Final Report Internship

Industrial Internship Final Report

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Jabatan Kerja Raya JKR

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE HOST COMPANY Public Works Department also known as Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) as a main implementing agency to government. JKR objective is to deliver projects with quality, on time and within cost. JKR Vision is to become a world-class service provider and centre of excellence in asset management, project management

and

engineering

services

for

the

development of nation's infrastructure through creative and innovative human capital and state-of-the-art technology. JKR Mission is to contribute to the nation-building through: •

Helping clients deliver policy outcomes and

services through working with them as strategic partners. •

Standardizing

processes

and systems

to

deliver consistent outcomes. •

Providing effective and innovative asset and

project management. •

Strengthening

existing

engineering

competencies. •

Developing

human

capital

and

competencies. •

Upholding integrity in delivering services.

4

new


•


Building harmonies relationships with the

community. •

Taking good care of the environment in

delivering services. JKR administration is supported by three main sectors, Business Sector, Corporate Sector and Specialist Sector. All of the above sectors covered for fourteen departments including JKR Federal Territory, JKR Kesedar and JKR State. The details are as below:  Business Sector •

Cawangan Jalan

•

Cawangan Kerja Bangunan Am (CKBA)

•

Cawangan Kerja Keselamatan

•

Cawangan Kerja Kesihatan

•

Cawangan Kerja Pendidikan & Pengajian Tinggi

•

Cawangan Pengkalan Udara & Maritim (CEPUM)

 Corporate Sector •

Cawangan Kejuruteraan Senggara

•

Cawangan Pengurusan Korporat

•

Cawangan Pengurusan Projek Kompleks

•

JKR Wilayah Persekutuan

•

JKR Kesedar

•

JKR Negeri

5



 Specialist Sector • Cawangan Arkitek • Cawangan Kontrak & Ukur Bahan (CKUB) • Cawangan Jalan & Geoteknik • Cawangan

Kejuruteraan

Awam,

Struktur

Jambatan (CKASJ) • Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik (CKE) • Cawangan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal • Cawangan Alam Sekitar & Kecekapan Tenaga

6

&



Figure 1 : JKR Organization Chart

1.1.1 History of JKR For more than 100 years, Public Works Department (PWD) Malaysia touched many aspects of the nation's life. We had provided infrastructure and conducive environment for living, working, playing, and praying. We built roads as a means of communications, and they have been the main catalyst in the socio-economic development of the country. 7



We supplied safe water and had contributed in building a healthy and progressive nation. Architecture has been playing a major role in our nation building. some buildings have been accepted as important landmarks in our country and has enriched the Malaysian architectural heritage. We are proud to have contribute significantly in these development. Public Works Department (PWD) was born in 1872 with Major J.F.A McNair as the first head of the organization. The events that lead to the formation of PWD began earlier than 1872 when the British East India Company - trading between England, India, and China - needed a safe station for refitting their ships. They found it in Penang. Penang was well positioned for their purpose. In 1786, they persuaded the Sultan of Kedah to give up the rights of the island to the company. They managed to get Penang in 1791 through a treaty. In 1825, through the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, Malacca reverted to the British in exchange for Bencoolen. Raffles, in 1819, entered into a treaty with Sultan Hussein and Temenggong Abdul Rahman giving the Bristish the rights to establish settlements in Singapore. These three territories (Penang, Malacca, and Singapore) formed the Straits Settlement in 1826. Another reason that brought the British to settle in the region was because of the tin-rich and fertile cultivation land in many of the Malay States. The so-called Pangkor Engagement (1874) paved the way for the British influence in Malay States. During this year, they managed to make inroad into Perak, Selangor, and Negeri Sembilan. They posted their Residents and Subordiante Officers to advice the Malay rulers. Later, Pahang also accepted this residential system

of

government.

By

1896,

the

system

was

administered centrally with Kuala Lumpur as the seat of 8



authority. The four states together with Kuala Lumpur was known as the Federated Malay States.

1.1.2 Corporate Logo

Figure 2 : JKR Corporate Logo Description 1. Generally, the logo reflects the various fields of work under the responsibility of the Public Works Department. 2. Starting from the bottom, the curved black lines symbolize waterworks and also portray the Public Works Department as a dynamic organization. 3. The bold black arch-shaped lines symbolize bridge works and also reflect Public Works Department as an organization that basically carries out engineering works. 4. The straight black line above the arch-shaped lines symbolized road works. 5. Fourteen (14) black lines above the straight line symbolize building works and also reflect the 14 states of Malaysia including the Federal Territories.

9



Colour 1. Yellow symbolize adulthood to portray PWD as one of the oldest organization created and also reflects the image of maturity in achieving its objective. 2. Black symbolizes strength / unity as a quality among the

branches

of

the

organization

in

the

implementation of projects. 3. Grey symbolizes humility in service.

1.2 EXPERIENCES OF JKR JKR is able to provide expertise and experience in the design of structural steel and concrete structures, bridges and so on. Over the years, the company has acquired a track record in the design of housing and community projects, high-rise structures and infrastructures. The company experiences projects include offices and retail development, bridges, foundation and earthworks. This company comprises a strong team of professional personnel with various experiences in design as well as project management skills. Computer facilities provided by the company are used extensively for Computer-Aided design (CAD) and drafting, and those computers are regularly maintained and consistently upgraded-adopting the latest methods in structural analyses and design. This company believes that it can provide innovative structure solutions that match the demands of a growing Malaysian trend towards more sophisticated and creative designs of buildings. Striving for simplicity of structural

10



form, which is to be achieved at minimum cost and within project time limitation is it main goal to be accomplished.

1.2.1 Director General Instructions (Arahan KPKR ) These are the instructions issued by current and previous JKR Director Generals starting from 1980 until now. These instructions are meant for the contractors and consultants that handle JKR projects The instructions touch on the JKR's policies on project management

and

constructions.

The

instructions

are

categorized into five broad topics: •

Project planning

•

Pre-contract conditions

•

Contract administration

•

Maintenance and small scale works

1.2.2 Consultation Services As a government consultancy, JKR involved : •

Planning and Design Project

•

Deliver Professional Input

There are various projects have been done by JKR. Commonly the types of projects covered for Roadwork, Government Buildings such as school, offices, quarters, mosque and hospital, Jetty, Port and Airport. The clients are Kementerian Kerja Raya and other government agencies.  Planning and Design In planning and designing projects, we started from collects all the supporting data that could help in analysis 11



of the projects. Then we continue to the merekabentuk process and produce a plan. We use design software such and CADD state-of-the-art computer-aided design and drafting in order to help us designing architectural, structural design, road as well as in draw a plan.

 Professional Input Commonly, Deliver Professional Input such as technical advices

and

research.

For

instant,

JKR

deliver

suggestions and recommendation to the clients about measures need to be taken to overcome structural failure or building failure. In spite of that, JKR business also covered for : •

Project Management

•

Maintenance Management

1.2.3 Project Management In project management, JKR involved in planning, designing, implementation

and

project

maintenance.

Upon

implementation of projects, JKR take consideration of time, resources and quality to complete the projects with regarding to the objective and clients needs. There are two methods in implementing our projects : •

Convensional

•

Design and build

 Convensional 12



All planning and design procedure is implement in house. The construction phase is constructed by the contractor by tendering process. For monitoring and maintenance, JKR has choices whether by doing it ourselves or conferred consulting engineer to work on it.  Design and Build For design and build projects, JKR infinite the needs statement. The process started from planning, design, construct and maintenance by contractor. In preliminary construction JKR play a role as quality controller and maintain the project at certain stages.

1.3 INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP OBJECTIVE The industrial internship program is established by Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP) for a purpose that its students not only learn about theoretical knowledge from lecture in university but must also being exposed in the real industries work. The eight months industrial internship is part of four years undergraduate in engineering program or three and half years for business and information technology studies which every students must complete the program or else their studies in UTP can be considered as incomplete. One of its primary goals is to expose the students to an actual working environment so that the students are able to relate the theoretical knowledge gained by lectures and adopt in real working environment. In addition to that, students also can develop their work ethics and communication skills

13



which can only be gained through actual working experience. At the end of the internship, students will be able to: Apply theoretical knowledge in industrial application - to apply the theoretical knowledge learned in the university during the actual work in real industries world.  Acquire skills in communication, management and team-work - students will develop and polish their soft-skills while working in everyday tasks and projects.  Practice ethical and professional work culture - students will be exposed to implement professional work ethics in daily life.  Implement Health Safety and Environment (HSE) practices at workplace - at work place there many probabilities that an accidents can be occur especially at plant, construction site and even in the office, so students will be aware of the rules and regulations regarding HSE at the workplace and take a full responsibility if anything happens If they are not abide the rules.

14



1.4 SCOPE OF WORK, TASKS AND PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN Throughout the internship period, I have been assigned with several projects and those projects are related covered in the range of civil and structures. Moreover, I also had been exposed to the flow of projects and exposed to the document of contract and condition of contract that was currently undertaken by the company. There are many types of contract that currently are being practiced throughout the nation, and each of that has its own advantages and disadvantages and will be discussed later in the next chapter. During handling the projects, I was being assisted by the company’s engineers for their guidance and advices. Those projects have given a lot of opportunities for me to apply the knowledge gained during studying at UTP in real work situation, and in addition to that there are certain skills and knowledge that can only be acquired during real work environment under guidance of experienced senior engineers. Below are some of the activities and projects that I involved in and the next chapter will explain at each in detail.  Unit Jambatan, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ) •

Review Design Bridge for Jalan Semantan to Istana Pintu 2

•

Middle Ring Road Seremban (MRRS), Phase 3

•

Review and Check Walking Bearing Program Menggantikan Jambatan Di Jalan Persekutuan,

15



Sungai Mambau, Daerah Seremban FT053/023/40, Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus. •

Design Calculation for Bank Seat Abutment.

 Unit Kejuruteraan Awam, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ) •

Design Roadside Drain 450 mm PC Block Drain Project Pusat Kegiatan Kemas, Pekan, Pahang.

•

Design Pipe and Sump Invert Level Project Pusat Kegiatan Kemas, Pekan, Pahang.

•

Site Visit On Site Detention Cadangan Membina dan Menyiapkan Projek Tapak Sekolah Rendah Damansara Damai.

•

Design On Site Detention (OSD) - Above and Below-Ground Storage (Pipe Package) System for Cadangan Membina dan Menyiapkan Bangunan Gunasama Persekutuan Klang yang Mengandungi Sebuah

Blok

Pentadbiran,

Sebuah

Pondok

Pengawal, Sebuah Rumah Sampah dan Sebuah Pencawang Elektrik di atas Lot HS(D) 59398, Mukim Kapar, Daerah Klang, Selangor Darul Ehsan. •

Earthworks Cross Section and Longitudinal Section of Soil (Keratan Tanah) Cadangan Membina Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang.

•

Acceleration and Deceleration Lane (ACDC) for Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang.

•

Prepared Water Reticulation report for Project Cadangan Mahkamah Piawai Dua Bilik Bicara di Alor Gajah, Melaka.

16


•


Design Loop Water Reticulation System for Cadangan Mahkamah Piawai Dua Bilik Bicara, Alor Gajah, Melaka.

•

PE calculation and Sewer Design for Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang.

 Unit Bangunan Am 2, Struktur, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ) •

Design Beam Floor Plan and Roof Plan Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

•

Beam Design using STAAD PRO Kompleks Sukan Komuniti Sandakan, Sabah

•

Beam Design using STAAD PRO Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

•

Design Beam for Floor Plan Guard House Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

•

Design Staircase Beam for Water Tank R&R Perasing, Kemaman

•

Design Staircase Surau R&R Perasing, Kemaman

•

Design

Column

Pusat

Aktiviti

Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

17

Perpaduan



CHAPTER II INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP PROJECTS AND MAIN ACTIVITIES 2.1 Unit Jambatan, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ) 2.1.1

Review design on Bridge for Jalan Semantan to Istana Pintu 2. The design covered stiffness at piers, abutment, supports, temperature, shrinkag and creep (TSC), shrinkage and creep (SC), skidding and design strain. I also been introduced to the BS5400 Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges and the second reference is Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. The vertical load on bearing including dead and live load. The rotation included in bridge due to pre-stressed force and selfweight of beam.

2.1.2 Site visit to Project Middle Ring Road Seremban (MRRS), Phase

3

On 08th December 2009, me with a team of engineers and technical assistant from Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ) and Cawangan Kejuruteraan Ukur Bahan (CKUB) consist of 8 were together conduct a site visit to Projek Lingkaran Tengah Seremban Fasa 3, Negeri Sembilan. The purpose of this 18



site visit is for site visiting in spite to get an idea about the current progress of the project. The project is tendered by Konsortium Temokin Villa-Jelas JV Sdn. Bhd and VE Consult as the consultant. The purpose of this project is to provide a comfortable roadways for Seremban people in spite to cope with many cars using the existing roads especially in the morning and at the end of office hour everyday. Middle Ring Roadways Seremban (MRRS) consist of 3 phases. The project consist of roads, ramps, flyovers and interchanges along the allignment. The phase 3 of project allignment is 10.6 kilometers dual carriageway roads starting from Jalan Sungai Ujong Interchange to Temiang Jaya 1 Interchange. Under this phase 3, construction of 15 bridges/viaducts and 1 underpass are required at interchanges, rivers and deep ravine crossing. From this site visit, I get to know and see the structure of bridge such as pier, abutment, beam, diapragm and parapet in a real situation and I got a lot of knowledge about the difficulties and the problems encountered for each project.

19



Figure 3 : VE Consultant, Temokin Villa Jelas JV Construction and engineers from JKR

Figure 4 : Bridge and Ramp Figure 5 : 40 beam span for bridge

20



Figure 6 : Bridge Components

21





Abutment - An abutment is an end support of a bridge superstructure. Abutments are used for the following purposes such as to transmit the loads of from the superstructure to the foundations, support the bearing devices, support the backwalls and others. There are different types of abutments including Footing - Type Abutments where each has a footing, sill and end dam, 25-30 foot spans. Then, Pile Abutments that consist of steel or timber and can support spans of any length while Concrete Abutments is the most permanent type, and can span any length with a max height of 20 ft.



Wing Wall - A wing wall is a smaller wall attached or next to a larger wall or structure. In a bridge, the wing walls are adjacent to the abutments and act as retaining walls. The wing walls can either be attached to the abutment or be independent of it. The soil and fill supporting the roadway and approach embankment are retained by the wing walls, which can be at a right angle to the abutment or splayed at different angles. The wing walls are generally constructed at the same time and of the same materials as the abutments. Scour can be a problem for wing walls and abutments both, as the water in the stream erodes the supporting soil. Design wing wall is a part of abutment analysis approach slab included surcharge and bulk density and covered for main reinforcement, secondary reinforcement and others.

22





Curtain Wall - defined as thin, usually aluminumframed wall, containing in-fills of glass, metal panels, or thin stone. Curtain walling is a vertical building enclosure which supports no load other than its own weight and the environmental forces act on it.



Corbel Wall - a piece of stone jutting out of a wall to carry any superincumbent weight.

23



Figure 7 : Bridge Cross Section

Figure 8 : Parapet Cross Section

2.1.3 Review and Check Walking Bearing Program Menggantikan Jambatan Di Jalan Persekutuan, Sungai Mambau, Daerah Seremban FT053/023/40, Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus. Bearing is a must bridge component calculation in each design bridge calculation. There are many types of bearing that been used in bridge design such as

24



elastomeric bearing, laminated bearing, strip bearing, pot bearing, leaf bearing, knuckle bearing and others. The functions of bearing is to provide a connection to control the interaction of loadings and movements between

parts

of

structure

usually

between

superstructure and substructure. 2.1.4 Design Calculation for Bank Seat Abutment. This design calculation used rectangular hollow span (RHS) so it did not require slab. The design covered calculation of dead load means the loads due to the mass of the structure. The dead load usually covered for deck slab, beam and diaphragm while the superimposed dead load including parapet and asphaltic concrete. The diaphragm categorized into two, end and intermediate diaphragm. End diaphragm influence the midspan moment in a loaded girders in two

ways.

While

the

intermediate

diaphragm

increased the live load distribution factor at low skew angle. Live load as used in structural engineering means the portion of the load that result from the function of the structure for example the live load on a bridge is the result of traffic and weather conditions. The live load include HA Load, HB Load, HA+HB Load. Selection of the design vehicle live loading for the structure being rated should consider both the basic design vehicle and all special permit vehicles or applicable fatigue vehicle so that the maximum legal loads are applied. Additional effect such as wind, centrifugal thermal or other forces should be considered where applicable. Apart from dead and live load calculation on bridges, the longitudinal load, accidental load due 25



to skidding, earth pressure, surcharge also been considered.

2.2 Unit Kejuruteraan Awam, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ) 2.2.1 Design Roadside Drain 450 mm PC Block Drain Project Pusat Kegiatan Kemas, Pekan, Pahang. The design calculation based on Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA) Chapter 13 covered Design Rainfall and Chapter 14 for Flow Estimating & Routing. MSMA is the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Design Manual introduced in January 2001. It replace the previous 30 years old Planning and Design Procedure No. 1: Urban Drainage Design Standard for Peninsular Malaysia 1975. The main focus of MSMA is to manage the stormwater instead of draining it away as fast as possible to a more enviromentally approach known as control/source approach. This approach utilize retention/detention, infiltration and purification process. It’s a technical guide design to assist stakeholders towards achieving sustainable stormwater management in Malaysia. The roadside drain is designed as the perimeter drain at site to cater whole area of site as the catchment. Roadside drain have variables in sizes such as 450 mm in diameter and 300 mm in diameter. The design procedures are as stated below : 26



1. Design for time of concentration, tc - the design criteria such as Ld is the length of longest drain, Lo is length of overland flow, n is Manning roughness (MSMA Chapter 14 Table 14.2) and S is slope at the overland surface. Then the value of tc by equation 14.1 : tc = 107nLo + td S1/2 td = nLd

…..equation 14.

60R2/3S1/2 2. Design rainfall intensities I. The values of a, b, c, d of the ARI

based on the location of the site

(Appendix 13A1). 3. Calculate Qactual = CIA, C design chart 14.3, I from the intensities above and A is the area of the catchment in ha. 4. Calculate the Q allow from 450 mm diameter roadside drain by formula Q = 1/n [AR 2/3 S ½] R is wetted perimeter 5. The Q actual at site will be compare with the Q allow for the drain. The Qactual must be lesser than the Q allow so in the other words the drain that been calculated be able to cater the discharge at site.

2.2.2 Calculation invert level for pipe and sump Pusat Kegiatan Kemas, Pekan Pahang The invert level is the level of the sump that need to be design as an analysis of the peak flow and capacity of the drain as well as in the sump to avoid congestion of the flow and provide smooth flow in the sum. The invert level in each sum categorized for upstream and 27



downstream. The data in the design calculation such as ground level, length of the drain, gradient and others. The invert level is the level at each drain categorized by upstream and downstream for the drain. The water will flow from pipe to pipe and from pipe to sump. The principle is water cannot flow from sump to pipe. 1. Locate pipe and sump in drawing 2. Connect and draw the connection of pipe to pipe and pipe to sump in drawing. 3. For example if the pipe 11 to the sump 28 :

TYPE PERIMET ER DRAIN

P1 1S2 8

U/ S

D/ S

P1 1

S2 8

G.L

LENG TH

GRADIEN T

MIN. DEPTH

U/ S I.L

D/S I.L

4.5

45.56 9

0.1806

0.3

4.2

4.02

P11 – pipe 11 S28 – sump 28 U/S – upstream D/S – downstream G.L – ground level Length – the length between pipe 11 and sump 28 Minimum depth is depend on the type of drain Upstream Invert Level = Ground Level – Minimum Depth Downstream Invert Level = Upstream Invert Level – Gradient 2.2.3 Site Visit On Site Detention Cadangan Membina dan Menyiapkan

Projek

Tapak

Sekolah

Rendah

Damansara Damai. There are generally two types of OSD. Above ground and Below ground. The below ground is generally more costly to construct, and the above ground is 28



generally "land hungry". An engineer advice is recommended to assess what are the best and possibly only alternatives available. Every site is different, and the most economical, aesthetic, and environmentally friendly solution is our aim. The application approach for this project is below ground storage OSD. The material used for OSD pipe for this project is HDPE (High Density Polyethylen) type. For the project, there are seven numbers of HDPE pipes have been used in the orientation of five pipes are oriented in vertical and two pipes in horizontal as the inlet and outlet of the OSD. The stormwater flows from the football field nearby will flow into the sump inlet of the OSD. At the sump inlet, there are a screen to capture the trash from flowing to the OSD. The OSD is about 1.8 m in diameter. When the water flows in OSD, it will discharge through the smaller diameter of outlet pipe at about 750 mm to be discharged into the nearby drain slowly. The overfow pipe also is provided in the case of emergency. The OSD pipe only will in full capacity when it is raining. The spaces around OSD pipes will be filled with compacted sand layer by layer until it will be cover by soil until the top strata. The upper site of OSD can be use to construct parking bay, playground or in this project, the netball court will be construct. Typical photos of some system are below.

29



Figure 9 : Below ground OSD (HDPE material) Below ground system are generally constructed from HDPE material, high density polyethylene. HDPE is the high density version of PE plastic. It is harder, stronger and a little heavier than LDPE, but less ductile. Dishwasher safe. HDPE is lighter than water, and can be moulded, machined, and joined together using welding (difficult to glue). The appearance is wax-like, lustreless and opaque. The use of UV-stabilizators (carbon black) improves its weather resistance but turns it black.

30



Figure 10 : Inlet of OSD

Figure 11: Complete system of OSD

Above ground storage

31



Below ground Storage

Figure 12 : In this system, water is stored on the grassed area and in a tank underground. 2.2.4 Design On Site Detention (OSD) - Above and BelowGround

Storage

(Pipe

Package)

System

for

Cadangan Membina dan Menyiapkan Bangunan Gunasama Persekutuan Klang yang Mengandungi Sebuah

Blok

Pentadbiran,

Sebuah

Pondok

Pengawal, Sebuah Rumah Sampah dan Sebuah Pencawang Elektrik di atas Lot HS(D) 59398, Mukim Kapar, Daerah Klang, Selangor Darul Ehsan. On-site Stormwater Detention (OSD) is a way of ensuring that changes in land use do not cause more downstream flooding: both in the local drainage system immediately downstream and along the creeks and rivers further downstream. The topic covered in MSMA Chapter 19 for On Site Detention. The Components of an OSD System covered Discharge control pit, Storage and Collection network. The discharge control pit is located at the lowest point on the site and all flows leaves the site through this pit. The pit contains an orifice (circular hole) in a stainless steel plate fixed to the side wall. The orifice is sized to limit discharge from the site to the maximum permissible rate. The Storage can be located on the surface, underground or on a roof. It detains the excess

32



runoff that cannot immediately pass through the orifice. The storage fills by overflow from the discharge control pit and empties quickly though the pit once the rain eases. The collection network consists of gutters, pits, pipes and surface grading. It delivers all site runoff to the discharge pit. The collection network must carry all run-off: even in the event of a 100-year storm. Run-off from upstream properties must be diverted around the OSD storage. As overall the procedure of OSD design as below : 1. Select the storage type i.e above ground, below ground or combine above and below ground 2. Determine the area of site 3. Determine the amount of impervious and pervious area 4. Determine tc and tcs 5. Calculate pre development flow Qp and post development flow Qa 6. Determine PSD permissible site discharge 7. Determine SSR site storage requirement 8. PSD < SSR ok!

33



2.2.4 Earthworks Cross Section and Longitudinal Section of Soil (Keratan Tanah) Cadangan Membina Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang. Define the cross section of the soil strata is the fundamental and necessary step need to be taken before starting any project on the soil. Firstly, the project engineer need to do Site Investigation (SI) to find out the information about soil, site and the strata. The engineer will find the benchmark to obtain the level of soil strata in particular point at project site. The cross section drawing as a function for the engineers to know the level of soil strata and the needed amount need to be cut or fill into the strata to level up the soil at the same level. The cross section drawing as an important method in Earthworks especially Invert Level for Drainage System Network. The soil strata cross section is only done for the new building that will be build in each site. It does not necessary to do so for the exsting building in term of renovation. There are certain guide and notes to be taken in the earthworks. All the earthworks for cut and fill soil at project site and building site must be done at the early stage of construction. The thickness of layer that need to be filled cannot exceed 300mm. The fill soil need to be compacted until it acquire 95% Maximum Dry Density. For the cut soil, the height of the soil cannot exceed more than 5 metres and the slope must not be less than linear ratio 1:1.5. Whether for the fill soil the height cannot exceed 4 metres and the ratio must be

34



higher than 1:2. All the slope top soil strata need to be covered

quickly

by

short

grass

during

the

construction.The sand layer strata must at least be covered by 150mm height thickness of laterite as well as 50 mm top soil before grow grass. For project that need more soil to be fill, it acquire more cost while the cut soil need to follow the guide from the Ministry of Environment. The lack in cutting and filling soil will result the building to collapse or else. The procedure as stated below : 1. Architest provide Site Plan that covered all the buidings in the particular project with the provided level from benchmark. 2. Draw a line in horizontal and vertical as the reference line. 3. Observe all buidings and the level that come cross with the line. 4. The nearest level is then be plotted. 5. The suggested platform level in this project is 1.6 metres, therefore which level is less than 1.6 metres must be filled while the level more than 1.6 m, the soil need to be cut. 6. When the reference line come across the building, the platform level will rise until 1.75 m. 2.2.5 Acceleration and Deceleration Lane (ACDC) for Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang. The design is using the Arahan Teknik Jalan 11/87 (ATJ) Guide to The Design At-Grade Intersections

35



issued by Cawangan Jalan JKR. This topic is under Roadworks that covered by Unit Bangunan Am. Prior research revealed the safety importance of acceleration and deceleration (ACDC) lane lengths. The methodology presented herein allows a highway planner or designer to assess the benefits of improving the safety of interchanges considered for reconstruction, or when experiencing higher than average accident frequencies, without requiring existing accident records. Acceleration lane - lane typically in the left side of a roadway that lets a vehicle increase its speed to where it can safely merge with traffic. Deceleration lane - lane typically in the left side of a roadway that lets a vehicle decrease its speed to where it can safely stop or turn. A deceleration lane is a paved or semi-paved lane adjacent to the primary road or street. It is used to improve traffic safety by allowing drivers to pull off the main road and decelerate safely so that the traffic behind the turning vehicle is not slowed or halted. Deceleration lanes primarily found in suburban settings. Merging is designed to permit vehicles to enter and exit a highway without causing disruption in the flow of traffic. Highways are equipped with on-ramps and off-ramps, which generally connect to acceleration and deceleration lanes. Then use the acceleration lane to match the speed flow, and ease the vehicle into an appropriate gap before the acceleration lane ends. A successful merge entails the drivers entering the highway almost at or at the speed limit, while causing no disturbance in the speeds of the vehicles behind.

36



Figure 13 : Example of Acceleration Lane

2.2.6 Prepared Water Reticulation report for Project Cadangan Mahkamah Piawai Dua Bilik Bicara di Alor Gajah, Melaka. The objective of the report is to give information about the design concept and the design calculation of water suppy for the particular project. Size of the pipe and tank depends on water supply needed for the project. The design calculation depends on type of construction and daily average water supply. The parameter covered in the design calculation such as design of flow, flow during fire (300 gallon per minute), head loss from Hazen-Williams formula and storage tank. The coefficient for the parameter is taken from Malaysia Water Association (MWA). The criteria that need to be calculate is the diameter of pipe that will flow the water from the main pipe into the site project. The diameter of main pipes is fixed depends on the existing main pipe at the site. The second criteria is to check the main water pressure. The calculation need data about water pressure test

37



that has been done by water authorities in a particular state. The water pressure will result to the safe water level pressure that been endorsed by water authorities. 2.2.7 Design Loop Water Reticulation System for Cadangan Mahkamah Piawai Dua Bilik Bicara, Alor Gajah, Melaka. The Loop methodology has been used for the past few years and now the method is not commonly used in Reticulation System anymore. Now the method has been replaced with calculation as my previous task assignment. The Loop Software is under Water Supply scope covered by Unit Bangunan Am. LOOP 4.0 is a program that is developed by the World Bank for simulation, design and optimization of looped water distribution networks. The program is free and is in the public domain. The code for LOOP was developed by Dr Prasad Modak and Juzer Dhoodia in 1990. LOOP 4.0 can handle up to 1000 pipes or 750 nodes and allows inclusion of pumps/reservoirs, existing as well as parallel pipes, check valves, pressure reducing valves. The program runs in MS DOS. But its user friendly data entry editor, on-line help and a report generation routine provides a MS Windows like experience. Loop simulates the hydraulics of a pressurized, looped (close circuit) water distribution network. The network is characterized by pipes and nodes. Data required are the description of the elements, of the networks such as pipe lengths, diameter, Hazen William Coefficient (HWC), nodal demands and ground elevation. Water networks have the nodes and pipes numbered and coordinated. This allows for 38



easy re-arrangement of the network layout without having to manually re-number nodes and pipes. After the input required have been keyed-in, the Loop Software will run for the output such as the flow, velocity and pressure at each pipe and node. 2.2.8 Design Population Equivalent and Sewerage for Project Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang. A manhole is the top opening to an underground utility vault used to house an access point for performing maintenance on underground and buried public utility and other services including sewers. It is protected by a manhole cover that is a removable plate forming the lid over the opening of a manhole, to prevent anyone from falling in and to keep unauthorized persons out. Manholes are usually outfitted with metal or polypropylene steps installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into the manhole. Manholes are generally found in urban areas, in streets and occasionally under sidewalks. They are usually in circular shape to prevent accidental fall of the cover in the hole. In rural and undeveloped areas, services such as telephone and electricity may be carried on pylons rather than underground. An inspection chamber for use in sanitary sewer systems has an integral back-flow prevention valve. I design for PE calculation for the project.

39



Figure 14 : The inspector is collecting data about the IC as the maintenance purpose.

Figure 15 : Example of manhole

Figure 16 : Manhole with manhole cover

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2.3 Unit Struktur (Bangunan Am 3), Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ)  Beam • Design Floor Beam Hall for Project Kompleks Sukan Komuniti Sandakan (KSK), Sabah. • Design Floor Beam for Hall Project Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang/ • Design Roof Beam for Hall Project Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang. • Design Water Tank Beam for Project Lebuhraya Pantai Timur, Hentian Rehat dan Rawat Perasing. • Design Floor Beam for Guard House Project Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang The procedure to design beam manually are as stated below : 1. Architect Drawing from Architectural Department 2. Place beam on Architect Drawing and categorized it as secondary beam or main beam 3. The load will be transferred from slab to beam then to column then finally foundation 4. Draw Structural key plan for beam 5. Determine the Qk imposed load from BS 5699 6. Propose suitable size of beam (the size of main beam must be bigger than secondary beam) 7. Define the slab as 1 way or 2 way slab [Ly/Lx] < 2; 2 way slab

41



[Ly/Lx] > 2; 1 way slab Ly – longest span Lx – shortest span 8. If the slab is 1 way, the load will be transfer only to the longest span of beam 9. If the slab is 2 way, the load will be transfer by ratio in Table 3.15 Bs 8110 to the longest and shortest span 10. The dead load, Gk from the selfweight of beam+selfweight of slab+finishes 11. The total design load by 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk 12. Draw Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) 13. deff = h–cover–2link-(dia bar/2) * cover for ground beam, c = 40 mm First floor and above, c = 25 mm 14. Stiffness, K = (M/bd2fcu); * if KK`=0.156 (doubly reinforced) 15. z = d{0.5+[sqrt 0.25-(K/0.9)] > 0.95d 16. Shear link, vc Table 3.8 BS8110 17. Asreq = M/0.87fyz 18. Asprov from Table 1 BS8110 19. Deflection check



Calculation of Shear Force and Bending Moment Simply Supported Beam(point load only) • Shear Force, V = P/2 • Maximum Bending Moment (at the midspan) M=VxL Simply Supported (Uniformly Distributed Load) •

Shear Force, V = (w x L)/2

42


•


Maximum Bending Moment at midspan, M = (w x L2)/8

Figure 17 : Cantilever Beam Detailing A = Shear Reinforcement B = Secondary Reinforcement C = Column Reinforcement D = Main Reinforcement

Figure 18 : Beam Cross Section (250 x 400)

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- size of beam - main reinforcement (tension) 3T20 - secondary reinforcement (compression) 3T16 - shear link R10-200 Apart from design beam as manually, I also been introduced to STAAD PRO SOFTWARE (see appendix) to analysis beam for projects. ATAAD PRO is Structural Analysis and Design Software. The software observes for Bending Moment, Shear Force and Reaction at each support. The software also will produce the data of Area of reinforcement required and provided for beam.

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Figure 19 : Input data in STAAD PRO

Figure 20 : Distribution of Load

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Figure 21 : Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)

46



Figure 22 : Reactions at support of beam

47



Beam

Slab

Figure 23 : Beam and Slab Reinforcement

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 Slab •

Design Slab for Project Kompleks Sukan Komuniti Sandakan (KSK), Sabah.

•

Design Slab for Project Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang Design criteria for Slab as follow :  thickness, hf = 150 mm to 200 mm  Cover for slab, c = 25 mm  Main bar arrangement in Lx direction; short span  Secondary bar arrangement on top of the main bar in Ly direction; long span  Diameter bar : R10 to R12 commonly used

The procedure of slab design are as follow : 1. Refer Table 3.16 BS 8110 to find the condition of slab i.e : two adjacent edges discontinuous 2. Find moments for slab in x and y direction i.e : -msx, +msx, -msy, +msy 3. Find K values 4. Find z values 5. Find As required and As provided 6. Deflection check

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 Column •

Design

Column

for

Project

Pusat

Aktiviti

Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang The columns in a structure carry the loads from the beams and slabs down to the foundations. Therefore they are primarily compression members although they may also have to resist bending forces due to the continuity of the structure. Column has been divided into two categorized :  A braced column – where the lateral loads are resisted by wall or some other form of bracing  An unbraced column – where the lateral loads are resisted by the bending action of the columns With a braced column, the axial forces and moments are caused by the dead and imposed load only whereas

an

unbraced

column

the

loading

arrangements which include the effects of lateral loads must also be considered. A column is classified as short if both lex/h and ley/b are :  Less than 15 for a braced column  Less than 10 for unbraced column The procedure of colund design as stated below :

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1. Find stiffness K * stiffness at beam, ½ K = ½[bh3/12L] Stiffness at column, K = bh3/12L 2. Analysis column by floor to floor in x-x direction and y-y direction each 3. Find moment in column along x-x direction and along y-y direction 4. The detail design calculation of column see appendix

Figure 24 : Casting of column floor by floor

 Staircase •

Design Staircase for Water Tank Project Lebuhraya Pantai Timur, Hentian Rehat dan Rawat Perasing.

•

Design Staircase for Surau Project Lebuhraya Pantai Timur, Hentian Rehat dan Rawat Perasing The staircase is a structural element that consist of threads/steps, riser, going and beam at both end as supports.

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Riser – vertical portion between each thread on the stair. The riser may be missing for an open stair effect Going – part of the staircase that is stepped on Commonly, the value of riser and going been given by architect. The staircase is divided into two categories :  Staircase without landing  Staircase with landing The number of step obtained by the height of the staircase divide by the distance of going. Only uniform distributed load been considered in analysis of staircase. The main reinforcement will act at along the long direction while the secondary reinforcement lies along short direction.

Figure 25 : Staircase without landing

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CHAPTER III LESSON LEARNED AND EXPERIENCES GAINED

3.1 Leadership, team work and individual activities I have been able to develop my soft skills such as leadership, teamwork and individual activities by various activities and projects undertaken during my internship period. I been able to sharpen my leadership skill by projects that I have done. My supervisor also asked me to monitor the progress of the project. Teamworking values also can be found which built between me and my colleague and other practical students from other university for brainstorming ideas and creative solution when analysis projects. My individual activities such as hardworking, strive to success and others also can be develop when I have been assigned various kind of projects. 3.2 Business values, ethics and management skills I also been exposed to the business values on how the time and cost ratio effects the company. For example, if 53



the project encounter some problems and the project delay from the time boundary, the company will experiences some losses in term of expenditure. When handling projects also, I learnt and adapt on the best management skill and practice in project management. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is as guide when dealing with the project.

3.3 Problems or challenges faced and solutions to overcome them The problems that I faced such as the change in architectural drawing. For example while working on Keratan Tanah for Earthworks, I have been working on it almost a month since there are lots of changes made by the architect for the client needs. When there are changes in architect drawing it will effects all procedure for Civilworks and Structural Analysis. Then I need to redesign and redraw it for the client`s needs and cost more time to modify it. Solution that I have made to overcome the problem is made some preparation earlier in conjunction with any changes in the projects. 3.4 Application of Civil Engineering Concept During handling all the projects I have been involved to design and to produce all the structures drawing, all the knowledge that has been gained during lectures and studies in UTP have been fully applied. All the courses and subjects learned in UTP are very useful to be used by the designer such as Reinforced concrete design concept, Structural Analysis, Foundation and Earth Structure 54



Design and last but not least Steel structure design. Regarding with draught and drawing detail, it is an application based on ACAD autodesk that has been taught in the first year of the civil engineering courses. It is very useful and has helped the author a lot to familiarize with the software that also is used by JKR.

3.5 Insight of Design Experience During internship period, I have been exposed to real working job. The tasks or jobs given by the supervisor need to be completed within a period of time. I also been able to use STAAD PRO SOFTWARE as the main software used in real job working by designers. Apart from that, while working for Kompleks Sukan Sandakan, I have been given a real task when all the data need to be find by myself as the designer. I also need to seek the data from the designer in charge and from the draughtperson. It is quite hard for me for the first time handling the real projects. But after finished it all, I gained a lot of knowledge that I did know if I did not do it by myself as the designer point of view. 3.6 Problems Solving I also attended meeting at site projects regarding the problems that contractor encounter. By attending the meeting, I have been able to grab some knowledge about the problems and the best solution been suggested by the experienced senior engineers on the right way to solve it. 55



CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 HOST COMPANY JKR 5.1.1 Wide scope of works Based on my experience in JKR, I have been put under three different departments. Then the scope of works also different at each department with different role and task. So, I really need to adapt the differences fast to make sure I can catch up with all the projects handle by the different departments that I involved in. So in my opinion the practical students need to be more aware about all the departments that they will be put in during their internship period in JKR. 5.1.2

Construction Site Exposure During internship period, the author I have been involved mostly in analysis design rather than the real 56



situation at site. Most of the projects which are handled and designed by me have been done in the design office in JKR. During my internship, I just been able to go for site visit for just one or two projects in spite of many projects that I just done it in the office. So, the experience gained tare not sufficient for me so that what has been designed in the office can be sufficiently understand for how the construction will be done at site. The idea on the method of constructions are commonly done at site is important so that the designed structure can be done easily, feasible, and most importantly to reduce error and problems. 5.2 STUDENT

INDUSTRIAL

INTERNSHIP

UNIT

(SIIU) / UTP 5.2.2

Appropriate Placement Even though this is not the case of me, but there are several cases where the student is placed at a host company which has no relevance whatsoever to the student’s field of study. For the students, they are hoping to gain an opportunity to apply all theoretical knowledge that have been collected during studies in UTP, but if the hosts companies do not have the criteria in which to allow the students to apply their knowledge, it is such a big lost and waste of time for the students after have gone through hardship for gaining knowledge. It is hoped that the SIIU would be more considerate and sensitive towards the needs of the students in the future.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION The eight months period of industrial internship program has finally come to an end. During internship period, I have been given the opportunity to exercise theoretical knowledge gained in the university in real application in industry. projects

which

I have been assigned to several

require

full

application

and

basic

understanding in structure design in order for me to complete the project successfully. This exposure has improved my management skills and also at the same time sharpen the technical skill which has been gained through out handling the projects or task assigned. The experiences gained from the projects also have enabled me to develop the communication skills and also be a fast learning person. During the progress of the project, I 58



need to be alert and to be competent to handle certain problems regarding with certain projects handled. While most of the task are done in a group of team of engineers, the team-work and fluent in communication skills are needed to understand people what are the thing that need to be presented and delivered. Some of the tasks require me to make critical decision and to assume certain critical matter regarding with technical skills and other aspects in project handling. I also been required to schedule the time wisely since many tasks need to be delivered and must commit before the dead line is reached. These aspect are the most important lesson learned by the author, which require physically and mentally strong to face the real challenge and to learn a lot of new things and knowledge that are not available in university. In conclusion, the host company JKR has offered me a full exposure to the trainees to undergo their industrial internship. With its conducive environment, friendly staff and proper facilities, it allows and further motivates students to gain as much knowledge and experiences as possible. This has allowed the students to achieved the objective of the industrial internship program successfully.

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CHAPTER VI REFERENCES 1. Jabatan Kerja Raya, JKR 2. Design Structural Elements. WMC McKenzie 3. BS8110 : 1997/1985 4. BS 5400 5. BS5950 6. MSMA, Manual Saliran Mesra Alam / Stormwater Management System 7. Arahan Teknik Jalan, ATJ

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CHAPTER VII APPENDICES

DESIGN CALCULATIONS DRAWINGS REFERENCES

61

Final Report Internship

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