iam*il (ari nama s"oran# %a*i* yunani yai%u Clau(ius Gal"nus !Gal"n$ yan# m"m*ua% s"(iaan o*a%5o*a%an yan# *"rasal (ari %um*uhan (a* h";an+ s"hin##a %im*ulah ilmu o*a%5o*a%an yan# (is"*u% 7lmu 3aleni)a. 'lmu galenika a(alah llmu yan# m"mp"la,ari %"n%an# p"m*ua%an s"(iaan !pr"para%$ o*a% ("n#an &ara s"("rhana (an (i*ua% (ari alam !%um*uhan (an h";an $. %ediaan galenika a(alah s"(iaan yan# (i*ua% (ari *ahan *a'u %um*uh5%um*uhan a%au h";an ("n#an &ara (isari =a%5)a% yan# (isari %"r(apa% (alam s"l5s"l *a#ian %um*uh5%um*uhan yan# umumnya (alam '"a(aan '"rin#. %e(ara umum dan singkat "embuatan sediaan galenika sebagai berikut : Ba#ian %um*uhan yan# m"n#an(un# o*a% (iolah m"n,a(i simplisia a%au o*a% • na*a%i. ari simplisia %"rs"*u%+ o*a%5o*a% a%au *ahan yan# %"r(apa% (i (alamnya • (iam*il (an (iolah (alam *"n%u' s"(iaan a%au pr"para%.
Cairan p"nyari masu' (alam s"l5s"l (ari *ahan5*ahan (an )a% yan# (isari laru% (alam &airan p"nyari+ s"%"lah i%u laru%an yan# m"n#an(un# )a% %"rsari (ipisah'an (ari simplisia yan# (isari. 7"nyarin#an a'an l"*ih &"pa% %"r,a(i *ila *ahan (asar (alam '"a(aan halus. Tu)uan "embuataan %ediaan &alenika
a*
a. asil p"nari'an8"%ra&%ion J "%ra&%a + %in&%ura+ ("&o&%a. Inusa. *. asil p"nyulin#an8p"masaranJaHua aroma%i'a.ol"a /ola%ila+ ol"a pin#ula &. Syrup -$ Penarikan/-tra(tio/-tra(tion -tra(tio a(alah &ara m"nari' sa%u a%au l"*ih )a%5)a% (ari *ahan asalnya !yan# umumnya )a% *"r'hasia%$ supaya (apa% (i%ari' (alam '"a(aan !'hasia%nya$%i(a' *"ru*ah. 's%ilah "%ra&%io hanya (ip"r#una'an uny%u' p"nari'an )a%5)a% (ari *ahan asal ("n#an m"n##una'an &airan p"nari'8p"laru%. Cairan p"nari' yan# (ip"r#una'an (is"*u% menstrum. Ampasnya (is"*u% marc atau feaces. Cairan yan# (ipisah'an (is"*u% ma&"ra%" liHui(8&ola%ura8soli%ion8p"r'ola%. Tu,uan u%ama "%ra&%io a(alah un%u' m"n(apa%'an )a%5)a% *"r'hasia% p"n#o*a%an s"*anya' mun#'in (ari )a%5)a% yan# %i(a' *"rmanaa% +supaya l"*ih mu(ah (u#una'an (ari pa(a simplisia asal. airan (airan "enarik : M"n"n%u'an &airan p"nari' apa yan# a'an (i#una'an harus (ip"rhi%un#'an *"%ul5*"%ul ("n#an m"mp"rha%i'an *"*"rapa a'%or+ an%ara lain J a. K"laru%an )a%5)a% (alam m"ns%rum *. Ti(a' m"ny"*a*'an nn%inya )a%5)a% *"r'hasia% %"rs"*u% rusa' a%au a'i*a%5 a'i*a% yan# %i(a' (i'"h"n(a'i !p"ru*ahan ;arna+p"n#"n(apan+hi(rolisa$ &. ar#a yan# murah (. 3"nis pr"para% yan# a'an (i*ua%. Ma(am+ma(am (airan "en#ari :
a. Air *. E%anol
&. (. ". . #.
Glis"rin E%"r Sol/"n% h"an" As"%on Kloroorm
ara+(ara "enarikan :
a. Mas"rasi a(alah &ara p"nari'an sari (ari simplisia ("n#an &ara m"r"n(am simplisia %"rs"*u% (alam &airan p"nyari pa(a suhu *iasa yai%u pa(a suhu 1:&5 -:&+ *. i#"rasi a(alah &ara p"nari'an sari (ari simplisia ("n#an m"r"n(am simplisia ("n#an &airan p"nyari pa(a suhu 2:C 6:C &. 7"r'olasi a(alah &ara p"nari'an m"ma'ai ala% yan# (is"*u% p"r'ola%or
. Membuat %ediaan kstrak dan Tingtur 0. kstrak 1-tra(ta*
A(alah s"(iaan '"rin#+ '"n%al+ a%au &air yan# (i*ua% ("n#an m"n&ari simplisia na*a%i a%au h";ani m"nuru% &ara yan# &o&o' (iluar p"n#aruh &ahaya ma%ahari lan#sun#. E's%ra' '"rin# harus mu(ah (i#"rus m"n,a(i s"r*u'. Cairan p"nyari yan# (ipa'ai a(alah air+ "%"r (an &uran "%anol (an air. ara "embuatan: Pen#arian
7"nyarian simplisia ("n#an air (ila'u'an ("n#an &ara mas"rasi+ p"r'olasi a%au p"ny"(uhan ("n#an air m"n(i(ih. 7"nyarian ("n#an &uran "%anol (an air (ila'u'an ("n#an &ara mas"rasi a%au p"r'olasi 7"nyarian ("n#an "%"r (ila'u'an ("n#an &ara p"r'olasi. Maserasi
La'u'an mas"rasi m"nuru% &ara yan# %"r%"ra pa(a %in#%ur + sulin# a%au uap'an mas"ra% pa(a %"'anan r"n(ah suhu %i(a' l"*ih (ari :@ C hin##a 'onsis%"nsi yan# (i'"h"n(a'i. Perkolasi
La'u'an p"r'olasi m"nuru% &ara yan# %"r%"ra pa(a %in&%ura. S"%"lah p"r'ola%or (i%u%up (an (i*iar'an s"lama -6 ,am *iar'an &airan m"n"%"s+ %uan#i massa ("n#an &airan p"nyari hin##a ,i'a :@@ m# p"r'ola% yan# '"luar %"ra'hir (iuap'an %i(a' m"nin##al'an sisa. 7"r'ola% (isulin# a%au (iuap'an ("n#an %"'anan r"n(ah pa(a suhu %i(a' l"*ih (ari :@C hin##a 'onsis%"nsi yan# (i'"h"n(a'i. 7a(a p"m*ua%an "'s%ra' &air @+> *a#ian p"r'ola% p"r%ama (ipisah'an+ p"r'ola% s"lan,u%nya (iuap'an hin##a @+- *a#ian &ur ("n#an p"r'ola% p"r%ama. 7"m*ua%an "'s%ra' &air ("n#an p"nyari "%anol (apa% ,u#a (ila'u'an ("n#an &ara r"p"r'olasi %anpa m"n##una'an panas. E's%ra' yan# (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"nyari air han#a%'an s"#"ra pa(a suhu 'uran# l"*ih @C+ "nap'an+ s"r'ai.
(i%"mpa% s",u' s"lama -6,am+ s"r'ai+ uap'an pa(a %"'anan r"n(ah pa(a suhu %i(a' l"*ih *(ari :@C hin##a 'ons"n%rasi yan# (i'"h"n(a'i. 7"nyimpananJ (alam ;a(ah %"r%u%up rapa%+ %"rlin(un#i (ari &ahaya
A . E's%ra' B"lla(on !B"lla(onna" E%ra&um$ B . E's%ra' iosiami !yosyami E%ra&%um$ C . E's%ra' A'ar Manis !Gly&yrrhi)a" Su&&us E%ra&%um* . E's%ra' Timi !Thymi E%ra&%um$ E . E's%ra' S%ri&hi !S%ry&hni E%ra&%um$ F . E's%ra' 7ul"pa(a' !Rou;olia" E%ra&%um$ G . E's%ra' Kal"m*a' ! Rh"i E&%ra&%um$ . E's%ra' S%ramonium !S%ramonii E%ra&%um$ I . E's%ra' Fran#ula" !Fran#ula" E%ra&%um$ 3. E's%ra' ,a(am ! Alo" E%ra&%um$ K . E's%ra' K"&am*ah ! Mal%i E%ra&%um$ L . E's%ra' a%i !"pa%is E%ra&%um$ M . E's%ra' Kina !&in&hona" E%ra&%um$ N . E's%ra' Kola !Cola" E%ra&%um$ O . E's%ra' Opium !Opii E%ra&%um$ 2. Tingtur Tin(tura
A(alah s"(iaan &air yan# (i*ua% ("n#an &ara mas"rasi a%au p"r'olasi simplisia na*a%i a%au h";ani ("n#an &ara m"laru%'an s"nya;a 'imia (alam p"laru% yan# %"r%"ra masin#5masin# mono#rai. K"&uali (inya%a'an lain+ %in#%ur (i*ua% m"n##una'an -@? )a% *"r'hasia% (an 1@? un%u' )a% *"r'hasia% '"ras. Pembagian tingtur: a. Menurut (ara "embuatan 1$ Tin#%ur asli a(alah %in#%ur yan# (i*ua% s"&ara mas"rasi a%au p"r'olasi. Con%oh %in#%ur yan# (i*ua% s"&ara mas"rasiJ A$ Opii Tin%ura FI "(isi III B$ 0al"riana" Tin&%ura FI "(isi III C$ Capsi&i %in%ura FI "(isi II
Con%ih %in#%ur yan# (i*ua% s"&ara p"r'olasiJ A$ B"lla(ona" Tin&%ura FI "(isi III B$ Cinamomi Tin&%ura FI "(isi III C$ i#i%alis Tin&%ura Fi "(isi III -$ Tin#%ur %i(a' asli !palsu$ a(alah %in#%ur yan# (i*ua% ("n#an &ara m"laru%'an *ahan (asar a%au *ahan 'imia (alam &airan p"laru% %"r%"n%u Con%ohJ
b. 1$
-$
(. 1.
-. 2. 6. :.
A$ Io(ii Tin&%ura FI "(isi III B$ S"&alis &ornu%i Tin&%ura FI "(isi III Menurut kekerasan !p"r*an(in#an *ahan (asar ("n#an &airan p"nyari$ Tin#%ur '"ras A(alah %in#%ur yan# (i*ua% m"n##una'an 1@? simplisia yan# *"r'hasia% '"ras Con%ohJ a$ B"lla(ona" Tin&%ura FI "(isi III *$ i#i%alis Tin&%ura FI "(isi III &$ Opii Tin&%ura FI "(isi III Tin#%ur l"mah a(alah %in#%ur yan# (i*ua% m"n##una'an -@? simplisia yan# %i(a' *"r'hasia% '"ras. Con%ohJ a$ Cinnamomi Tin&%ura FI "(isi III *$ 0al"rina" Tin&%ura FI "(isi III &$ 7oly#ala" Tin&%ura E%. FI 16 $erdasarkan (airan "enarikn#a J Tin&%ura A"%h"r"a+ ,i'a &airan p"nari'nya a(alah a"%h"r a%au &uran a"%h"r ("n#an a"%hanol. Tin&%ura 0inosa+ ,i'a &airan yan# (ipa'ai a(alah &uran an##ur ("n#an a"%hanol Tin&%ura A&i(a+ ,i'a '"(alam a"%hanol yan# (ipa'ai s"*a#ai &airan p"nari' (i%am*ah'an sua%u asam sula% Tin&%ura AHuosa+ ,i'a s"*a#ai &airan p"nari' (ipa'ai air+ &on%ohJ %in&%ura Rh"i AHuosa Tin&%u%ra Composi%a+ a(alah %in#%ur yan# (i(apa%'an (ari ,i'a p"nari'an (ila'u'an ("n#an &airan p"nari' s"lain a"%hanol hal ini harus (inya%a'an pa(a nama %in#%ur %"rs"*u%+ misalnya &uran simplisia+ &on%ohJ %in&%ura China" Composi%a onto %ediaan Ti(tura:
1$ Tin#%ur Kina !China" Tin&%ura$ -$ Tin#%ur Ip"'a !Ip"&a&uanha" Tin&%ura$ 2$ Tin#%ur Gam*ir !Ca%"&hu Tin&%ura$ 6$ Tin#%ur poli#ala !7oly#ala" Tin&%ura$ :$ Tin#%ur Ra%ania !Ra%anhia" Tin&%ura$ D$ Tin#%ur S%ramonii !S%ramonii Tin&%ura$ $ Tin#%ur S%ri&hni !S%ry&hni Tin&%ura$ >$ Tin#%ur K"m"nyan !B"n)o"s Tin&%ura$ $ Tin#%ur Lo*"lia !Lo*"lia" Tin&%ura$ 1@$ Tin#%ur Mira !Myrrha" Tin&%ura$ 11$ Tin#%ur 3"ru' Manis !Auran%ii Tin&%ura$ 1-$ Tin#%ur Ca*" !Capsisi %in&%ura$ 12$ Tin#%ur B"la(on !B"lla(ona" Tin&%ura$ 16$ Tin#%ur Kayu Manis !Cinnamomi Tin&%ura$ 1:$ Tin#%ur i#i%alis !i#i%alis Tin&%ura$ 1D$ Tin#%ur Io(ium !Io(ii Tin&%ura$ 1$ Tin#%ur Opium !Opii Tin&%ura$ 1>$ Tin#%ur Opium 4an#i !Opii Aroma%i&a Tin&%ura8Tin&%ura Opii Cro&a%a$ 1$ Tin#%ur S"'al" Cornu%um !S"&alis Cornu%i Tin&%ura$ -@$ Tin#%ur 0al"rian !0al"riana" Tin&%ura$
. Membuat %ediaan Obat Tradisional
O*a% Tra(isional a(alah *ahan a%au ramuan *ahan yan# *"rupa a*ahan %um*uhan+ *ahan h";an+ *ahan min"ral+ s"(iaan #"l"ni'a a%au &uran (ari *ahan5*ahan %"rs"*u%+ yan# s"&ara %urun5m"nurun %"lah (i#una'an un%u' p"n#o*a%an *"r(asar'an p"n#alaman. onto (onto sediaan obat tradisional : 0. Pilulae 1Pil* a. 7ilula" a8 sua%u s"(iaan *"rupa massa pa(a% m"n#an(un# sa%u a%au l"*ih *ahan o*a% !FI "(isi III$. *. Boli a8 pil y# *"ra%nya (ia%as 2@@m#+ p"m*ua%annya sama (# pil !FI "(isi III$ &. Granula a8 pil '"&il yan# *"ra%nya %i(a' l"*ih (ari 2@m# m#( 1m# *ahan o*a% !FI "(isi III$ (. Lo)"n#"s8Ta*l"% isap a8 s"(iaan pa(a% m#( sa%u a%au l"*ih *ahan o*a%+ umumnya (# *ahan (asar *"raroma (an manis+ y# (p% m"m*ua% %a*l"% m"laru% a%au han&ur p"rlahan (alam mulu% !FI "(isi I0$. Lo)"n#"s %"r(iri (r - ma&am yai%u Tro&hisi !%ro&h"s$ a8 %a*l"% hisap yan# (i*ua% (# &ara '"mpa %a*l"%. • 7as%il"s a8 %a*l"% hisap yan# (i*ua% (# &ara %uan#. • a* 3om"onen Pilulae : =a% u%ama J *"rupa *ahan o*a% • =a% %am*ahan J • =a% p"n#isi J u8 m"m*"sar /olum" pil. Con%oh J A'ar Manis+ Bolus al*a+
a%au *han y# lain &o&o'. =a% p"n#i'a% J a#ar salin# m"n#i'a% an%ara sa%u sama lain. Con%oh J Sari
a'ar manis+ #om a'asia+ %ra#a&an%h+ &uran *ahan %rs*% a%au *ahan lain y# &o&o'. =a% p"m*asah J u8 m"m*asahi massa s"*"lum (i*"n%u'. Con%oh J air+
#lis"rol+ sirup+ ma(u &uran *hn %rs*%. =a% p"na*ur J m"m*ua% s"(iaan y# su(ah %r*n%u' %i(a' m"l"'a% sa%u
sama lain. Con%oh J ly&opo(ium8%al'+8*ahan lain y# &o&o'. =a% p"nyalu% J u8 m"lapisi pil. Con%oh J p"ra'+ *alsam+ %olu+ '"ra%in+
sirla'+ 'olo(ium+ salol+ #"la%in+ #ula a%au *ahan lain y# &o&o'. b* Pembuatan sediaan : ("# &ara m"n&ur *ahan5*ahan o*a% sampai homo#"n+ '"mu(ian (i9 )a%5)a% %am*ahan+ s"%"lah homo#"n (i%"%"si *ahan p"m*asah+ '"mu(ian (i#"rus (# &ara (i%"'an a( (ip"rol"h massa pil y# "las%is lalu (i*ua% *n%u' *a%an# (ipo%on# (# ala% p"mo%on# pil s"suai (# ,mlh pil y# (imin%a. Bahan p"na*ur (i%am*aha'an s"%"lah %"r*n%u' massa pil a#ar massa pil y# %"lah ,a(i %(' m"l"'a% p( ala% p"m*ua% pil. (* Pers#aratan "ilulae : 0* M"m"nuhi syara% ;a'%u han&ur y# %"r%"ra p( Compr"ssi !FI "( III$ 2* M"m"nuhi syara% '"s"ra#aman *o*o% pil !FI "( III$ 4* B"n%u' hrus %"%ap. d* 3eseragaman bobot : %im*an# -@ pil sa%u p"r sa%u+ a( *o*o% ra%a-+ p"nyimpan#an %"r*"sar y# (ip"r*ol"h'an %rh(p *o*o%ra%a-.
e* Pen#im"anan : s"suia (# &ara p"nyimpanan %a*l"%+ (# m"mp"rha%i'an sia% )a% %am*ahan y# (i#n'an. 2. 'nfusa 1'nfus* Inusa a8 s"(iaan &air yan# (i*ua% ("n#an m"nyari simplisia na*a%i (# air p( suhu @ @C s"lama 1: m"ni%. ara Pembuatan : &ur simplisia (# ("ra,a% halus y# &o&o' (lm pan&i (# air s"&u'upnya+ panas'an (ia%as %an#as air s"lama 1: m"ni% %"rhi%un# mulai suhu m"n&apai @ @C sam*il (ia(u'. S"r'ai s"la#i panas m"lalui 'ain lan"l+ %am*ah'an air panas s"&u'upnya m"lalui ampas a( (ip"rol"h /olum" inus y# (i'"h"n(a'i. Hal+al #g arus di"eratikan u/ membuat sediaan infus : a. 3umlah simplisia *. "ra,a% halus Simplisia &. Banya'nya air "'s%ra (. Cara M"ny"r'ai ". 7"nam*ahan *ahan5*ahan lain 4. A5ua Aromati(a 1Air Aromatika* a8 laru%an ,"nuh minya' a%siri a%au )a%5)a% yan# *"raroma (lm air. Air aroma%i'a harus m"mpunyai *au (an rasa yan# m"ny"rupai *ahan asal+ *"*as *au "mpir"%i' a%au *au lain+ %i(a' *"r;arna (an %i(a' *"rl"n(ir. ara Pembuatan : Laru%'an minya' a%siri s",umlah y# %"r%"ra (lm masin#- mono#rai (lm D@ml • • • •
"%anol :?. Tam*ah'an air s"(i'i% ("mi s"(i'i% a( /olum" 1@@ ml sam*il (i'o&o' 'ua% Tam*ah'an :@@m# Tal'+ 'o&o'+ (iam'an+ sarin#. En&"r'an sa%u *a#ian il%ra% (# 2 *a#ian air.
Air aromatika #ang tertera dlm F' '' ada 4 #aitu6
a.
AHua Fo"ni&uli a8 laru%an ,"nuh Minya' A(as (lm air. C7 J (# m"laru%'an 6# ol"um o"ni&uli (lm D@ml "%anol @?+ %am*ah'an air a( 1@@ml sam*il (i'o&o' 'ua%-+ %m*h'an :@@m# %al'+ 'o&o'+ (iam'an+ sarin#+. En&"r'an 1 *a#il%ra% (lm 2 *a#. Air. *. AHua M"n%ha" 7ip"ri%a" !Air 7"rm"n$ a8 laru%an ,"nuh Minya' p"rm"n (lm air. C7 J sama (# m"n##una'an -# minya' p"rm"n. &. AHua Rosa" !Minya' Ma;ar$ a8 laru%an ,"nuh Minya' Ma;ar (lm air. C7 J laru%'an 1# Minya' Ma;ar (lm -@ ml E%anol+ sarin#. 7a(a il%ra% %am*h'n air s"&u'upnya a( :@@@ml+ sarin#. 7. Olea Pinguia 1Min#ak Lemak* a8 &uran s"nya;a asam l"ma' *"rsu'u %in##i (# #lis"rin !#lis"ri(a asam l"ma' *"rsu'u %in##i$ ara+(ara Menda"atkan min#ak lemak : a. (ip"ras pa(a suhu *iasa+ misalnya ol"um ara&hi(is+ ol"um oli/a"+ olium ri&ini *. (ip"ras pa(a suhu panas+ misalnya ol"um &a&ao+ ol"um &o&os
%#arat s#arat min#ak lemak : a. harus ,"rnih+ yan# &air harus ,"rnih+ yan# pa(a% s"su(ah (ihan#a%'an !(ia%as suhu l"*urnya$ %i(a' *ol"h *"r*au %"n#i'. *. '"&uali (inya%a%a'an lain harus laru% (alam s"#ala p"r*an(in#an (alam CCL2+ "%"r (an "%"r minya' %anah &. harus m"m"nuhi syara%5syara% minya' min"ral+ minya' harsa (an minya' lainnya. Penggunaan min#ak lemak : a. s"*a#ai )a% %am*ahan *. s"*a#ai p"laru%+ misalnya s"*a#ai p"laru% sun%i'+ lo%io+ s"r%a an%i ra&uhn &. s"*a#ai o*a%+ misalnya ol"um ri&ini+(apa% (ipa'ai s"*a#ai p"n&ahar Min#ak lemak dibagi dalam 2 gol : a. minya' minya' yan# (apa% m"n#"rin#+ misalnya ol"um ri&ini *. minya' minya' yan# %i(a' (apa% m"n#"rin#+ misalnya ol"un ara&hi(is+ ol"um oli/arum Pen#im"anan min#ak lemak : ke(uali (inya%a'an lain harus (isimpan (alam ;a(ah %"r%u%up *ai'+ %"risi p"nuh+ %"rlin(un# (ari &ahaya onto (onto min#ak lemak : a. Minya' 'a&an#8ol"um ara&hi(is minya' l"ma' yan# %"lah (imurni'an (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasan *i,i ara&hi(is hypo#"a" L yan# %"lah (i'upas *. Minya' &o'la%8ol"um &a&ao minya' l"ma' pa(a% yan# (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasaan panas *i,i %h"o*rama &a&ao L yan# %"lah (i'upas &. minya' '"lapa8ol"um &o&os minya' l"ma' yan# (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasan panas "n(osp"rm &o&os nu&i"ra L yan# %"lah (i'"rin#'an (. Minya' i'an8ol"um l"&pris as"lli minya' l"ma' yan# (ip"rol"h (ari ha%i s"#ar #a(us &alarias L (an sp"si"s #a(us lainnya+ (imurni'an ("n#an p"nyarin#an pa(a suhu @C ". Minya' lini8ol"um lini minya' l"ma' yan# (ipo"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasan *i,i masa' linum usia%isinum L . Minya' )ai%un8ol"um oli/a" minya' l"ma' yan# (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasaan (in#in *i,i masa' ol"a "urop"a" L ,i'a p"rlu (imurni'an #. Minya' ,ara'8 ol"um ri&ini minya' l"ma' yan# (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasaan (in#in *i,i li&inus &ommunis L yan# %"lah (i'upas h. Minya' ;i,"n8 ol"um s"sami minya' l"ma' yan# (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasaan *i,i s"samum in(i&um L i. Minya' '"lapa murni8 ol"um &o&os purum minya' l"ma' yan# (imurni'an ("n#anh p"nyuliun#an *"r%in#'a% (ip"rol"h (ari "n(osp"rma &o&os nu&i"r a yan# %"lah (i'"rin#'an ,. Minya' p"n#'a;an#8ol"um shora" minya' l"ma' yan# (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasan pans '"pin# *i,i shor"a s%"nop%"ra *ur&' yan# s"#ar a%au '"rin# a%au (ari *i,i sp"si"s shor"a yan# lain '. Minya' 'aulmo#ra8minya' hi(no'arpi8ol"um hy(no'arpi minya' l"ma' yan# (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasan (in#in *i,i (ari *uah masa' s"#ar hi(no&arpus ;i#h%raria *lum"+ sp"si"s hy(no&arpus lain (an %ara'%o#"nus 'ur)ii 'in# l. Minya' ,a#un#8 ol"um may(is minya' l"ma' yan# (ip"rol"h (ari "m*rio )"a mays+ '"mu(ian (imurni'an
m. Minya' pala8ol"um myris%i&a" "pr"ssum &uran minya' l"maa'+ minya' a%siri+ (ip"rol"h ("n#an p"m"rasaan panas *i,i myris%i&a ra#rans hou%% yan# %"lah (i*uan# s"lapu% *i,i (an 'uli% *i,inya. 8. Olea 9olatilia 1Min#ak Atsiri* Minya' a%siri (is"*u% ,# minya' m"n#uap a%au minya' %"r*an#. Ol"a 0ola%ilia a8 &uran *ahan5*ahan *"r*au '"ras yan# m"n#uap+ y# (ip"rol"h *ai' (# &ara p"nyulin#an a%au p"rasan simplisia s"#ar maupun s"&ara sin%"%is. Minya' a%siri (ip"rol"h (ari %um*uhan5%um*uhan. Con%oh J (aun+ *un#a+ *uah a%au (i*ua% s"&ara sin%"%is. %ifat sifat min#ak atsiri : a. Mu(ah m"n#uap *. Rasa yan# %a,am &. 4an#i yan# 'has (. Ti(a' laru% (alam air+laru% (alam p"laru% or#ani' ". Minya' a%siri yan# s"#ar %i(a' *"r;arna+ s"(i'i% 'unin# mu(a 'dentifikasi min#ak atsiri : a$ T"%"s'an 1 %"%"s minya' (i a%as air+p"rmu'aan air %i(a' '"ruh *$ 7a(a s"po%on# '"r%as %"%"s'an 1 %"%"s minya' y# (ip"rol"h ("n#an &ara p"nyulin#an uap %i(a' %"r,a(i no(a %ransparan. &$ Ko&o' s",umlah minya' ("n#an laru%an na&l ,"nuh /olum" sama+*iar'an m"misah+/olum" air %i(a' *ol"h *"r%am*ah. ara (ara mem"erole min#ak atsiri : a. Cara p"m"rasan *. Cara p"nyulin#an 1$ Cara lan#sun# -$ Cara %i(a' lan#sun# &. Cara "nl"ura#" %#arat s#arat min#ak atsiri :
a$ aus ,"rnih+%i(a' *"r;arna *$ Mu(ah laru% (alam &hloroorm a%au "%"r &$ arus *"*as minya' l"ma'+ &ara m"n"%"s'an '"a%as '"r%as p"r'am"n %i(a' m"nin##al'an no(a %ransparan. ($ arus '"rin# "$ Bau (an rasa s"o"r%i simplisia asal onto (onto min#ak atsiri :
a. *. &. (. ". . #. h. i. ,.
Ol"um "oni&uli!minya' a(as$ Ol"um anisi !minya' a(as manis$ Ol"um &aryopylli!minya' &"n#'"h$ Ol"um &i%ri!min%a' ,"ru'$ Ol"um auran%i!minya' ,"ru' manis$ Ol"um "u&alyp%i!minya' 'aya pu%ih$ Ol"um man%ha" pip"ri%a"!minya' p"rm"n$ Ol"um &innamommi!minya' 'ayu manis$ Ol"um &i%ron"lla"!minya' s"r"h$ Ol"um rosa"!minya' ma;ar$
. %#ru"i 1%iru"* a8 s"(iaan &air *"rupa laru%an y# m#( sa'arosa. Ka(ar sa'arosa !C 1---O11$ %i(a' 'uran# (ari D6? (an %i(a' l"*ih (ari DD?. ara "embuatan %iru" : a. Bua% &airan un%u' sirup *. 7anas'an+ %am*ah'an #ula+,i'a p"rlu (i(ih'an hin##a laru%. &. Tam*ah'an air m"n(i(ih s"&u'upnya hin##a (ip"rol"h *o*o% yan# (i'"h"n(a'i. (. Buan# *usa yan# %"r,a(i (an s"r'ai. airan u/ siru", dimana gulan#a akan dilarutkan d"t dibuat dari :
a. *. 1$ -$ 2$ 6$ &.
AHua ("s%ila%a J un%u' sirupus simpl" asil5hasil p"nari'an (ari *ahan (asarJ Mas"ra% misalnya Sirupus Rh"i 7"r'ola% misalnya Sirupus Cinnamomi Cola%ura misalnya Sirupus S"na" Sari *uah misalnya Ru*i I(a"i Laru%an a%au &uran laru%an *ahan o*a% misalnyaJ M"%h(ila)ina y(ro&hlori(i Sirupus+ sirup- (# nama pa%"n% misaln ya y# m#( &uran /i%amin. $J siru" kira+kira 0,4. 7a(a p"nyimpanan (p% %"r,a(i in/"rsi (r sa'arosa !p"&ah mn,( #lu'osaru'%osa$ p( sirup y# *"r"a'si asam in/"rsi (p% %r,(i l"*ih &"pa%. &ula 'n;ert a/ #ula y# %"r,(i 'rna p"n#uraian sa'arosa y# m"mu%ar *i(an# polarisasi '" 'iri. Gula in/"r% %i(a' (i'"h"n(a'i (lm sirup 'r"na l"*ih "n&"r s"hin##a mu(ah *"r,amur (an *"r;arna %ua !%"r*"n%u' 'aram"l$ Ada bebera"a (ara men)ernikan siru" : a. M"nam*ah'an 'o&o'an )a% pu%ih %"lur s"#ar p( sirup. i(ih'an sam*il (ia(u'+ )a% pu%ih %"lur a'an m"n##umpal 'ar"na panas. *. M"nam*ah'an *u*ur '"r%as sarin# lalu (i(ih'an sarin# 'o%oran sirup a'an m"l"'a% '" '"r%as sarin#. ara memasukkan siru" kedalam botol :
a. *. &.
Sirup y# su(ah (in#in (isimpan (lm ;a(ah y# '"rin#. M"n#isi'an sirup panas- '"(lm *o%ol panas !'ar"na s%"riliasasi$ S%"rilisasi sirup+ harus (ip"rhi%un#'an p"manasan 2@ mni% apa'ah %i(a' *"ra'i*a% %"r,a(inya #ula in/"r%.
alam ilmu farmasi siru" ban#ak digunakan karena da"at berfungsi sebagai :
O*a%+ mis J Chlor"niramini mal"a%is sirupus. Cori#"nsia saporis+ mis J Sirupus Simpl" Cori#"nsia O(oris+ mis J Sirupis Auran%ii Cori#"nsia Coloris+ mis J Sirupus Rho"(os+ Sirupus Ru*i I(a"i 7"n#a;"%nya+ mis J s"(iaan (# *ahan p"m*a;a sirup 'rna 'ons"n%rasi #ula y# %in##i m"n&"#ah p"r%um*uhan *a'%"ri. Peneta"an kadar sakarosa : onto (onto sediaan siru" :
a. *. &.
F"rrosi Io(i(i Sirupus Sirupus Simpl"8Sirup Gula Auran%ii Sirupi 3"ru' Manis
(.
Sirupus Thymi8Sirup Thymi
%iru" siru" #ang ter(antum dalam F' ed ''' :
Chlorph"niramini mal"a%is Sirupus Cyproh"p%a(ini y(ro&hlori(i Sirupus "%rom"%orphani y(ro*romi(i Sirupus 7ip"ra)ini Ci%ra%is Sirupus 7rom"%a)ini y(ro&hlori(i Sirupus M"%hi(ila)ini y(ro&hlori(i Sirupus Sirupus Simpl" y# (i*ua% (# m"laru%'an D: *a# sa&harosa (lm laru%an m"%il para*"n s"&u'upnya a(a (ip"rol"h 1@@ *a# sirup. alam p"r(a#an#an (i'"nal 8dry syrup9 yai%u sirup *"r*"n%u' '"rin# y# harus (i%am*ah'an s",umlah p"laru% %"r%"n%u a%au aHua ("s%ila%a+ *ila a'an (i#una'an. Biasanya *"risi )a% y# %i(a' s%a*il (lm suasana *"rair. E.
M"m*ua% S"(iaan Fi%oarma'a Farma'o#nosi s"*a#ai *a#ian *ioarmasi+ *io'imia+ (an 'imia sin%"sa+ s"hin##a ruan# lin#'upnya m"n,a(i luas s"p"r%i yan# (iurai'an (alam ("inisi Flu&'i#"r. i In(on"sia un%u' saa% ini u8 p%a'%i'um Farma'o#nosi hanya m"lipu%i s"#i p"n#ama%an ma'ros'opis+ mi'ros'opis or#anol"p%is. Con%oh J Chloramph"ni&ol (p% (i*ua% s& ra sin%"sa %o%al+ y# s"*"lumnya hanya (p% (ip"rol"h (ari *ia''an &"n(a;a treptomyces !ene1uela. Simplisia yan# (ip"rol"h (p% *"rupa ra,an#an a%au s"r*u'. 3i'a (ila'u'an u,i 'hasia%+ (ia(a'an p"n#u,ian %o'sisi%as+ u,i pra'lini' u,i 'lini' un%u' m"n"n%u'an i%oarma'a a%au i%om"(isin *ahan5*ahan i%oarma'a ialah yan# (is"*u% 0bat . Bila (ila'u'an u,i 'lini'+ ma'a a'an (ip"rolah 0bat Jadi. S"r*u' (ari simplisia ,i'a (i"'sra'si (# p"milihan p"laru%+ ma'a hasilnya (is"*u% E)stra) . Apa*ila "'s%ra' y# (ip"rol"h ini (iisolasi (# p"misahan *"r*a#ai 'roma%o#rai+ ma'a hasilnya (is"*u% 7solat. 3i'a isola% ini (imurni'an+ '"mu(ian (i%"n%u'an sia%5sia% isi'a (an 'imia;inya a'an (ihasil'an )a% murni+ yan# s"lan,u%nya (p% (ilan,u%'an p"n"li%ian %%# i("n%ii'asi+ 'ara'%"risasi+ "lusi(asi s%ru'%ur sp"'%roo%om"%ri. 7ros"s "'s%rasi (ari s"r*u' sampai (ip"rol"h isola% *ahan o*a% (i*i&ara'an (alami%o'imia (an analisis i%o'imia. Bahan o*%a ini ,i'a (ia(a'an u,i %o'sisi%as u,i pra'lini' a'an (i(apa%'an o*a% ,a(i.
