,izak; Internet. ,izak; vd;why; xd;Wlndhd;W njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;l tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; ,izg;ghFk;. NkYk;>,jid tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; tiyaig;G vdTk; miog;gu;. Vnddpy;> ,J cs;Su; kw;Wk; cyfyhtpay; uPjpahd jdpg;gl;l> mur> tzpf> nghJ tiyaikg;Gf;fis fk;gp> fk;gpapy;yh njhopEl;gj;jpd; cjtpAld; Nfhbf;fdf;fhd kf;fSf;F gpuNahrd kpf;f gy;NtW Nritfis toq;fg;glf; $bathW ,idf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,idaj;jpid ahUk; nrhe;jk; nfhd;lhl KbahJ. ,izaj;jpd; ed;ikfs; tpiuthd> tpidj;jpwdhd> kypthd gy;Yhlf njhlu;ghlYf;F jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; topNfhypaik. Eg; E-mail, Video Conference nra;jpfisAk; cyf elg;Gf;fisAk; clDf;Fld; mwpayhk;. Eg; nra;jp ,izaj;jsq;fs;. Tpahghu eltbf;iffis cyfk; g+uhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Eg: E-Commerce Vz;zw;w Gj;jfq;fis tpUk;gpa Neuj;jpy; cyfpd; ve;j ghfj;jpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. khztu;fs; tpl;bypUe;jthNw fy;tp eltbf;iffis njhlu trjpaspf;Fk;. ,izaj;jpd; jPikfs; mjpf Neutpuaj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. fzdpfs; er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpw;F ,yFthf cl;gLk;. fpilf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; vg;nghoJk; ek;gfkhditay;y. Mjpf Neuk; fzdpf;F Kd; ,Ug;gjdhy; cly; cs ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gl tha;g;Gd;L. r%f fyhrhu ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,izaj; jsq;fspy; cyhTjy; ,izaj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpa gpd; ,izaj;jpy; cyhTtjw;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NjitahFk;. 1. tiyNkNyhb (Web Browser) 2. rPu;ik ts ,lg;gLj;jp (Universal Resource Locator-URL) tiyNkNyhb (web Browser) ,izaj;jpy; ,izaj;jsq;fis/tiyg;gf;fq;fis ghu;itapLtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzdp nkd;nghUNs tiyNkNyhb vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: ,d;unew; vf;];GNshuu;(Internet Explorer), nkhrpyh gau;nghf;];(Mozilla Firefox), $fps; FNuhk; Google Chrome) , xg;Nguh (Opera) rPu;ik ts ,lg;gLj;jp (Universal Resource Locator-URL) ,izaj;jsq;fis mZFtjw;fhf mtw;wpw;F jdpj;Jtkhd ngau; toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; mitNa rPu;ik ts ,lg;gLj;jp vdg;gLk;. http://www.learnbyself.com/e-books/english/ict.pdf ,jpy; kPghl khw;W nrk;ik elg;G tof;F (http – Hypertext transfer protocol) vd;gJ xU nrk;ik elg;G tof;F (protocol) www vd;gJ xU ,iza Nrit learnbyself.com vd;gJ jsg; ngau;(Domain Name) .com vd;gJ cau; kl;l jsk;(Top level domain) e-books/english vd;gJ tsk; mike;Js;s ,lk; ict.pdf tsf;Nfhg;G cjhuzk;:
http://www.edupub.gov.lk http://www.moe.gov.lk http://www.nie.lk http://www.google.com
1|ILM.Irfan
GCE (O/L)||Unit-03
learnbyself.com
,izar; nrk;ik elg;nghOq;F Kftup (Internet Protocol Address - IP ) ,izaj;jpy; ,ize;Js;s xt;nthU fzpdpiaAk; jdpj;Jtkhf ,dq;fhz;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;s KftupNa IP KftupahFk;. ,k;KftupahdJ jrkk; Gs;spfspdhy; Ntwhf;fg;gl;l 0 – 255 tiuahd ehd;F ngWkhdq;fspdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. ,k;KftupahdJ ,iza Nrit toq;fdupdhy; toq;fg;gLk;(Internet Service provider - ISP) cjhuzk;: 120.255.23.7 255.234.4.56 10.250.45.19 Ms;fs Kftup (Domain Name) XU ,izaj;jsj;jpid mZFtjw;fhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ngaNu Ms;fsg; ngauhFk; cjhuzk; edupub.gov.lk learnbyself.com mahar.sch.lk nie.lk google.in yahoo.co.uk ngo.org ,jpy; .lk, .com, .in, .uk, .org vd;gd cau; kl;l Ms;fsg; ngau;fshFk;. Xt;nthU cau;kl;l Ms;fsg; ngau;fSk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; cau;kl;l Ms;fsg; ngau; cupa tpsf;fk; .lk ,yq;if .com thzpgk; .in ,e;jpah .uk If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; .org mur rhu;gw;w epWtdk; .net tiyaikg;G ,izar; nra;gzp eilngWk; tpjk; ,izaj;ij mZFtjw;fhf rPu;ik ts ,lg;gLj;jp(URL) tiyNkNyhbapd;(Browser) Kftup gl;bapy;;(Address Bar) jl;lr;R nra;ag;gl;L mt;tpizaj;jsk; Nritafj;jpypUe;J tiyNkNyhbia te;J milAk; tiu gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWk;. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
gadu; tiyNkNyhbapy; rPu;ik ts ,lg;gLj;jpia(URL) Eioj;jy; tiyNkNyhb URL ,id DNS Nritafj;jpw;F toq;Fjy; Ms;fsg; ngau; toq;Feu;(Domain Name Server – DNS) MdJ URL ,id IP Kftupahd khw;Wk;. mt; IP Kftupia nfhz;l ,iza Nritafj;jpw;F Nfhupf;if tplg;gLk; ,iza Nritafk; Ntz;LNfhSf;F Vw;g HTML juTfs; toq;fg;gly; tiyNkNyhb %ykhf HTML ,izag; gf;fj;ij jpiuapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;
nrk;ik elg;G tof;Ffs;(Protocols) ,izaj;jpy; jfty;fisg; gupkhWfpd;wNghJ rpy tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;WtjpD}lhf ,lk;nghk;. mt;thwhd tpjpfis nrk;ik elg;G tof;Ffs; vd mwpag;gLk;. gpd;tUk; nrk;ik elg;G tof;Fs; ,izaj;jpy; gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - HTML Mtzg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) – IP Kftup gupkhw;wy;fl;Lg;ghL FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – Nfhg;Gg; gupkhw;wk; (gjpNtw;wk; kw;Wk; gjptpwf;fk;) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – kpd;dQ;riy mDg;Gjy; ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) – tO Vw;gLk;NghJ njuptpj;jYk; nra;jpf; fl;Lg;ghLk;. ,izar; Nritfafq;fs; ,izakhdJ xU ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;G(WAN) MFk;. ,J gadu; - Nritfk; khjpupf;fika epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhika ,izaj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh fzpdpfSk; xd;wpy; Nritg;gaeu; MfNth Nrittoq;Feu; MfNth njhopw;gLtu;. ,izaj;jpy; gaeupd; fzpdpf;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fis toq;Fk; fzdp Nritaff; fzpdp(Server) vd 2|ILM.Irfan
GCE (O/L)||Unit-03
learnbyself.com
miof;fg;gLk; Nritaff; fzpdpfspypUe;J Nritfis> tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fzpdp gaeu; fzpdp. Nritaff; fzpdpapYs;s jfty;fis Nritg; gaeUf;F toq;Fjy; jutpwf;fk;(Download) vd miof;fg;gLk;. Nritg; gaeupd; fzpdpaYs;s jfty;fis Nritaff; fzpdpapw;F toq;Fjy; gjpNtw;wk;(Upload) vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,izar; Nritaff; fzpdpfs; gpd;tUkhW 1. tiyr; Nritafk;(Web Server): ,izaj;jsq;fis Nrkpj;J itj;jYk; Nritg;gaeu; fzpdpfSf;F toq;Fjy;. 2. mQ;ry; Nritafk;(Mail Server): kpd;dQ;riy Nrkpj;J itj;jy;> Nritg; gaeupd; fzpdpf;F toq;Fjy;. 3. jsg; ngau; Nritafk;(Domain Name Server): URL ,id IP Kftupahf khw;Wjy; ,izaj;jpd; Nritfs; ,izaj;jpy; fpilf;fg;gLk; Nritfs; gpd;tUkhW. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
cyfshtpa tiy (World Wide Web - WWW) kpd;dQ;ry; (Electronic Mail - E-Mail) Nfhg;Gg; gupkhw;wk; (File Transfer) njhiy mZFif (Remote Access) Nfhg;Gg; gfpu;T (File Sharing) gy;Y}lf trjp toq;fy; (Streaming of multimedia) Njlw; nghwpfs; (Search Engines)
cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G www (world wide web) www MdJ ,izak; %yk; njhiytpyhd ,izaj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk;. xU NritahFk
fzdpapypUe;J
,izaj;jpD}lhf njhlu;Gnfhs;sj;jf;f cyfshtpa uPjpapy; njhlu;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fspd; njhFg;Ng www MFk;. ,t; Mtzq;fs; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk
cyfshtpa
uPjpapy;
,Uf;ff;
$ba
jfty;fis
cs;s
,iza
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
kP,izg;Gf;fshy;
(Hyperlink);
Nritafq;fspy;(Internet
servers)
www MdJ Tim Burners Lee vd;w Rtpw;rpyhe;ij Nru;e;j tpQ;Qhdpapdhy; mwpKfk; nra;a;gl;lJ. tiyf;flg;gplj;jpj;jpd; njhlf;fg; gf;fk; Kfg;Gg; gf;fk;(Home Page) vdg;gLk;. Nfhg;Gg; gupkhw;wk; (File Transfer) ,izaj;jpy; ghupa Nfhg;Gf;fis xU fzpdpapypUe;J ,d;DnkhU fzpdpap;w;F gupkhWtjw;fhf Nfhg;G gfpu;T nrk;ik elg;G tof;Ffs;(File Transfer Protocol) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t;thW Nfhg;Gf;fis gupkhWtjw;fhd Nrit ,izaj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; njhiy mZfy; (Remote Access) njhiy mZfy; Nritapidg; gad;gLj;jp ,izaj;jpy; cs;s fzpdpia njhiytpypUe;jthNw fl;Lg;gLj;j KbtJld> nra;gzpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sTk; trjpfis toq;Fk;. njhiy mZfy; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gzpfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; 1. Nritaff; fzpdpapYs;s nkd;nghUs;fis Nritg;gaeupd; fzpdpf;F epWTjy; 2. Nritg; gaeupd; fzpdpapYs;s tOf;fis eptu;j;jp nra;jy; Fwpj;j gaeupd; mDkjpapd;w; mtupd; fzpdpapy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; NtnwhU gaeu; fsthLjy; “Hacking” vdg;gLk;. Nfhg;Gg; gfpu;T (File Sharing) Nritaff; fzpdpapYs;s tsq;fis Nritg;gaeupd; fzpdpfSf;fpilapy; $l;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Nfhg;Gg; gfpu;T vd miof;fg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: ,izaj;jpD}lhf guPli ; rg; ngWNgWfisg; gu;itapLk; NghJ ngWNgWfisf; nfhz;bUf;ff; $ba mf;Nfhg;ghdJ Vuhskhd Nritg;gaeupdhy; xNu jlitapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. gy;Y}lf trjp toq;fy; (Streaming of multimedia) ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ghl(text)> xsp> xyp tbtpyike;j tpj;jparhkhd tifj;j juTfis fzpdpfSf;fpilNa gupkhWtjw;F KbAkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3|ILM.Irfan
GCE (O/L)||Unit-03
learnbyself.com
Njly; nghwp (Search engine) ,izaj;jpy; fhzg;glf; $ba Nfhbf;fzf;fhd ,izaj;jsq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Fwpj;j jftiyAila ,izaj;jsj;jij Njbg; ngw;Wj;jUtjw;fhf cs;s xU ,izaj;jsNk Njly; nghwp(search engine) MFk; Njly; nghwpfSf;F cjhuzq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; www.google.com, www.yahoo.com, www.ask.com, www.altavista.com njhlu;ghlYf;fhf ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy; kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit(e-mail) ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Mtzg;gupkhw;wNk ,JthFk;. Mtzq;fs; vDk; NghJ mJ vOj;J, xyp, xsp kw;Wk; gl tbtq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;. kpd;dQ;ry; trjpia xUtu; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhf ,Ue;jhy; mtu; jd;id kpd;dQ;ry; ,iza Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fsplk; gjpT nra;J jdf;fhd kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; ,e;e Kftupapid gad;gLj;jpNa xUtu; kpd;dQ;riy ngwTk; ,d;ndhUtUf;F mDg;gTk; KbAk;. ,k;kpd;dQ;ry; Nritapid ,ytrkhfTk;, gzk; nrYj;jpAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; gzk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; kpd;dQ;ry; Nritfis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fshf SLT, Dialog, Suntel Mfpad ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,ytrkhf kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupfis toq;Ftjw;fhf gpd;tUk; epWtdq;fs; ruptNjr uPjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd www.google.com ,d; gmail.com, Hotmail.com, yahoo.com Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk; kpd;dQ;rypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. nghJthd mQ;ry; Kiwia tpl ,J tpiuthdjhf fhzg;gly;. 2. nryT FiwthapUj;jy; 3. cyfpd; vg;gFjpapypUg;gtUlDk; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;j Kbjy;. 4. rhjhuz mQ;rypy; mDg;g Kbahj rydg;glq;fs kw;Wk; Fuy; xyp Nghd;wtw;iw ,jd;%yk; mDg;g Kbjy;. 5. Mjhu> %y Mtzq;fis (Source Document) NtW xUtUf;F tpidj;jpwdhf mDg;g Kbjy; 6. kpd;dQ;ry; Fwpj;j egUf;F Nru;gpf;f KbahJ Nghdhy; fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L kPz;Lk; vkf;F te;J Nru;jy;. kpd;dQ;ry; Nritapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Njitg;ghLfs; 1. ,iza ,izg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; 2. kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspy; vk;ikg;gjpT nra;J kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup kw;Wk; flTr; nrhw;fspid ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;. kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupf;F cjhuzk;:
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected] kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia vOJk; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; 1. ,k; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup mNj tbtj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. 2. ,kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupapy; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ,ilntsp (Space) ,Uf;ff; KbahJ. 3. Mq;fpy NgnuOj;Jf;fs;; (CAPITAL) gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhapd; mJgw;wp Kd;dNuNa Fwpg;gpl;L mk;Kftupiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 4. cq;fSf;F xU ngaupd; xU gFjpia Ntwhf;fpf; fhl;l Ntz;Lnkdpd; fPo;f;NfhL Underscore, my;yJ Period vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. cjhuzkhf
[email protected] kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit fzf;fpDs; cs;Eioe;jhy; mq;F fhzg;glf;$ba trjpfs; gpd;tUkhW Inbox -- cs; tUfpd;w kpd;dQ;ry;fs; ,q;F itf;fg;gLk;. Drafts - mDg;Gtjw;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;L Kbtilahj fbjq;fs; ,q;F Nru;j;J itf;fg;gLk;. Sent -- gadupdhy; mDg;gg;gl;l kpd;Q;ry; ,q;F Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;. Spam / Junk -- cs;tUfpd;w Ntz;lg;glhj kpd;dQ;ry;fs; ,q;F itf;fg;gLk;. Trash / Deleted -- mopf;fg;gLk; fbjq;fs; ,jpy; itf;fg;gLk; Sent vDk; nghj;jid my;yJ trjpapid gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjpy; fhzg;glf; $ba trjpfs; To: - kpd;dQ;ry; ngWeUila Kftupia ,q;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Kftupfs; Nru;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpd; fhw;Gs;sp (>) milahsj;ij ,l;L xt;nthd;whf Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Cc: - gyUf;F fbjk; mDg;Gfpd;wNghJ ,jDs; Kftup ,lg;gLk;. fbjj;ijg; ngWk; xt;nthU egUk; ahu; ahUf;F fbjk; mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ vd vy;yh KftupapidA ghu;f;f KbAk; 4|ILM.Irfan
GCE (O/L)||Unit-03
learnbyself.com
Bcc: - fbjnkhd;iw gy egu;fSf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf ,J cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,q;F fbjj;ijg; ngUfpd;w egUf;F kw;w egu;fspd; KftupfshdJ kiwf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjhtJ fbjj;ijg; ngWgtu; ahu; ahUf;F kpd;dQ;ry mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjpid mwpa KbahJ. Subject: - fbjk; njhlu;ghf jiyaq;fk; ,Ltjw;fhf ,J cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,izg;G (Attachments) - kpd;dQ;ry; fbjj;Jld; Gifg;glk; my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xyp/ xsp tbtq;fis ,izg;gpd; Kyk; mDg;gyhk;. cldb nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy;(Instant Messaging - IM) ,izaj;jpD}lhf clDf;Fld; ,UtUf;fpilapy; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; FWQ;nra;jpfis gupkhWtjpD}lhf mstshTjy; (Chatting) vdg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: skype, viber, imo, line, whatsup, tango Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; fhnzhsp khehL (Video Conferencing) ,izaj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtWgl;l ,lq;fSf;fpilNa cs;stu;fSf;fpilNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xsp kw;Wk; xyp tbtpyhd fye;Jiuahly;/juTg; gupkhw;wk; fhnzhsp khehL vdg;gLk;. fhnzhsp khehl;il Nkw;nfhs;s mtrpakhd rhjdq;fs; fzpdp tiyf;fkuh ,izaj;njhlu;G njhlu;ghly; nkd;nghUs; EZf;Fg; gz;zp r%f tiyj;jsq;fs; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; cs;s egu;fSf;fpilNa ,izaj;jPD}lhf r%fj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cs;s ,izaj;jsq;fNs r%f tiyj;jsq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,t; r%f tiyj;jsq;fspD}lhf jdpg;gl;l jfty;fs;> glq;fs;> fhnzhspfs;> md;whl eltbf;iffs; Nghd;wd gw;wpa jfty;fs; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,r;r%f tiyj;jsq;fspdhy; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfs; Vw;gLk;. cjhuzk;: www.facebook.com, www.twitter.com, www.youtube.com, www.googleplus.com Kfpy; fzpdp vz;zf;fU(Cloud Computing) jdpahs; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; nry;yplf; fUtpfs; vd;gd ,izaj;jpD}lhf xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L Njitahd ve Neuj;jpy; ve;j ,lj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Lk; juTfis Nrkpf;fTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; trjpfis nfhz;bUf;f $ba xU KiwikNa Kfpy; fzpdp vz;zf;fUthFk;. Kfpy; fzpdpapd; gpujhd Nritfs; - cl;fl;likg;G trjpr; Nrit (Infrastructure as a service - IaaS): ,jd; %yk; juTfis Nrkp;j;J ghJfhf;fTk; tpUk;gpa Neuq;fspy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Nritfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd - mgptpUj;jpr; R+oy; Nrit (Platform as a Service - PaaS): ,jd; %yk; nkd;nghUs; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhd R+oy; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; ,af;fj;jpw;fhd R+oy; vd;gd toq;fg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ gzpr;nray; Kiwik> fzpdp nkhopr; R+oy;> juTj;jsk; vd;gtw;iw fzdpapy; epWthtpl;lhYk; Nritafj;jpypUe;J gad;gLj;j KbAk;. - nkd;nghUs; Nrit (Software as a Service - SaaS): ,q;F gaeUf;Fj; Njitahd gpuNahfnkd;nghUl;fs; Nritafj;jpy; epWtg;gl;bUf;Fk; mjidg; gaduu; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. mjw;fhd trjpfis ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ.
5|ILM.Irfan
GCE (O/L)||Unit-03
learnbyself.com
